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(translating by runningwater)
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How To Determine Which System Manager Is Running On Linux System
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======
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We all are heard about this word many times but only few of us know what is this exactly. We will show you how to identify the system manager.
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I will try my best to let you know about this. Most of us know about System V and systemd system manager. System V (Sysv) is an old and traditional init system and system manager for old systems.
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Systemd is a new init system and system manager which was adapted by most of the major distribution.
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There are three major init systems are available in Linux which are very famous and still in use. Most of the Linux distribution falls under in one of the below init system.
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### What is init System Manager?
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In Linux/Unix based operating systems, init (short for initialization) is the first process that started during the system boot up by the kernel.
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It’s holding a process id (PID) of 1. It will be running in the background continuously until the system is shut down.
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Init looks at the `/etc/inittab` file to decide the Linux run level then it starts all other processes & applications in the background as per the run level.
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BIOS, MBR, GRUB and Kernel processes were kicked up before hitting init process as part of Linux booting process.
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Below are the available run levels for Linux (There are seven runlevels exist, from zero to six).
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* **`0:`** halt
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* **`1:`** Single user mode
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* **`2:`** Multiuser, without NFS
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* **`3:`** Full multiuser mode
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* **`4:`** Unused
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* **`5:`** X11 (GUI – Graphical User Interface)
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* **`:`** reboot
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Below three init systems are widely used in Linux.
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* **`System V (Sys V):`** System V (Sys V) is one of the first and traditional init system for Unix like operating system.
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* **`Upstart:`** Upstart is an event-based replacement for the /sbin/init daemon.
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* **`systemd:`** Systemd is a new init system and system manager which was implemented/adapted into all the major Linux distributions over the traditional SysV init systems.
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### What is System V (Sys V)?
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System V (Sys V) is one of the first and traditional init system for Unix like operating system. init is the first process that started during the system boot up by the kernel and it’s a parent process for everything.
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Most of the Linux distributions started using traditional init system called System V (Sys V) first. Over the years, several replacement init systems were released to address design limitations in the standard versions such as launchd, the Service Management Facility, systemd and Upstart.
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But systemd has been adopted by several major Linux distributions over the traditional SysV init systems.
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### How to identify the System V (Sys V) system manager on Linux
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Run the following commands to identify that your system is running with System V (Sys V) system manager.
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### Method-1: Using ps command
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ps – report a snapshot of the current processes. ps displays information about a selection of the active processes.
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This output doesn’t give the exact results either System V (SysV) or upstart so, i would suggest you to go with other method to confirm this.
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```
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# ps -p1 | grep "init\|upstart\|systemd"
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1 ? 00:00:00 init
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```
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### Method-2: Using rpm command
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RPM stands for `Red Hat Package Manager` is a powerful, command line [Package Management][1] utility for Red Hat based system such as (RHEL, CentOS, Fedora, openSUSE & Mageia) distributions. The utility allow you to install, upgrade, remove, query & verify the software on your Linux system/server. RPM files comes with `.rpm` extension.
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RPM package built with required libraries and dependency which will not conflicts other packages were installed on your system.
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```
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# rpm -qf /sbin/init
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SysVinit-2.86-17.el5
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```
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### What is Upstart?
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Upstart is an event-based replacement for the /sbin/init daemon which handles starting of tasks and services during boot, stopping them during shutdown and supervising them while the system is running.
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It was originally developed for the Ubuntu distribution, but is intended to be suitable for deployment in all Linux distributions as a replacement for the venerable System-V init.
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It was used in Ubuntu from 9.10 to Ubuntu 14.10 & RHEL 6 based systems after that they are replaced with systemd.
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### How to identify the Upstart system manager on Linux
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Run the following commands to identify that your system is running with Upstart system manager.
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### Method-1: Using ps command
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ps – report a snapshot of the current processes. ps displays information about a selection of the active processes.
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This output doesn’t give the exact results either System V (SysV) or upstart so, i would suggest you to go with other method to confirm this.
