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61
translated/tech/20190510 How to Use 7Zip in Ubuntu and Other Linux -Quick Tip.md → published/20190510 How to Use 7Zip in Ubuntu and Other Linux -Quick Tip.md
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@ -1,78 +1,75 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (warmfrog)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10855-1.html)
[#]: subject: (How to Use 7Zip in Ubuntu and Other Linux [Quick Tip])
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/use-7zip-ubuntu-linux/)
[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
如何在 Ubuntu 和其他 Linux 分发版上使用 7Zip [快速指南]
====================================================
如何在 Ubuntu 和其他 Linux 发行版上使用 7Zip
==============================================
_**简介: 不能在 Linux 中提取 .7z 文件？ 学习如何在 Ubuntu 和其他 Linux 分发版中安装和使用 7zip。**_
![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201905/14/154515xqy7nbq6eyjzu7qj.jpg)
[7Zip][1]（更适当的写法是 7-Zip）是一种在 Windows 用户中广泛流行的文档格式。一个 7Zip 文档文件通常以 .7z 扩展结尾。它大部分是开源的，除了包含一些少量解压 rar 文件的代码。
> 不能在 Linux 中提取 .7z 文件？学习如何在 Ubuntu 和其他 Linux 发行版中安装和使用 7zip。
默认大多数 Linux 分发版不支持 7Zip。如果你试图提取它，你会看见这个错误：
[7Zip][1]（更适当的写法是 7-Zip）是一种在 Windows 用户中广泛流行的归档格式。一个 7Zip 归档文件通常以 .7z 扩展结尾。它大部分是开源的，除了包含一些少量解压 rar 文件的代码。
_**不能打开这种文件类型
没有已安装的适用 7-zip 文档文件的命令。你想搜索一个命令来打开这个文件吗**_
默认大多数 Linux 发行版不支持 7Zip。如果你试图提取它，你会看见这个错误：
> 不能打开这种文件类型
> 没有已安装的适用 7-zip 归档文件的命令。你想搜索一个命令来打开这个文件吗？
![][2]
不要担心，你可以轻松的在 Ubuntu 和其他 Linux 分发版中安装 7zip。
不要担心，你可以轻松的在 Ubuntu 和其他 Linux 发行版中安装 7zip。
一个问题是你会注意到如果你试图用 [apt-get install 命令][3]，你会发现没有以 7zip 开头的候选安装。因为在 Linux 中 7Zip 包的名字是 [p7zip][4]。以字母 ‘p’ 开头而不是预期的数字 ‘7’。
一个问题是你会注意到如果你试图用 [apt-get install 命令][3]，你会发现没有以 7zip 开头的候选安装。因为在 Linux 中 7Zip 包的名字是 [p7zip][4]。以字母 “p” 开头而不是预期的数字 “7”。
让我们看一下如何在 Ubuntu 和其他 Linux 分发版中安装 7zip。
让我们看一下如何在 Ubuntu 和其他 Linux 发行版中安装 7zip。
### 在 Ubuntu Linux 中安装 7Zip
![][5]
你需要做的第一件事是安装 p7zip 包。你会在 Ubuntu 中发现 3 个包：p7zip、p7zip-full 和 pzip-rar。
你需要做的第一件事是安装 p7zip 包。你会在 Ubuntu 中发现 3 个包：p7zip，p7zip-full 和 pzip-rar。
pzip 和 p7zip-full 的不同是 pzip 是一个轻量级的版本，仅仅对 .7z 文件提供支持，而 full 版本提供了更多的 7z 压缩算法（例如音频文件）。
pzip 和 p7zip-full 的不同是 pzip 是一个轻量级的版本，仅仅对 .7z 文件提供支持，而 p7zip-full 提供了更多的 7z 压缩算法（例如音频文件）。
p7zip-rar 包在 7z 中提供了对 [RAR 文件][6] 的支持
安装 p7zip-full 在大多数情况下足够了，但是你可能想安装 p7zip-rar 来支持 rar 文件的解压。
在大多数情况下安装 p7zip-full 就足够了，但是你可能想安装 p7zip-rar 来支持 rar 文件的解压。
p7zip 包在[ Ubuntu 的 universe 仓库][7] 因此保证你可以使用以下命令：
p7zip 包在 [Ubuntu 的 universe 仓库][7] 因此保证你可以使用以下命令：
```
sudo add-apt-repository universe
sudo apt update
```
在 Ubuntu 和 基于 Debian 的分发版中使用以下命令。
在 Ubuntu 和基于 Debian 的发行版中使用以下命令。
```
sudo apt install p7zip-full p7zip-rar
```
这很好。现在在你的系统之有了 7zip 文档的支持。
这很好。现在在你的系统就有了 7zip 归档的支持。
[][8]
建议使用 NitroShare 在 Linux，Windows 和 Mac 系统之间轻松共享文件。
### 在 Linux中提取 7Zip 文档文件
### 在 Linux 中提取 7Zip 归档文件
安装了 7Zip 后，在 Linux 中，你可以在图形用户界面或者 命令行中提取 7zip 文件。
在图形用户界面，你可以像提取其他压缩文件一样提取 .7z 文件。右击文件来提取它。
在终端中，你可以使用下列命令提取 .7z 文档文件：
在终端中，你可以使用下列命令提取 .7z 归档文件：
```
7z e file.7z
```
### 在 Linux 中压缩文件为 7zip 文档格式
### 在 Linux 中压缩文件为 7zip 归档格式
你可以在图形界面压缩文件为 7zip 文档格式。简单的在文件或目录上右击，选择**压缩**。你应该看到几种类型的文件格式选项。选择 .7z。
你可以在图形界面压缩文件为 7zip 归档格式。简单的在文件或目录上右击，选择“压缩”。你应该看到几种类型的文件格式选项。选择 .7z。
![7zip Archive Ubuntu][9]
@ -82,9 +79,9 @@ sudo apt install p7zip-full p7zip-rar
7z a 输出的文件名 要压缩的文件
```
默认，文档文件有 .7z 扩展。你可以压缩文件为 zip 格式通过在输出文件中指定0扩展（.zip）。
默认，归档文件有 .7z 扩展。你可以通过在指定输出文件扩展名为 .zip 以压缩为 zip 格式。
**总结**
### 总结
就是这样。看，在 Linux 中使用 7zip 多简单？我希望你喜欢这个快速指南。如果你有问题或者建议，请随意在下方评论让我知道。
@ -95,7 +92,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/use-7zip-ubuntu-linux/
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[warmfrog](https://github.com/warmfrog)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: translator: (hopefully2333)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Write faster C extensions for Python with Cython)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/python-cython)
[#]: author: (Moshe Zadka https://opensource.com/users/moshez/users/moshez/users/foundjem/users/jugmac00)
Write faster C extensions for Python with Cython
======
Learn more about solving common Python problems in our series covering
seven PyPI libraries.
![Hand drawing out the word "code"][1]
Python is one of the most [popular programming languages][2] in use today—and for good reasons: it's open source, it has a wide range of uses (such as web programming, business applications, games, scientific programming, and much more), and it has a vibrant and dedicated community supporting it. This community is the reason we have such a large, diverse range of software packages available in the [Python Package Index][3] (PyPI) to extend and improve Python and solve the inevitable glitches that crop up.
In this series, we'll look at seven PyPI libraries that can help you solve common Python problems. First up: **[**Cython**][4]** , a language that simplifies writing C extensions for Python.
