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PRF:20180529 How To Add Additional IP (Secondary IP) In Ubuntu System.md

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@MjSeven
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@ -12,92 +12,98 @@ Linux 管理员应该意识到这一点，因为这是一项例行任务。很
这是业界的最佳实践，它允许用户安装 SSL 证书。大多数系统都配有单块网卡，这足以添加额外的 IP 地址。
**建议阅读：**
**(#)** [在 Linux 命令行中 9 种方法检查公共 IP 地址][1]
**(#)** [在 Linux 终端中 3 种简单的方式来检查 DNS（域名服务器）记录][2]
**(#)** [在 Linux 上使用 Dig 命令检查 DNS（域名服务器）记录][3]
**(#)** [在 Linux 上使用 Nslookup 命令检查 DNS（域名服务器）记录][4]
**(#)** [在 Linux 上使用 Host 命令检查 DNS（域名服务器）记录][5]
- [在 Linux 命令行中 9 种方法检查公共 IP 地址][1]
- [在 Linux 终端中 3 种简单的方式来检查 DNS（域名服务器）记录][2]
- [在 Linux 上使用 Dig 命令检查 DNS（域名服务器）记录][3]
- [在 Linux 上使用 Nslookup 命令检查 DNS（域名服务器）记录][4]
- [在 Linux 上使用 Host 命令检查 DNS（域名服务器）记录][5]
我们可以在同一个接口上添加 IP 地址，或者在同一设备上创建子接口，然后在其中添加 IP。默认情况下，一直到 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS，接口给名称为 `ethX (eth0)`，但是从 Ubuntu 15.10 之后网络接口名称已从 `ethX` 更改为 `enXXXXX`（对于服务器是 ens33，桌面版是 enp0s3）。
在本文中，我们将教你如何在 Ubuntu 上执行此操作，并且衍生到其它发行版（to 校正：这句自己加的）。
**`注意：`**别在 DNS 详细信息后添加 IP 地址。如果是这样，DNS 将无法正常工作。
**注意：**别在 DNS 详细信息后添加 IP 地址。如果是这样，DNS 将无法正常工作。
### 如何在 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 中添加临时辅助 IP 地址
在系统中添加 IP 地址之前，运行以下任一命令即可验证服务器主 IP 地址：
```
# ifconfig
or
或
# ip addr
# ip addr
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:98:b7:36
inet addr:192.168.56.150 Bcast:192.168.56.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe98:b736/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:4 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:105 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:902 (902.0 B) TX bytes:16423 (16.4 KB)
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:98:b7:36
inet addr:192.168.56.150 Bcast:192.168.56.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe98:b736/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:4 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:105 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:902 (902.0 B) TX bytes:16423 (16.4 KB)
eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:6a:cf:d3
inet addr:10.0.3.15 Bcast:10.0.3.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe6a:cfd3/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:80 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:146 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:8698 (8.6 KB) TX bytes:17047 (17.0 KB)
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1
RX packets:25 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:25 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1
RX bytes:1730 (1.7 KB) TX bytes:1730 (1.7 KB)
eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:6a:cf:d3
inet addr:10.0.3.15 Bcast:10.0.3.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe6a:cfd3/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:80 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:146 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:8698 (8.6 KB) TX bytes:17047 (17.0 KB)
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1
RX packets:25 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:25 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1
RX bytes:1730 (1.7 KB) TX bytes:1730 (1.7 KB)
```
如我所见，服务器主 IP 地址是 `192.168.56.150`，我将下一个 IP `192.168.56.151` 作为辅助 IP，使用以下方法完成：
```
# ip addr add 192.168.56.151/24 broadcast 192.168.56.255 dev eth0 label eth0:1
```
输入以下命令以检查新添加的 IP 地址。如果你重新启动服务器，那么新添加的 IP 地址会消失，因为我们的 IP 是临时添加的。
```
# ip addr
1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 08:00:27:98:b7:36 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.56.150/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet 192.168.56.151/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global secondary eth0:1
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe98:b736/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: eth1: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 08:00:27:6a:cf:d3 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.0.3.15/24 brd 10.0.3.255 scope global eth1
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe6a:cfd3/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 08:00:27:98:b7:36 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.56.150/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet 192.168.56.151/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global secondary eth0:1
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe98:b736/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: eth1: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 08:00:27:6a:cf:d3 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.0.3.15/24 brd 10.0.3.255 scope global eth1
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe6a:cfd3/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
```
### 如何在 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 中添加永久辅助 IP 地址
要在 Ubuntu 系统上添加永久辅助 IP 地址，只需编辑 `/etc/network/interfaces` 文件并添加所需的 IP 详细信息。
