From 3bbaa7773a61cb2e8c819a125f4103885b88ea13 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Fri, 22 Mar 2019 14:41:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 001/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190320=20Managi?= =?UTF-8?q?ng=20changes=20in=20open=20source=20projects=20sources/talk/201?= =?UTF-8?q?90320=20Managing=20changes=20in=20open=20source=20projects.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...anaging changes in open source projects.md | 97 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 97 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190320 Managing changes in open source projects.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190320 Managing changes in open source projects.md b/sources/talk/20190320 Managing changes in open source projects.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..efcd5257b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190320 Managing changes in open source projects.md @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Managing changes in open source projects) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/managing-changes-open-source-projects) +[#]: author: (Ben Cotton (Red Hat, Community Moderator) https://opensource.com/users/bcotton) + +Managing changes in open source projects +====== + +Here's how to create a visible change process to support the community around an open source project. + +![scrabble letters: "time for change"][1] + +Why bother having a process for proposing changes to your open source project? Why not just let people do what they're doing and merge the features when they're ready? Well, you can certainly do that if you're the only person on the project. Or maybe if it's just you and a few friends. + +But if the project is large, you might need to coordinate how some of the changes land. Or, at the very least, let people know a change is coming so they can adjust if it affects the parts they work on. A visible change process is also helpful to the community. It allows them to give feedback that can improve your idea. And if nothing else, it lets people know what's coming so that they can get excited, and maybe get you a little bit of coverage on Opensource.com or the like. Basically, it's "here's what I'm going to do" instead of "here's what I did," and it might save you some headaches as you scramble to QA right before your release. + +So let's say I've convinced you that having a change process is a good idea. How do you build one? + +**[Watch my talk on this topic]** + + +### Right-size your change process + +Before we start talking about what a change process looks like, I want to make it very clear that this is not a one-size-fits-all situation. The smaller your project is—mainly in the number of contributors—the less process you'll probably need. As [Richard Hackman says][2], the number of communication channels in a team goes up exponentially with the number of people on the team. In community-driven projects, this becomes even more complicated as people come and go, and even your long-time contributors might not be checking in every day. So the change process consolidates those communication channels into a single area where people can quickly check to see if they care and then get back to whatever it is they do. + +At one end of the scale, there's the command-line Twitter client I maintain. The change process there is, "I pick something I want to work on, probably make a Git branch for it but I might forget that, merge it, and tag a release when I'm out of stuff that I can/want to do." At the other end is Fedora. Fedora isn't really a single project; it's a program of related projects that mostly move in the same direction. More than 200 people a week touch Fedora in a technical sense: spec file maintenance, build submission, etc. This doesn't even include the untold number of people who are working on the upstreams. And these upstreams all have their own release schedules and their own processes for how features land and when. Nobody can keep up with everything on their own, so the change process brings important changes to light. + +### Decide who needs to review changes + +One of the first things you need to consider when putting together a change process for your community is: "who needs to review changes?" This isn't necessarily approving the changes; we'll come to that shortly. But are there people who should take a look early in the process? Maybe your release engineering or infrastructure teams need to review them to make sure they don't require changes to build infrastructure. Maybe you have a legal review process to make sure licenses are in order. Or maybe you just have a change wrangler who looks to make sure all the required information is included. Or you may choose to do none of these and have change proposals go directly to the community. + +But this brings up the next step. Do you want full community feedback or only a select group to provide feedback? My preference, and what we do in Fedora, is to publish changes to the community before they're approved. But the structure of your community may fit a model where some approval body signs off on the change before it is sent to the community as an announcement. + +### Determine who approves changes + +Even if you lack any sort of organizational structure, someone ends up approving changes. This should reflect the norms and values of your community. The simplest form of approval is the person who proposed the change implements it. Easy peasy! In loosely organized communities, that might work. Fully democratic communities might put it to a community-wide vote. If a certain number or proportion of members votes in favor, the change is approved. Other communities may give that power to an individual or group. They could be responsible for the entire project or certain subsections. + +In Fedora, change approval is the role of the Fedora Engineering Steering Committee (FESCo). This is a nine-person body elected by community members. This gives the community the ability to remove members who are not acting in the best interests of the project but also enables relatively quick decisions without large overhead. + +In much of this article, I am simply presenting information, but I'm going to take a moment to be opinionated. For any project with a significant contributor base, a model where a small body makes approval decisions is the right approach. A pure democracy can be pretty messy. People who may have no familiarity with the technical ramifications of a change will be able to cast a binding vote. And that process is subject to "brigading," where someone brings along a large group of otherwise-uninterested people to support their position. Think about what it might look like if someone proposed changing the default text editor. Would the decision process be rational? + +### Plan how to enforce changes + +The other advantage of having a defined approval body is it can mediate conflicts between changes. What happens if two proposed changes conflict? Or if a change turns out to have a negative impact? Someone needs to have the authority to say "this isn't going in after all" or make sure conflicting changes are brought into agreement. Your QA team and processes will be a part of this, and maybe they're the ones who will make the final call. + +It's relatively straightforward to come up with a plan if a change doesn't work as expected or is incomplete by the deadline. If you require a contingency plan as part of the change process, then you implement that plan. The harder part is: what happens if someone makes a change that doesn't go through your change process? Here's a secret your friendly project manager doesn't want you to know: you can't force people to go through your process, particularly in community projects. + +So if something sneaks in and you don't discover it until you have a release candidate, you have a couple of options: you can let it in, or you can get someone to forcibly remove it. In either case, you'll have someone who is very unhappy. Either the person who made the change, because you kicked their work out, or the people who had to deal with the breakage it caused. (If it snuck in without anyone noticing, then it's probably not that big of a deal.) + +The answer, in either case, is going to be social pressure to follow the process. Processes are sometimes painful to follow, but a well-designed and well-maintained process will give more benefit than it costs. In this case, the benefit may be identifying breakages sooner or giving other developers a chance to take advantage of new features that are offered. And it can help prevent slips in the release schedule or hero effort from your QA team. + +### Implement your change process + +So we've thought about the life of a change proposal in your project. Throw in some deadlines that make sense for your release cadence, and you can now come up with the policy—but how do you implement it? + +First, you'll want to identify the required information for a change proposal. At a minimum, I'd suggest the following. You may have more requirements depending on the specifics of what your community is making and how it operates. + + * Name and summary + * Benefit to the project + * Scope + * Owner + * Test plan + * Dependencies and impacts + * Contingency plan + + + +You'll also want one or several change wranglers. These aren't gatekeepers so much as shepherds. They may not have the ability to approve or reject change proposals, but they are responsible for moving the proposals through the process. They check the proposal for completeness, submit it to the appropriate bodies, make appropriate announcements, etc. You can have people wrangle their own changes, but this can be a specialized task and will generally benefit from a dedicated person who does this regularly, instead of making community members do it less frequently. + +And you'll need some tooling to manage these changes. This could be a wiki page, a kanban board, a ticket tracker, something else, or a combination of these. But basically, you want to be able to track their state and provide some easy reporting on the status of changes. This makes it easier to know what is complete, what is at risk, and what needs to be deferred to a later release. You can use whatever works best for you, but in general, you'll want to minimize copy-and-pasting and maximize scriptability. + +### Remember to iterate + +Your change process may seem perfect. Then people will start using it. You'll discover edge cases you didn't consider. You'll find that the community hates a certain part of it. Decisions that were once valid will become invalid over time as technology and society change. In Fedora, our Features process revealed itself to be ambiguous and burdensome, so it was refined into the [Changes][3] process we use today. Even though the Changes process is much better than its predecessor, we still adjust it here and there to make sure it's best meeting the needs of the community. + +When designing your process, make sure it fits the size and values of your community. Consider who gets a voice and who gets a vote in approving changes. Come up with a plan for how you'll handle incomplete changes and other exceptions. Decide who will guide the changes through the process and how they'll be tracked. And once you design your change policy, write it down in a place that's easy for your community to find so that they can follow it. But most of all, remember that the process is here to serve the community; the community is not here to serve the process. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/managing-changes-open-source-projects + +作者：[Ben Cotton (Red Hat, Community Moderator)][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/bcotton +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/change_words_scrabble_letters.jpg?itok=mbRFmPJ1 (scrabble letters: "time for change") +[2]: https://hbr.org/2009/05/why-teams-dont-work +[3]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/Policy From ad73372f25c72c74ae622fe62d78bab698670cd8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Fri, 22 Mar 2019 14:59:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 002/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190321=20How=20?