### Cython
Python is fun to use, but sometimes, programs written in it can be slow. All the runtime dynamic dispatching comes with a steep price: sometimes it's up to 10-times slower than equivalent code written in a systems language like C or Rust.
Moving pieces of code to a completely new language can have a big cost in both effort and reliability: All that manual rewrite work will inevitably introduce bugs. Can we have our cake and eat it too?
To have something to optimize for this exercise, we need something slow. What can be slower than an accidentally exponential implementation of the Fibonacci sequence?
```
def fib(n):
if n < 2:
return 1
return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)
```
Since a call to **fib** results in two calls, this beautifully inefficient algorithm takes a long time to execute. For example, on my new laptop, **fib(36)** takes about 4.5 seconds. These 4.5 seconds will be our baseline as we explore how Python's Cython extension can help.
The proper way to use Cython is to integrate it into **setup.py**. However, a quick and easy way to try things out is with **pyximport**. Let's put the **fib** code above in **fib.pyx** and run it using Cython.
```
>>> import pyximport; pyximport.install()
>>> import fib
>>> fib.fib(36)
```
Just using Cython with _no_ code changes reduced the time the algorithm takes on my laptop to around 2.5 seconds. That's a reduction of almost 50% runtime with almost no effort; certainly, a scrumptious cake to eat and have!
Putting in a little more effort, we can make things even faster.
```
cpdef int fib(int n):
if n < 2:
return 1
return fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2)
```
We moved the code in **fib** to a function defined with **cpdef** and added a couple of type annotations: it takes an integer and returns an integer.
This makes it _much_ faster—around 0.05 seconds. It's so fast that I may start suspecting my measurement methods contain noise: previously, this noise was lost in the signal.
So, the next time some of your Python code spends too long on the CPU, maybe spinning up some fans in the process, why not see if Cython can fix things?
In the next article in this series, we'll look at **Black** , a project that automatically corrects format errors in your code.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/python-cython
作者：[Moshe Zadka ][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/moshez/users/moshez/users/foundjem/users/jugmac00
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/code_hand_draw.png?itok=dpAf--Db (Hand drawing out the word "code")
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/numbers-python-community-trends
[3]: https://pypi.org/
[4]: https://pypi.org/project/Cython/

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sources/tech/20190506 How to Add Application Shortcuts on Ubuntu Desktop.md
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (How to Add Application Shortcuts on Ubuntu Desktop)
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-desktop-shortcut/)
[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
How to Add Application Shortcuts on Ubuntu Desktop
======
_**In this quick tutorial, you’ll learn how to add application shortcuts on desktop in Ubuntu and other distributions that use GNOME desktop.**_
A classic desktop operating systems always have icons on the ‘desktop screen’. These desktop icons could include the file manager, the trash bin and the shortcut to applications.
While installing applications in Windows, some of the programs ask if you want to create a shortcut on the desktop. That’s not the case in Linux though.
But if you are a fan of this feature, let me show you how you can add desktop shortcuts to your favorite applications in [Ubuntu][1] and other Linux distributions.
![Application Shortcuts on Desktop in Ubuntu with GNOME desktop][2]
In case you are wondering about the looks of my desktop, I am using Ant theme with Tela icons. You can also get some [GTK themes][3] and [icons for Ubuntu][4] and change them as you like.
### Adding desktop shortcut in Ubuntu
![][5]
Personally I prefer the Ubuntu launcher for application shortcuts. If I use a program frequently, I add it to the launcher. But I know not everyone has the same preference and a few people prefer the shortcuts on the desktop.
Let’s see the simplest way of creating an application shortcut on the desktop.
Disclaimer
This tutorial has been tested on Ubuntu 18.04 LTS with [GNOME desktop][6]. It may work in other distributions and desktop environments but you have to try it on your own. Some GNOME specific steps may change so please pay attention while trying it on [other desktop environments][7].
[Subscribe to our YouTube Channel for More Linux Videos][8]
#### Prerequisite
First and foremost thing is to make sure that you have icons allowed on the GNOME desktop.
If you followed the Ubuntu 18.04 customization tips, you know how to install GNOME Tweaks tool. In this tool, make sure that you have ‘Show Icons’ option enabled.
![Allow icons on desktop in GNOME][9]
Once you have made sure of that, it’s time to add some application shortcuts on the desktop.
[][10]
Suggested read How to Replace One Linux Distribution With Another From Dual Boot [Keeping Home Partition]
#### Step 1: Locate the .desktop files of applications
Go to Files -> Other Location -> Computer.
![Go to Other Locations -> Computer][11]
From here, go to the directory usr -> share -> applications. You’ll see icons of several [Ubuntu applications][12] you have installed here. Even if you don’t see the icons, you should see the .desktop files that are named as application.desktop.
![Application Shortcuts][13]
#### Step 2: Copy the .desktop file to desktop
Now all you have to do here is to look for the application icon (or its desktop file). When you find it, either drag-drop the file to the desktop or copy the file (using Ctrl+C shortcut) and paste it on the desktop (using Ctrl+V shortcut).
![Add .desktop file to the desktop][14]
#### Step 3: Run the desktop file
When you do that, you should see a text file kind of icon on the desktop instead of the logo of the application. Don’t worry, things will be different in a moment.
What you have to do is to double click on that file on the desktop. It will warn you that it’s an ‘untrusted application launcher’ so click on Trust and Launch.
![Launch Desktop Shortcut][15]
The application will launch as usual but the good thing that you’ll notice that the .desktop file has now turned into the application icon. I believe you like the application shortcuts this way, don’t you?
![Application shortcut on the desktop][16]
#### Troubleshoot for Ubuntu 19.04 or GNOME 3.32 users
If you use Ubuntu 19.04 or GNOME 3.32, you the .desktop file may not launch at all. You should right click on the .desktop file and select “Allow Launching”.
After this, you should be able to launch the application and the application shortcut should be displayed properly on the desktop.
**Conclusion**
If you don’t like a certain application launcher on the desktop, just select it and delete it. It will delete the shortcut but the application will remain safely in your system.
I hope you found this quick tip helpful and now you can enjoy the application shortcuts on Ubuntu desktop.
[][17]
Suggested read How to Install and Make Nemo the Default File Manager in Ubuntu
If you have questions or suggestions, please let me know in the comments below.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-desktop-shortcut/
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://www.ubuntu.com/
[2]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/app-shortcut-on-ubuntu-desktop.jpeg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
[3]: https://itsfoss.com/best-gtk-themes/
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/best-icon-themes-ubuntu-16-04/
[5]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/add-ubuntu-desktop-shortcut.jpeg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
[6]: https://www.gnome.org/
[7]: https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-desktop-environments/
[8]: https://www.youtube.com/c/itsfoss?sub_confirmation=1
[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/allow-icons-on-desktop-gnome.jpg?ssl=1
[10]: https://itsfoss.com/replace-linux-from-dual-boot/
[11]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Adding-desktop-shortcut-Ubuntu-gnome-1.png?resize=800%2C436&ssl=1
[12]: https://itsfoss.com/best-ubuntu-apps/
[13]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/application-shortcuts-in-ubuntu.png?resize=800%2C422&ssl=1
[14]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/add-desktop-file-to-desktop.jpeg?resize=800%2C458&ssl=1
[15]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/launch-desktop-shortcut-.jpeg?resize=800%2C349&ssl=1
[16]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/app-shortcut-on-desktop-ubuntu-gnome.jpeg?resize=800%2C375&ssl=1
[17]: https://itsfoss.com/install-nemo-file-manager-ubuntu/

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sources/tech/20190508 How to use advanced rsync for large Linux backups.md
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@ -1,143 +0,0 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (How to use advanced rsync for large Linux backups)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/advanced-rsync)
[#]: author: (Alan Formy-Duval https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss/users/marcobravo)
How to use advanced rsync for large Linux backups
======
Basic rsync commands are usually enough to manage your Linux backups,
but a few extra options add speed and power to large backup sets.
