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+如何查看 Linux 中所有正在运行的服务
+======
+
+
+有许多方法和工具可以查看 Linux 中所有正在运行的服务。大多数管理员会在 sysVinit 系统中使用 `service service-name status` 或 `/etc/init.d/service-name status`，而在 systemd 系统中使用 `systemctl status service-name`。
+
+以上命令可以清楚地显示该服务是否在服务器上运行，这也是每个 Linux 管理员都该知道的非常简单和基础的命令。
+
+如果你对系统环境并不熟悉，也不清楚系统在运行哪些服务，你会如何检查？
+
+是的，我们的确有必要这样检查一下。这将有助于我们了解系统上运行了什么服务，以及哪些是必要的、哪些需要被禁用。
+
+### 什么是 SysVinit
+
+init（初始化 initialization 的简称）是在系统启动期间运行的第一个进程。Init 是一个守护进程，它将持续运行直至关机。
+
+SysVinit 是早期传统的 init 系统和系统管理器。由于 sysVinit 系统上一些长期悬而未决的问题，大多数最新的发行版都适用于 systemd 系统。
+
+### 什么是 systemd
+
+systemd 是一个新的 init 系统以及系统管理器，它已成为大多数 Linux 发行版中非常流行且广泛适应的新的标准 init 系统。Systemctl 是一个 systemd 管理工具，它可以帮助我们管理 systemd 系统。
+
+### 方法一：如何在 sysVinit 系统中查看运行的服务
+
+以下命令可以帮助我们列出 sysVinit 系统中所有正在运行的服务。
+
+如果服务很多，我建议使用文件视图命令，如 less、more 等，以便得到清晰的结果。
+```
+# service --status-all
+or
+# service --status-all | more
+or
+# service --status-all | less
+
+abrt-ccpp hook is installed
+abrtd (pid 2131) is running...
+abrt-dump-oops is stopped
+acpid (pid 1958) is running...
+atd (pid 2164) is running...
+auditd (pid 1731) is running...
+Frequency scaling enabled using ondemand governor
+crond (pid 2153) is running...
+hald (pid 1967) is running...
+htcacheclean is stopped
+httpd is stopped
+Table: filter
+Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
+num target prot opt source destination
+1 ACCEPT all ::/0 ::/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED
+2 ACCEPT icmpv6 ::/0 ::/0
+3 ACCEPT all ::/0 ::/0
+4 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:80
+5 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:21
+6 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:22
+7 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:25
+8 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2082
+9 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2086
+10 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2083
+11 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2087
+12 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:10000
+13 REJECT all ::/0 ::/0 reject-with icmp6-adm-prohibited
+
+Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)
+num target prot opt source destination
+1 REJECT all ::/0 ::/0 reject-with icmp6-adm-prohibited
+
+Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
+num target prot opt source destination
+
+iptables: Firewall is not running.
+irqbalance (pid 1826) is running...
+Kdump is operational
+lvmetad is stopped
+mdmonitor is stopped
+messagebus (pid 1929) is running...
+ SUCCESS! MySQL running (24376)
+rndc: neither /etc/rndc.conf nor /etc/rndc.key was found
+named is stopped
+netconsole module not loaded
+Usage: startup.sh { start | stop }
+Configured devices:
+lo eth0 eth1
+Currently active devices:
+lo eth0
+ntpd is stopped
+portreserve (pid 1749) is running...
+master (pid 2107) is running...
+Process accounting is disabled.
+quota_nld is stopped
+rdisc is stopped
+rngd is stopped
+rpcbind (pid 1840) is running...
+rsyslogd (pid 1756) is running...
+sandbox is stopped
+saslauthd is stopped
+smartd is stopped
+openssh-daemon (pid 9859) is running...
+svnserve is stopped
+vsftpd (pid 4008) is running...
+xinetd (pid 2031) is running...
+zabbix_agentd (pid 2150 2149 2148 2147 2146 2140) is running...
+
+```
+
+执行以下命令，可以只查看正在运行的服务。
+```
+# service --status-all | grep running
+
+crond (pid 535) is running...
+httpd (pid 627) is running...
+mysqld (pid 911) is running...
+rndc: neither /etc/rndc.conf nor /etc/rndc.key was found
+rsyslogd (pid 449) is running...
+saslauthd (pid 492) is running...
+sendmail (pid 509) is running...
+sm-client (pid 519) is running...
+openssh-daemon (pid 478) is running...
+xinetd (pid 485) is running...
+
+```
+
+运行以下命令以查看指定服务的状态。
+```
+# service --status-all | grep httpd
+httpd (pid 627) is running...
+
+```
+
+或者，使用以下命令也可以查看指定服务的状态。
+```
+# service httpd status
+
+httpd (pid 627) is running...