```
# vi /etc/network/interfaces
```
```
# vi /etc/network/interfaces
@ -108,61 +114,60 @@ iface lo inet loopback
# The primary network interface
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
address 192.168.56.150
netmask 255.255.255.0
network 192.168.56.0
broadcast 192.168.56.255
gateway 192.168.56.1
address 192.168.56.150
netmask 255.255.255.0
network 192.168.56.0
broadcast 192.168.56.255
gateway 192.168.56.1
auto eth0:1
iface eth0:1 inet static
address 192.168.56.151
netmask 255.255.255.0
address 192.168.56.151
netmask 255.255.255.0
```
保存并关闭文件，然后重启网络接口服务。
```
# service networking restart
or
或
# ifdown eth0:1 && ifup eth0:1
```
验证新添加的 IP 地址：
```
# ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:98:b7:36
inet addr:192.168.56.150 Bcast:192.168.56.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe98:b736/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:5 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:84 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:962 (962.0 B) TX bytes:11905 (11.9 KB)
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:98:b7:36
inet addr:192.168.56.150 Bcast:192.168.56.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe98:b736/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:5 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:84 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:962 (962.0 B) TX bytes:11905 (11.9 KB)
eth0:1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:98:b7:36
inet addr:192.168.56.151 Bcast:192.168.56.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
eth0:1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:98:b7:36
inet addr:192.168.56.151 Bcast:192.168.56.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:6a:cf:d3
inet addr:10.0.3.15 Bcast:10.0.3.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe6a:cfd3/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:4924 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:3185 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:4037636 (4.0 MB) TX bytes:422516 (422.5 KB)
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1
RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)
eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:6a:cf:d3
inet addr:10.0.3.15 Bcast:10.0.3.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe6a:cfd3/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:4924 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:3185 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:4037636 (4.0 MB) TX bytes:422516 (422.5 KB)
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1
RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)
```
### 如何在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 中临时添加辅助 IP 地址
@ -170,79 +175,80 @@ lo Link encap:Local Loopback
正如本文开头所述，网络接口名称从 Ubuntu 15.10 就开始从 ‘ethX’ 更改为 ‘enXXXX’ (enp0s3)，所以，替换你的接口名称。
在执行此操作之前，先检查系统上的 IP 信息：
```
# ifconfig
or
或
# ip addr
enp0s3: flags=4163 mtu 1500
inet 192.168.56.201 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.56.255
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe97:132e prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20
ether 08:00:27:97:13:2e txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 7 bytes 420 (420.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 294 bytes 24747 (24.7 KB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
enp0s3: flags=4163 mtu 1500
inet 192.168.56.201 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.56.255
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe97:132e prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20
ether 08:00:27:97:13:2e txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 7 bytes 420 (420.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 294 bytes 24747 (24.7 KB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
enp0s8: flags=4163 mtu 1500
inet 10.0.3.15 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 10.0.3.255
inet6 fe80::344b:6259:4dbe:eabb prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20
ether 08:00:27:12:e8:c1 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 1 bytes 590 (590.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 97 bytes 10209 (10.2 KB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73 mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 325 bytes 24046 (24.0 KB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 325 bytes 24046 (24.0 KB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
enp0s8: flags=4163 mtu 1500
inet 10.0.3.15 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 10.0.3.255
inet6 fe80::344b:6259:4dbe:eabb prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20
ether 08:00:27:12:e8:c1 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 1 bytes 590 (590.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 97 bytes 10209 (10.2 KB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73 mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 325 bytes 24046 (24.0 KB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 325 bytes 24046 (24.0 KB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