![Filing papers and documents][1]
It seems clear that backups are always a hot topic in the Linux world. Back in 2017, David Both offered [Opensource.com][2] readers tips on "[Using rsync to back up your Linux system][3]," and earlier this year, he published a poll asking us, "[What's your primary backup strategy for the /home directory in Linux?][4]" In another poll this year, Don Watkins asked, "[Which open source backup solution do you use?][5]"
My response is [rsync][6]. I really like rsync! There are plenty of large and complex tools on the market that may be necessary for managing tape drives or storage library devices, but a simple open source command line tool may be all you need.
### Basic rsync
I managed the binary repository system for a global organization that had roughly 35,000 developers with multiple terabytes of files. I regularly moved or archived hundreds of gigabytes of data at a time. Rsync was used. This experience gave me confidence in this simple tool. (So, yes, I use it at home to back up my Linux systems.)
The basic rsync command is simple.
```
`rsync -av SRC DST`
```
Indeed, the rsync commands taught in any tutorial will work fine for most general situations. However, suppose we need to back up a very large amount of data. Something like a directory with 2,000 sub-directories, each holding anywhere from 50GB to 700GB of data. Running rsync on this directory could take a tremendous amount of time, particularly if you're using the checksum option, which I prefer.
Performance is likely to suffer if we try to sync large amounts of data or sync across slow network connections. Let me show you some methods I use to ensure good performance and reliability.
### Advanced rsync
One of the first lines that appears when rsync runs is: "sending incremental file list." If you do a search for this line, you'll see many questions asking things like: why is it taking forever? or why does it seem to hang up?
Here's an example based on this scenario. Let's say we have a directory called **/storage** that we want to back up to an external USB device mounted at **/media/WDPassport**.
If we want to back up **/storage** to a USB external drive, we could use this command:
```
`rsync -cav /storage /media/WDPassport`
```
The **c** option tells rsync to use file checksums instead of timestamps to determine changed files, and this usually takes longer. In order to break down the **/storage** directory, I sync by subdirectory, using the **find** command. Here's an example:
```
`find /storage -type d -exec rsync -cav {} /media/WDPassport \;`
```
This looks OK, but if there are any files in the **/storage** directory, they will not be copied. So, how can we sync the files in **/storage**? There is also a small nuance where certain options will cause rsync to sync the **.** directory, which is the root of the source directory; this means it will sync the subdirectories twice, and we don't want that.
Long story short, the solution I settled on is a "double-incremental" script. This allows me to break down a directory, for example, breaking **/home** into the individual users' home directories or in cases when you have multiple large directories, such as music or family photos.
Here is an example of my script:
```
HOMES="alan"
DRIVE="/media/WDPassport"
for HOME in $HOMES; do
cd /home/$HOME
rsync -cdlptgov --delete . /$DRIVE/$HOME
find . -maxdepth 1 -type d -not -name "." -exec rsync -crlptgov --delete {} /$DRIVE/$HOME \;
done
```
The first rsync command copies the files and directories that it finds in the source directory. However, it leaves the directories empty so we can iterate through them using the **find** command. This is done by passing the **d** argument, which tells rsync not to recurse the directory.
```
`-d, --dirs transfer directories without recursing`
```
The **find** command then passes each directory to rsync individually. Rsync then copies the directories' contents. This is done by passing the **r** argument, which tells rsync to recurse the directory.
```
`-r, --recursive recurse into directories`
```
This keeps the increment file that rsync uses to a manageable size.
Most rsync tutorials use the **a** (or **archive** ) argument for convenience. This is actually a compound argument.
```
`-a, --archive archive mode; equals -rlptgoD (no -H,-A,-X)`
```
The other arguments that I pass would have been included in the **a** ; those are **l** , **p** , **t** , **g** , and **o**.
```
-l, --links copy symlinks as symlinks
-p, --perms preserve permissions
-t, --times preserve modification times
-g, --group preserve group
-o, --owner preserve owner (super-user only)
```
The **\--delete** option tells rsync to remove any files on the destination that no longer exist on the source. This way, the result is an exact duplication. You can also add an exclude for the **.Trash** directories or perhaps the **.DS_Store** files created by MacOS.
```
`-not -name ".Trash*" -not -name ".DS_Store"`
```
### Be careful
One final recommendation: rsync can be a destructive command. Luckily, its thoughtful creators provided the ability to do "dry runs." If we include the **n** option, rsync will display the expected output without writing any data.
```
`rsync -cdlptgovn --delete . /$DRIVE/$HOME`
```
This script is scalable to very large storage sizes and large latency or slow link situations. I'm sure there is still room for improvement, as there always is. If you have suggestions, please share them in the comments.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/advanced-rsync
作者：[Alan Formy-Duval ][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss/users/marcobravo
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/documents_papers_file_storage_work.png?itok=YlXpAqAJ (Filing papers and documents)
[2]: http://Opensource.com
[3]: https://opensource.com/article/17/1/rsync-backup-linux
[4]: https://opensource.com/poll/19/4/backup-strategy-home-directory-linux
[5]: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/linux-backup-solutions
[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rsync

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (21 Best Kali Linux Tools for Hacking and Penetration Testing)
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/best-kali-linux-tools/)
[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/)
21 Best Kali Linux Tools for Hacking and Penetration Testing
======
_**Here’s our list of best Kali Linux tools that will allow you to assess the security of web-servers and help in performing hacking and pen-testing.**_
If you read the [Kali Linux review][1], you know why it is considered one of the [best Linux distributions for hacking and pen-testing][2] and rightly so. It comes baked in with a lot of tools to make it easier for you to test, hack, and for anything else related to digital forensics.
It is one of the most recommended Linux distro for ethical hackers. Even if you are not a hacker but a webmaster – you can still utilize some of the tools to easily run a scan of your web server or web page.
In either case, no matter what your purpose is – we shall take a look at some of the best Kali Linux tools that you should be using.
_Note that not all tools mentioned here are open source._
### Top Kali Linux Tools for Hacking and Penetration Testing
![Kali Linux][3]
There are several types of tools that comes pre-installed. If you do not find a tool installed, simply download it and set it up. It’s easy.
#### 1\. Nmap
![Kali Linux Nmap][4]
[Nmap][5] or “Network Mapper” is one of the most popular tools on Kali Linux for information gathering. In other words, to get insights about the host, its IP address, OS detection, and similar network security details (like the number of open ports and what they are).
It also offers features for firewall evasion and spoofing.
#### 2\. Lynis
![Lynis Kali Linux Tool][6]
[Lynis][7] is a powerful tool for security auditing, compliance testing, and system hardening. Of course, you can also utilize this for vulnerability detection and penetration testing as well.
It will scan the system according to the components it detects. For example, if it detects Apache – it will run Apache-related tests for pin point information.
#### 3\. WPScan
![][8]
WordPress is one of the [best open source CMS][9] and this would be the best free WordpPress security auditing tool. It’s free but not open source.
