mirror of
https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git
synced 2024-12-23 21:20:42 +08:00
Update and rename sources/tech/20230328.1 ⭐️⭐️ Rust Basics Series 1 Create and Run Your First Rust Program.md to translated/tech/20230328.1 ⭐️⭐️ Rust Basics Series 1 Create and Run Your First Rust Program.md
This commit is contained in:
mcfd
GitHub
parent
678efb8527
commit
adfe8b47b8
@ -1,231 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Rust Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Rust Program"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://itsfoss.com/rust-introduction/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Pratham Patel https://itsfoss.com/author/pratham/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: translator: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
Rust Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Rust Program
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
The Rust programming language is one of the fastest adopted systems programming languages by developers and tech companies. It is also voted as one of the **most loved programming languages** by developers who use it on a daily basis. Rust has [been getting this love for][2]**[seven consecutive years][2]** now!
|
||||
|
||||
It is so popular that there are now two big efforts being carried out in the Linux ecosystem:
|
||||
|
||||
- Inclusion of [Rust as a secondary programming language in the Linux kernel][3]
|
||||
- System76 is [writing their own desktop environment from scratch using Rust][4]
|
||||
|
||||
And that is just in the Linux ecosystem. Android's Bluetooth implementation [Gabeldorsche][5] is now written in Rust.
|
||||
|
||||
Do you see the rising popularity of Rust? You would probably like to learn coding in Rust.
|
||||
|
||||
### Why should you consider Rust over other programming languages?
|
||||
|
||||
Rust is a programming language that has an **extremely strict type system**. As a result, you are "forced" to not write bad code in the first place (well, usually).
|
||||
|
||||
The Rust programming language has the following "goals":
|
||||
|
||||
- **Speed**: Rust's binaries are as fast as C binaries, sometimes outpacing C++ binaries!
|
||||
- **Memory safety**: Rust has a huge emphasis on memory safety.
|
||||
- **Concurrency**: Focusing on memory safety eliminates a lot of race condition-like scenarios and helps you introduce concurrency in your program.
|
||||
|
||||
Following are a few errors mistakes one might make in languages like C/C++ (but not with Rust):
|
||||
|
||||
- Use after free
|
||||
- Double free
|
||||
- Accessing out-of-bound values
|
||||
- Using `NULL`
|
||||
- Inappropriate pointer arithmetic and/or access
|
||||
- Use of uninitialized variable(s)
|
||||
- Thread-unsafe multi-threading
|
||||
|
||||
Have a look at the issues caused by such issues at major corporations like [Apple][6], [Microsoft][7], [Google][8], [0day][9] etc,
|
||||
|
||||
Now that you know why one might want to choose the Rust programming language over any other one, let's start with the Rust language tutorial series!
|
||||
|
||||
### Intended audience
|
||||
|
||||
For the love of Rust, I am writing this series of Rust tutorials to help you get acquainted with the concept of Rust programming.
|
||||
|
||||
This tutorial series is intended for folks already familiar with programming languages like C and C++. I assume you know basic terms like _variables_, _functions_, _loops_, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
The only prerequisites that I ask from you are your time and some effort.
|
||||
|
||||
### Installing the Rust compiler
|
||||
|
||||
I would prefer that you have the [Rust compiler installed locally][10]. You can do so by running the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.3 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![Installing Rust on Ubuntu Linux][11]
|
||||
|
||||
Apart from the Rust Compiler, I also recommend installing a few more tools that will help you in the development process:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
rustup component add rust-src rust-analyzer rust-analysis
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
💡
|
||||
|
||||
If you do not wish to install the Rust compiler, no worries. You can run the Rust code directly in your browser! Just head over to the
|
||||
|
||||
[Rust Playgrounds website][12]
|
||||
|
||||
and paste the code discussed here.
|
||||
|
||||
### Hello Rust!
|
||||
|
||||
Since Dennis Ritchie and Brian Kernighan introduced the C programming language with the "Hello world" program, it has become a custom in the UNIX world to do so with any new programming language you learn.
|
||||
|
||||
So let's write our Hello World program in Rust as well.
|
||||
|
||||
I will [create a project directory][13] called `learn-rust-its-foss` in my home directory. In there, I create another directory called `hello-world`. Inside that, I will create a `main.rs` file:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
// this code outputs the text
|
||||
// "Hello world!" to `stdout`
|
||||
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
println!("Hello world!");
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
📋
|
||||
|
||||
Just like C, C++ and Java source files have the extensions
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
.c
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
,
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
.cpp
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
and
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
.java
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
respectively, the Rust source files have the
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
.rs
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
file extension.
