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sources/How to Install Ubuntu Touch 13.10 on Your Phone.md
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translating-----------------coolpigs
How to Install Ubuntu Touch 13.10 on Your Phone
================================================================================
**Ubuntu Touch 13.10 is a new operating system from Canonical aimed at phones, but it's not as easy installing it on your phone as it is on the desktop.**

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sources/The future of Linux--Evolving everywhere.md
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翻译中 by小眼儿
The future of Linux: Evolving everywhere
================================================================================
*InfoWorld* - Mark Shuttleworth's recent closure of [Ubuntu Linux bug No. 1][1] ("Microsoft has a majority market share") placed a meaningful, if somewhat controversial, exclamation point on how far Linux has come since Linus Torvalds rolled out the first version of the OS in 1991 as a pet project.

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sources/Trusty Tahr daily builds available for download.md
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Trusty Tahr daily builds available for download
================================================================================
Four days ago, Canonical released Ubuntu 13.10, introducing a more strengthened high-quality Ubuntu version capable of properly meeting the needs of users, developers, companies with a fast, agile and powerful computing experience.
Today, the developers [announced][1] that **Trusty Tahr** is officially **open for development**, immersing the upcoming LTS into new packages after only-days since the 13.10's release.
Moreover, Trusty daily builds have been generated, installable images encapsulating the new development focus of the developers on delivering Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.
![](http://iloveubuntu.net/pictures_me/trusty%20tahr%20daily%20builds.jpg)
Although there are minor differences between the Trusty daily builds and Ubuntu 13.10, their availability set Trusty in a vigorous development since its very start, Trusty being an LTS (long term support) and, therefore, traditionally offering a more stable Ubuntu version as compared to standard between-LTSes releases.
Trusty Tahr's daily builds are available for download on [http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/daily-live/current/][2]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://iloveubuntu.net/trusty-tahr-daily-builds-available-download
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://iloveubuntu.net/trusty-tahr-open-development
[2]:http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/daily-live/current/

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sources/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Named ‘Trusty Tahr’.md
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Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Named ‘Trusty Tahr’
================================================================================
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Stuffed_Arabian_Tahr-750x5243.jpg)
**The tantalising trials of taxonomy are complete: the mascot for Ubuntu 14.04 LTS has been chosen – get used to typing out the name ‘Trusty Tahr’.**
“*What’s a…tahr?*”, you ask? Google tells me it’s a goat-like mammal found in mountainous areas in Oman, India and the Himalayas.
The sure-footed animal reflects the goals for Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, which [Shuttleworth says][1], will see conservative choices made on the desktop as it focuses on delivering “*…performance, refinement, maintainability [and] technical debt.*”
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS for servers and desktops is pencilled in for release in April 2014.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/10/ubuntu-14-04-lts-named-trusty-tahr
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/1295