If you want to know whether a WordPress blog is vulnerable in some way, [WPScan][10] is your friend.
In addition, it also gives you details of the plugins active. Of course, a well-secured blog may not give you a lot of details, but it is still the best tool for WordPress security scans to find potential vulnerabilities.
#### 4\. Aircrack-ng
![][11]
[Aircrack-ng][12] is a collection of tools to assess WiFi network security. It isn’t just limited to monitor and get insights – but it also includes the ability to compromise a network (WEP, WPA 1, and WPA 2).
If you forgot the password of your own WiFi network – you can try using this to regain access. It also includes a variety of wireless attacks with which you can target/monitor a WiFi network to enhance its security.
#### 5\. Hydra
![][13]
If you are looking for an interesting tool to crack login/password pairs, [Hydra][14] will be one of the best Kali Linux tools that comes pre-installed.
It may not be actively maintained anymore – but it is now on [GitHub][15], so you can contribute working on it as well.
[][16]
Suggested read [Year 2013 For Linux] 14 New Linux Distributions Born
#### 6\. Wireshark
![][17]
[Wireshark][18] is the most popular network analyzer that comes baked in with Kali Linux. It can be categorized as one of the best Kali Linux tools for network sniffing as well.
It is being actively maintained, so I would definitely recommend trying this out.
#### 7\. Metasploit Framework
![][19]
[Metsploit Framework][20] is the most used penetration testing framework. It offers two editions – one (open source) and the second is the pro version to it. With this tool, you can verify vulnerabilities, test known exploits, and perform a complete security assessment.
Of course, the free version won’t have all the features, so if you are into serious stuff, you should compare the editions [here][21].
#### 8\. Skipfish
![][22]
Similar to WPScan, but not just focused for WordPress. [Skipfish][23] is a web application scanner that would give you insights for almost every type of web applications. It’s fast and easy to use. In addition, its recursive crawl method makes it even better.
For professional web application security assessments, the report generated by Skipfish will come in handy.
#### 9\. Maltego
![][24]
[Maltego][25] is an impressive data mining tool to analyze information online and connect the dots (if any). As per the information, it creates a directed graph to help analyze the link between those pieces of data.
Do note, that this isn’t an open source tool.
It comes pre-installed, however, you will have to sign up in order to select which edition you want to use. If you want for personal use, the community edition will suffice (you just need to register for an account) but if you want to utilize for commercial purpose, you need the subscription to the classic or XL version.
#### 10\. Nessus
![Nessus][26]
If you have a computer connected to a network, Nessus can help find vulnerabilities that a potential attacker may take advantage of. Of course, if you are an administrator for multiple computers connected to a network, you can make use of it and secure those computers.
However, this is not a free tool anymore, you can try it free for 7 days on from its [official website][27].
#### 11\. Burp Suite Scanner
![][28]
[Burp Suite Scanner][29] is a fantastic web security analysis tool. Unlike other web application security scanner, Burp offers a GUI and quite a few advanced tools.
However, the community edition restricts the features to only some essential manual tools. For professionals, you will have to consider upgrading. Similar to the previous tool, this isn’t open source either.
I’ve used the free version, but if you want more details on it, you should check out the features available on their [official website][29].
#### 12\. BeEF
![][30]
BeEF (Browser Exploitation Framework) is yet another impressive tool. It has been tailored for penetration testers to assess the security of a web browser.
This is one of the best Kali Linux tools because a lot of users do want to know and fix the client-side problems when talking about web security.
#### 13\. Apktool
![][31]
[Apktool][32] is indeed one of the popular tools found on Kali Linux for reverse engineering Android apps. Of course, you should make good use of it – for educational purposes.
[][33]
Suggested read 4 Format Factory Alternative In Linux
With this tool, you can experiment some stuff yourself and let the original developer know about your idea as well. What do you think you’ll be using it for?
#### 14\. sqlmap
![][34]
If you were looking for an open source penetration testing tool – [sqlmap][35] is one of the best. It automates the process of exploiting SQL injection flaws and helps you take over database servers.
#### 15\. John the Ripper
![John The Ripper][36]
[John the Ripper][37] is a popular password cracker tool available on Kali Linux. It’s free and open source as well. But, if you are not interested in the [community-enhanced version][37], you can choose the [pro version][38] for commercial use.
#### 16\. Snort
Want real-time traffic analysis and packet logging capability? [Snort][39] has got your back. Even being an open source intrusion prevention system, it has a lot to offer.
The [official website][40] mentions the procedure to get it installed if you don’t have it already.
#### 17\. Autopsy Forensic Browser
![][41]
[Autopsy][42] is a digital forensic tool to investigate what happened on your computer. Well, you can also use it to recover images from SD card. It is also being used by law enforcement officials. You can read the [documentation][43] to explore what you can do with it.
You should also check out their [GitHub page][44].
#### 18\. King Phisher
![King Phisher][45]
Phishing attacks are very common nowadays. And, [King Phisher tool][46] helps test, and promote user awareness by simulating real-world phishing attacks. For obvious reasons, you will need permission to simulate it on a server content of an organization.
#### 19\. Nikto
![Nikto][47]
[Nikto][48] is a powerful web server scanner – that makes it one of the best Kali Linux tools available. It checks in against potentially dangerous files/programs, outdated versions of server, and many more things.
#### 20\. Yersinia
![][49]
[Yersinia][50] is an interesting framework to perform Layer 2 attacks (Layer 2 refers to the data link layer of [OSI model][51]) on a network. Of course, if you want a network to be secure, you will have to consider all the seven layers. However, this tool focuses on Layer 2 and a variety of network protocols that include STP, CDP, DTP, and so on.
#### 21\. Social Engineering Toolkit (SET)
![][52]
If you are into pretty serious penetration testing stuff, this should be one of the best tools you should check out. Social engineering is a big deal and with [SET][53] tool, you can help protect against such attacks.
**Wrapping Up**
There’s actually a lot of tools that comes bundled with Kali Linux. Do refer to Kali Linux’ [official tool listing page][54] to find them all.
You will find some of them to be completely free and open source while some to be proprietary solutions (yet free). However, for commercial purpose, you should always opt for the premium editions.
