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[bazz2 今天天气很好，朝北房间伤不起，手冷求温暖]
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How to upgrade MySQL server on Debian or Ubuntu
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================================================================================
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One of routine tasks for system admins is to update installed programs with the latest patches and hotfixes, as well as upgrade software to a more recent release with new bells and whistles. The latest MySQL 5.6 was released early this year, targeting [better performance and scalability][1]. For those of you wanting to try out the latest bleeding edge MySQL, I will describe **how to upgrade MySQL server on Debian or Ubuntu**.
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In this tutorial, I assume that you have already [set up MySQL with apt-get][2]. As of this writing, MySQL that ships with major Linux distros is version 5.5. Here I am going to demonstrate how to upgrade MySQL 5.5 to 5.6.
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1.Back up your MySQL config files.
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$ sudo mkdir /backup
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$ sudo tar cvfvz /backup/mysql_conf.tgz /etc/mysql
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2.Export all databases to a .sql file, and back up MySQL data directory.
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$ sudo sh -c 'mysqldump -u root -p -A --events > /backup/backup_db.sql
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$ sudo tar cvfvz /backup/mysql_data.tgz /var/lib/mysql
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Note: for a consistent backup of a "live" MySQL system, it is recommended to use a single transaction option or explicit locks on the database, as detailed in [this tutorial][3].
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3.Stop MySQL server.
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$ sudo service mysql stop
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4.Uninstall and remove MySQL packages.
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$ sudo apt-get remove mysql-server mysql-client mysql-common
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$ sudo apt-get autoremove
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$ sudo apt-get autoclean
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Do not use "purge" option in apt-get as that would remove MySQL config files and other MySQL related data directories as well, which we will continue to use after MySQL upgrade.
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5.Install MySQL dependency (kernel asynchronous I/O access library) which is needed for MySQL 5.5 and higher.
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$ sudo apt-get install libaio1
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6.Download a MySQL Debian package from the official site.
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On 32-bit system:
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$ wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.6/mysql-5.6.15-debian6.0-i686.deb
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On 64-bit system:
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$ wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.6/mysql-5.6.15-debian6.0-x86_64.deb
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7.Install the downloaded MySQL package.
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$ sudo dpkg -i mysql-5.6.15-debian6.0-*.deb
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The MySQL package will be installed under /opt/mysql directory.
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8.Add the MySQL bin directory to the PATH variable system-wide.
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On Debian:
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$ sudo sh -c 'echo "PATH=$PATH:/opt/mysql/server-5.6/bin" >> /etc/profile'
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$ source /etc/profile
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On Ubuntu or Linux Mint:
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$ sudo sh -c 'echo "PATH=${PATH}:/opt/mysql/server-5.6/bin" >> /etc/environment'
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$ source /etc/environment
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9.Open the MySQL config file with a text editor, and update the following two entries.
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$ sudo vi /etc/mysql/my.cnf
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> basedir = /opt/mysql/server-5.6
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> lc-messages-dir = /opt/mysql/server-5.6/share
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10.Copy the MySQL startup script to /etc/init.d and install the script into the boot sequence, so that MySQL server starts up automatically upon boot.
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$ sudo cp /opt/mysql/server-5.6/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysql
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$ sudo update-rc.d mysql defaults
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11.(Ubuntu-only) There is MySQL AppArmor profile created from the previous MySQL installation, which is not compatible with the new MySQL installation. So you need to reconfigure MySQL AppArmor profile so MySQL server can start.
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First, create a symbolic link.
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$ sudo ln -s /opt/mysql/server-5.6/bin/mysqld /usr/sbin/mysqld
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Edit MySQL AppArmor profile.
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$ sudo vi /etc/apparmor.d/usr.sbin.mysqld
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> /opt/mysql/server-5.6/lib/plugin/ r,
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> /opt/mysql/server-5.6/lib/plugin/*.so* mr,
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> /opt/mysql/server-5.6/share/** r,
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Reload AppArmor service.
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$ sudo service apparmor restart
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12.(Ubuntu-only) Remove a Upstart configuration for MySQL (which was installed as part of the previous MySQL installation). We will use SysVinit (/etc/init.d/mysql) instead.
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$ sudo rm /etc/init/mysql.conf
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13.Start MySQL server.
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$ sudo service mysql start
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14.Restore MySQL databases.
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$ sudo mysql -u root -p < /backup/backup_db.sql
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15. Finally, upgrade MySQL system tables.
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$ sudo /opt/mysql/server-5.6/bin/mysql_upgrade -v -u root -p
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### Troubleshooting MySQL Upgrade ###
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If MySQL server fails to start with the following error on Ubuntu, this is because the old MySQL AppArmor profile prevents it from launching. To fix the problem, make sure to update the MySQL AppArmor profile as described in step 11.