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(翻译中 runningwater)
di – Disk Information Utility, Better Than df
================================================================================
If you are a Linux command line user, you would have definitely used the df command to check disk usage for file systems. Though df is a popular command but still it does not provide some advanced features like actual disk space that is available to a user, various useful display formats etc. There is another command line utility available that not only provides these advanced features but also all the features that df provides. In this article, we will discuss the disk information utility — **di**.
**NOTE** – If you want to more about df, check out [the df command tutorial][1].
### di – The Disk Information Utility ###
![](http://mylinuxbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/di-main.png)
It is evident from this snapshot of di’s manual page that this utility provides some valuable features and hence makes it worth using. Lets try out some practical examples of this utility.
### Testing Environment ###
- OS – Ubuntu 13.04
- Shell – Bash 4.2.45
- Application – di 4.30
### A Brief Tutorial ###
Here are some of the examples of di utility :
**1. The Default Output**
By default di command produces output in human readable format.
Here is an example :
$ di
Filesystem Mount Size Used Avail %Used fs Type
/dev/sda6 / 28.1G 20.2G 6.5G 77% ext4
udev /dev 1.5G 0.0G 1.5G 0% devtmpfs
tmpfs /run 300.2M 0.9M 299.3M 0% tmpfs
So you can see that the disk usage figures are displayed in gigabytes (G) and Megabytes(M). This is definitely better than the default output that df produces.
**2. Print All Fields Like Mount Points, Special Device Names etc Using – A Option**
The option -A can be used to print mount points, special device names etc at full length.
Here is an example :
$ di -A
Mount fs Type Filesystem
Options
Size Used Free %Used %Free
Size Used Avail %Used %Free
Size Used Avail %Used
Inodes Iused Ifree %Iused
/ ext4 /dev/sda6
rw,errors=remount-ro
28.1G 20.2G 8.0G 72% 28%
28.1G 21.6G 6.5G 77% 23%
26.7G 20.2G 6.5G 75%
1884160 389881 1494279 21%
/dev devtmpfs udev
rw,mode=0755
1.5G 0.0G 1.5G 0% 100%
1.5G 0.0G 1.5G 0% 100%
1.5G 0.0G 1.5G 0%
381805 571 381234 0%
/run tmpfs tmpfs
rw,noexec,nosuid,size=10%,mode=0755
300.2M 0.9M 299.3M 0% 100%
300.2M 0.9M 299.3M 0% 100%
300.2M 0.9M 299.3M 0%
384191 549 383642 0%
So you can see that all the fields — that can also be used for debugging purposes — are printed in the output.
**3. Print All Mounted Devices Using -a Option**
Here is an example :
$ di -a
Filesystem Mount Size Used Avail %Used fs Type
/dev/sda6 / 28.1G 20.2G 6.5G 77% ext4
udev /dev 1.5G 0.0G 1.5G 0% devtmpfs
devpts /dev/pts 0.0M 0.0M 0.0M 0% devpts
proc /proc 0.0M 0.0M 0.0M 0% proc
binfmt_misc /proc/sys/fs/bi 0.0M 0.0M 0.0M 0% binfmt_misc
tmpfs /run 300.2M 0.9M 299.3M 0% tmpfs
none /run/lock 0.0M 0.0M 0.0M 0% tmpfs
none /run/shm 0.0M 0.0M 0.0M 0% tmpfs
none /run/user 0.0M 0.0M 0.0M 0% tmpfs
gvfsd-fuse /run/user/himan 0.0M 0.0M 0.0M 0% fuse.gvfsd-fuse
sysfs /sys 0.0M 0.0M 0.0M 0% sysfs
none /sys/fs/cgroup 0.0M 0.0M 0.0M 0% tmpfs
none /sys/fs/fuse/co 0.0M 0.0M 0.0M 0% fusectl
none /sys/kernel/deb 0.0M 0.0M 0.0M 0% debugfs
none /sys/kernel/sec 0.0M 0.0M 0.0M 0% securityfs
So you can see that all the information related to all the mounted devices was printed.
**4. Print Comma Separated Values Through -c Option**
The option -c can be used to print command separated values enclosed with double quotes.
Here is an example :
$ di -c
s,m,b,u,v,p,T
/dev/sda6,/,"28.1G","20.2G","6.5G",77%,ext4
udev,/dev,"1.5G","0.0G","1.5G",0%,devtmpfs
tmpfs,/run,"300.2M","0.9M","299.3M",0%,tmpfs
So you can see that the comma separated values were printed in the output.
**5. Print Size In Gigabytes Through -g Option**
Here is an example :
$ di -g
Filesystem Mount Gibis Used Avail %Used fs Type
/dev/sda6 / 28.1 20.2 6.5 77% ext4
udev /dev 1.5 0.0 1.5 0% devtmpfs
tmpfs /run 0.3 0.0 0.3 0% tmpfs
So you can see that all the size related values were printed in gigabytes.
Similarly you can use -k and -m options to display the size in kilobytes and megabytes respectively.
**6. Display Information Related To Specific File-system Type Through -I Option**
Suppose you want to display disk information related to only tmpfs filesystems. Here is how you can do it through -I option :
$ di -I tmpfs
Filesystem Mount Size Used Avail %Used fs Type
tmpfs /run 300.2M 0.9M 299.3M 0% tmpfs
none /run/lock 5.0M 0.0M 5.0M 0% tmpfs
none /run/shm 1.5G 0.0G 1.5G 0% tmpfs
none /run/user 100.0M 0.0M 100.0M 0% tmpfs
none /sys/fs/cgroup 0.0M 0.0M 0.0M 0% tmpfs
So you can see that information related to only tmpfs type file systems was displayed in the output.
**7. Skip The Header Line In Output Through -n Option**
If you are trying to parse the output of this command through a script (or a program) and want the di command to skip the display of header line then it can be made possible through -n option.
Here is an example :
$ di -n
/dev/sda6 / 28.1G 20.2G 6.5G 77% ext4
udev /dev 1.5G 0.0G 1.5G 0% devtmpfs
tmpfs /run 300.2M 0.9M 299.3M 0% tmpfs
So you can see that the header line was not displayed in the output.
**8. Print A Totals Line Below The List Of Filesystems Through -t Option**
If it is desired to display the totals of all the relevant columns, use -t option.
Here is an example :
$ di -t
Filesystem Mount Size Used Avail %Used fs Type
/dev/sda6 / 28.1G 20.2G 6.5G 77% ext4
udev /dev 1.5G 0.0G 1.5G 0% devtmpfs
tmpfs /run 300.2M 0.9M 299.3M 0% tmpfs
Total 29.9G 20.2G 8.3G 72%
Observe that the last row consists of the totals of values for all file systems.
**9. Sort The Output Through -s Option**
The option -s can be used to sort the output of this command.
Here is how you can reverse sort the output :
$ di -sr
Filesystem Mount Size Used Avail %Used fs Type
tmpfs /run 300.2M 0.9M 299.3M 0% tmpfs
udev /dev 1.5G 0.0G 1.5G 0% devtmpfs
/dev/sda6 / 28.1G 20.2G 6.5G 77% ext4
So you can use the sub-option ‘r’ along with -s to reverse sort the output.
Similarly, you can do several other types of sorts using -s option. Here is an excerpt from the man page for your reference:
-s sort-type
Use sort-type to sort the output. The out‐
put of di is normally sorted by mount
point. The following sort flags may be
used to change the sort order: m – by mount
point (default); n – leave unsorted (as it
appears in the mount table); s – by special
device name; t – by filesystem type; r -
reverse the sort order.
These sort options may be combined in any
order. e.g.: di -stsrm – by type, special,
reversed mount; di -strsrm – by type,
reversed special, mount.
**10. Specify Output Format Strings Through -f Option**
You can specify the output format string through a combination of -f option and a sub-option.
For instance, to print the name of the mount point, use -fm.
Here is an example :
$ di -fm
Mount
/
/dev
/run
So you can see that only mount names were printed in the output.
Similarly, to print file system type, use -ft.
Here is an example :
$ di -ft
fsType
ext4
devtmpf
tmpfs
If you want to have a quick look then here is a snapshot of other formatting options available :
![](http://mylinuxbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/di-1.png)
For complete set of options, refer to the [man page of di command][2].
### Download/Install ###
Here are some of the important links related to di command :
- [Home Page][3]
- [Download Link][4]
The command line utility di can also be downloaded and installed through command line by using apt, yum etc. Ubuntu users can download this command from Ubuntu Software Centre too.
### Pros ###
- Provides many advanced features
- OS independent
### Cons ###
- Does not come pre-installed on most of the Linux distributions
- Lots of option to learn
### Conclusion ###
To conclude, di command provides some very useful features over and above what df command provides. If you are looking for a df-like but advanced disk information related command line utility then di is the ideal choice. Try it out, it does what it promises.
**Have you ever tried di or any other df-like utility? Share your experience with us.**
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://mylinuxbook.com/di-a-disk-information-utility/
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://www.expertslogin.com/linux-command/linux-df-command/
[2]:http://www.manpagez.com/man/1/di/
[3]:http://www.gentoo.com/di/
[4]:http://freecode.com/projects/diskinfo