= =?UTF-8?q?to=20use=20Spark=20SQL:=20A=20hands-on=20tutorial=20sources/tec?= =?UTF-8?q?h/20190321=20How=20to=20use=20Spark=20SQL-=20A=20hands-on=20tut?= =?UTF-8?q?orial.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...w to use Spark SQL- A hands-on tutorial.md | 540 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 540 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190321 How to use Spark SQL- A hands-on tutorial.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190321 How to use Spark SQL- A hands-on tutorial.md b/sources/tech/20190321 How to use Spark SQL- A hands-on tutorial.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fee3a8cc4c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190321 How to use Spark SQL- A hands-on tutorial.md @@ -0,0 +1,540 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to use Spark SQL: A hands-on tutorial) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/apache-spark-and-dataframes-tutorial) +[#]: author: (Dipanjan (DJ) Sarkar (Red Hat) https://opensource.com/users/djsarkar) + +How to use Spark SQL: A hands-on tutorial +====== + +This tutorial explains how to leverage relational databases at scale using Spark SQL and DataFrames. + +![Team checklist and to dos][1] + +In the [first part][2] of this series, we looked at advances in leveraging the power of relational databases "at scale" using [Apache Spark SQL and DataFrames][3]. We will now do a simple tutorial based on a real-world dataset to look at how to use Spark SQL. We will be using Spark DataFrames, but the focus will be more on using SQL. In a separate article, I will cover a detailed discussion around Spark DataFrames and common operations. + +I love using cloud services for my machine learning, deep learning, and even big data analytics needs, instead of painfully setting up my own Spark cluster. I will be using the Databricks Platform for my Spark needs. Databricks is a company founded by the creators of Apache Spark that aims to help clients with cloud-based big data processing using Spark. + +![Apache Spark and Databricks][4] + +The simplest (and free of charge) way is to go to the [Try Databricks page][5] and [sign up for a community edition][6] account. You get a cloud-based cluster, which is a single-node cluster with 6GB and unlimited notebooks—not bad for a free version! I recommend using the Databricks Platform if you have serious needs for analyzing big data. + +Let's get started with our case study now. Feel free to create a new notebook from your home screen in Databricks or your own Spark cluster. + +![Create a notebook][7] + +You can also import my notebook containing the entire tutorial, but please make sure to run every cell and play around and explore with it, instead of just reading through it. Unsure of how to use Spark on Databricks? Follow [this short but useful tutorial][8]. + +This tutorial will familiarize you with essential Spark capabilities to deal with structured data often obtained from databases or flat files. We will explore typical ways of querying and aggregating relational data by leveraging concepts of DataFrames and SQL using Spark. We will work on an interesting dataset from the [KDD Cup 1999][9] and try to query the data using high-level abstractions like the dataframe that has already been a hit in popular data analysis tools like R and Python. We will also look at how easy it is to build data queries using the SQL language and retrieve insightful information from our data. This also happens at scale without us having to do a lot more since Spark distributes these data structures efficiently in the backend, which makes our queries scalable and as efficient as possible. We'll start by loading some basic dependencies. + +``` +import pandas as pd +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +plt.style.use('fivethirtyeight') +``` + +#### Data retrieval + +The [KDD Cup 1999][9] dataset was used for the Third International Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining Tools Competition, which was held in conjunction with KDD-99, the Fifth International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. The competition task was to build a network-intrusion detector, a predictive model capable of distinguishing between _bad connections_ , called intrusions or attacks, and _good, normal connections_. This database contains a standard set of data to be audited, which includes a wide variety of intrusions simulated in a military network environment. + +We will be using the reduced dataset **kddcup.data_10_percent.gz** that contains nearly a half-million network interactions. We will download this Gzip file from the web locally and then work on it. If you have a good, stable internet connection, feel free to download and work with the full dataset, **kddcup.data.gz**. + +#### Working with data from the web + +Dealing with datasets retrieved from the web can be a bit tricky in Databricks. Fortunately, we have some excellent utility packages like **dbutils** that help make our job easier. Let's take a quick look at some essential functions for this module. + +``` +dbutils.help() +``` + +``` +This module provides various utilities for users to interact with the rest of Databricks. + +fs: DbfsUtils -> Manipulates the Databricks filesystem (DBFS) from the console +meta: MetaUtils -> Methods to hook into the compiler (EXPERIMENTAL) +notebook: NotebookUtils -> Utilities for the control flow of a notebook (EXPERIMENTAL) +preview: Preview -> Utilities under preview category +secrets: SecretUtils -> Provides utilities for leveraging secrets within notebooks +widgets: WidgetsUtils -> Methods to create and get bound value of input widgets inside notebooks +``` + +#### Retrieve and store data in Databricks + +We will now leverage the Python **urllib** library to extract the KDD Cup 99 data from its web repository, store it in a temporary location, and move it to the Databricks filesystem, which can enable easy access to this data for analysis + +> **Note:** If you skip this step and download the data directly, you may end up getting a **InvalidInputException: Input path does not exist** error. + +``` +import urllib +urllib.urlretrieve("", "/tmp/kddcup_data.gz") +dbutils.fs.mv("file:/tmp/kddcup_data.gz", "dbfs:/kdd/kddcup_data.gz") +display(dbutils.fs.ls("dbfs:/kdd")) +``` + +![Spark Job kddcup_data.gz][10] + +#### Build the KDD dataset + +Now that we have our data stored in the Databricks filesystem, let's load up our data from the disk into Spark's traditional abstracted data structure, the [Resilient Distributed Dataset][11] (RDD). + +``` +data_file = "dbfs:/kdd/kddcup_data.gz" +raw_rdd = sc.textFile(data_file).cache() +raw_rdd.take(5) +``` + +![Data in Resilient Distributed Dataset \(RDD\)][12] + +You can also verify the type of data structure of our data (RDD) using the following code. + +``` +type(raw_rdd) +``` + +![output][13] + +#### Build a Spark DataFrame on our data + +A Spark DataFrame is an interesting data structure representing a distributed collecion of data. Typically the entry point into all SQL functionality in Spark is the **SQLContext** class. To create a basic instance of this call, all we need is a **SparkContext** reference. In Databricks, this global context object is available as **sc** for this purpose. + +``` +from pyspark.sql import SQLContext +sqlContext = SQLContext(sc) +sqlContext +``` + +![output][14] + +#### Split the CSV data + +Each entry in our RDD is a comma-separated line of data, which we first need to split before we can parse and build our dataframe. + +``` +csv_rdd = raw_rdd.map(lambda row: row.split(",")) +print(csv_rdd.take(2)) +print(type(csv_rdd)) +``` + +![Splitting RDD entries][15] + +#### Check the total number of features (columns) + +We can use the following code to check the total number of potential columns in our dataset. + +``` +len(csv_rdd.take(1)[0]) + +Out[57]: 42 +``` + +#### Understand and parse data + +The KDD 99 Cup data consists of different attributes captured from connection data. You can obtain the [full list of attributes in the data][16] and further details pertaining to the [description for each attribute/column][17]. We will just be using some specific columns from the dataset, the details of which are specified as follows. + +feature num | feature name | description | type +---|---|---|--- +1 | duration | length (number of seconds) of the connection | continuous +2 | protocol_type | type of the protocol, e.g., tcp, udp, etc. | discrete +3 | service | network service on the destination, e.g., http, telnet, etc. | discrete +4 | src_bytes | number of data bytes from source to destination | continuous +5 | dst_bytes | number of data bytes from destination to source | continuous +6 | flag | normal or error status of the connection | discrete +7 | wrong_fragment | number of "wrong" fragments | continuous +8 | urgent | number of urgent packets | continuous +9 | hot | number of "hot" indicators | continuous +10 | num_failed_logins | number of failed login attempts | continuous +11 | num_compromised | number of "compromised" conditions | continuous +12 | su_attempted | 1 if "su root" command attempted; 0 otherwise | discrete +13 | num_root | number of "root" accesses | continuous +14 | num_file_creations | number of file creation operations | continuous + +We will be extracting the following columns based on their positions in each data point (row) and build a new RDD as follows. + +``` +from pyspark.sql import Row + +parsed_rdd = csv_rdd.map(lambda r: Row( + duration=int(r[0]), + protocol_type=r[1], + service=r[2], + flag=r[3], + src_bytes=int(r[4]), + dst_bytes=int(r[5]), + wrong_fragment=int(r[7]), + urgent=int(r[8]), + hot=int(r[9]), + num_failed_logins=int(r[10]), + num_compromised=int(r[12]), + su_attempted=r[14], + num_root=int(r[15]), + num_file_creations=int(r[16]), + label=r[-1] + ) +) +parsed_rdd.take(5) +``` + +![Extracting columns][18] + +#### Construct the DataFrame + +Now that our data is neatly parsed and formatted, let's build our DataFrame! +``` + +``` + +df = sqlContext.createDataFrame(parsed_rdd) +display(df.head(10)) + +![DataFrame][19] + +You can also now check out the schema of our DataFrame using the following code. + +``` +df.printSchema() +``` + +![Dataframe schema][20] + +#### Build a temporary table + +We can leverage the **registerTempTable()** function to build a temporary table to run SQL commands on our DataFrame at scale! A point to remember is that the lifetime of this temp table is tied to the session. It creates an in-memory table that is scoped to the cluster in which it was created. The data is stored using Hive's highly optimized, in-memory columnar format. + +You can also check out **saveAsTable()** , which creates a permanent, physical table stored in S3 using the Parquet format. This table is accessible to all clusters. The table metadata, including the location of the file(s), is stored within the Hive metastore. + +``` +help(df.registerTempTable) +``` + +![help\(df.registerTempTable\)][21] + +``` +df.registerTempTable("connections") +``` + +### Execute SQL at Scale + +Let's look at a few examples of how we can run SQL queries on our table based off of our dataframe. We will start with some simple queries and then look at aggregations, filters, sorting, sub-queries, and pivots in this tutorial. + +#### Connections based on the protocol type + +Let's look at how we can get the total number of connections based on the type of connectivity protocol. First, we will get this information using normal DataFrame DSL syntax to perform aggregations. + +``` +display(df.groupBy('protocol_type') +.count() +.orderBy('count', ascending=False)) +``` + +![Total number of connections][22] + +Can we also use SQL to perform the same aggregation? Yes, we can leverage the table we built earlier for this! + +``` +protocols = sqlContext.sql(""" + SELECT protocol_type, count(*) as freq + FROM connections + GROUP BY protocol_type + ORDER BY 2 DESC + """) +display(protocols) +``` + +![protocol type and frequency][23] + +You can clearly see that you