```
如我所见，服务器主 IP 地址是 `192.168.56.201`，所以，我将下一个 IP `192.168.56.202` 作为辅助 IP，使用以下命令完成。
```
# ip addr add 192.168.56.202/24 broadcast 192.168.56.255 dev enp0s3
```
运行以下命令来检查是否已分配了新的 IP。当你重启机器时，它会消失。
```
# ip addr
1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp0s3: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 08:00:27:97:13:2e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.56.201/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global enp0s3
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet 192.168.56.202/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global secondary enp0s3
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe97:132e/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: enp0s8: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 08:00:27:12:e8:c1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.0.3.15/24 brd 10.0.3.255 scope global dynamic enp0s8
valid_lft 86353sec preferred_lft 86353sec
inet6 fe80::344b:6259:4dbe:eabb/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp0s3: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 08:00:27:97:13:2e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.56.201/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global enp0s3
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet 192.168.56.202/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global secondary enp0s3
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe97:132e/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: enp0s8: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 08:00:27:12:e8:c1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.0.3.15/24 brd 10.0.3.255 scope global dynamic enp0s8
valid_lft 86353sec preferred_lft 86353sec
inet6 fe80::344b:6259:4dbe:eabb/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
```
### 如何在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 中添加永久辅助 IP 地址
要在 Ubuntu 系统上添加永久辅助 IP 地址，只需编辑 `/etc/network/interfaces` 文件并添加所需 IP 的详细信息。
我们不应该在 dns-nameservers 之后添加辅助 IP 地址，因为它不会起作用，应该以下面的格式添加 IP 详情。
我们不应该在 `dns-nameservers` 行之后添加辅助 IP 地址，因为它不会起作用，应该以下面的格式添加 IP 详情。
此外，我们不需要添加子接口（我们之前在 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 中的做法）：
```
# vi /etc/network/interfaces
@ -264,45 +270,45 @@ gateway 192.168.56.1
network 192.168.56.0
broadcast 192.168.56.255
dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4
dns-search 2daygeek.local
dns-search 2daygeek.local
```
保存并关闭文件，然后重启网络接口服务：
```
# systemctl restart networking
or
或
# ifdown enp0s3 && ifup enp0s3
```
运行以下命令来检查是否已经分配了新的 IP：
```
# ip addr
1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp0s3: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 08:00:27:97:13:2e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.56.201/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global enp0s3
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet 192.168.56.202/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global secondary enp0s3
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe97:132e/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: enp0s8: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 08:00:27:12:e8:c1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.0.3.15/24 brd 10.0.3.255 scope global dynamic enp0s8
valid_lft 86353sec preferred_lft 86353sec
inet6 fe80::344b:6259:4dbe:eabb/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp0s3: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 08:00:27:97:13:2e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.56.201/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global enp0s3
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet 192.168.56.202/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global secondary enp0s3
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe97:132e/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: enp0s8: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 08:00:27:12:e8:c1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.0.3.15/24 brd 10.0.3.255 scope global dynamic enp0s8
valid_lft 86353sec preferred_lft 86353sec
inet6 fe80::344b:6259:4dbe:eabb/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
```
让我来 ping 一下新 IP 地址：
```
# ping 192.168.56.202 -c 4
PING 192.168.56.202 (192.168.56.202) 56(84) bytes of data.
@ -314,7 +320,6 @@ PING 192.168.56.202 (192.168.56.202) 56(84) bytes of data.
--- 192.168.56.202 ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3068ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.019/0.045/0.087/0.026 ms
```
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@ -324,7 +329,7 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-add-additional-ip-secondary-ip-in-ubuntu-de
作者：[Prakash Subramanian][a]
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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