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```
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# ps -p1 | grep "init\|upstart\|systemd"
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1 ? 00:00:00 init
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```
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### Method-2: Using rpm command
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RPM stands for `Red Hat Package Manager` is a powerful, command line Package Management utility for Red Hat based system such as (RHEL, CentOS, Fedora, openSUSE & Mageia) distributions. The [RPM Command][2] allow you to install, upgrade, remove, query & verify the software on your Linux system/server. RPM files comes with `.rpm` extension.
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RPM package built with required libraries and dependency which will not conflicts other packages were installed on your system.
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```
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# rpm -qf /sbin/init
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upstart-0.6.5-16.el6.x86_64
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```
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### Method-3: Using /sbin/init file
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The `/sbin/init` program will load or switch the root file system from memory to the hard disk.
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This is the main part of the boot process. The runlevel at the start of this process is “N” (none). The /sbin/init program initializes the system following the description in the /etc/inittab configuration file.
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```
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# /sbin/init --version
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init (upstart 0.6.5)
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Copyright (C) 2010 Canonical Ltd.
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This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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```
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### What is systemd?
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Systemd is a new init system and system manager which was implemented/adapted into all the major Linux distributions over the traditional SysV init systems.
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systemd is compatible with SysV and LSB init scripts. It can work as a drop-in replacement for sysvinit system. systemd is the first process get started by kernel and holding PID 1.
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It’s a parant process for everything and Fedora 15 is the first distribution which was adapted systemd instead of upstart. [systemctl][3] is command line utility and primary tool to manage the systemd daemons/services such as (start, restart, stop, enable, disable, reload & status).
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systemd uses .service files Instead of bash scripts (SysVinit uses). systemd sorts all daemons into their own Linux cgroups and you can see the system hierarchy by exploring `/cgroup/systemd` file.
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### How to identify the systemd system manager on Linux
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Run the following commands to identify that your system is running with systemd system manager.
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### Method-1: Using ps command
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ps – report a snapshot of the current processes. ps displays information about a selection of the active processes.
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```
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# ps -p1 | grep "init\|upstart\|systemd"
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1 ? 00:18:09 systemd
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```
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### Method-2: Using rpm command
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RPM stands for `Red Hat Package Manager` is a powerful, command line Package Management utility for Red Hat based system such as (RHEL, CentOS, Fedora, openSUSE & Mageia) distributions. The utility allow you to install, upgrade, remove, query & verify the software on your Linux system/server. RPM files comes with `.rpm` extension.
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RPM package built with required libraries and dependency which will not conflicts other packages were installed on your system.
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```
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# rpm -qf /sbin/init
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systemd-219-30.el7_3.9.x86_64
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```
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### Method-3: Using /sbin/init file
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The `/sbin/init` program will load or switch the root file system from memory to the hard disk.
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This is the main part of the boot process. The runlevel at the start of this process is “N” (none). The /sbin/init program initializes the system following the description in the /etc/inittab configuration file.
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```
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# file /sbin/init
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/sbin/init: symbolic link to `../lib/systemd/systemd'
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```
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-determine-which-init-system-manager-is-running-on-linux-system/
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作者：[Prakash Subramanian][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/prakash/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/category/package-management/
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[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/rpm-command-examples/
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[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-all-running-services-in-linux/
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@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
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弄清 Linux 系统运行何种系统管理程序
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======
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虽然我们经常听到系统管理器这词，但很少有人深究其确切意义。现在我们将向你展示其区别。
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我会尽自己所能来解释清楚一切。我们大多都知道 System V 和 systemd 两种系统管理器。 System V （简写 Sysv） 是老系统所使用的古老且传统的 init 进程和系统管理器。
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Systemd 是全新的 init 进程和系统管理器，并且适配大部分主发布版本 Linux 系统。
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Linux 系统中主要有三种 init 进程系统，很出名且仍在使用。大多数 Linux 发布版本都使用其中之一。
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### 什么是初始化系统管理器 (init System Manager)？
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在基于 Linux/Unix 的操作系统中，init (初始化的简称) 是内核启动系统时开启的第一个进程。
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它持有的进程 ID（PID）号为 1，其在后台一直运行着，直到关机。
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Init 会查找 `/etc/inittab` 文件中相应配置信息来确定系统的运行级别，然后根据运行级别启动所有的后台进程和后台应用。
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作为 Linux 启动过程的一部分，BIOS，MBR，GRUB 和内核进程此进程之前就被激活了。
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下面列出的是 Linux 的可用运行级别（存在七个运行级别，从零到六）。
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* **`0:`** 停机
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* **`1:`** 单用户模式
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* **`2:`** 多用户, 无 NFS (译者注：Network File System 即网络文件系统)
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* **`3:`** 全功能多用户模式
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* **`4:`** 未使用
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* **`5:`** X11 (GUI – 图形用户界面)
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* **`6:`** 重启
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下面列出的是 Linux 系统中广泛使用的三种 init 进程系统。
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* **`System V (Sys V):`** System V（Sys V）是类 Unix 操作系统的首款传统的 `init` 进程系统。
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* **`Upstart:`** Upstart 基于事件驱动，是 `/sbin/init` 守护进程的替代品。
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* **`systemd:`** Systemd 是一款全新的 `init` 进程系统和系统管理器，它通过传统的 `SysV init` 进程系统来实现/适配全部的 Linux 主版本。
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### 什么是 System V (Sys V)?