+
+```
+
+使用以下命令查看系统启动时哪些服务会被启用。
+```
+# chkconfig --list
+crond 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
+htcacheclean 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
+httpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:off 6:off
+ip6tables 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off
+iptables 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
+modules_dep 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
+mysqld 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
+named 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
+netconsole 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
+netfs 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off
+network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
+nmb 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
+nscd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
+portreserve 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off
+quota_nld 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
+rdisc 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
+restorecond 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
+rpcbind 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off
+rsyslog 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
+saslauthd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:off 6:off
+sendmail 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
+smb 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
+snmpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
+snmptrapd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
+sshd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
+udev-post 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off
+winbind 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
+xinetd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
+
+xinetd based services:
+ chargen-dgram: off
+ chargen-stream: off
+ daytime-dgram: off
+ daytime-stream: off
+ discard-dgram: off
+ discard-stream: off
+ echo-dgram: off
+ echo-stream: off
+ finger: off
+ ntalk: off
+ rsync: off
+ talk: off
+ tcpmux-server: off
+ time-dgram: off
+ time-stream: off
+
+```
+
+### 方法二：如何在 systemd 系统中查看运行的服务
+
+以下命令帮助我们列出 systemd 系统中所有服务。
+```
+# systemctl
+
+ UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
+ sys-devices-virtual-block-loop0.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop0
+ sys-devices-virtual-block-loop1.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop1
+ sys-devices-virtual-block-loop2.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop2
+ sys-devices-virtual-block-loop3.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop3
+ sys-devices-virtual-block-loop4.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop4
+ sys-devices-virtual-misc-rfkill.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/misc/rfkill
+ sys-devices-virtual-tty-ttyprintk.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/tty/ttyprintk
+ sys-module-fuse.device loaded active plugged /sys/module/fuse
+ sys-subsystem-net-devices-enp0s3.device loaded active plugged 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (PRO/1000 MT Desktop Adapter)
+ -.mount loaded active mounted Root Mount
+ dev-hugepages.mount loaded active mounted Huge Pages File System
+ dev-mqueue.mount loaded active mounted POSIX Message Queue File System
+ run-user-1000-gvfs.mount loaded active mounted /run/user/1000/gvfs
+ run-user-1000.mount loaded active mounted /run/user/1000
+ snap-core-3887.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for core
+ snap-core-4017.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for core
+ snap-core-4110.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for core
+ snap-gping-13.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for gping
+ snap-termius\x2dapp-8.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for termius-app
+ sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount loaded active mounted FUSE Control File System
+ sys-kernel-debug.mount loaded active mounted Debug File System
+ acpid.path loaded active running ACPI Events Check
+ cups.path loaded active running CUPS Scheduler
+ systemd-ask-password-plymouth.path loaded active waiting Forward Password Requests to Plymouth Directory Watch
+ systemd-ask-password-wall.path loaded active waiting Forward Password Requests to Wall Directory Watch
+ init.scope loaded active running System and Service Manager
+ session-c2.scope loaded active running Session c2 of user magi
+ accounts-daemon.service loaded active running Accounts Service
+ acpid.service loaded active running ACPI event daemon
+ anacron.service loaded active running Run anacron jobs
+ apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server
+ apparmor.service loaded active exited AppArmor initialization
+ apport.service loaded active exited LSB: automatic crash report generation
+ aptik-battery-monitor.service loaded active running LSB: start/stop the aptik battery monitor daemon
+ atop.service loaded active running Atop advanced performance monitor
+ atopacct.service loaded active running Atop process accounting daemon