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翻译 hello world
Install Apache With SSL in Ubuntu 13.10
================================================================================
In this short tutorial let me show you how to install Apache with SSL support. My testbox details are given below:
Ubuntu 13.10 安装Apache和SSL
### The System info ###
================================================================================
通过这个简短的教程,让我来给你展示如何安装Apache与SSL的支持.以下是我的试验机的详细说明:
### 系统信息 ###
root@ubuntu-unixmen:~# ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:b8:b4:87
inet addr:10.1.1.110 Bcast:10.1.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:feb8:b487/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:1738 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:69 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:168845 (168.8 KB) TX bytes:9767 (9.7 KB)
----------
root@ubuntu-unixmen:~# cat /etc/issue
Ubuntu 13.10 \n \l
### Install apache ###
### 安装apache ###
sudo apt-get install apache2 apache2-doc apache2-utils
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
apache2-bin apache2-data libapr1 libaprutil1 libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3 libaprutil1-ldap ssl-cert
### Test apache page ###
### apache测试页面 ###
Open up the browser and navigate to http://ip-address/. You should see something like this.
打开浏览器,转到http://ip-address/.你应该会看到类似以下的信息.
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/apache2-ubuntu.png)
### Create diretory ###
### 创建目录 ###
Create a directory called **ssl**.
创建一个名为**ssl**的目录
sudo mkdir /etc/apache2/ssl
### Create a self-signed certificate ###
### 创建一个自签名凭证 ###
sudo openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout /etc/apache2/ssl/apache.key -out /etc/apache2/ssl/apache.crt
Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key.......................................................................................+++....................................+++writing new private key to '/etc/apache2/ssl/apache.key'-----You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporatedinto your certificate request.What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blankFor some fields there will be a default value,If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.-----Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:
### Activate Apache SSL module ###
### 开启Apache SSL模块 ###
Run the following command to enable ssl mode.
运行以下命令开启ssl模块
$ a2enmod ssl
Considering dependency setenvif for ssl:
Module setenvif already enabled
Considering dependency mime for ssl:
Module mime already enabled
Considering dependency socache_shmcb for ssl:
Enabling module socache_shmcb.
Enabling module ssl
Edit **/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/default-ssl.conf** fie,
编辑 **/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/default-ssl.conf** 文件,
<VirtualHost 10.1.1.110:443>
ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
ServerName www.unixmen.com:443
SSLEngine on
SSLCertificateFile /etc/apache2/ssl/apache.crt
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/apache2/ssl/apache.key
### Activate Apache default ssl virtual host: ###
### 启动Apache缺省ssl的虚拟主机: ###
a2ensite default-ssl
Enabling site default-ssl.
To activate the new configuration, you need to run:
service apache2 reload
### Restart Apache: ###
### 重启Apache: ###
sudo service apache2 restart
### Test SSL Connection ###
###测试SSL连接###
Open browser and navigate **to https://IP-address**.
打开浏览器,转到**https://IP-address**.
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/apache-cert.png)
完成了.再见!
You’re done. Cheers!
"完成了.再见!"
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-apache-ssl-ubuntu-13-10/
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