We might have missed one of your favorite Kali Linux tools. Did we? Let us know about it in the comments section below.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://itsfoss.com/best-kali-linux-tools/
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/kali-linux-review/
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-hacking-penetration-testing/
[3]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/kali-linux-tools.jpg?resize=800%2C518&ssl=1
[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/kali-linux-nmap.jpg?resize=800%2C559&ssl=1
[5]: https://nmap.org/
[6]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/lynis-kali-linux-tool.jpg?resize=800%2C525&ssl=1
[7]: https://cisofy.com/lynis/
[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/wpscan-kali-linux.jpg?resize=800%2C545&ssl=1
[9]: https://itsfoss.com/open-source-cms/
[10]: https://wpscan.org/
[11]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/aircrack-ng-kali-linux-tool.jpg?resize=800%2C514&ssl=1
[12]: https://www.aircrack-ng.org/
[13]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/hydra-kali-linux.jpg?resize=800%2C529&ssl=1
[14]: https://github.com/vanhauser-thc/thc-hydra
[15]: https://github.com/vanhauser-thc/THC-Archive
[16]: https://itsfoss.com/new-linux-distros-2013/
[17]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/wireshark-network-analyzer.jpg?resize=800%2C556&ssl=1
[18]: https://www.wireshark.org/
[19]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/metasploit-framework.jpg?resize=800%2C561&ssl=1
[20]: https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework
[21]: https://www.rapid7.com/products/metasploit/download/editions/
[22]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/skipfish-kali-linux-tool.jpg?resize=800%2C515&ssl=1
[23]: https://gitlab.com/kalilinux/packages/skipfish/
[24]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/maltego.jpg?resize=800%2C403&ssl=1
[25]: https://www.paterva.com/web7/buy/maltego-clients.php
[26]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/nessus.jpg?resize=800%2C456&ssl=1
[27]: https://www.tenable.com/try
[28]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/burp-suite-community-edition-800x582.jpg?resize=800%2C582&ssl=1
[29]: https://portswigger.net/burp
[30]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/beef-framework.jpg?resize=800%2C339&ssl=1
[31]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/apktool.jpg?resize=800%2C504&ssl=1
[32]: https://github.com/iBotPeaches/Apktool
[33]: https://itsfoss.com/format-factory-alternative-linux/
[34]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/sqlmap.jpg?resize=800%2C528&ssl=1
[35]: http://sqlmap.org/
[36]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/john-the-ripper.jpg?ssl=1
[37]: https://github.com/magnumripper/JohnTheRipper
[38]: https://www.openwall.com/john/pro/
[39]: https://www.snort.org/
[40]: https://www.snort.org/#get-started
[41]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/autopsy-forensic-browser.jpg?resize=800%2C319&ssl=1
[42]: https://www.sleuthkit.org/autopsy/
[43]: https://www.sleuthkit.org/autopsy/docs.php
[44]: https://github.com/sleuthkit/autopsy
[45]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/king-phisher.jpg?resize=800%2C626&ssl=1
[46]: https://github.com/securestate/king-phisher
[47]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/nikto.jpg?resize=800%2C511&ssl=1
[48]: https://gitlab.com/kalilinux/packages/nikto/
[49]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/yersinia.jpg?resize=800%2C516&ssl=1
[50]: https://github.com/tomac/yersinia
[51]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model
[52]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/social-engineering-toolkit.jpg?resize=800%2C511&ssl=1
[53]: https://www.trustedsec.com/social-engineer-toolkit-set/
[54]: https://tools.kali.org/tools-listing

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Write faster C extensions for Python with Cython)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/python-cython)
[#]: author: (Moshe Zadka https://opensource.com/users/moshez/users/moshez/users/foundjem/users/jugmac00)
使用 Cython 为 Python 编写更快的 C 扩展
======
在我们覆盖 7 个 PyPI 库的系列文章中了解解决 Python 问题的更多信息。
![Hand drawing out the word "code"][1]
Python 是当今使用最多的[流行编程语言][2]之一，因为：它是开源的，它有广泛的用途（例如 Web 编程、业务应用、游戏、科学编程等等），它有一个充满活力和专注的社区支持它。这个社区可以让我们在 [Python Package Index][3]（PyPI）中有如此庞大、多样化的软件包，用以扩展和改进 Python 并解决不可避免的问题。
在本系列中，我们将介绍七个可以帮助你解决常见 Python 问题的 PyPI 库。首先是 [Cython][4]，一个简化 Python 编写 C 扩展的语言。
### Cython
使用 Python 很有趣，但有时，用它编写的程序可能很慢。所有运行时动态调度会带来很大的代价：有时它比用 C 或 Rust 等系统语言编写的等效代码慢10倍。
将代码迁移到一种全新的语言可能会在成本和可靠性方面付出巨大代价：所有手工重写工作都将不可避免地引入错误。我们可以两者兼得么？
为了练习优化，我们需要一些慢代码。什么比斐波那契数列的意外指数实现更慢？
```
def fib(n):
if n < 2:
return 1
return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)
```
由于对 **fib** 的调用会导致两次调用，因此这种效率极低的算法需要很长时间才能执行。例如，在我的新笔记本电脑上，**fib(36)** 需要大约 4.5 秒。这个 4.5 秒会成为我们探索 Python 的 Cython 扩展能提供的帮助的基准。
使用 Cython 的正确方法是将其集成到 **setup.py** 中。然而，使用 **pyximport** 可以快速地进行尝试。让我们将 **fib** 代码放在 **fib.pyx** 中并使用 Cython 运行它。
```
>>> import pyximport; pyximport.install()
>>> import fib
>>> fib.fib(36)
```
只使用 Cython 不_修改_代码，这个算法在我笔记本上花费的时间减少到大约 2.5 秒。几乎无需任何努力，这几乎减少了 50％ 的运行时间。当然，得到了一个不错的成果。
加把劲，我们可以让它变得更快。
```
cpdef int fib(int n):
if n < 2:
return 1
return fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2)
```
我们将 **fib** 中的代码变成用 **cpdef** 定义的函数，并添加了几个类型注释：它接受一个整数并返回一个整数。