|
||||
|
||||
As a C/C++ programmer, you might have used [gcc on Linux][14], `clang` on macOS and MSVC on Windows. But to compile Rust code, the language creators themselves provide an official `rustc` compiler.
|
||||
|
||||
Running a Rust program is the same as [executing C/C++ program][15]. You compile the code to get the executable file and then run this executable to run the code.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ls
|
||||
main.rs
|
||||
|
||||
$ rustc main.rs
|
||||
|
||||
$ ls
|
||||
main main.rs
|
||||
|
||||
$ ./main
|
||||
Hello world!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Nice!
|
||||
|
||||
### Deciphering Rust code
|
||||
|
||||
Now that you wrote, compiled and ran your first ever Rust program, let's de-structure the "Hello world" code and understand each part.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The `fn` keyword is used to declare a function in Rust. Following it, `main` is the name of this particular function that was declared. Like many compiled programming languages, the `main` is a special function used as your program's entry point.
|
||||
|
||||
Any code written inside the `main` function (between the curly brackets `{``}`) gets executed upon program start-up.
|
||||
|
||||
#### println macro
|
||||
|
||||
Inside the `main` function, there is one statement:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
println!("Hello world!");
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Like the C language's standard library has the `printf` function, Rust language's standard library has the `println`**macro**. A macro is similar to a function but it is distinguished by the **exclamation mark**. You'll learn about macros and functions later in this series.
|
||||
|
||||
The `println` macro takes in a format string and puts it to the program's output (in our case, that is terminal). Since I wish to output some text instead of a variable, I will enclose the text inside double quotes (`"`). Finally, I end this statement using a semi-colon to denote the end of the statement.
|
||||
|
||||
📋
|
||||
|
||||
Just know that anything that looks like a function call but has an exclamation mark (
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
) before the opening parentheses is a macro in the Rust programming language.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Comments
|
||||
|
||||
Rust follows the known commenting style of the C programming language. A single line comment starts with two forward slashes (`//`) and a multi-line comment is started by `/*` and ends with `*/`.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
// this is a multi-line comment
|
||||
// but nothing stops me to doing the same
|
||||
// on the second or third line too!
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* this is a "true" mutli-line comment
|
||||
* because it is _fancy_
|
||||
*/
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
You just took the first step towards coding in Rust with the Hello World program.
|
||||
|
||||
As a practice, perhaps you can write and execute a Rust program that prints "Yes! I did Rust".
|
||||
|
||||
In the next part of the series, you'll learn to use variables in your Rust program. Stay tuned!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/rust-introduction/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Pratham Patel][a]
|
||||
选题：[lkxed][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/pratham/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed/
|
||||
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/03/linux-mega-packt.webp
|
||||
[2]: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2022/?ref=itsfoss.com#section-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-programming-scripting-and-markup-languages
|
||||
[3]: https://news.itsfoss.com/linux-kernel-6-1-release/?ref=itsfoss.com
|
||||
[4]: https://news.itsfoss.com/pop-os-cosmic-rust/?ref=itsfoss.com
|
||||
[5]: https://android.googlesource.com/platform//system/bt/+/83498aa554aea220fcff30b6310a0a7b4557969f/gd/rust/linux/stack/src/bluetooth.rs?ref=itsfoss.com
|
||||
[6]: https://langui.sh/2019/07/23/apple-memory-safety/?ref=itsfoss.com
|
||||
[7]: https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2019/07/18/we-need-a-safer-systems-programming-language/?ref=itsfoss.com
|
||||
[8]: https://security.googleblog.com/2019/05/queue-hardening-enhancements.html?ref=itsfoss.com
|
||||
[9]: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1lkNJ0uQwbeC1ZTRrxdtuPLCIl7mlUreoKfSIgajnSyY/view?ref=itsfoss.com#gid=1190662839
|
||||
[10]: https://itsfoss.com/install-rust-cargo-ubuntu-linux/
|
||||
[11]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/03/install-rust.svg
|
||||
[12]: https://play.rust-lang.org/?ref=itsfoss.com
|
||||
[13]: https://itsfoss.com/make-directories/
|
||||
[14]: https://learnubuntu.com/install-gcc/?ref=itsfoss.com
|
||||
[15]: https://itsfoss.com/run-c-program-linux/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Rust Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Rust Program"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://itsfoss.com/rust-introduction/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Pratham Patel https://itsfoss.com/author/pratham/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "mcfd"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
Rust 基础系列 #1: 创建并运行你的首个 Rust 程序
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Rust 是被开发者和科技公司所采用最快的系统编程语言之一。它也被每天使用它的开发者评为**最受欢迎的编程语言**之一。其[已经][2]**[连续七年][2]**[受到这种欢迎了][2]!