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可靠的塔尔羊(Trusty Tahr)daily builds版本现已提供下载
================================================================================
前段时间，Canonical发布了功能强大、高质量的Ubuntu13.10，为广大用户、开发者和公司提供了快速、灵活、强劲的使用体验。
13.10的发布刚刚过去没多久，近日，Ubuntu社区开发者[宣布][1]，**可靠的塔尔羊(Trusty Tahr)**官方**开发已经开放**，同时开始的还有LTS软件包的开发。
除此以外，Trusty的daily builds版已经出现，可安装的镜像内封装了Ubuntu14.04 LTS新的开发重点。
![](http://iloveubuntu.net/pictures_me/trusty%20tahr%20daily%20builds.jpg)
尽管目前Trusty的daily builds版和Ubuntu13.10没有什么太大区别，但是从项目最开始，Trusty就表现出了格外的开发活性，而且Trusty是一个LTS（长期支持）版本，因此，根据传统，与标准版相比，官方提供的Trusty其实是一个更加稳定的Ubuntu版本。
可靠的塔尔羊(Trusty Tahr)daily builds版的下载地址：[http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/daily-live/current/][2]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://iloveubuntu.net/trusty-tahr-daily-builds-available-download
译者：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://iloveubuntu.net/trusty-tahr-open-development
[2]:http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/daily-live/current/

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Ubuntu 14.04 LTS命名为“可靠的塔尔羊（Trusty Tahr）”
================================================================================
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Stuffed_Arabian_Tahr-750x5243.jpg)
**妙趣横生的名称评选已经结束：Ubuntu 14.04 LTS的吉祥物最终敲定 —— “可靠的塔尔羊”(Trusty Tahr)。**
有人可能会问，“*塔尔羊是个什么……羊？*”万能的Google说，它是一种类似山羊的哺乳动物，分布于阿曼、印度以及喜马拉雅山脉地区。
Ubuntu创始人[Shuttleworth说][1]：这样一种“脚踏实地”的动物恰恰反应出Ubuntu 14.04 LTS的目标，构筑稳健的桌面环境，正如Ubuntu一直以来专注的“*……性能、精益求精、易于维护以及技术至上。*”
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS服务器版和桌面版计划于2014年4月份发布。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/10/ubuntu-14-04-lts-named-trusty-tahr
译者：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/1295