这个变得快_多_了，大约 0.05 秒。它是如此之快以至于我可能开始怀疑我的测量方法包含噪声：之前，这种噪声在信号中丢失了。
当下次你的 Python 代码花费太多 CPU 时间时，也许在这个过程中会让一些粉丝蠢蠢欲动，为何不看看 Cython 是否可以解决问题呢？
在本系列的下一篇文章中，我们将看一下 **Black** ，一个自动纠正代码格式错误的项目。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/python-cython
作者：[Moshe Zadka ][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/moshez/users/moshez/users/foundjem/users/jugmac00
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/code_hand_draw.png?itok=dpAf--Db (Hand drawing out the word "code")
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/numbers-python-community-trends
[3]: https://pypi.org/
[4]: https://pypi.org/project/Cython/

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (warmfrog)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (How to Add Application Shortcuts on Ubuntu Desktop)
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-desktop-shortcut/)
[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
在 Ubuntu 桌面如何添加应用快捷方式
===============================
_**在这篇快速指南中，你将学到如何在 Ubuntu 桌面和其他使用 GNOME 桌面的发行版中添加应用图标。**_
一个经典的桌面操作系统在 ‘桌面屏’ 上总是有图标的。这些桌面图标包括文件管理器，回收站和应用图标。
当在 Windows 中安装应用时，一些程序会询问你是否在桌面创建一个快捷方式。但在 Linux 系统中不是这样。
但是如果你热衷于这个特点，让我给你展示如何在 Ubuntu 桌面和其他使用 GNOME 桌面的发行版中创建应用的快捷方式。
![Application Shortcuts on Desktop in Ubuntu with GNOME desktop][2]
如果你想知道我的桌面外观，我正在使用 Ant 主题和 Tela 图标集。你可以获取一些 [GTK 主题][3] 和 [为 Ubuntu 准备的图标集][4]并换成你喜欢的。
### 在 Ubuntu 中添加桌面快捷方式
![][5]
个人来讲，我更喜欢为应用图标准备的 Ubuntu 启动器方式。如果我经常使用一个程序，我会添加到启动器。但是我知道不是每个人都有相同的偏好并且少数人更喜欢桌面的快捷方式。
让我们看在桌面中创建应用快捷方式的最简单方式。
免责声明
这篇指南已经在 Ubuntu18.04 LTS 的 GNOME 桌面上测试过了。它可能在其他发行版和桌面环境上也能发挥作用，但你必须自己尝试。一些 GNOME 特定步骤可能会变，所以请在[其他桌面环境][7]尝试时注意。
[Subscribe to our YouTube Channel for More Linux Videos][8]
#### 准备
首先最重要的事是确保你有 GNOME 桌面的图标权限。
如果你跟随 Ubuntu 18.04 自定义提示，你会知道如何安装 GNOME Tweaks 工具。在这个工具中，确保你设置 ‘Show Icons’ 选项为允许。
![Allow icons on desktop in GNOME][9]
一旦你确保已经设置，是时候在桌面添加应用快捷方式了。
[][10]
建议阅读在双启动中如何替代一个 Linux 发行版 [保留 Home分区]
#### 第一步：定位应用的 .desktop 文件
到 Files -> Other Location -> Computer。
![Go to Other Locations -> Computer][11]
从这里，到目录 usr -> share -> applications。你会在这里看到几个你已经安装的 [Ubuntu 应用][12]。即使你没有看到图标，你应该看到被命名为 应用名.desktop 形式的文件。
![Application Shortcuts][13]
#### 第二步：拷贝 .desktop 文件到桌面
现在你要做的只是查找应用图标（或者它的 desktop 文件）。当你找到后，拖文件到桌面或者拷贝文件（使用 Ctrl+C 快捷方式）并在桌面粘贴（使用 Ctrl+V 快捷方式）。
![Add .desktop file to the desktop][14]
#### 第三步：运行 desktop 文件
当你这么做，你应该在桌面上看到一个图标的文本文件而不是应用 logo。别担心，一会就不一样了。
你要做的就是双击桌面的那个文件。它将警告你它是一个 ‘未信任的应用启动器’，点击信任并启动。
![Launch Desktop Shortcut][15]
这个应用像往常一样启动，好事是你会察觉到 .desktop 文件现在已经变成应用图标了。我相信你喜欢应用图标的方式，不是吗？
![Application shortcut on the desktop][16]
#### Ubuntu 19.04 或者 GNOME 3.32 用户的疑难杂症
如果你使用 Ubuntu 19.04 或者 GNOME 3.32，你的 .desktop 文件可能根本不会启动。你应该右击 .desktop 文件并选择 “Allow Launching”。
在这之后，你应该能够启动应用并且桌面上的应用快捷方式能够正常显示了。
**总结**
如果你不喜欢桌面的某个应用启动器，选择删除就是了。它会删除应用快捷方式，但是应用仍安全的保留在你的系统中。
我希望你发现这篇快速指南有帮助并喜欢在 Ubuntu 桌面上的应用快捷方式。
[][17]
建议阅读在 Ubuntu 中如何安装和设置 Nemo 为默认的文件管理器。
如果你有问题或建议，请在下方评论让我知道。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-desktop-shortcut/
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[warmfrog](https://github.com/warmfrog)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://www.ubuntu.com/
[2]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/app-shortcut-on-ubuntu-desktop.jpeg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
[3]: https://itsfoss.com/best-gtk-themes/
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/best-icon-themes-ubuntu-16-04/
[5]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/add-ubuntu-desktop-shortcut.jpeg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
[6]: https://www.gnome.org/
[7]: https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-desktop-environments/
[8]: https://www.youtube.com/c/itsfoss?sub_confirmation=1
[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/allow-icons-on-desktop-gnome.jpg?ssl=1
[10]: https://itsfoss.com/replace-linux-from-dual-boot/
[11]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Adding-desktop-shortcut-Ubuntu-gnome-1.png?resize=800%2C436&ssl=1
[12]: https://itsfoss.com/best-ubuntu-apps/
[13]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/application-shortcuts-in-ubuntu.png?resize=800%2C422&ssl=1
[14]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/add-desktop-file-to-desktop.jpeg?resize=800%2C458&ssl=1
[15]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/launch-desktop-shortcut-.jpeg?resize=800%2C349&ssl=1
[16]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/app-shortcut-on-desktop-ubuntu-gnome.jpeg?resize=800%2C375&ssl=1
[17]: https://itsfoss.com/install-nemo-file-manager-ubuntu/

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (warmfrog)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (How to use advanced rsync for large Linux backups)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/advanced-rsync)
[#]: author: (Alan Formy-Duval https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss/users/marcobravo)
如何使用高级工具 rsync 进行大的 Linux 备份
=====================================
基础的 rsync 命令通常足够来管理你的 Linux 备份，但是额外的选项使大数据集备份更快更强大。
![Filing papers and documents][1]
很明显，备份一直是Linux世界的热门话题。回到 2017，David Both 为 [Opensource.com][2] 的读者在"[使用 rsync 备份你的 Linux 系统][3]方面提了一些建议，在这年的更早时候，他发起了一项问卷调查询问大家，"[在 Linux 中你的 /home 目录的主要备份策略是什么][4]"，在今年的另一个问卷调查中，Don Watkins 问到，"[你使用哪种开源备份解决方案][5]"。
我的回复是 [rsync][6]。市场上有大量大的复杂的工具，对于管理磁带机或者存储库设备，这些可能是必要的，但是可能你需要的只是一个简单的开源命令行工具。
### rsync 基础
我为一个大概拥有 35,000 开发者并有着几十 TB 文件的全球组织管理二进制仓库。我经常一次移动或者归档上百 GB 的数据。使用的是 rsync。这种经历使我对这个简单的工具充满信心。（所以，是的，我在家使用它来备份我的 Linux 系统）