|
||||
|
||||
它是如此的受欢迎，以致于现在有两股巨大的推力将其带入 Linux 生态系统中：
|
||||
|
||||
- 包括 [Rust 将作为 Linux 内核的第二支持语言][3]
|
||||
- System76 [正在使用 Rust 重写他们自己的桌面环境][4]
|
||||
|
||||
而这仅仅是在 Linux 生态系统中。安卓的蓝牙实现 [Gabeldorsche][5] 现在也是由 Rust 编写的。
|
||||
|
||||
你是否看到了 Rust 的流行趋势？你大概率可能想学习使用 Rust 进行编程。
|
||||
|
||||
### 为什么你要考虑 Rust 而不是其他编程语言？
|
||||
|
||||
首先，Rust 是一门 **类型安全的编程语言** 并且 **拥有极其严格的编译期检查**。因此，你首先会 “被迫” 写不出不安全的代码（好吧，通常）。
|
||||
|
||||
Rust 编程语言有以下 "目标"：
|
||||
|
||||
- **性能**：Rust 的二进制文件和 C 语言的二进制文件一样快，有时甚至超过了 C++ 的二进制文件!
|
||||
- **内存安全**：Rust 非常重视内存安全。
|
||||
- **并发**：对内存安全的关注消除了很多类似竞争的情况，并帮助你在程序中无畏并发。
|
||||
|
||||
以下是在 C/C++ 等语言中可能犯的一些错误（但不是 Rust）：
|
||||
|
||||
- 释放后使用
|
||||
- 双重释放
|
||||
- 越界访问
|
||||
- 使用 `NULL`
|
||||
- 不适当的指针运算或访问
|
||||
- 使用未经初始化的变量
|
||||
- 线程不安全的多线程
|
||||
|
||||
看看 [Apple][6], [Microsoft][7], [Google][8], [0day][9] 等大公司因这类错误而引起的问题吧。
|
||||
|
||||
现在你可能知道了为什么要选择 Rust 语言而不是其他编程语言，让我们开始学习 Rust 语言的系列教程吧!
|
||||
|
||||
### 目标受众
|
||||
|
||||
出于对 Rust 的热爱，我写了这个系列的 Rust 教程，帮助你熟悉 Rust 编程的概念。
|
||||
|
||||
这个教程系列是为已经熟悉 C 和 C++ 等编程语言的人准备的。我假设你已经知道了 _变量_、_函数_、_循环_ 等基本术语。
|
||||
|
||||
我对你的唯一要求是你不懈的坚持与努力。
|
||||
|
||||
### 安装 Rust 工具链
|
||||
|
||||
我希望你能在本地安装 [Rust 工具链][10]。你可以通过运行以下命令来做到这一点：
|
||||
（LCTT 译注：如果你使用 Linux 发行版，请不要直接安装软件源里的 Rust 工具链，尽管这样看起来很便捷）
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.3 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![Installing Rust on Ubuntu Linux][11]
|
||||
|
||||
除了 Rust 基本工具链，我还建议再安装一些工具，这些工具将在开发过程中帮助你：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
rustup component add rust-src rust-analyzer rust-analysis
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
💡
|
||||
|
||||
如果你不希望在本地安装 Rust 工具链，不用担心。你还可以直接在你的浏览器中运行 Rust 代码!只要到
|
||||
|
||||
[Rust Playgrounds website][12]
|
||||
|
||||
并把所讨论的代码粘贴在此处。
|
||||
|
||||
### Hello Rust!
|
||||
|
||||
自从 Dennis Ritchie 和 Brian Kernighan 用 "Hello world" 程序介绍了 C 语言后，在 UNIX 世界里，对你学习的任何新的编程语言都要这样做，这已经成为一种习惯。
|
||||
|
||||
因此，让我们也用 Rust 编写我们的 Hello World 程序。
|
||||
|
||||
我将在我的家目录里[新建一个项目目录][13]叫做 `learn-rust-its-foss`。然后，在这里我将新建一个叫 `hello-world` 的目录。最后，在里面新建 `main.rs` 文件：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
// 这串代码将打印字符
|
||||
// "Hello world!" 将被打印到 `标准输出`
|
||||
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
println!("Hello world!");
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
📋
|
||||
|
||||
就像 C、C++ 和 Java 源代码文件的扩展名是
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
.c
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
、
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
.cpp
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
和
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
.java
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Rust 的源文件扩展名是
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
.rs
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
文件扩展名
|
||||
|
||||
作为一个 C/C++ 程序员，你可能已经在 [Linux 上使用 GCC][14]，在 macOS 上使用 `Clang`，在 Windows 上使用 MSVC。但是为了编译 Rust 代码，该语言的创造者自己提供了一个官方的 `rustc` 编译器。
|
||||
|
||||
运行 Rust 程序和[执行 C/C++ 程序][15]是一样的。你首先编译代码，然后得到可执行文件，最后再运行这个可执行文件从而来运行代码。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ls
|
||||
main.rs
|
||||
|
||||
$ rustc main.rs
|
||||
|
||||
$ ls
|
||||
main main.rs
|
||||
|
||||
$ ./main
|
||||
Hello world!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
很好!