get the same results and don't need to worry about your background infrastructure or how the code is executed. Just write simple SQL! + +#### Connections based on good or bad (attack types) signatures + +We will now run a simple aggregation to check the total number of connections based on good (normal) or bad (intrusion attacks) types. + +``` +labels = sqlContext.sql(""" + SELECT label, count(*) as freq + FROM connections + GROUP BY label + ORDER BY 2 DESC +""") +display(labels) +``` + +![Connection by type][24] + +We have a lot of different attack types. We can visualize this in the form of a bar chart. The simplest way is to use the excellent interface options in the Databricks notebook. + +![Databricks chart types][25] + +This gives us a nice-looking bar chart, which you can customize further by clicking on **Plot Options**. + +![Bar chart][26] + +Another way is to write the code to do it. You can extract the aggregated data as a Pandas DataFrame and plot it as a regular bar chart. + +``` +labels_df = pd.DataFrame(labels.toPandas()) +labels_df.set_index("label", drop=True,inplace=True) +labels_fig = labels_df.plot(kind='barh') + +plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = (7, 5) +plt.rcParams.update({'font.size': 10}) +plt.tight_layout() +display(labels_fig.figure) +``` + +![Bar chart][27] + +### Connections based on protocols and attacks + +Let's look at which protocols are most vulnerable to attacks by using the following SQL query. + +``` + +attack_protocol = sqlContext.sql(""" + SELECT + protocol_type, + CASE label + WHEN 'normal.' THEN 'no attack' + ELSE 'attack' + END AS state, + COUNT(*) as freq + FROM connections + GROUP BY protocol_type, state + ORDER BY 3 DESC +""") +display(attack_protocol) +``` + +![Protocols most vulnerable to attacks][28] + +Well, it looks like ICMP connections, followed by TCP connections have had the most attacks. + +#### Connection stats based on protocols and attacks + +Let's take a look at some statistical measures pertaining to these protocols and attacks for our connection requests. + +``` +attack_stats = sqlContext.sql(""" + SELECT + protocol_type, + CASE label + WHEN 'normal.' THEN 'no attack' + ELSE 'attack' + END AS state, + COUNT(*) as total_freq, + ROUND(AVG(src_bytes), 2) as mean_src_bytes, + ROUND(AVG(dst_bytes), 2) as mean_dst_bytes, + ROUND(AVG(duration), 2) as mean_duration, + SUM(num_failed_logins) as total_failed_logins, + SUM(num_compromised) as total_compromised, + SUM(num_file_creations) as total_file_creations, + SUM(su_attempted) as total_root_attempts, + SUM(num_root) as total_root_acceses + FROM connections + GROUP BY protocol_type, state + ORDER BY 3 DESC +""") +display(attack_stats) +``` + +![Statistics pertaining to protocols and attacks][29] + +Looks like the average amount of data being transmitted in TCP requests is much higher, which is not surprising. Interestingly, attacks have a much higher average payload of data being transmitted from the source to the destination. + +#### Filtering connection stats based on the TCP protocol by service and attack type + +Let's take a closer look at TCP attacks, given that we have more relevant data and statistics for the same. We will now aggregate different types of TCP attacks based on service and attack type and observe different metrics. + +``` +tcp_attack_stats = sqlContext.sql(""" +SELECT +service, +label as attack_type, +COUNT(*) as total_freq, +ROUND(AVG(duration), 2) as mean_duration, +SUM(num_failed_logins) as total_failed_logins, +SUM(num_file_creations) as total_file_creations, +SUM(su_attempted) as total_root_attempts, +SUM(num_root) as total_root_acceses +FROM connections +WHERE protocol_type = 'tcp' +AND label != 'normal.' +GROUP BY service, attack_type +ORDER BY total_freq DESC +""") +display(tcp_attack_stats) +``` + +![TCP attack data][30] + +There are a lot of attack types, and the preceding output shows a specific section of them. + +#### Filtering connection stats based on the TCP protocol by service and attack type + +We will now filter some of these attack types by imposing some constraints in our query based on duration, file creations, and root accesses. + +``` +tcp_attack_stats = sqlContext.sql(""" +SELECT +service, +label as attack_type, +COUNT(*) as total_freq, +ROUND(AVG(duration), 2) as mean_duration, +SUM(num_failed_logins) as total_failed_logins, +SUM(num_file_creations) as total_file_creations, +SUM(su_attempted) as total_root_attempts, +SUM(num_root) as total_root_acceses +FROM connections +WHERE (protocol_type = 'tcp' +AND label != 'normal.') +GROUP BY service, attack_type +HAVING (mean_duration >= 50 +AND total_file_creations >= 5 +AND total_root_acceses >= 1) +ORDER BY total_freq DESC +""") +display(tcp_attack_stats) +``` + +![Filtered by attack type][31] + +It's interesting to see that [multi-hop attacks][32] can get root accesses to the destination hosts! + +#### Subqueries to filter TCP attack types based on service + +Let's try to get all the TCP attacks based on service and attack type such that the overall mean duration of these attacks is greater than zero ( **> 0** ). For this, we can do an inner query with all aggregation statistics and extract the relevant queries and apply a mean duration filter in the outer query, as shown below. + +``` +tcp_attack_stats = sqlContext.sql(""" +SELECT +t.service, +t.attack_type, +t.total_freq +FROM +(SELECT +service, +label as attack_type, +COUNT(*) as total_freq, +ROUND(AVG(duration), 2) as mean_duration, +SUM(num_failed_logins) as total_failed_logins, +SUM(num_file_creations) as total_file_creations, +SUM(su_attempted) as total_root_attempts, +SUM(num_root) as total_root_acceses +FROM connections +WHERE protocol_type = 'tcp' +AND label != 'normal.' +GROUP BY service, attack_type +ORDER BY total_freq DESC) as t +WHERE t.mean_duration > 0 +""") +display(tcp_attack_stats) +``` + +![TCP attacks based on service and attack type][33] + +This is nice! Now another interesting way to view this data is to use a pivot table, where one attribute represents rows and another one represents columns. Let's see if we can leverage Spark DataFrames to do this! + +#### Build a pivot table from aggregated data + +We will build upon the previous DataFrame object where we aggregated attacks based on type and service. For this, we can leverage the power of Spark DataFrames and the DataFrame DSL. + +``` +display((tcp_attack_stats.groupby('service') +.pivot('attack_type') +.agg({'total_freq':'max'}) +.na.fill(0)) +) +``` + +![Pivot table][34] + +We get a nice, neat pivot table showing all the occurrences based on service and attack type! + +### Next steps + +I would encourage you to go out and play with Spark SQL and DataFrames. You can even [import my notebook][35] and play with it in your own account. + +Feel free to refer to [my GitHub repository][36] also for all the code and notebooks used in this article. It covers things we didn't cover here, including: + + * Joins + * Window functions + * Detailed operations and transformations of Spark DataFrames + + + +You can also access my tutorial as a [Jupyter Notebook][37], in case you want to use it offline. + +There are plenty of articles and tutorials available online, so I recommend you check them out. One useful resource is Databricks' complete [guide to Spark SQL][38]. + +Thinking of working with JSON data but unsure of using Spark SQL? Databricks supports it! Check out this excellent guide to [JSON support in Spark SQL][39]. + +Interested in advanced concepts like window functions and ranks in SQL? Take a look at "[Introducing Window Functions in Spark SQL][40]." + +I will write another article covering some of these concepts in an intuitive way, which should be easy for you to understand. Stay tuned! + +In case you have any feedback or queries, you can reach out to me on [LinkedIn][41]. + +* * * + +*This article originally appeared on Medium's [Towards Data Science][42] channel and is republished with permission. * + +* * * + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/apache-spark-and-dataframes-tutorial + +作者：[Dipanjan (DJ) Sarkar (Red Hat)][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/djsarkar +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/todo_checklist_team_metrics_report.png?itok=oB5uQbzf (Team checklist and to dos) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/sql-scale-apache-spark-sql-and-dataframes +[3]: https://spark.apache.org/sql/ +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/13_spark-databricks.png (Apache Spark and Databricks) +[5]: https://databricks.com/try-databricks +[6]: https://databricks.com/signup#signup/community +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/14_create-notebook.png (Create a notebook) +[8]: https://databricks.com/spark/getting-started-with-apache-spark +[9]: http://kdd.ics.uci.edu/databases/kddcup99/kddcup99.html +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/15_dbfs-kdd-kddcup_data-gz.png (Spark Job kddcup_data.gz) +[11]: https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/rdd-programming-guide.html#resilient-distributed-datasets-rdds +[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/16_rdd-data.png (Data in Resilient Distributed Dataset (RDD)) +[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/16a_output.png (output) +[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/16b_output.png (output) +[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/17_split-csv.png (Splitting RDD entries) +[16]: http://kdd.ics.uci.edu/databases/kddcup99/kddcup.names +[17]: http://kdd.ics.uci.edu/databases/kddcup99/task.html +[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/18_extract-columns.png (Extracting columns) +[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/19_build-dataframe.png (DataFrame) +[20]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/20_dataframe-schema.png (Dataframe schema) +[21]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/21_registertemptable.png (help(df.registerTempTable)) +[22]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/22_number-of-connections.png (Total number of connections) +[23]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/23_sql.png (protocol type and frequency) +[24]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/24_intrusion-type.png (Connection by type) +[25]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/25_chart-interface.png (Databricks chart types) +[26]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/26_plot-options-chart.png (Bar chart) +[27]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/27_pandas-barchart.png (Bar chart) +[28]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/28_most-attacked.png (Protocols most vulnerable to attacks) +[29]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/29_data-transmissions.png (Statistics pertaining to protocols and attacks) +[30]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/30_tcp-attack-metrics.png (TCP attack data) +[31]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/31_attack-type.png (Filtered by attack type) +[32]: https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1188/ +[33]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/32_tcp-attack-types.png (TCP attacks based on service and attack type) +[34]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/33_pivot-table.png (Pivot table) +[35]: https://databricks-prod-cloudfront.cloud.databricks.com/public/4027ec902e239c93eaaa8714f173bcfc/3137082781873852/3704545280501166/1264763342038607/latest.html +[36]: https://github.com/dipanjanS/data_science_for_all/tree/master/tds_spark_sql_intro +[37]: http://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/dipanjanS/data_science_for_all/blob/master/tds_spark_sql_intro/Working%20with%20SQL%20at%20Scale%20-%20Spark%20SQL%20Tutorial.ipynb +[38]: https://docs.databricks.com/spark/latest/spark-sql/index.html +[39]: https://databricks.com/blog/2015/02/02/an-introduction-to-json-support-in-spark-sql.html +[40]: https://databricks.com/blog/2015/07/15/introducing-window-functions-in-spark-sql.html +[41]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/dipanzan/ +[42]: https://towardsdatascience.com/sql-at-scale-with-apache-spark-sql-and-dataframes-concepts-architecture-and-examples-c567853a702f From 6cdcc8d39ca1ddef62c87cdf58e5c3a7b9467513 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Fri, 22 Mar 2019 15:01:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 003/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190320=20Gettin?