基础的 rsync 命令很简单。
```
`rsync -av 源目录 目的地目录`
```
实际上，在任何指南中教的 rsync 命令在大多数通用情况下都运行的很好。然而，假设我们需要备份大量的数据。例如包含 2,000 个子目录的目录，每个包含 50GB 到 700GB 的数据。在这个目录运行 rsync 可能需要大量时间，尤其是当你使用 checksum 选项时（我倾向使用的）。
当我们试图同步大量数据或者通过慢的网络连接时，可能遇到性能问题。让我给你展示一些我使用的方法来确保好的性能和可靠性。
### 高级 rsync
当 rsync 运行时出现的第一行是：“正在发送增量文件列表。” 如果你搜索这一行，你将看到很多类似的问题：为什么它一直运行，或者为什么它似乎挂起了。
这里是一个基于这个场景的例子。假设我们有一个 **/storage** 的目录，我们想要备份到一个外部 USB 磁盘，我们可以使用下面的命令：
```
`rsync -cav /storage /media/WDPassport`
```
**c** 选项告诉 rsync 使用文件校验和而不是时间戳来决定改变的文件，这通常消耗的时间更久。为了分解 **/storage** 目录，我通过子目录同步，使用 **find** 命令。这是一个例子：
```
`find /storage -type d -exec rsync -cav {} /media/WDPassport \;`
```
这看起来可以，但是如果 **/storage** 目录有任何文件，它们将被跳过。因此，我们如何同步 **/storage** 目录中的文件呢？同样有一个细微的差别是具体的选项将造成 rsync 同步 **.** 目录，该目录是源目录自身；这意味着它会同步子目录两次，这并不是我们想要的。
长话短说，我的解决方案是一个 “双-递增”脚本。这允许我分解一个目录，例如，当你的 home 目录有多个大的目录，例如音乐或者家庭照片时，分解 **/home** 目录为单个的用户 home 目录。
这是我的脚本的一个例子：
```
HOMES="alan"
DRIVE="/media/WDPassport"
for HOME in $HOMES; do
cd /home/$HOME
rsync -cdlptgov --delete . /$DRIVE/$HOME
find . -maxdepth 1 -type d -not -name "." -exec rsync -crlptgov --delete {} /$DRIVE/$HOME \;
done
```
第一个 rsync 命令拷贝它在源目录中发现的文件和目录。然而，它将目录留空，因此我们能够通过 **find** 命令迭代他们。这通过传递 **d** 参数来完成，它告诉 rsync 不要递归目录。
```
`-d, --dirs transfer directories without recursing`
```
然后 **find** 命令传递每个目录来单独运行 rsync。之后 rsync 拷贝目录的内容。这通过传递 **r** 参数来完成，它告诉 rsync 要递归目录。
```
`-r, --recursive 递归进入目录`
```
这使得 rsync使用的增量文件保持在一个可管理的大小。
大多数 rsync 指南为了简便使用 **a** （或者 **archive**） 参数。这实际是一个复合参数。
```
`-a, --archive 归档模式; equals -rlptgoD (no -H,-A,-X)`
```
我传递的其他参数包含在 **a** 中；这些是 **l** ， **p** ， **t** ， **g** ， 和 **o**。
```
-l, --links 复制符号链接作为符号链接
-p, --perms 保留权限
-t, --times 保留修改时间
-g, --group 保留组
-o, --owner 保留拥有者（只适用于超级管理员）
```
**\--delete** 选项告诉 rsync 删除目的地目录中所有在源目录不存在的任意文件。这种方式，运行的结果仅仅是复制。你同样可以排除 **.Trash** 目录或者 MacOS 创建的 **.DS_Store** 文件。
```
`-not -name ".Trash*" -not -name ".DS_Store"`
```
### 注意
最后一条建议： rsync 可以是破坏性的命令。幸运的是，它的睿智的创造者提供了 “空运行”的能力。如果我们加入 **n** 选项，rsync 会显示预期的输出但不写任何数据。
```
`rsync -cdlptgovn --delete . /$DRIVE/$HOME`
```
这个脚本适用于非常大的存储规模和高延迟或者慢链接的情况。一如既往，我确信仍有提升的空间。如果你有任何建议，请在下方评论中分享。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/advanced-rsync
作者：[Alan Formy-Duval ][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[warmfrog](https://github.com/warmfrog)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss/users/marcobravo
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/documents_papers_file_storage_work.png?itok=YlXpAqAJ (Filing papers and documents)
[2]: http://Opensource.com
[3]: https://opensource.com/article/17/1/rsync-backup-linux
[4]: https://opensource.com/poll/19/4/backup-strategy-home-directory-linux
[5]: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/linux-backup-solutions
[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rsync

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (wxy)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (21 Best Kali Linux Tools for Hacking and Penetration Testing)
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/best-kali-linux-tools/)
[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/)
用于黑客渗透测试的 21 个最佳 Kali Linux 工具
======
> 最好的 Kali Linux 工具列表，它们可以让你评估 Web 服务器的安全性，并帮助你执行黑客和渗透测试。
如果你读过 [Kali Linux 点评][1]，你就知道为什么它被认为是[最好的黑客渗透测试的 Linux 发行版][2]之一，而且正如其实。它带有许多工具，使你可以更轻松地进行测试、破解以及与数字取证相关的任何其他工作。
它是<ruby>道德黑客<rt>ethical hacker</rt></ruby>最推荐的 Linux 发行版之一。即使你不是黑客而是网站管理员 —— 你仍然可以利用其中某些工具轻松地扫描你的网络服务器或网页。
在任何一种情况下，无论你的目的是什么 —— 让我们来看看你应该使用的一些最好的 Kali Linux 工具。
*注意：这里不是所提及的所有工具都是开源的。*
### 用于黑客渗透测试的 Kali Linux 工具
![Kali Linux][3]
Kali Linux 预装了几种类型的工具。如果你发现有的工具没有安装，只需下载并进行设置即可。这很简单。
#### 1、Nmap
![Kali Linux Nmap][4]
[Nmap][5] （即 “<ruby>网络映射器<rt>Network Mapper</rt></ruby>”）是 Kali Linux 上最受欢迎的信息收集工具之一。换句话说，它可以获取有关主机的信息：其 IP 地址、操作系统检测以及类似网络安全详细信息（如开放的端口数量及其含义）。
它还提供防火墙规避和欺骗功能。
#### 2、Lynis
![Lynis Kali Linux Tool][6]
[Lynis][7] 是安全审计、合规性测试和系统强化的强大工具。当然，你也可以将其用于漏洞检测和渗透测试。
它将根据检测到的组件扫描系统。例如，如果它检测到 Apache —— 它将针对入口信息运行与 Apache 相关的测试。
#### 3、WPScan
![][8]
WordPress 是[最好的开源 CMS][9]之一，而这个工具是最好的免费 WordpPress 安全审计工具。它是免费的，但不是开源的。
如果你想知道一个 WordPress 博客是否在某种程度上容易受到攻击，[WPScan][10] 就是你的朋友。
此外，它还为你提供了所用的插件的详细信息。当然，一个安全性很好的博客可能不会给你很多细节，但它仍然是 WordPress 安全扫描找到潜在漏洞的最佳工具。
#### 4、Aircrack-ng
![][11]
[Aircrack-ng][12] 是评估 WiFi 网络安全性的工具集合。它不仅限于监控和获取洞察力 —— 还包括破坏网络（WEP、WPA 1 和 WPA 2）的能力。
如果你忘记了自己的 WiFi 网络的密码，可以尝试使用它来重新获得访问权限。它还包括各种无线攻击，你可以使用它们来定位/监控 WiFi 网络以增强其安全性。
#### 5、Hydra
![][13]
如果你正在寻找一个有趣的工具来破解登录密码时，[Hydra][14] 将是 Kali Linux 预装的最好的工具之一。
它可能不再被积极维护，但它现在放在 [GitHub][15] 上，所以你也可以为它做贡献。
#### 6、Wireshark
![][17]
[Wireshark][18] 是 Kali Linux 最受欢迎的网络分析仪。它也可以归类为用于网络嗅探的最佳 Kali Linux 工具之一。
它正在积极维护，所以我肯定会建议试试它。
#### 7、Metasploit Framework
![][19]
[Metsploit Framework][20]（MSF）是最常用的渗透测试框架。它提供两个版本：一个开源，第二个是其专业版。使用此工具，你可以验证漏洞、测试已知漏洞并执行完整的安全评估。
当然，免费版本不具备所有功能，所以如果你对此很认真，你应该在[这里][21]比较一下版本。
#### 8、Skipfish
![][22]
与 WPScan 类似，但不仅仅专注于 WordPress。[Skipfish][23] 是一个 Web 应用扫描程序，可以为你提供几乎所有类型的 Web 应用程序的洞察信息。它快速且易于使用。此外，它的递归爬行方法使它更好。
Skipfish 生成的报告可以用于专业的 Web 应用程序安全评估。
#### 9、Maltego
![][24]
[Maltego][25] 是一种令人印象深刻的数据挖掘工具，用于在线分析信息并连接信息点（如果有的话）。 根据这些信息，它创建了一个有向图，以帮助分析这些数据之间的链接。
请注意，这不是一个开源工具。
它已预先安装，但你必须注册才能选择要使用的版本。如果个人使用，社区版就足够了（只需要注册一个帐户），但如果想用于商业用途，则需要订阅 classic 或 XL 版本。
#### 10、Nessus
![Nessus][26]
如果你有个连接到网络的计算机，Nessus 可以帮助你找到潜在攻击者可能利用的漏洞。当然，如果你是连接到网络的多台计算机的管理员，则可以使用它并保护这些计算机。
但是，它不再是免费的工具了，你可以从 [官方网站][27] 免费试用 7 天。
#### 11、Burp Suite Scanner
![][28]
[Burp Suite Scanner][29] 是一款出色的网络安全分析工具。与其他 Web 应用程序安全扫描程序不同，Burp 提供了 GUI 和一些高级工具。