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System V（Sys V）是类 Unix 操作系统的首款传统的 `init` 进程系统。init 是内核启动系统期间启动的第一个进程，它是所有进程的父进程。
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起初，大多数 Linux 发行版都使用名为 System V（Sys V）的传统 `init` 进程系统。 多年来，为了解决标准版本中的设计限制，发布了几个替代的 init 进程系统，例如launchd、Service Management Facility、systemd 和 Upstart。
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但只有 systemd 最终被几个主要 Linux 发行版本所采用，而放弃传统的 SysV。
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### 在 Linux 上如何识别出 `System V(Sys V)` 系统管理器
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在系统上运行如下命令来查看是否在运行着 System V (Sys V) 系统管理器：
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### 方法 1: 使用 `ps` 命令
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**ps** – 显示当前进程快照。`ps` 会显示当前活动进程的信息。其输出区分不出是 System V(SysV) 还是 upstart，所以我建议使用其它方法。
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```
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# ps -p1 | grep "init\|upstart\|systemd"
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1 ? 00:00:00 init
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```
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### 方法 2: 使用 `rpm` 命令
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RPM 即 `Red Hat Package Manager （红帽包管理）`，是一款功能强大的[安装包管理][1]命令行具，在基于 Red Hat 的发布系统中使用，如 RHEL、CentOS、Fedora、openSUSE 和 Mageia。此工具可以在系统/服务上对软件进行安装、更新、删除、查询及验证等操作。通常 RPM 文件都带有 `.rpm` 后缀。
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RPM 会使用必须的库和依赖库来构建软件，并具不会与系统上安装的其它包冲突。
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```
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# rpm -qf /sbin/init
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SysVinit-2.86-17.el5
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```
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### 什么是 Upstart?
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Upstart 基于事件驱动，是 `/sbin/init` 守护进程的替代品。用来启动、停止及监视系统的所有任务和服务。
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最初，它是为 Ubuntu 系统而开发的，但也可以在所有的 Linux 发布版本中部署运行，以替代古老的 System-V init 进程系统。
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它在 Ubuntu 9.10 到 14.10 版本和基于 RHEL 6 的系统中使用，之后的 Linux 版本被 systemd 取代了。
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### 在 Linux 上如何识别出 `Upstart` 系统管理器
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在系统上运行如下命令来查看是否在运行着 Upstart 系统管理器：
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### 方法 1: 使用 `ps` 命令
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**ps** – 显示当前进程快照。`ps` 会显示当前活动进程的信息。其输出区分不出是 System V(SysV) 还是 upstart，所以我建议使用其它方法。
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```
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# ps -p1 | grep "init\|upstart\|systemd"
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1 ? 00:00:00 init
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```
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### 方法 2: 使用 `rpm` 命令
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RPM 即 `Red Hat Package Manager （红帽包管理）`，是一款功能强大的安装包管理命令行具，在基于 Red Hat 的发布系统中使用，如 RHEL、CentOS、Fedora、openSUSE 和 Mageia。此[ RPM 命令][2]可以让你在系统/服务上对软件进行安装、更新、删除、查询及验证等操作。通常 RPM 文件都带有 `.rpm` 后缀。
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RPM 会使用必须的库和依赖库来构建软件，并具不会与系统上安装的其它包冲突。
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```
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# rpm -qf /sbin/init
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upstart-0.6.5-16.el6.x86_64
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```
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### 方法 3: 使用 `/sbin/init` 文件
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`/sbin/init` 程序会将根文件系统从内存加载或切换到磁盘。
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这是启动过程的主要部分。这个进程开始时的运行级别为 “N”（无）。`/sbin/init` 此程序会按照 `/etc/inittab` 配制文件的描述来初始化系统。
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```
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# /sbin/init --version
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init (upstart 0.6.5)
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Copyright (C) 2010 Canonical Ltd.