|
||||
|
||||
### 破译 Rust 代码
|
||||
|
||||
现在你已经编写、编译并运行了你的第一个 Rust 程序，让我们对 "Hello world" 的代码进行解构并理解每一部分。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
`fn` 关键字是用来在 Rust 中声明一个函数的。在它后面 `main` 是这个被声明函数的名字。像许多编译型编程语言一样，`main` 是一个特殊的函数，用来作为你的程序的入口。
|
||||
|
||||
任何写在 `main` 函数里的代码（在大括号 `{``}` 中）将在程序被启动时运行。
|
||||
|
||||
#### println 宏
|
||||
|
||||
在 `main` 函数中, 有一个语句（LCTT 译注：语句 区别于 表达式）:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
println!("Hello world!");
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
就像C语言的标准库有 `printf` 函数一样，Rust语言的标准库有 `println` **macro**。宏类似于函数，但它以**感叹号**来区分。你将在本系列的后面学习宏和函数的知识。
|
||||
|
||||
`println` 宏接收一个格式化的字符串，并把它放到程序的标准输出中（在我们的例子中，就是终端）。由于我希望输出一些文本而不是一个变量，我将把文本放在双引号(`"`)内。最后，我用一个分号来结束这个语句，表示语句的结束。
|
||||
|
||||
📋
|
||||
|
||||
你只需知道，任何看起来像函数调用但有感叹号的东西
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
就是 Rust 编程语言中的一个宏。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 注释
|
||||
|
||||
Rust 遵循已知的 C 编程语言的注释风格。单行注释以两个正斜杠(`//`)开始，多行注释以 `/*` 开始，以 `*/` 结束。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
// this is a multi-line comment
|
||||
// but nothing stops me to doing the same
|
||||
// on the second or third line too!
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* this is a "true" mutli-line comment
|
||||
* because it is _fancy_
|
||||
*/
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结
|
||||
|
||||
你刚刚通过 Hello World 程序迈出了用 Rust 写代码的第一步。
|
||||
|
||||
作为一种练习，也许你可以编写并执行一个打印出 "Yes! I did Rust" 的 Rust 程序。
|
||||
|
||||
在本系列的下一部分中，你将学习在 Rust 程序中使用变量。敬请期待!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/rust-introduction/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Pratham Patel][a]
|
||||
选题：[lkxed][b]
|
||||
译者：[mcfd](https://github.com/mcfd)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/pratham/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed/
|
||||
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/03/linux-mega-packt.webp
|
||||
[2]: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2022/?ref=itsfoss.com#section-most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted-programming-scripting-and-markup-languages
|
||||
[3]: https://news.itsfoss.com/linux-kernel-6-1-release/?ref=itsfoss.com
|
||||
[4]: https://news.itsfoss.com/pop-os-cosmic-rust/?ref=itsfoss.com
|
||||
[5]: https://android.googlesource.com/platform//system/bt/+/83498aa554aea220fcff30b6310a0a7b4557969f/gd/rust/linux/stack/src/bluetooth.rs?ref=itsfoss.com
|
||||
[6]: https://langui.sh/2019/07/23/apple-memory-safety/?ref=itsfoss.com
|
||||
[7]: https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2019/07/18/we-need-a-safer-systems-programming-language/?ref=itsfoss.com
|
||||
[8]: https://security.googleblog.com/2019/05/queue-hardening-enhancements.html?ref=itsfoss.com
|
||||
[9]: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1lkNJ0uQwbeC1ZTRrxdtuPLCIl7mlUreoKfSIgajnSyY/view?ref=itsfoss.com#gid=1190662839
|
||||
[10]: https://itsfoss.com/install-rust-cargo-ubuntu-linux/
|
||||
[11]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/03/install-rust.svg
|
||||
[12]: https://play.rust-lang.org/?ref=itsfoss.com
|
||||
[13]: https://itsfoss.com/make-directories/
|
||||
[14]: https://learnubuntu.com/install-gcc/?ref=itsfoss.com
|
||||
[15]: https://itsfoss.com/run-c-program-linux/
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user