+ avahi-daemon.service loaded active running Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack
+ colord.service loaded active running Manage, Install and Generate Color Profiles
+ console-setup.service loaded active exited Set console font and keymap
+ cron.service loaded active running Regular background program processing daemon
+ cups-browsed.service loaded active running Make remote CUPS printers available locally
+ cups.service loaded active running CUPS Scheduler
+ dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus
+ postfix.service loaded active exited Postfix Mail Transport Agent
+
+```
+
+  * **`UNIT`** 相应的 systemd 单元名称
+  * **`LOAD`** 相应的单元是否被加载到内存中
+  * **`ACTIVE`** 该单元是否处于活动状态
+  * **`SUB`** 该单元是否处于运行状态（LCTT 译者注：是较于 ACTIVE 更加详细的状态描述，不同的单元类型有不同的状态。）
+  * **`DESCRIPTION`** 关于该单元的简短描述
+
+
+以下选项可根据类型列出单元。
+```
+# systemctl list-units --type service
+ UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
+ accounts-daemon.service loaded active running Accounts Service
+ acpid.service loaded active running ACPI event daemon
+ anacron.service loaded active running Run anacron jobs
+ apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server
+ apparmor.service loaded active exited AppArmor initialization
+ apport.service loaded active exited LSB: automatic crash report generation
+ aptik-battery-monitor.service loaded active running LSB: start/stop the aptik battery monitor daemon
+ atop.service loaded active running Atop advanced performance monitor
+ atopacct.service loaded active running Atop process accounting daemon
+ avahi-daemon.service loaded active running Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack
+ colord.service loaded active running Manage, Install and Generate Color Profiles
+ console-setup.service loaded active exited Set console font and keymap
+ cron.service loaded active running Regular background program processing daemon
+ cups-browsed.service loaded active running Make remote CUPS printers available locally
+ cups.service loaded active running CUPS Scheduler
+ dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus
+ fwupd.service loaded active running Firmware update daemon
+ [email protected] loaded active running Getty on tty1
+ grub-common.service loaded active exited LSB: Record successful boot for GRUB
+ irqbalance.service loaded active running LSB: daemon to balance interrupts for SMP systems
+ keyboard-setup.service loaded active exited Set the console keyboard layout
+ kmod-static-nodes.service loaded active exited Create list of required static device nodes for the current kernel
+
+```
+
+以下选项可帮助您根据状态列出单位，输出与前例类似但更直截了当。
+```
+# systemctl list-unit-files --type service
+
+UNIT FILE STATE
+accounts-daemon.service enabled
+acpid.service disabled
+alsa-restore.service static
+alsa-state.service static
+alsa-utils.service masked
+anacron-resume.service enabled
+anacron.service enabled
+apache-htcacheclean.service disabled
+[email protected] disabled
+apache2.service enabled
+[email protected] disabled
+apparmor.service enabled
+[email protected] static
+apport.service generated
+apt-daily-upgrade.service static
+apt-daily.service static
+aptik-battery-monitor.service generated
+atop.service enabled
+atopacct.service enabled
+[email protected] enabled
+avahi-daemon.service enabled
+bluetooth.service enabled
+
+```
+
+运行以下命令以查看指定服务的状态。
+```
+# systemctl | grep apache2
+ apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server
+
+```
+
+或者，使用以下命令也可查看指定服务的状态。
+```
+# systemctl status apache2
+● apache2.service - The Apache HTTP Server
+ Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/apache2.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
+ Drop-In: /lib/systemd/system/apache2.service.d
+ └─apache2-systemd.conf
+ Active: active (running) since Tue 2018-03-06 12:34:09 IST; 8min ago
+ Process: 2786 ExecReload=/usr/sbin/apachectl graceful (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
+ Main PID: 1171 (apache2)
+ Tasks: 55 (limit: 4915)
+ CGroup: /system.slice/apache2.service
+ ├─1171 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
+ ├─2790 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
+ └─2791 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
+
+Mar 06 12:34:08 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
+Mar 06 12:34:09 magi-VirtualBox apachectl[1089]: AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 10.0.2.15. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppre
+Mar 06 12:34:09 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
+Mar 06 12:39:10 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Reloading The Apache HTTP Server.
+Mar 06 12:39:10 magi-VirtualBox apachectl[2786]: AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using fe80::7929:4ed1:279f:4d65. Set the 'ServerName' directive gl
+Mar 06 12:39:10 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Reloaded The Apache HTTP Server.
+
+```
+
+执行以下命令，只查看正在运行的服务。
+```
+# systemctl | grep running
+ acpid.path loaded active running ACPI Events Check
+ cups.path loaded active running CUPS Scheduler
+ init.scope loaded active running System and Service Manager