但是，社区版仅将功能限制为一些基本的手动工具。对于专业人士，你必须考虑升级。与前面的工具类似，这也不是开源的。
我使用过免费版本，但是如果你想了解更多细节，你应该查看他们[官方网站][29]上提供的功能。
#### 12、BeEF
![][30]
BeEF（<ruby>浏览器利用框架<rt>Browser Exploitation Framework</rt></ruby>）是另一个令人印象深刻的工具。它专为渗透测试人员量身定制，用于评估 Web 浏览器的安全性。
这是最好的 Kali Linux 工具之一，因为很多用户在谈论 Web 安全时确实想知道并修复客户端问题。
#### 13、Apktool
![][31]
[Apktool][32] 确实是 Kali Linux 上用于逆向工程 Android 应用程序的流行工具之一。当然，你应该正确利用它 —— 出于教育目的。
使用此工具，你可以自己尝试一下，并让原开发人员了解你的想法。你认为你会用它做什么？
#### 14、sqlmap
![][34]
如果你正在寻找一个开源渗透测试工具 —— [sqlmap][35] 是最好的之一。它可以自动化利用 SQL 注入漏洞的过程，并帮助你接管数据库服务器。
#### 15、John the Ripper
![John The Ripper][36]
[John the Ripper][37] 是 Kali Linux 上流行的密码破解工具。它也是自由开源的。但是，如果你对[社区增强版][37]不感兴趣，可以用于商业用途的[专业版][38]。
#### 16、Snort
想要实时流量分析和数据包记录功能吗？[Snort][39] 鼎力支持你。即使它是一个开源的入侵防御系统，也有很多东西可以提供。
如果你还没有安装它，[官方网站][40]提及了安装过程。
#### 17、Autopsy Forensic Browser
![][41]
[Autopsy][42] 是一个数字取证工具，用于调查计算机上发生的事情。那么，你也可以使用它从 SD 卡恢复图像。它也被执法官员使用。你可以阅读[文档][43]来探索可以用它做什么。
你还应该查看他们的 [GitHub 页面][44]。
#### 18、King Phisher
![King Phisher][45]
网络钓鱼攻击现在非常普遍。[King Phisher 工具][46]可以通过模拟真实的网络钓鱼攻击来帮助测试和提升用户意识。出于显而易见的原因，在模拟一个组织的服务器内容前，你需要获得许可。
#### 19、Nikto
![Nikto][47]
[Nikto][48] 是一款功能强大的 Web 服务器扫描程序 —— 使其成为最好的 Kali Linux 工具之一。 它会检查存在潜在危险的文件/程序、过时的服务器版本等等。
#### 20、Yersinia
![][49]
[Yersinia][50] 是一个有趣的框架，用于在网络上执行第 2 层攻击（第 2 层是指 [OSI 模型][51]的数据链路层）。当然，如果你希望网络安全，则必须考虑所有七个层。但是，此工具侧重于第 2 层和各种网络协议，包括 STP、CDP，DTP等。
#### 21、Social Engineering Toolkit (SET)
![][52]
如果你正在进行相当严格的渗透测试，那么这应该是你应该检查的最佳工具之一。社交工程是一个大问题，使用 [SET][53] 工具，你可以帮助防止此类攻击。
### 总结
实际上 Kali Linux 捆绑了很多工具。请参考 Kali Linux 的[官方工具列表页面][54]来查找所有内容。
你会发现其中一些是完全自由开源的，而有些则是专有解决方案（但是免费）。但是，出于商业目的，你应该始终选择高级版本。
我们可能错过了你最喜欢的某个 Kali Linux 工具。请在下面的评论部分告诉我们。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://itsfoss.com/best-kali-linux-tools/
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/kali-linux-review/
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-hacking-penetration-testing/
[3]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/kali-linux-tools.jpg?resize=800%2C518&ssl=1
[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/kali-linux-nmap.jpg?resize=800%2C559&ssl=1
[5]: https://nmap.org/
[6]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/lynis-kali-linux-tool.jpg?resize=800%2C525&ssl=1
[7]: https://cisofy.com/lynis/
[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/wpscan-kali-linux.jpg?resize=800%2C545&ssl=1
[9]: https://itsfoss.com/open-source-cms/
[10]: https://wpscan.org/
[11]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/aircrack-ng-kali-linux-tool.jpg?resize=800%2C514&ssl=1
[12]: https://www.aircrack-ng.org/
[13]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/hydra-kali-linux.jpg?resize=800%2C529&ssl=1
[14]: https://github.com/vanhauser-thc/thc-hydra
[15]: https://github.com/vanhauser-thc/THC-Archive
[16]: https://itsfoss.com/new-linux-distros-2013/
[17]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/wireshark-network-analyzer.jpg?resize=800%2C556&ssl=1
[18]: https://www.wireshark.org/
[19]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/metasploit-framework.jpg?resize=800%2C561&ssl=1
[20]: https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework
[21]: https://www.rapid7.com/products/metasploit/download/editions/
[22]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/skipfish-kali-linux-tool.jpg?resize=800%2C515&ssl=1
[23]: https://gitlab.com/kalilinux/packages/skipfish/
[24]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/maltego.jpg?resize=800%2C403&ssl=1
[25]: https://www.paterva.com/web7/buy/maltego-clients.php
[26]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/nessus.jpg?resize=800%2C456&ssl=1
[27]: https://www.tenable.com/try
[28]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/burp-suite-community-edition-800x582.jpg?resize=800%2C582&ssl=1
[29]: https://portswigger.net/burp
[30]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/beef-framework.jpg?resize=800%2C339&ssl=1
[31]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/apktool.jpg?resize=800%2C504&ssl=1
[32]: https://github.com/iBotPeaches/Apktool
[33]: https://itsfoss.com/format-factory-alternative-linux/
[34]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/sqlmap.jpg?resize=800%2C528&ssl=1
[35]: http://sqlmap.org/
[36]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/john-the-ripper.jpg?ssl=1
[37]: https://github.com/magnumripper/JohnTheRipper
[38]: https://www.openwall.com/john/pro/
[39]: https://www.snort.org/
[40]: https://www.snort.org/#get-started
[41]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/autopsy-forensic-browser.jpg?resize=800%2C319&ssl=1
[42]: https://www.sleuthkit.org/autopsy/
[43]: https://www.sleuthkit.org/autopsy/docs.php
[44]: https://github.com/sleuthkit/autopsy
[45]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/king-phisher.jpg?resize=800%2C626&ssl=1
[46]: https://github.com/securestate/king-phisher
[47]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/nikto.jpg?resize=800%2C511&ssl=1
[48]: https://gitlab.com/kalilinux/packages/nikto/
[49]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/yersinia.jpg?resize=800%2C516&ssl=1
[50]: https://github.com/tomac/yersinia
[51]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model
[52]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/social-engineering-toolkit.jpg?resize=800%2C511&ssl=1
[53]: https://www.trustedsec.com/social-engineer-toolkit-set/
[54]: https://tools.kali.org/tools-listing