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This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
|
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```
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### 什么是 systemd?
|
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|
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Systemd 是一款全新的 `init` 进程系统和系统管理器，它通过传统的 `SysV init` 进程系统来实现/适配全部的 Linux 主版本。
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systemd 与 SysV 和 LSB (全称：Linux Standards Base) init 脚本兼容。它可以作为 sysv init 系统的直接替代品。其是内核启动的第一个进程并占有 1 的 PID。
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它是所有进程的父进程，Fedora 15 是第一个采用 systemd 而不是 upstart 的发行版本。[systemctl][3] 是一款命令行工具，它是管理 systemd 守护进程/服务（如 start、restart、stop、enable、disable、reload 和 status ）的主要工具。
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systemd 使用 `.service` 文件而不是 bash 脚本（SysV init 使用）。systemd 把所有守护进程按顺序排列到自己 Cgroups （译者注：Cgroups 是 control groups 的缩写，是 Linux 内核提供的一种可以限制、记录、隔离进程组（process groups）所使用的物理资源（如：cpu,memory,IO等等）的机制。最初由 google 的工程师提出，后来被整合进Linux内核。Cgroups 也是 LXC 为实现虚拟化所使用的资源管理手段，可以说没有 cgroups 就没有 LXC。）中，所以通过探索 `/ cgroup/systemd` 文件就可以查看系统层次结构。
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### 在 Linux 上如何识别出 `systemd` 系统管理器
|
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在系统上运行如下命令来查看是否在运行着 systemd 系统管理器：
|
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|
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### 方法 1: 使用 `ps` 命令
|
||||
|
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**ps** – 显示当前进程快照。`ps` 会显示当前活动进程的信息。
|
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|
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```
|
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# ps -p1 | grep "init\|upstart\|systemd"
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1 ? 00:18:09 systemd
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```
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### 方法 2: 使用 `rpm` 命令
|
||||
|
||||
RPM 即 `Red Hat Package Manager （红帽包管理）`，是一款功能强大的安装包管理命令行具，在基于 Red Hat 的发布系统中使用，如 RHEL、CentOS、Fedora、openSUSE 和 Mageia。此工具可以在系统/服务上对软件进行安装、更新、删除、查询及验证等操作。通常 RPM 文件都带有 `.rpm` 后缀。
|
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|
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RPM 会使用必须的库和依赖库来构建软件，并具不会与系统上安装的其它包冲突。
|
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```
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# rpm -qf /sbin/init
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systemd-219-30.el7_3.9.x86_64
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```
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### 方法 3: 使用 `/sbin/init` 文件
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`/sbin/init` 程序会将根文件系统从内存加载或切换到磁盘。
|
||||
这是启动过程的主要部分。这个进程开始时的运行级别为 “N”（无）。`/sbin/init` 此程序会按照 `/etc/inittab` 配制文件的描述来初始化系统。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# file /sbin/init
|
||||
/sbin/init: symbolic link to `../lib/systemd/systemd'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-determine-which-init-system-manager-is-running-on-linux-system/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Prakash Subramanian][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/prakash/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/category/package-management/
|
||||
[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/rpm-command-examples/
|
||||
[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-all-running-services-in-linux/
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user