= =?UTF-8?q?g=20started=20with=20Jaeger=20to=20build=20an=20Istio=20service?= =?UTF-8?q?=20mesh=20sources/tech/20190320=20Getting=20started=20with=20Ja?= =?UTF-8?q?eger=20to=20build=20an=20Istio=20service=20mesh.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...h Jaeger to build an Istio service mesh.md | 157 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 157 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190320 Getting started with Jaeger to build an Istio service mesh.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190320 Getting started with Jaeger to build an Istio service mesh.md b/sources/tech/20190320 Getting started with Jaeger to build an Istio service mesh.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d8366df720 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190320 Getting started with Jaeger to build an Istio service mesh.md @@ -0,0 +1,157 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Getting started with Jaeger to build an Istio service mesh) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/getting-started-jaeger) +[#]: author: (Daniel Oh (Red Hat) https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh) + +Getting started with Jaeger to build an Istio service mesh +====== + +Improve monitoring and tracing of cloud-native apps on a distributed networking system. + +![Mesh networking connected dots][1] + +[Service mesh][2] provides a dedicated network for service-to-service communication in a transparent way. [Istio][3] aims to help developers and operators address service mesh features such as dynamic service discovery, mutual transport layer security (TLS), circuit breakers, rate limiting, and tracing. [Jaeger][4] with Istio augments monitoring and tracing of cloud-native apps on a distributed networking system. This article explains how to get started with Jaeger to build an Istio service mesh on the Kubernetes platform. + +### Spinning up a Kubernetes cluster + +[Minikube][5] allows you to run a single-node Kubernetes cluster based on a virtual machine such as [KVM][6], [VirtualBox][7], or [HyperKit][8] on your local machine. [Install Minikube][9] and use the following shell script to run it: + +``` +#!/bin/bash + +export MINIKUBE_PROFILE_NAME=istio-jaeger +minikube profile $MINIKUBE_PROFILE_NAME +minikube config set cpus 3 +minikube config set memory 8192 + +# You need to replace appropriate VM driver on your local machine +minikube config set vm-driver hyperkit + +minikube start +``` + +In the above script, replace the **\--vm-driver=xxx** option with the appropriate virtual machine driver on your operating system (OS). + +### Deploying Istio service mesh with Jaeger + +Download the Istio installation file for your OS from the [Istio release page][10]. In the Istio package directory, you will find the Kubernetes installation YAML files in **install/** and the sample applications in **sample/**. Use the following commands: + +``` +$ curl -L | sh - +$ cd istio-1.0.5 +$ export PATH=$PWD/bin:$PATH +``` + +The easiest way to deploy Istio with Jaeger on your Kubernetes cluster is to use [Custom Resource Definitions][11]. Install Istio with mutual TLS authentication between sidecars with these commands: + +``` +$ kubectl apply -f install/kubernetes/helm/istio/templates/crds.yaml +$ kubectl apply -f install/kubernetes/istio-demo-auth.yaml +``` + +Check if all pods of Istio on your Kubernetes cluster are deployed and running correctly by using the following command and review the output: + +``` +$ kubectl get pods -n istio-system +NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE +grafana-59b8896965-p2vgs 1/1 Running 0 3h +istio-citadel-856f994c58-tk8kq 1/1 Running 0 3h +istio-cleanup-secrets-mq54t 0/1 Completed 0 3h +istio-egressgateway-5649fcf57-n5ql5 1/1 Running 0 3h +istio-galley-7665f65c9c-wx8k7 1/1 Running 0 3h +istio-grafana-post-install-nh5rw 0/1 Completed 0 3h +istio-ingressgateway-6755b9bbf6-4lf8m 1/1 Running 0 3h +istio-pilot-698959c67b-d2zgm 2/2 Running 0 3h +istio-policy-6fcb6d655f-lfkm5 2/2 Running 0 3h +istio-security-post-install-st5xc 0/1 Completed 0 3h +istio-sidecar-injector-768c79f7bf-9rjgm 1/1 Running 0 3h +istio-telemetry-664d896cf5-wwcfw 2/2 Running 0 3h +istio-tracing-6b994895fd-h6s9h 1/1 Running 0 3h +prometheus-76b7745b64-hzm27 1/1 Running 0 3h +servicegraph-5c4485945b-mk22d 1/1 Running 1 3h +``` + +### Building sample microservice apps + +You can use the [Bookinfo][12] app to learn about Istio's features. Bookinfo consists of four microservice apps: _productpage_ , _details_ , _reviews_ , and _ratings_ deployed independently on Minikube. Each microservice will be deployed with an Envoy sidecar via Istio by using the following commands: + +``` +// Enable sidecar injection automatically +$ kubectl label namespace default istio-injection=enabled +$ kubectl apply -f samples/bookinfo/platform/kube/bookinfo.yaml + +// Export the ingress IP, ports, and gateway URL +$ kubectl apply -f samples/bookinfo/networking/bookinfo-gateway.yaml + +$ export INGRESS_PORT=$(kubectl -n istio-system get service istio-ingressgateway -o jsonpath='{.spec.ports[?(@.name=="http2")].nodePort}') +$ export SECURE_INGRESS_PORT=$(kubectl -n istio-system get service istio-ingressgateway -o jsonpath='{.spec.ports[?(@.name=="https")].nodePort}') +$ export INGRESS_HOST=$(minikube ip) + +$ export GATEWAY_URL=$INGRESS_HOST:$INGRESS_PORT +``` + +### Accessing the Jaeger dashboard + +To view tracing information for each HTTP request, create some traffic by running the following commands at the command line: +``` + +``` + +$ while true; do + curl -s http://${GATEWAY_URL}/productpage > /dev/null + echo -n .; + sleep 0.2 +done + +You can access the Jaeger dashboard through a web browser with [http://localhost:16686][13] if you set up port forwarding as follows: + +``` +kubectl port-forward -n istio-system $(kubectl get pod -n istio-system -l app=jaeger -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') 16686:16686 & +``` + +You can explore all traces by clicking "Find Traces" after selecting the _productpage_ service. Your dashboard will look similar to this: + +![Find traces in Jaeger][14] + +You can also view more details about each trace to dig into performance issues or elapsed time by clicking on a certain trace. + +![Viewing details about a trace][15] + +### Conclusion + +A distributed tracing platform allows you to understand what happened from service to service for individual ingress/egress traffic. Istio sends individual trace information automatically to Jaeger, the distributed tracing platform, even if your modern applications aren't aware of Jaeger at all. In the end, this capability helps developers and operators do troubleshooting easier and quicker at scale. + +* * * + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/getting-started-jaeger + +作者：[Daniel Oh (Red Hat)][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/mesh_networking_dots_connected.png?itok=ovINTRR3 (Mesh networking connected dots) +[2]: https://blog.buoyant.io/2017/04/25/whats-a-service-mesh-and-why-do-i-need-one/ +[3]: https://istio.io/docs/concepts/what-is-istio/ +[4]: https://www.jaegertracing.io/docs/1.9/ +[5]: https://opensource.com/article/18/10/getting-started-minikube +[6]: https://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Main_Page +[7]: https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads +[8]: https://github.com/moby/hyperkit +[9]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/tools/install-minikube/ +[10]: https://github.com/istio/istio/releases +[11]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/custom-resources/#customresourcedefinitions +[12]: https://github.com/istio/istio/tree/master/samples/bookinfo +[13]: http://localhost:16686/ +[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/traces_productpages.png (Find traces in Jaeger) +[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/traces_performance.png (Viewing details about a trace) From b8d590a10388ed4f3bb926b358c36f97eeb997d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Fri, 22 Mar 2019 15:04:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 004/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190320=20Quickl?= =?UTF-8?q?y=20Go=20Back=20To=20A=20Specific=20Parent=20Directory=20Using?= =?UTF-8?q?=20bd=20Command=20In=20Linux=20sources/tech/20190320=20Quickly?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Go=20Back=20To=20A=20Specific=20Parent=20Directory=20Using?= =?UTF-8?q?=20bd=20Command=20In=20Linux.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ent Directory Using bd Command In Linux.md | 191 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 191 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190320 Quickly Go Back To A Specific Parent Directory Using bd Command In Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190320 Quickly Go Back To A Specific Parent Directory Using bd Command In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190320 Quickly Go Back To A Specific Parent Directory Using bd Command In Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e2d1b9d4e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190320 Quickly Go Back To A Specific Parent Directory Using bd Command In Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,191 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Quickly Go Back To A Specific Parent Directory Using bd Command In Linux) +[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/bd-quickly-go-back-to-a-specific-parent-directory-in-linux/) +[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) + +Quickly Go Back To A Specific Parent Directory Using bd Command In Linux +====== + +Two days back we had written an article about autocd. It’s a builtin shell variable that helps us to **[navigate to inside a directory without cd command][1]**. + +If you want to come back to previous directory then you have to type `cd ..`. + +If you want to go back to two directories then you have to type `cd ../..`. + +It’s normal in Linux but if you want to come back from 9th directory to 3rd directory, then it’s horrible to use cd command. + +What will be the solution for this. + +Yes, we have a solution in Linux for everything. We can go with bd command, to make easy this kind of situation. + +### What Is bd Command? + +bd command allow users to quickly go back to a parent directory in Linux instead of typing `cd ../../..