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Dec 20 19:57:48 ubuntu kernel: [ 5856.960592] type=1400 audit(1387598268.807:39): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_replace" name="/usr/sbin/mysqld" pid=25216 comm="apparmor_parser"
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/upgrade-mysql-server-debian-ubuntu.html
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://dev.mysql.com/tech-resources/articles/whats-new-in-mysql-5.6.html
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[2]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/06/how-to-install-mysql-server-and-client-on-linux.html
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[3]:http://xmodulo.com/2012/10/how-to-backup-mysql-server.html
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translated/How to upgrade MySQL server on Debian or Ubuntu.md
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translated/How to upgrade MySQL server on Debian or Ubuntu.md
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教你在 Debian 和 Ubuntu 上升级 MySQL
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================================================================================
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系统管理员的一个日常任务就是升级服务，为服务打上补丁包或升级一些花哨的功能。今年早些时候，最新的 MySQL 5.6发布，目标是提供[更好的性能和扩展能力][1]。如果你对此有点兴趣，倒是可以看看我写的这篇 **如何在 Debian 和 Ubuntu 上升级 MySQL**。
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在这篇教程中，我会假设你已经[通过 apt-get 安装了 MySQL][2]。写这篇文章的时候，大部分 Linux 发行版上部署的都是 MySQL 5.5。这里我将向你们介绍如何从 MySQL 5.5升级到5.6。
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步骤1：备份 MySQL 配置文件。
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$ sudo mkdir /backup
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$ sudo tar cvfvz /backup/mysql_conf.tgz /etc/mysql
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步骤2：把数据库导出到一个 .sql 文件，并且把数据存放路径下面的数据也备份起来。
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$ sudo sh -c 'mysqldump -u root -p -A --events > /backup/backup_db.sql
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$ sudo tar cvfvz /backup/mysql_data.tgz /var/lib/mysql
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注意：如果你为你的在线 MySQL 系统提供了持续备份，强烈建议你在执行上面步骤时使用单事务选项，或显式使用锁（以保证数据一致性 —— 译注），详见[这个教程][3]。
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步骤3：停止 MySQL 服务
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$ sudo service mysql stop
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步骤4：卸载 MySQL 软件包
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$ sudo apt-get remove mysql-server mysql-client mysql-common
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$ sudo apt-get autoremove
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$ sudo apt-get autoclean
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使用 apt-get 卸载时不要用 purge 选项，这会删除 MySQL 配置文件和其它一些以后要用到的数据。
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步骤5： 安装 MySQL 依赖包（内核异步 IO 访问库），MySQL 5.5以后都依赖它。
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$ sudo apt-get install libaio1
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步骤6：从官网下载 Debian 版的 MySQL 软件包
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32位系统：
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$ wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.6/mysql-5.6.15-debian6.0-i686.deb
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64位系统：
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$ wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.6/mysql-5.6.15-debian6.0-x86_64.deb
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步骤7：安装 MySQL 软件包
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$ sudo dpkg -i mysql-5.6.15-debian6.0-*.deb
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这个软件包会被安装在 /opt/mysql 目录下面。
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步骤8：将 MySQL 命令所在的路径添加到系统环境变量 PATH 内。
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Debian 上：
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$ sudo sh -c 'echo "PATH=$PATH:/opt/mysql/server-5.6/bin" >> /etc/profile'
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$ source /etc/profile
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Ubuntu 或 Linux Mint 上：
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$ sudo sh -c 'echo "PATH=${PATH}:/opt/mysql/server-5.6/bin" >> /etc/environment'
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$ source /etc/environment
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步骤9：进入 MySQL 配置文件，修改下面两行配置。
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$ sudo vi /etc/mysql/my.cnf
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> basedir = /opt/mysql/server-5.6
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> lc-messages-dir = /opt/mysql/server-5.6/share
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步骤10：复制 MySQL 启动脚本到 /etc/init.d 目录下，并且将脚本设置为开机启动，这样一来 MySQL 就能在系统启动的时候自动启动了。
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$ sudo cp /opt/mysql/server-5.6/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysql
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$ sudo update-rc.d mysql defaults
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步骤11：（仅限 Ubuntu） MySQL 的上个版本安装时会为 AppArmor 服务创建一个配置文件，这个文件在 MySQL 卸载后会保留在系统中，但是它与现在安装好的 MySQL 版本不兼容。你需要重新编辑下这个配置文件，然后 MySQL 服务才能正常启动。
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首先，建一个软链接。
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$ sudo ln -s /opt/mysql/server-5.6/bin/mysqld /usr/sbin/mysqld
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然后编辑 MySQL AppArmor 配置文件。
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$ sudo vi /etc/apparmor.d/usr.sbin.mysqld
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> /opt/mysql/server-5.6/lib/plugin/ r,
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> /opt/mysql/server-5.6/lib/plugin/*.so* mr,
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> /opt/mysql/server-5.6/share/** r,
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最后重启 AppArmor 服务。
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$ sudo service apparmor restart
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步骤12：（还是仅限 Ubuntu）删除上个 MySQL 版本留下的自启动配置文件，这个版本的 MySQL 使用 SysVinit （就是 /etc/init.d/mysql）来代替。
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$ sudo rm /etc/init/mysql.conf
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步骤13：启动 MySQL 服务。
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$ sudo service mysql start
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步骤14：恢复 MySQL 数据库。
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$ sudo mysql -u root -p < /backup/backup_db.sql
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步骤15：最后，升级 MySQL 系统表。
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$ sudo /opt/mysql/server-5.6/bin/mysql_upgrade -v -u root -p
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### 解决升级过程产生的问题 ###
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如果 Ubuntu 下的 MySQL 服务启动时出现如下错误，就是 AppArmor 服务引起的问题。你需要更新 AppArmor 的配置文件，参考第11步。
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Dec 20 19:57:48 ubuntu kernel: [ 5856.960592] type=1400 audit(1387598268.807:39): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_replace" name="/usr/sbin/mysqld" pid=25216 comm="apparmor_parser"
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/upgrade-mysql-server-debian-ubuntu.html
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译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://dev.mysql.com/tech-resources/articles/whats-new-in-mysql-5.6.html
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[2]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/06/how-to-install-mysql-server-and-client-on-linux.html
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[3]:http://xmodulo.com/2012/10/how-to-backup-mysql-server.html
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