+ session-c2.scope loaded active running Session c2 of user magi
+ accounts-daemon.service loaded active running Accounts Service
+ acpid.service loaded active running ACPI event daemon
+ apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server
+ aptik-battery-monitor.service loaded active running LSB: start/stop the aptik battery monitor daemon
+ atop.service loaded active running Atop advanced performance monitor
+ atopacct.service loaded active running Atop process accounting daemon
+ avahi-daemon.service loaded active running Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack
+ colord.service loaded active running Manage, Install and Generate Color Profiles
+ cron.service loaded active running Regular background program processing daemon
+ cups-browsed.service loaded active running Make remote CUPS printers available locally
+ cups.service loaded active running CUPS Scheduler
+ dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus
+ fwupd.service loaded active running Firmware update daemon
+ [email protected] loaded active running Getty on tty1
+ irqbalance.service loaded active running LSB: daemon to balance interrupts for SMP systems
+ lightdm.service loaded active running Light Display Manager
+ ModemManager.service loaded active running Modem Manager
+ NetworkManager.service loaded active running Network Manager
+ polkit.service loaded active running Authorization Manager
+
+```
+
+使用以下命令查看系统启动时会被启用的服务列表。
+```
+# systemctl list-unit-files | grep enabled
+acpid.path enabled
+cups.path enabled
+accounts-daemon.service enabled
+anacron-resume.service enabled
+anacron.service enabled
+apache2.service enabled
+apparmor.service enabled
+atop.service enabled
+atopacct.service enabled
+[email protected] enabled
+avahi-daemon.service enabled
+bluetooth.service enabled
+console-setup.service enabled
+cron.service enabled
+cups-browsed.service enabled
+cups.service enabled
+display-manager.service enabled
+dns-clean.service enabled
+friendly-recovery.service enabled
+[email protected] enabled
+gpu-manager.service enabled
+keyboard-setup.service enabled
+lightdm.service enabled
+ModemManager.service enabled
+network-manager.service enabled
+networking.service enabled
+NetworkManager-dispatcher.service enabled
+NetworkManager-wait-online.service enabled
+NetworkManager.service enabled
+
+```
+
+systemd-cgtop 按资源使用情况（任务、CPU、内存、输入和输出）列出控制组。
+```
+# systemd-cgtop
+
+Control Group Tasks %CPU Memory Input/s Output/s
+/ - - 1.5G - -
+/init.scope 1 - - - -
+/system.slice 153 - - - -
+/system.slice/ModemManager.service 3 - - - -
+/system.slice/NetworkManager.service 4 - - - -
+/system.slice/accounts-daemon.service 3 - - - -
+/system.slice/acpid.service 1 - - - -
+/system.slice/apache2.service 55 - - - -
+/system.slice/aptik-battery-monitor.service 1 - - - -
+/system.slice/atop.service 1 - - - -
+/system.slice/atopacct.service 1 - - - -
+/system.slice/avahi-daemon.service 2 - - - -
+/system.slice/colord.service 3 - - - -
+/system.slice/cron.service 1 - - - -
+/system.slice/cups-browsed.service 3 - - - -
+/system.slice/cups.service 2 - - - -
+/system.slice/dbus.service 6 - - - -
+/system.slice/fwupd.service 5 - - - -
+/system.slice/irqbalance.service 1 - - - -
+/system.slice/lightdm.service 7 - - - -
+/system.slice/polkit.service 3 - - - -
+/system.slice/repowerd.service 14 - - - -
+/system.slice/rsyslog.service 4 - - - -
+/system.slice/rtkit-daemon.service 3 - - - -
+/system.slice/snapd.service 8 - - - -
+/system.slice/system-getty.slice 1 - - - -
+
+```
+
+同时，我们可以使用 pstree 命令（输出来自 SysVinit 系统）查看正在运行的服务。
+```
+# pstree
+init-|-crond
+ |-httpd---2*[httpd]
+ |-kthreadd/99149---khelper/99149
+ |-2*[mingetty]
+ |-mysqld_safe---mysqld---9*[{mysqld}]
+ |-rsyslogd---3*[{rsyslogd}]
+ |-saslauthd---saslauthd
+ |-2*[sendmail]
+ |-sshd---sshd---bash---pstree
+ |-udevd
+ `-xinetd
+
+```
+
+我们还可以使用 pstree 命令（输出来自 systemd 系统）查看正在运行的服务。
+```
+# pstree
+systemd─┬─ModemManager─┬─{gdbus}
+ │ └─{gmain}
+ ├─NetworkManager─┬─dhclient
+ │ ├─{gdbus}
+ │ └─{gmain}
+ ├─accounts-daemon─┬─{gdbus}
+ │ └─{gmain}
+ ├─acpid
+ ├─agetty
+ ├─anacron
+ ├─apache2───2*[apache2───26*[{apache2}]]
+ ├─aptd───{gmain}
+ ├─aptik-battery-m
+ ├─atop
+ ├─atopacctd
+ ├─avahi-daemon───avahi-daemon
+ ├─colord─┬─{gdbus}
+ │ └─{gmain}
+ ├─cron
+ ├─cups-browsed─┬─{gdbus}
+ │ └─{gmain}
+ ├─cupsd
+ ├─dbus-daemon
+ ├─fwupd─┬─{GUsbEventThread}
+ │ ├─{fwupd}
+ │ ├─{gdbus}
+ │ └─{gmain}
+ ├─gnome-keyring-d─┬─{gdbus}
+ │ ├─{gmain}
+ │ └─{timer}
+
+```
+
+### 方法三：如何使用 chkservice 在 systemd 系统中查看正在运行的服务
+
+chkservice 是一个管理系统单元的终端工具，需要超级用户权限。
+```
+# chkservice
+
+```
+
+![][1]
+
+要查看帮助页面，请单击 `?` 按钮，它将显示管理 systemd 服务的可用选项。
+![][2]
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-all-running-services-in-linux/
+
+作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
+译者：[jessie-pang](https://github.com/jessie-pang)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
+[1]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/chkservice-1.png
+[2]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/chkservice-2.png
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