` repeatedly. + +You can list the contents of a given directory without mentioning the full path `ls `bd Directory_Name``. It supports following other commands such as ls, ln, echo, zip, tar etc.. + +Also, it allow us to execute a shell file without mentioning the full path `bd p`/shell_file.sh`. + +### How To Install bd Command in Linux? + +There is no official distribution package for bd except Debian/Ubuntu. Hence, we need to perform manual method. + +For **`Debian/Ubuntu`** systems, use **[APT-GET Command][2]** or **[APT Command][3]** to install bd. + +``` +$ sudo apt install bd +``` + +For other Linux distributions. + +Download the bd executable binary file using **[wget command][4]**. + +``` +$ sudo wget --no-check-certificate -O /usr/local/bin/bd https://raw.github.com/vigneshwaranr/bd/master/bd +``` + +Set executable permission to the bd binary file. + +``` +$ sudo chmod +rx /usr/local/bin/bd +``` + +Append the below values in the `.bashrc` file. + +``` +$ echo 'alias bd=". bd -si"' >> ~/.bashrc +``` + +Run the following command to make the changes to take effect. + +``` +$ source ~/.bashrc +``` + +To enable auto completion, perform the following two steps. + +``` +$ sudo wget -O /etc/bash_completion.d/bd https://raw.github.com/vigneshwaranr/bd/master/bash_completion.d/bd +$ sudo source /etc/bash_completion.d/bd +``` + +We have successfully installed and configured the bd utility on the system. It’s time to test it. + +I’m going to take the below directory path for this testing. + +Run the `pwd` command or `dirs` command or `tree` command to know your current location. + +``` +daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ pwd +or +daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ dirs + +/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps +``` + +I’m currently in `/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps` and if i want to go to `icons` directory quickly then simple type the following command. + +``` +daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ bd icons +/usr/share/icons/ +daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons$ +``` + +Even, you no need to type full directory name instead you can type few letters. + +``` +daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ bd i +/usr/share/icons/ +daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons$ +``` + +`Note:` If there are more than one directories with same name up in the hierarchy, bd will take you to the closest. (Not considering the immediate parent.) + +If you would like to list a given directory contents then the following format. It prints the contents of `/usr/share/icons/`. + +``` +$ ls -lh `bd icons` +or +daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ ls -lh `bd i` +total 64K +drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4.0K Jul 25 2018 Adwaita +lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 51 Feb 25 14:32 communitheme -> /snap/communitheme/current/share/icons/communitheme +drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Jul 25 2018 default +drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Jul 25 2018 DMZ-Black +drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Jul 25 2018 DMZ-White +drwxr-xr-x 9 root root 4.0K Jul 25 2018 gnome +drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Jul 25 2018 handhelds +drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4.0K Mar 9 14:52 hicolor +drwxr-xr-x 9 root root 4.0K Jul 25 2018 HighContrast +drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4.0K Jul 25 2018 Humanity +drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4.0K Jul 25 2018 Humanity-Dark +drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4.0K Jul 25 2018 locolor +drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Feb 25 15:46 LoginIcons +drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Jul 25 2018 redglass +drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4.0K Feb 25 15:46 ubuntu-mono-dark +drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4.0K Feb 25 15:46 ubuntu-mono-light +drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Jul 25 2018 whiteglass +``` + +If you want to execute a file somewhere in a parent directory then use the following format. It will run the following shell file `/usr/share/icons/users-list.sh`. + +``` +$ `bd i`/users-list.sh +or +daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ `bd icon`/users-list.sh +daygeek +thanu +renu +2gadmin +testuser +demouser +sudha +suresh +user1 +user2 +user3 +``` + +If you reside in `/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps` and would you like to navigate to different parent directory then use the following format. The below command will navigate to `/usr/share/icons/gnome` directory. + +``` +$ cd `bd i`/gnome +or +daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ cd `bd icon`/gnome +daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/gnome$ +``` + +If you reside in `/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps` and would you like to create a new directory under `/usr/share/icons/` then use the following format. + +``` +$ daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ sudo mkdir `bd icons`/2g + +daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ ls -ld `bd icon`/2g +drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 16 05:44 /usr/share/icons//2g +``` + +This tutorial allows you to quickly go back to a specific parent directory but there is no option to move forward quickly. + +We have another solution for this, will come up with new solution shortly. Please stay tune with us. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/bd-quickly-go-back-to-a-specific-parent-directory-in-linux/ + +作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/navigate-switch-directory-without-using-cd-command-in-linux/ +[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-get-apt-cache-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/ +[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/ +[4]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wget-command-line-download-utility-tool/ From b5bc57178d99194d1a62b7d2550ce9b9635374c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Fri, 22 Mar 2019 15:47:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 005/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190322=20Printi?= =?UTF-8?q?ng=20from=20the=20Linux=20command=20line=20sources/tech/2019032?= =?UTF-8?q?2=20Printing=20from=20the=20Linux=20command=20line.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...22 Printing from the Linux command line.md | 177 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 177 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190322 Printing from the Linux command line.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190322 Printing from the Linux command line.md b/sources/tech/20190322 Printing from the Linux command line.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..75aec13bb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190322 Printing from the Linux command line.md @@ -0,0 +1,177 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Printing from the Linux command line) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3373502/printing-from-the-linux-command-line.html) +[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) + +Printing from the Linux command line +====== + +There's a lot more to printing from the Linux command line than the lp command. Check out some of the many available options. + +![Sherry \(CC BY 2.0\)][1] + +Printing from the Linux command line is easy. You use the **lp** command to request a print, and **lpq** to see what print jobs are in the queue, but things get a little more complicated when you want to print double-sided or use portrait mode. And there are lots of other things you might want to do — such as printing multiple copies of a document or canceling a print job. Let's check out some options for getting your printouts to look just the way you want them to when you're printing from the command line. + +### Displaying printer settings + +To view your printer settings from the command line, use the **lpoptions** command. The output should look something like this: + +``` +$ lpoptions +copies=1 device-uri=dnssd://HP%20Color%20LaserJet%20CP2025dn%20(F47468)._pdl-datastream._tcp.local/ finishings=3 job-cancel-after=10800 job-hold-until=no-hold job-priority=50 job-sheets=none,none marker-change-time=1553023232 marker-colors=#000000,#00FFFF,#FF00FF,#FFFF00 marker-levels=18,62,62,63 marker-names='Black\ Cartridge\ HP\ CC530A,Cyan\ Cartridge\ HP\ CC531A,Magenta\ Cartridge\ HP\ CC533A,Yellow\ Cartridge\ HP\ CC532A' marker-types=toner,toner,toner,toner number-up=1 printer-commands=none printer-info='HP Color LaserJet CP2025dn (F47468)' printer-is-accepting-jobs=true printer-is-shared=true printer-is-temporary=false printer-location printer-make-and-model='HP Color LaserJet cp2025dn pcl3, hpcups 3.18.7' printer-state=3 printer-state-change-time=1553023232 printer-state-reasons=none printer-type=167964 printer-uri-supported=ipp://localhost/printers/Color-LaserJet-CP2025dn sides=one-sided +``` + +This output is likely to be a little more human-friendly if you turn its blanks into carriage returns. Notice how many settings are listed. + +NOTE: In the output below, some lines have been reconnected to make this output more readable. + +``` +$ lpoptions | tr " " '\n' +copies=1 +device-uri=dnssd://HP%20Color%20LaserJet%20CP2025dn%20(F47468)._pdl-datastream._tcp.local/ +finishings=3 +job-cancel-after=10800 +job-hold-until=no-hold +job-priority=50 +job-sheets=none,none +marker-change-time=1553023232 +marker-colors=#000000,#00FFFF,#FF00FF,#FFFF00 +marker-levels=18,62,62,63 +marker-names='Black\ Cartridge\ HP\ CC530A, +Cyan\ Cartridge\ HP\ CC531A, +Magenta\ Cartridge\ HP\ CC533A, +Yellow\ Cartridge\ HP\ CC532A' +marker-types=toner,toner,toner,toner +number-up=1 +printer-commands=none +printer-info='HP Color LaserJet CP2025dn (F47468)' +printer-is-accepting-jobs=true +printer-is-shared=true +printer-is-temporary=false +printer-location +printer-make-and-model='HP Color LaserJet cp2025dn pcl3, hpcups 3.18.7' +printer-state=3 +printer-state-change-time=1553023232 +printer-state-reasons=none +printer-type=167964 +printer-uri-supported=ipp://localhost/printers/Color-LaserJet-CP2025dn +sides=one-sided +``` + +With the **-v** option, the **lpinfo** command will list drivers and related information. + +``` +$ lpinfo -v +network ipp +network https +network socket +network beh +direct hp +network lpd +file cups-brf:/ +network ipps +network http +direct hpfax +network dnssd://HP%20Color%20LaserJet%20CP2025dn%20(F47468)._pdl-datastream._tcp.local/ <== printer +network socket://192.168.0.23 <== printer IP +``` + +The lpoptions command will show the settings of your default printer. Use the **-p** option to specify one of a number of available printers. + +``` +$ lpoptions -p LaserJet +``` + +The **lpstat -p** command displays the status of a printer while **lpstat -p -d** also lists available printers. + +``` +$ lpstat -p -d +printer Color-LaserJet-CP2025dn is idle. enabled since Tue 19 Mar 2019 05:07:45 PM EDT +system default destination: Color-LaserJet-CP2025dn +``` + +### Useful commands + +To print a document on the default printer, just use the **lp** command followed by the name of the file you want to print. If the filename includes blanks (rare on Linux systems), either put the name in quotes or start entering the file name and press the tab key to invoke file completion (as shown in the second example below). + +``` +$ lp "never leave home angry" +$ lp never\ leave\ home\ angry +``` + +The **lpq** command displays the print queue. + +``` +$ lpq +Color-LaserJet-CP2025dn is ready and printing +Rank Owner Job File(s) Total Size +active shs 234 agenda 2048 bytes +``` + +With the **-n** option, the lp command allows you to specify the number of copies of a printout you want. + +``` +$ lp -n 11 agenda +``` + +To cancel a print job, you can use the **cancel** or **lprm** command. If you don't act quickly, you might see this: + +``` +$ cancel 229 +cancel: cancel-job failed: Job #229 is already completed - can't cancel. +``` + +### Two-sided printing + +To print in two-sided mode, you can issue your lp command with a **sides** option that says both to print on both sides of the paper and which edge to turn the paper on. This setting represents the normal way that you would expect two-sided portrait documents to look. + +``` +$ lp -o sides=two-sided-long-edge Notes.pdf +``` + +If you want all of your documents to print in two-side mode, you can change your lp settings by using the **lpoptions** command to change the setting for **sides**. + +``` +$ lpoptions -o sides=two-sided-short-edge +``` + +To revert to single-sided printing, you would use a command like this one: + +``` +$ lpoptions -o sides=one-sided +``` + +#### Printing in landscape mode + +To print in landscape mode, you would use the **landscape** option with the lp command. + +``` +$ lp -o landscape penguin.jpg +``` + +### CUPS + +The print system used on Linux systems is the standards-based, open source printing system called CUPS, originally standing for **Common Unix Printing System**. It allows a computer to act as a print server. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][2] and [LinkedIn][3] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3373502/printing-from-the-linux-command-line.html + +作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/03/printouts-paper-100791390-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[3]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 57761992c3a1fa3937e284c42115e46c241d9587 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 25 Mar 2019 11:03:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 006/143] PRF:20180719 Building tiny container images.md PART --- ...20180719 Building tiny container images.md | 57 +++++-------------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180719 Building tiny container images.md b/translated/tech/20180719 Building tiny container images.md index e392215ab8..395b6df70c 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180719 Building tiny container images.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180719 Building tiny container images.md @@ -1,113 +1,84 @@ 如何打造更小巧的容器镜像 ====== +> 五种优化 Linux 容器大小和构建更小的镜像的方法。 ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/containers_scale_performance.jpg?itok=R7jyMeQf) -[Docker][1] 近几年的爆炸性发展让大家逐渐了解到容器和容器镜像的概念。尽管 Linux 容器技术在很早之前就已经出现，这项技术近来的蓬勃发展却还是要归功于 Docker 对用户友好的命令行界面以及使用 Dockerfile 轻松构建镜像的方式。纵然 Docker 大大降低了入门容器技术的难度，但构建一个兼具功能强大、体积小巧的容器镜像的过程中，有很多技巧需要了解。 +[Docker][1] 近几年的爆炸性发展让大家逐渐了解到容器和容器镜像的概念。尽管 Linux 容器技术在很早之前就已经出现，这项技术近来的蓬勃发展却还是要归功于 Docker 对用户友好的命令行界面以及使用 Dockerfile 格式轻松构建镜像的方式。纵然 Docker 大大降低了入门容器技术的难度，但构建一个兼具功能强大、体积小巧的容器镜像的过程中，有很多技巧需要了解。 -### 清理不必要的文件 +### 第一步：清理不必要的文件 这一步和在普通服务器上清理文件没有太大的区别，而且要清理得更加仔细。一个小体积的容器镜像在传输方面有很大的优势，同时，在磁盘上存储大量不必要的数据也是对资源的一种浪费。这个原则对于所有服务器来说都是合适的。 清理容器镜像中的缓存文件可以有效缩小镜像体积。下面的对比是分别使用 `dnf` 安装 [Nginx][2] 构建的镜像和使用 `yum` 安装 Nginx 后清理缓存文件构建的镜像： + ``` # Dockerfile with cache - FROM fedora:28 - LABEL maintainer Chris Collins - - RUN dnf install -y nginx - - ----- - - # Dockerfile w/o cache - FROM fedora:28 - LABEL maintainer Chris Collins - - RUN dnf install -y nginx \ - && dnf clean all \ - && rm -rf /var/cache/yum - - ----- - - [chris@krang] $ docker build -t cache -f Dockerfile . - -[chris@krang] $ docker images --format "{{.Repository}}: {{.Size}}" - +[chris@krang] $ docker images --format "{{.Repository}}: {{.Size}}" | head -n 1 - cache: 464 MB - - [chris@krang] $ docker build -t no-cache -f Dockerfile-wo-cache . - [chris@krang] $ docker images --format "{{.Repository}}: {{.Size}}" | head -n 1 - no-cache: 271 MB - ``` -从上面的结果来看，清理缓存文件的效果相当显著。和清除了 `yum` 缓存文件的容器镜像相比，不清除 `dnf` 缓存文件构建出来的容器镜像体积接近前者的两倍。除此以外，包管理器缓存文件、Ruby gem 临时文件、`nodejs` 缓存文件，甚至是下载的源码 tarball 最好都全部清理掉。 +从上面的结果来看，清理缓存文件的效果相当显著。和清除了 `yum` 缓存文件的容器镜像相比，不清除 `dnf` 元数据和缓存文件构建出来的容器镜像体积接近前者的两倍。除此以外，包管理器缓存文件、Ruby gem 临时文件、nodejs 缓存文件，甚至是下载的源码 tarball 最好都全部清理掉。 ### 层：一个潜在的隐患 很不幸（当你往下读，你会发现这是不幸中的万幸），根据容器层的概念，不能简单地向 Dockerfile 中写一句 `RUN rm -rf /var/cache/yum` 就完事儿了。因为 Dockerfile 的每一条命令都以一个层的形式存储，并一层层地叠加。所以，如果你是这样写的： + ``` RUN dnf install -y nginx - RUN dnf clean all - RUN rm -rf /var/cache/yum - ``` -你的容器镜像就会包含三层，而 `RUN dnf install -y nginx` 这一层仍然会保留着那些缓存文件，然后在另外两层中被移除，但缓存仍然是存在的，只是你在最终的容器镜像中见不到它们而已。 +你的容器镜像就会包含三层，而 `RUN dnf install -y nginx` 这一层仍然会保留着那些缓存文件，然后在另外两层中被移除。但缓存仍然是存在的，只是因为你把一个文件系统挂载在另外一个文件系统顶部，文件仍然在那里，只不过你见不到也访问不到它们而已。 在上一节的示例中，你会看到正确的做法是将几条命令连接起来，在产生缓存文件的同一层里把缓存文件清理掉： + ``` RUN dnf install -y nginx \ - && dnf clean all \ - && rm -rf /var/cache/yum - ``` -这样就把几条命令连成了一条命令，在最终的镜像中只占用一个层。这样只会稍微多耗费一点点构建容器镜像的时间，但被清理掉的缓存文件就不会留存在最终的镜像中了。这是一个很好的折中方法，只需要把一些相关的命令（例如 `yum install` 和 `yum clean all`、下载文件、解压文件、移除 tarball 等等）连接成一个命令，就可以在最终的容器镜像中节省出大量体积，Docker 层也能更好地发挥作用。 +这样就把几条命令连成了一条命令，在最终的镜像中只占用一个层。这样只会浪费一点缓存的好处，稍微多耗费一点点构建容器镜像的时间，但被清理掉的缓存文件就不会留存在最终的镜像中了。作为一个折中方法，只需要把一些相关的命令（例如 `yum install` 和 `yum clean all`、下载文件、解压文件、移除 tarball 等等）连接成一个命令，就可以在最终的容器镜像中节省出大量体积，Docker 层也能更好地发挥作用。 -层还有一个更隐蔽的特性。每一层都记录了文件的更改，这里的更改并不仅仅指文件是否存在、文件内容是否被改动，而是包括文件属性在内的所有更改。因此即使是对文件使用了 `chmod` 操作也会被记录在层中。 +层还有一个更隐蔽的特性。每一层都记录了文件的更改，这里的更改并不仅仅指文件是否存在、文件内容是否被改动，而是包括文件属性在内的所有更改。因此即使是对文件使用了 `chmod` 操作也会被在新的层创建文件的副本。 下面是一次 `docker images` 命令的输出内容。其中容器镜像 `layer_test_1` 是仅在 CentOS 基础镜像中增加了一个 1GB 大小的文件后构建出来的镜像，而容器镜像 `layer_test_2` 是使用了 `FROM layer_test_1` 语句，仅仅再执行一条 `chmod u+x` 命令后构建出来的镜像。 + ``` layer_test_2 latest e11b5e58e2fc 7 seconds ago 2.35 GB - layer_test_1 latest 6eca792a4ebe 2 minutes ago 1.27 GB - ``` -如你所见，`layer_test_2` 镜像比 `layer_test_1` 镜像大了 1GB 以上。尽管 `layer_test_2` 基于 `layer_test_1` 且只比 `layer_test_1` 多出一层，但恰好就在这多出来的一层中包含了一个额外的 1GB 的文件。在构建容器镜像的过程中，如果在单独一层中进行移动、更改、删除文件，都会出现类似的结果。 +如你所见，`layer_test_2` 镜像比 `layer_test_1` 镜像大了 1GB 以上。尽管 `layer_test_2` 基于 `layer_test_1` 且，只比 `layer_test_1` 多出一层，但恰好就在这多出来的一层中包含了一个额外的 1GB 的文件。在构建容器镜像的过程中，如果在单独一层中进行移动、更改、删除文件，都会出现类似的结果。 ### 专用镜像和公用镜像 -就有这么一个亲身经历：我们的项目重度依赖于 [Ruby on Rails][3]，于是我们开始使用容器。一开始我们就建立了一个 Ruby 的基础镜像供所有的团队使用，为了简单起见（实际上这样并不好），我们使用 [rbenv][4] 将 Ruby 最新的 4 个版本都安装到了这个镜像当中，目的是让开发人员只用这个镜像就可以将使用不同版本 Ruby 的应用程序迁移到容器中。我们当时还认为这是一个有点大但兼容性相当好的镜像，因为这个镜像可以同时满足各个团队的使用。 +有这么一个亲身经历：我们的项目重度依赖于 [Ruby on Rails][3]，于是我们开始使用容器。一开始我们就建立了一个 Ruby 的基础镜像供所有的团队使用，为了简单起见（实际上这样并不好），我们使用 [rbenv][4] 将 Ruby 最新的 4 个版本都安装到了这个镜像当中，目的是让开发人员只用这个镜像就可以将使用不同版本 Ruby 的应用程序迁移到容器中。我们当时还认为这是一个有点大但兼容性相当好的镜像，因为这个镜像可以同时满足各个团队的使用。 实际上这是费力不讨好的。如果将不同版本应用程序安装在独立的镜像中，可以很轻松地实现镜像的自动化维护。同时，还可以在应用程序接近生命周期结束前提前做好预防措施，以免产生不可控的后果。庞大的公用镜像也会对资源造成浪费，当我们后来将这个庞大的镜像按照 Ruby 版本进行拆分之后，每个基于这些基础镜像构建出来的应用镜像体积都会比原来缩小很多，节省了大量的服务器存储资源。 From 1036a2abb849e4f279569a0f3202bb8e88d91900 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 25 Mar 2019 16:31:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 007/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020171226=20The=20?= =?UTF-8?q?shell=20scripting=20trap=20sources/tech/20171226=20The=20shell?= =?UTF-8?q?=20scripting=20trap.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../tech/20171226 The shell scripting trap.md | 104 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 104 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20171226 The shell scripting trap.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20171226 The shell scripting trap.md b/sources/tech/20171226 The shell scripting trap.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f91620ce98 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20171226 The shell scripting trap.md @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (The shell scripting trap) +[#]: via: (https://arp242.net/weblog/shell-scripting-trap.html) +[#]: author: (Martin Tournoij https://arp242.net/) + +The shell scripting trap +====== + + +Shell scripting is great. It is amazingly simple to create something very useful. Even a simple no-brainer command such as: + +``` +# Official way of naming Go-related things: +$ grep -i ^go /usr/share/dict/american-english /usr/share/dict/british /usr/share/dict/british-english /usr/share/dict/catala /usr/share/dict/catalan /usr/share/dict/cracklib-small /usr/share/dict/finnish /usr/share/dict/french /usr/share/dict/german /usr/share/dict/italian /usr/share/dict/ngerman /usr/share/dict/ogerman /usr/share/dict/spanish /usr/share/dict/usa /usr/share/dict/words | cut -d: -f2 | sort -R | head -n1 +goldfish +``` + +Takes several lines of code and a lot more brainpower in many programming languages. For example in Ruby: + +``` +puts(Dir['/usr/share/dict/*-english'].map do |f| + File.open(f) + .readlines + .select { |l| l[0..1].downcase == 'go' } +end.flatten.sample.chomp) +``` + +The Ruby version isn’t that long, or even especially complicated. But the shell script version was so simple that I didn’t even need to actually test it to make sure it is correct, whereas I did have to test the Ruby version to ensure I didn’t make a mistake. It’s also twice as long and looks a lot more dense. + +This is why people use shell scripts, it’s so easy to make something useful. Here’s is another example: + +``` +curl https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijst_van_Nederlandse_gemeenten | + grep '^
  • (.+).*
    • |\1|' | + grep -Ev '(^Tabel van|^Lijst van|Nederland)' +``` + +This gets a list of all Dutch municipalities. I actually wrote this as a quick one-shot script to populate a database years ago, but it still works fine today, and it took me a minimum of effort to make it. Doing this in e.g. Ruby would take a lot more effort. + +But there’s a downside, as your script grows it will become increasingly harder to maintain, but you also don’t really want to rewrite it to something else, as you’ve already spent so much time on the shell script version. + +This is what I call ‘the shell script trap’, which is a special case of the [sunk cost fallacy][1]. + +And many scripts do grow beyond their original intended size, and often you will spend a lot more time than you should on “fixing that one bug”, or “adding just one small feature”. Rinse, repeat. + +If you had written it in Python or Ruby or another similar language from the start, you would have spent some more time writing the original version, but would have spent much less time maintaining it, while almost certainly having fewer bugs. + +Take my [packman.vim][2] script for example. It started out as a simple `for` loop over all directories and a `git pull` and has grown from there. At about 200 lines it’s hardly the most complex script, but had I written it in Go as I originally planned then it would have been much easier to add support for printing out the status or cloning new repos from a config file. It would also be almost trivial to add support for parallel clones, which is hard (though not impossible) to do correct in a shell script. In hindsight, I would have saved time, and gotten a better result to boot. + +I regret writing most shell scripts I’ve written for similar reasons, and my 2018 new year’s pledge will be to not write any more. + +#### Appendix: the problems + +And to be clear, shell scripting does come with some real limitation. Some examples: + + * Dealing with filenames that contain spaces or other ‘special’ characters requires careful attention to detail. The vast majority of scripts get this wrong, even when written by experienced authors who care about such things (e.g. me), because it’s so easy to do it wrong. [Adding quotes is not enough][3]. + + * There are many “right” and “wrong” ways to do things. Should you use `which` or `command`? Should you use `$@` or `$*`, and should that be quoted? Should you use `cmd $arg` or `cmd "$arg"`? etc. etc. + + * You cannot store any NULL bytes (0x00) in variables; it is very hard to make shell scripts deal with binary data. + + * While you can make something very useful very quickly, implementing more complex algorithms can be very painful – if not nigh-impossible – even when using the ksh/zsh/bash extensions. My ad-hoc HTML parsing in the example above was okay for a quick one-off script, but you really don’t want to do things like that in a production-script. + + * It can be hard to write shell scripts that work well on all platforms. `/bin/sh` could be `dash` or `bash`, and will behave different. External tools such as `grep`, `sed`, etc. may or may not support certain flags. Are you sure that your script works on all versions (past, present, and future) of Linux, macOS, and Windows equally well? + + * Debugging shell scripts can be hard, especially as the syntax can get fairly obscure quite fast, and not everyone is equally well versed in shell scripting. + + * Error handling can be tricky (check `$?` or `set -e`), and doing something more advanced beyond “an error occurred” is practically impossible. + + * Undefined variables are not an error unless you use `set -u`, leading to “fun stuff” like `rm -r ~/$undefined` deleting user’s home dir ([not a theoretical problem][4]). + + * Everything is a string. Some shells add arrays, which works but the syntax is obscure and ugly. Numeric computations with fractions remain tricky and rely on external tools such as `bc` or `dc` (`$(( .. ))` expansion only works for integers). + + + + +**Feedback** + +You can mail me at [martin@arp242.net][5] or [create a GitHub issue][6] for feedback, questions, etc. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://arp242.net/weblog/shell-scripting-trap.html + +作者：[Martin Tournoij][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://arp242.net/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://youarenotsosmart.com/2011/03/25/the-sunk-cost-fallacy/ +[2]: https://github.com/Carpetsmoker/packman.vim +[3]: https://dwheeler.com/essays/filenames-in-shell.html +[4]: https://github.com/ValveSoftware/steam-for-linux/issues/3671 +[5]: mailto:martin@arp242.net +[6]: https://github.com/Carpetsmoker/arp242.net/issues/new From 513f1c26d8e4816ca74b82d1fb23267b6bf56bca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Mick <541913141@qq.com> Date: Tue, 26 Mar 2019 15:59:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 008/143] Update 20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md first pass --- .../20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md | 53 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md index 0992ab6436..2b8ebea729 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md @@ -7,42 +7,42 @@ [#]: via: (https://kerneltalks.com/hardware-config/how-to-add-new-disk-in-linux/) [#]: author: (kerneltalks https://kerneltalks.com) -How to add new disk in Linux +如何在Linux中添加新磁盘 ====== * * * -_Step by step procedure to add disk in Linux machine_ +_在Linux机器中逐步添加磁盘的过程_ ![New disk addition in Linux][1] -In this article we will walk you through steps to add new disk in Linux machine. Adding raw disk to linux machine may very depending upon the type of server you have but once disk is presented to machine, procedure of getting it to mount points is almost same. +在本文中，我们将向您介绍在Linux机器中添加新磁盘的步骤。将原始磁盘添加到 Linux 机器可能非常依赖于您所拥有的服务器类型，但是一旦将磁盘提供给机器，将其添加到挂载点的过程几乎相同。 -**Objective** : Add new 10GB disk to server and create 5GB mount point out of it using LVM and newly created volume group. +**目标** : 向服务器添加新的10GB磁盘，并使用lvm和新创建的卷组创建5GB装载点。 * * * -### Adding raw disk to Linux machine +### 向Linux机器添加原始磁盘 -If you are using AWS EC2 Linux server, you may [follow these steps][2] to add raw disk. If you are on VMware Linux VM you will have different set of steps to follow to add disk. If you are running physical rack mount/blade server then adding disk will be a physical task. +如果您使用的是 AWS EC2 Linux 服务器，您可以 [按照以下步骤][2] 添加原始磁。 如果您使用的是 VMware Linux VM，那么您将有不同的步骤来添加磁盘。如果您正在运行物理机架安装/刀片服务器，那么添加磁盘将是一项物理任务。 -Now once the disk is attached to Linux machine physically/virtually, it will be identified by kernel and then our rally starts. +现在，一旦磁盘物理地/虚拟地连接到 Linux 机器上，它将被内核识别，然后我们就开始了。 * * * -### Identifying newly added disk in Linux +### 识别 Linux 最新添加的磁盘 -After attachment of raw disk, you need to ask kernel to [scan new disk][3]. Mostly its done now automatically by kernel in new versions. +原始磁盘连接后，您需要让内核去 [扫描新磁盘][3]。在新版中，它现在主要是由内核自动完成。 -First thing is to identify newly added disk and its name in kernel. There are numerous ways to achieve this. I will list few – +第一件事是在内核中识别新添加的磁盘及其名称。实现这一点的方法有很多。我将列举少量 – - * You can observer `lsblk` output before and after adding/scanning disk to get new disk name. - * Check newly created disk files in `/dev` filesystem. Match timestamp of file and disk addition time. - * Observer `fdisk -l` output before and after adding/scanning disk to get new disk name. + * 可以在添加/扫描磁盘之前和之后观察 `lsblk` 输出，以获取新的磁盘名。 + * 检查 `/dev` 文件系统中新创建的磁盘文件。匹配文件和磁盘添加时间的时间戳。 + * 观察 `fdisk-l` 添加/扫描磁盘前后的输出，以获取新的磁盘名。 -For our example I am using AWS EC2 server and I added 5GB disk to my server. here is my lsblk output – +对于我们的示例，我使用的是 AWS EC2 服务器，并向服务器添加了 5GB 磁盘。这是我的 lsblk 输出 – ``` @@ -54,25 +54,24 @@ xvda 202:0 0 10G 0 disk xvdf 202:80 0 10G 0 disk ``` -You can see xvdf is our newly added disk. Full path for disk is `/dev/xvdf`. +您可以看到 xvdf 是我们新添加的磁盘。磁盘的完整路径是 `/dev/xvdf`。 * * * -### Add new disk in LVM +### 在 LVM 中添加新磁盘 -We are using LVM here since its widely used and flexible volume manager on Linux plateform. Make sure you have `lvm` or `lvm2` [package installed on your system][4]. If not, [install lvm/lvm2 package][5]. +我们这里使用 LVM，因为它是在 Linux 平台上广泛使用的非常灵活的卷管理器。确认您已安装 `lvm` 或 `lvm2` [安装在系统上的程序包][4]. 如未安装， [安装 lvm/lvm2 程序包][5]. -Now, we are going to add this RAW disk in Logical Volume Manager and create 10GB of mount point out of it. List of commands you need to follow are – +现在，我们将在逻辑卷管理器中添加这个原始磁盘，并从中创建 10GB 的挂接点。所用到的命令如下 – * [pvcreate][6] * [vgcreate][7] * [lvcreate][8] +如果要将磁盘添加到现有挂接点，并使用其空间[扩展挂接点][9] ，则 `vgcreate` 应替换为 `vgextend`。 -If you are willing to add disk to existing mount point and use its space to [extend mount point][9] then `vgcreate` should be replaced by `vgextend`. - -Sample outputs from my session – +会话示例输出 – ``` [root@kerneltalks ~]# pvcreate /dev/xvdf @@ -83,7 +82,7 @@ Sample outputs from my session – Logical volume "lvdata" created. ``` -Now, you have logical volume created. You need to format it with filesystem on your choice and mount it. We are choosing ext4 filesystem here and formatting using `mkfs.ext4` . +现在, 已完成逻辑卷创建。您需要使用所选的文件系统格式化它，并将其装入。我们在这里选择ext4文件系统，并使用 `mkfs.ext4` 进行格式化。 ``` [root@kerneltalks ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/vgdata/lvdata @@ -111,9 +110,9 @@ Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done * * * -### Mounting volume from new disk on mount point +### 在挂载点上从新磁盘挂载卷 -Lets mount the logical volume of 5GB which we created and formatted on /data mount point using `mount` command. +让我们使用 `mount` 命令在 /data 安装点上安装我们创建并格式化的5GB逻辑卷。 ``` [root@kerneltalks ~]# mount /dev/vgdata/lvdata /data @@ -122,9 +121,9 @@ Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/vgdata-lvdata 4.8G 20M 4.6G 1% /data ``` -Verify your mount point with df command as above and you are all done! You can always add an entry in [/etc/fstab][10] to make this mount persistent over reboots. +使用df命令验证您的挂载点，如上所述，您都完成了！您可以始终在 [/etc/fstab][10] 中添加一个条目，以便在重新启动时保持此装载。 -You have attached 10GB disk to Linux machine and created 5GB mount point out of it! +您已将10GB磁盘连接到 Linux 计算机，并创建了 5GB 挂载点！ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -132,7 +131,7 @@ via: https://kerneltalks.com/hardware-config/how-to-add-new-disk-in-linux/ 作者：[kerneltalks][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[luckyele](https://github.com/luckyele/) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 86964506ff68d82bf3163a62688653b1bd9748ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Mick <541913141@qq.com> Date: Tue, 26 Mar 2019 16:10:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 009/143] Update 20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md second pass --- .../20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md | 36 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md index 2b8ebea729..fd33682369 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md @@ -16,34 +16,31 @@ _在Linux机器中逐步添加磁盘的过程_ ![New disk addition in Linux][1] -在本文中，我们将向您介绍在Linux机器中添加新磁盘的步骤。将原始磁盘添加到 Linux 机器可能非常依赖于您所拥有的服务器类型，但是一旦将磁盘提供给机器，将其添加到挂载点的过程几乎相同。 +本文将向您介绍在Linux机器中添加新磁盘的步骤。将原始磁盘添加到 Linux 机器可能非常依赖于您所拥有的服务器类型，但是一旦将磁盘提供给机器，将其添加到挂载点的过程几乎相同。 -**目标** : 向服务器添加新的10GB磁盘，并使用lvm和新创建的卷组创建5GB装载点。 +**目标** : 向服务器添加新的 10GB 磁盘，并使用 lvm 和新创建的卷组创建 5GB 装载点。 * * * -### 向Linux机器添加原始磁盘 +### 向 Linux 机器添加原始磁盘 -如果您使用的是 AWS EC2 Linux 服务器，您可以 [按照以下步骤][2] 添加原始磁。 如果您使用的是 VMware Linux VM，那么您将有不同的步骤来添加磁盘。如果您正在运行物理机架安装/刀片服务器，那么添加磁盘将是一项物理任务。 +如果您使用的是 AWS EC2 Linux 服务器，可以 [按照以下步骤][2] 添加原始磁盘。 如果使用的是 VMware Linux VM，那么需要按照不同的步骤来添加磁盘。如果您正在运行物理机架安装/刀片服务器，那么添加磁盘将是一项物理任务。 -现在，一旦磁盘物理地/虚拟地连接到 Linux 机器上，它将被内核识别，然后我们就开始了。 +一旦磁盘物理/虚拟地连接到 Linux 机器上，它将被内核识别。 * * * ### 识别 Linux 最新添加的磁盘 -原始磁盘连接后，您需要让内核去 [扫描新磁盘][3]。在新版中，它现在主要是由内核自动完成。 +原始磁盘连接后，需要让内核去 [扫描新磁盘][3]。在新版中，它主要是由内核自动完成。 -第一件事是在内核中识别新添加的磁盘及其名称。实现这一点的方法有很多。我将列举少量 – +第一件事是在内核中识别新添加的磁盘及其名称。实现这一点的方法有很多，以下作少量列举 – - * 可以在添加/扫描磁盘之前和之后观察 `lsblk` 输出，以获取新的磁盘名。 + * 可以在添加/扫描磁盘前后观察 `lsblk` 输出，以获取新的磁盘名。 * 检查 `/dev` 文件系统中新创建的磁盘文件。匹配文件和磁盘添加时间的时间戳。 * 观察 `fdisk-l` 添加/扫描磁盘前后的输出，以获取新的磁盘名。 - - -对于我们的示例，我使用的是 AWS EC2 服务器，并向服务器添加了 5GB 磁盘。这是我的 lsblk 输出 – - +在本示例中，我使用的是 AWS EC2 服务器，向服务器添加了 5GB 磁盘。我的 lsblk 输出如下： – ``` [root@kerneltalks ~]# lsblk @@ -54,13 +51,13 @@ xvda 202:0 0 10G 0 disk xvdf 202:80 0 10G 0 disk ``` -您可以看到 xvdf 是我们新添加的磁盘。磁盘的完整路径是 `/dev/xvdf`。 +可以看到 xvdf 是新添加的磁盘。完整路径是 `/dev/xvdf`。 * * * ### 在 LVM 中添加新磁盘 -我们这里使用 LVM，因为它是在 Linux 平台上广泛使用的非常灵活的卷管理器。确认您已安装 `lvm` 或 `lvm2` [安装在系统上的程序包][4]. 如未安装， [安装 lvm/lvm2 程序包][5]. +我们这里使用 LVM，因为它是 Linux 平台上广泛使用的非常灵活的卷管理器。确认已安装 `lvm` 或 `lvm2` [安装在系统上的程序包][4]. 如未安装，请 [安装 lvm/lvm2 程序包][5]. 现在，我们将在逻辑卷管理器中添加这个原始磁盘，并从中创建 10GB 的挂接点。所用到的命令如下 – @@ -68,10 +65,9 @@ xvdf 202:80 0 10G 0 disk * [vgcreate][7] * [lvcreate][8] +如果要将磁盘添加到现有挂接点，并使用其空间来[扩展挂接点][9] ，则 `vgcreate` 应替换为 `vgextend`。 -如果要将磁盘添加到现有挂接点，并使用其空间[扩展挂接点][9] ，则 `vgcreate` 应替换为 `vgextend`。 - -会话示例输出 – +会话示例输出如下： – ``` [root@kerneltalks ~]# pvcreate /dev/xvdf @@ -82,7 +78,7 @@ xvdf 202:80 0 10G 0 disk Logical volume "lvdata" created. ``` -现在, 已完成逻辑卷创建。您需要使用所选的文件系统格式化它，并将其装入。我们在这里选择ext4文件系统，并使用 `mkfs.ext4` 进行格式化。 +现在, 已完成逻辑卷创建。您需要使用所选的文件系统格式化它，并将其载入。在这里选择ext4文件系统，并使用 `mkfs.ext4` 进行格式化。 ``` [root@kerneltalks ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/vgdata/lvdata @@ -112,7 +108,7 @@ Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done ### 在挂载点上从新磁盘挂载卷 -让我们使用 `mount` 命令在 /data 安装点上安装我们创建并格式化的5GB逻辑卷。 +使用 `mount` 命令，在 /data 安装点上安装已创建并格式化的5GB逻辑卷。 ``` [root@kerneltalks ~]# mount /dev/vgdata/lvdata /data @@ -121,7 +117,7 @@ Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/vgdata-lvdata 4.8G 20M 4.6G 1% /data ``` -使用df命令验证您的挂载点，如上所述，您都完成了！您可以始终在 [/etc/fstab][10] 中添加一个条目，以便在重新启动时保持此装载。 +使用df命令验证挂载点。如上所述，您都完成了！您可以在 [/etc/fstab][10] 中添加一个条目，以便在重新启动时保持此装载。 您已将10GB磁盘连接到 Linux 计算机，并创建了 5GB 挂载点！ From 313af88fa08686cd7fd53ce34f5218c5ca49c32b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Mick <541913141@qq.com> Date: Tue, 26 Mar 2019 16:14:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 010/143] Update 20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md three --- sources/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md index fd33682369..0b325c9743 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (luckyele) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 7c415ddce83b23905bcae5342e5cd26d53de5fbe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: luckyele <541913141@qq.com> Date: Tue, 26 Mar 2019 16:41:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 011/143] translated 20190321 add new disk --- .../tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md rename to translated/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md From 4c69cc8d2c77cac19110a7d21d1e76b96aa19a3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Joseph.L.Meng" Date: Wed, 27 Mar 2019 01:47:57 +1100 Subject: [PATCH 012/143] Update 20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md Apply for a new article translation --- .../tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md b/sources/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md index 2936591150..8954b52c82 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md +++ b/sources/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -### fuzheng1998 reapplying +[#]: translator: (Modrisco) 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine ====== ![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/wine-games-feat.jpg) From e99ffbf567bf22cdb1c0434ab75ddce305eb9167 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Joseph.L.Meng" Date: Wed, 27 Mar 2019 01:53:51 +1100 Subject: [PATCH 013/143] Update 20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md --- .../tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md b/sources/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md index 8954b52c82..e5b4a4e828 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md +++ b/sources/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -[#]: translator: (Modrisco) +Modrisco is translating 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine ====== ![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/wine-games-feat.jpg) From 2881b5897bb96699b3f5e3f26cb971cd362d7fe2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 27 Mar 2019 00:35:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 014/143] PRF:20180719 Building tiny container images.md Part2 --- ...20180719 Building tiny container images.md | 28 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180719 Building tiny container images.md b/translated/tech/20180719 Building tiny container images.md index 395b6df70c..27194c6160 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180719 Building tiny container images.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180719 Building tiny container images.md @@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/containers_scale_performance.jpg?itok=R7jyMeQf) -[Docker][1] 近几年的爆炸性发展让大家逐渐了解到容器和容器镜像的概念。尽管 Linux 容器技术在很早之前就已经出现，这项技术近来的蓬勃发展却还是要归功于 Docker 对用户友好的命令行界面以及使用 Dockerfile 格式轻松构建镜像的方式。纵然 Docker 大大降低了入门容器技术的难度，但构建一个兼具功能强大、体积小巧的容器镜像的过程中，有很多技巧需要了解。 +[Docker][1] 近几年的爆炸性发展让大家逐渐了解到容器和容器镜像的概念。尽管 Linux 容器技术在很早之前就已经出现，但这项技术近来的蓬勃发展却还是要归功于 Docker 对用户友好的命令行界面以及使用 Dockerfile 格式轻松构建镜像的方式。纵然 Docker 大大降低了入门容器技术的难度，但构建一个兼具功能强大、体积小巧的容器镜像的过程中，有很多技巧需要了解。 ### 第一步：清理不必要的文件 -这一步和在普通服务器上清理文件没有太大的区别，而且要清理得更加仔细。一个小体积的容器镜像在传输方面有很大的优势，同时，在磁盘上存储大量不必要的数据也是对资源的一种浪费。这个原则对于所有服务器来说都是合适的。 +这一步和在普通服务器上清理文件没有太大的区别，而且要清理得更加仔细。一个小体积的容器镜像在传输方面有很大的优势，同时，在磁盘上存储不必要的数据的多个副本也是对资源的一种浪费。因此，这些技术对于容器来说应该比有大量专用内存的服务器更加需要。 -清理容器镜像中的缓存文件可以有效缩小镜像体积。下面的对比是分别使用 `dnf` 安装 [Nginx][2] 构建的镜像和使用 `yum` 安装 Nginx 后清理缓存文件构建的镜像： +清理容器镜像中的缓存文件可以有效缩小镜像体积。下面的对比是使用 `dnf` 安装 [Nginx][2] 构建的镜像，分别是清理和没有清理 yum 缓存文件的结果： ``` # Dockerfile with cache @@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ cache: 464 MB no-cache: 271 MB ``` -从上面的结果来看，清理缓存文件的效果相当显著。和清除了 `yum` 缓存文件的容器镜像相比，不清除 `dnf` 元数据和缓存文件构建出来的容器镜像体积接近前者的两倍。除此以外，包管理器缓存文件、Ruby gem 临时文件、nodejs 缓存文件，甚至是下载的源码 tarball 最好都全部清理掉。 +从上面的结果来看，清理缓存文件的效果相当显著。和清除了元数据和缓存文件的容器镜像相比，不清除的镜像体积接近前者的两倍。除此以外，包管理器缓存文件、Ruby gem 的临时文件、nodejs 缓存文件，甚至是下载的源码 tarball 最好都全部清理掉。 ### 层：一个潜在的隐患 -很不幸（当你往下读，你会发现这是不幸中的万幸），根据容器层的概念，不能简单地向 Dockerfile 中写一句 `RUN rm -rf /var/cache/yum` 就完事儿了。因为 Dockerfile 的每一条命令都以一个层的形式存储，并一层层地叠加。所以，如果你是这样写的： +很不幸（当你往下读，你会发现这是不幸中的万幸），根据容器中的层的概念，不能简单地向 Dockerfile 中写一句 `RUN rm -rf /var/cache/yum` 就完事儿了。因为 Dockerfile 的每一条命令都以一个层的形式存储，并一层层地叠加。所以，如果你是这样写的： ``` RUN dnf install -y nginx @@ -53,9 +53,9 @@ RUN dnf clean all RUN rm -rf /var/cache/yum ``` -你的容器镜像就会包含三层，而 `RUN dnf install -y nginx` 这一层仍然会保留着那些缓存文件，然后在另外两层中被移除。但缓存仍然是存在的，只是因为你把一个文件系统挂载在另外一个文件系统顶部，文件仍然在那里，只不过你见不到也访问不到它们而已。 +你的容器镜像就会包含三层，而 `RUN dnf install -y nginx` 这一层仍然会保留着那些缓存文件，然后在另外两层中被移除。但缓存实际上仍然是存在的，当你把一个文件系统挂载在另外一个文件系统之上时，文件仍然在那里，只不过你见不到也访问不到它们而已。 -在上一节的示例中，你会看到正确的做法是将几条命令连接起来，在产生缓存文件的同一层里把缓存文件清理掉： +在上一节的示例中，你会看到正确的做法是将几条命令链接起来，在产生缓存文件的同一条 Dockerfile 指令里把缓存文件清理掉： ``` RUN dnf install -y nginx \ @@ -63,26 +63,26 @@ RUN dnf install -y nginx \ && rm -rf /var/cache/yum ``` -这样就把几条命令连成了一条命令，在最终的镜像中只占用一个层。这样只会浪费一点缓存的好处，稍微多耗费一点点构建容器镜像的时间，但被清理掉的缓存文件就不会留存在最终的镜像中了。作为一个折中方法，只需要把一些相关的命令（例如 `yum install` 和 `yum clean all`、下载文件、解压文件、移除 tarball 等等）连接成一个命令，就可以在最终的容器镜像中节省出大量体积，Docker 层也能更好地发挥作用。 +这样就把几条命令连成了一条命令，在最终的镜像中只占用一个层。这样只会浪费一点缓存的好处，稍微多耗费一点点构建容器镜像的时间，但被清理掉的缓存文件就不会留存在最终的镜像中了。作为一个折衷方法，只需要把一些相关的命令（例如 `yum install` 和 `yum clean all`、下载文件、解压文件、移除 tarball 等等）连接成一个命令，就可以在最终的容器镜像中节省出大量体积，你也能够利用 Docker 的缓存加快开发速度。 -层还有一个更隐蔽的特性。每一层都记录了文件的更改，这里的更改并不仅仅指文件是否存在、文件内容是否被改动，而是包括文件属性在内的所有更改。因此即使是对文件使用了 `chmod` 操作也会被在新的层创建文件的副本。 +层还有一个更隐蔽的特性。每一层都记录了文件的更改，这里的更改并不仅仅已有的文件累加起来，而是包括文件属性在内的所有更改。因此即使是对文件使用了 `chmod` 操作也会被在新的层创建文件的副本。 -下面是一次 `docker images` 命令的输出内容。其中容器镜像 `layer_test_1` 是仅在 CentOS 基础镜像中增加了一个 1GB 大小的文件后构建出来的镜像，而容器镜像 `layer_test_2` 是使用了 `FROM layer_test_1` 语句，仅仅再执行一条 `chmod u+x` 命令后构建出来的镜像。 +下面是一次 `docker images` 命令的输出内容。其中容器镜像 `layer_test_1` 是在 CentOS 基础镜像中增加了一个 1GB 大小的文件后构建出来的镜像，而容器镜像 `layer_test_2` 是使用了 `FROM layer_test_1` 语句创建出来的，除了执行一条 `chmod u+x` 命令没有做任何改变。 ``` layer_test_2 latest e11b5e58e2fc 7 seconds ago 2.35 GB layer_test_1 latest 6eca792a4ebe 2 minutes ago 1.27 GB ``` -如你所见，`layer_test_2` 镜像比 `layer_test_1` 镜像大了 1GB 以上。尽管 `layer_test_2` 基于 `layer_test_1` 且，只比 `layer_test_1` 多出一层，但恰好就在这多出来的一层中包含了一个额外的 1GB 的文件。在构建容器镜像的过程中，如果在单独一层中进行移动、更改、删除文件，都会出现类似的结果。 +如你所见，`layer_test_2` 镜像比 `layer_test_1` 镜像大了 1GB 以上。尽管事实上 `layer_test_1` 只是 `layer_test_2` 的前一层，但隐藏在这第二层中有一个额外的 1GB 的文件。在构建容器镜像的过程中，如果在单独一层中进行移动、更改、删除文件，都会出现类似的结果。 ### 专用镜像和公用镜像 -有这么一个亲身经历：我们的项目重度依赖于 [Ruby on Rails][3]，于是我们开始使用容器。一开始我们就建立了一个 Ruby 的基础镜像供所有的团队使用，为了简单起见（实际上这样并不好），我们使用 [rbenv][4] 将 Ruby 最新的 4 个版本都安装到了这个镜像当中，目的是让开发人员只用这个镜像就可以将使用不同版本 Ruby 的应用程序迁移到容器中。我们当时还认为这是一个有点大但兼容性相当好的镜像，因为这个镜像可以同时满足各个团队的使用。 +有这么一个亲身经历：我们的项目重度依赖于 [Ruby on Rails][3]，于是我们开始使用容器。一开始我们就建立了一个官方的 Ruby 的基础镜像供所有的团队使用，为了简单起见（“这就是我们自己在服务器上瞎鼓捣的想法”），我们使用 [rbenv][4] 将 Ruby 最新的 4 个版本都安装到了这个镜像当中，目的是让开发人员只用这个单一的镜像就可以将使用不同版本 Ruby 的应用程序迁移到容器中。我们当时还认为这是一个有点大但兼容性相当好的镜像，因为这个镜像可以同时满足各个团队的使用。 -实际上这是费力不讨好的。如果将不同版本应用程序安装在独立的镜像中，可以很轻松地实现镜像的自动化维护。同时，还可以在应用程序接近生命周期结束前提前做好预防措施，以免产生不可控的后果。庞大的公用镜像也会对资源造成浪费，当我们后来将这个庞大的镜像按照 Ruby 版本进行拆分之后，每个基于这些基础镜像构建出来的应用镜像体积都会比原来缩小很多，节省了大量的服务器存储资源。 +实际上这是费力不讨好的。如果将略微不同的版本的应用程序安装在独立的镜像中，可以很轻松地实现镜像的自动化维护。同时，选择特定版本的特定镜像，还有助于在引入破坏性改变，在应用程序接近生命周期结束前提前做好预防措施，以免产生不可控的后果。庞大的公用镜像也会对资源造成浪费，当我们后来将这个庞大的镜像按照 Ruby 版本进行拆分之后，我们最终得到了共享一个基础镜像的多个镜像，如果它们都放在一个服务器上，会额外多占用一点空间，但是要比安装了多个版本的巨型镜像要小得多。 -这个例子也不是说不能追求镜像的兼容性，但仅对于这个例子来说，分拆成多个小的专用镜像无疑能够节省存储资源和维护成本，同时不同的团队也能够根据特定的需求来做定制化的配置。 +这个例子也不是说构建一个灵活的镜像是没用的，但仅对于这个例子来说，从一个公共镜像创建根据用途而构建的镜像最终将节省存储资源和维护成本，而在受益于维护公共基础镜像的好处的同时，每个团队也能够根据需要来做定制化的配置。 ### 从零开始：将你需要的内容添加到空白镜像中 From 45b796e09c2560f9cb662635e12d25e20196ccfc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: lctt-bot Date: Tue, 26 Mar 2019 17:00:28 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 015/143] Revert "[translating] The Rise and Demise of RSS" This reverts commit da9004c69eb78b88d4da0b453b9c9663b450efef. --- sources/talk/20180916 The Rise and Demise of RSS.md | 1 - 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20180916 The Rise and Demise of RSS.md b/sources/talk/20180916 The Rise and Demise of RSS.md index d7f5c610b6..8511d220d9 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20180916 The Rise and Demise of RSS.md +++ b/sources/talk/20180916 The Rise and Demise of RSS.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -name1e5s translating The Rise and Demise of RSS ====== There are two stories here. The first is a story about a vision of the web’s future that never quite came to fruition. The second is a story about how a collaborative effort to improve a popular standard devolved into one of the most contentious forks in the history of open-source software development. From 1e0e94e4f5d4cd46c99a0eb9993e7eaa3336f4aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: lctt-bot Date: Tue, 26 Mar 2019 17:00:42 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 016/143] Revert "translating by sugarfillet" This reverts commit 8b6c09b4d2f794474dcdc30bfa5cef68b01b476d. --- .../tech/20190204 Top 5 open source network monitoring tools.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190204 Top 5 open source network monitoring tools.md b/sources/tech/20190204 Top 5 open source network monitoring tools.md index afbcae9833..5b6e7f1bfa 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190204 Top 5 open source network monitoring tools.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190204 Top 5 open source network monitoring tools.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (sugarfillet) +[#]: translator: ( ) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 8179fe9383aa576965626deea419264183d23c2f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 27 Mar 2019 07:27:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 017/143] PRF:20180719 Building tiny container images.md Part3 --- translated/tech/20180719 Building tiny container images.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180719 Building tiny container images.md b/translated/tech/20180719 Building tiny container images.md index 27194c6160..0c381347be 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180719 Building tiny container images.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180719 Building tiny container images.md @@ -78,11 +78,11 @@ layer_test_1 latest 6eca792a4ebe 2 minutes ago ### 专用镜像和公用镜像 -有这么一个亲身经历：我们的项目重度依赖于 [Ruby on Rails][3]，于是我们开始使用容器。一开始我们就建立了一个官方的 Ruby 的基础镜像供所有的团队使用，为了简单起见（“这就是我们自己在服务器上瞎鼓捣的想法”），我们使用 [rbenv][4] 将 Ruby 最新的 4 个版本都安装到了这个镜像当中，目的是让开发人员只用这个单一的镜像就可以将使用不同版本 Ruby 的应用程序迁移到容器中。我们当时还认为这是一个有点大但兼容性相当好的镜像，因为这个镜像可以同时满足各个团队的使用。 +有这么一个亲身经历：我们部门重度依赖于 [Ruby on Rails][3]，于是我们开始使用容器。一开始我们就建立了一个正式的 Ruby 的基础镜像供所有的团队使用，为了简单起见（以及在“这就是我们自己在服务器上瞎鼓捣的想法”的指导下），我们使用 [rbenv][4] 将 Ruby 最新的 4 个版本都安装到了这个镜像当中，目的是让开发人员只用这个单一的镜像就可以将使用不同版本 Ruby 的应用程序迁移到容器中。我们当时还认为这是一个虽然非常大但兼容性相当好的镜像，因为这个镜像可以同时满足各个团队的使用。 -实际上这是费力不讨好的。如果将略微不同的版本的应用程序安装在独立的镜像中，可以很轻松地实现镜像的自动化维护。同时，选择特定版本的特定镜像，还有助于在引入破坏性改变，在应用程序接近生命周期结束前提前做好预防措施，以免产生不可控的后果。庞大的公用镜像也会对资源造成浪费，当我们后来将这个庞大的镜像按照 Ruby 版本进行拆分之后，我们最终得到了共享一个基础镜像的多个镜像，如果它们都放在一个服务器上，会额外多占用一点空间，但是要比安装了多个版本的巨型镜像要小得多。 +实际上这是费力不讨好的。如果维护独立的、版本略微不同的镜像中，可以很轻松地实现镜像的自动化维护。同时，选择特定版本的特定镜像，还有助于在引入破坏性改变，在应用程序接近生命周期结束前提前做好预防措施，以免产生不可控的后果。庞大的公用镜像也会对资源造成浪费，当我们后来将这个庞大的镜像按照 Ruby 版本进行拆分之后，我们最终得到了共享一个基础镜像的多个镜像，如果它们都放在一个服务器上，会额外多占用一点空间，但是要比安装了多个版本的巨型镜像要小得多。 -这个例子也不是说构建一个灵活的镜像是没用的，但仅对于这个例子来说，从一个公共镜像创建根据用途而构建的镜像最终将节省存储资源和维护成本，而在受益于维护公共基础镜像的好处的同时，每个团队也能够根据需要来做定制化的配置。 +这个例子也不是说构建一个灵活的镜像是没用的，但仅对于这个例子来说，从一个公共镜像创建根据用途而构建的镜像最终将节省存储资源和维护成本，而在受益于公共基础镜像的好处的同时，每个团队也能够根据需要来做定制化的配置。 ### 从零开始：将你需要的内容添加到空白镜像中 From 07fe196207caddc526b8784afc4c21dcc20dd0bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 27 Mar 2019 08:52:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 018/143] translated --- ...th with Mathematica on the Raspberry Pi.md | 49 ------------------- ...th with Mathematica on the Raspberry Pi.md | 49 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190312 Do advanced math with Mathematica on the Raspberry Pi.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190312 Do advanced math with Mathematica on the Raspberry Pi.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190312 Do advanced math with Mathematica on the Raspberry Pi.md b/sources/tech/20190312 Do advanced math with Mathematica on the Raspberry Pi.md deleted file mode 100644 index dde3eb730d..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190312 Do advanced math with Mathematica on the Raspberry Pi.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,49 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Do advanced math with Mathematica on the Raspberry Pi) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/do-math-raspberry-pi) -[#]: author: (Anderson Silva https://opensource.com/users/ansilva) - -Do advanced math with Mathematica on the Raspberry Pi -====== -Wolfram bundles a version of Mathematica with Raspbian. Learn how to use it in the 12th article in our series on getting started with Raspberry Pi. - -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/edu_math_formulas.png?itok=B59mYTG3) - -In the mid-'90s, I started college as a math major, and, even though I graduated with a computer science degree, I had taken enough classes to graduate with a minor—and only two classes short of a double-major—in math. At the time, I was introduced to an application called [Mathematica][1] by [Wolfram][2], where we would take many of our algebraic and differential equations from the blackboard into the computer. I spent a few hours a month in the lab learning the Wolfram Language and solving integrals and such on Mathematica. - -Mathematica was closed source and expensive for a college student, so it was a nice surprise to see almost 20 years later Wolfram bundling a version of Mathematica with Raspbian and the Raspberry Pi. If you decide to use another Debian-based distribution, you can [download it][3] on your Pi. Note that this version is free for non-commercial use only. - -The Raspberry Pi Foundation's [introduction to Mathematica][4] covers some basic concepts such as variables and loops, solving some math problems, creating graphs, doing linear algebra, and even interacting with the GPIO pins through the application. - -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/raspberrypi_12_mathematica_batman-plot.png) - -To dive deeper into Mathematica, check out the [Wolfram Language documentation][5]. If you just want to solve some basic calculus problems, [check out its functions][6]. And read this tutorial if you want to [plot some 2D and 3D graphs][7]. - -Or, if you want to stick with open source tools while doing math, check out the command-line tools **expr** , **factor** , and **bc**. (Remember to use the [**man** command][8] to read up on these utilities.) And if you want to graph something, [Gnuplot][9] is a great option. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/do-math-raspberry-pi - -作者：[Anderson Silva][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ansilva -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Mathematica -[2]: https://wolfram.com/ -[3]: https://www.wolfram.com/raspberry-pi/ -[4]: https://projects.raspberrypi.org/en/projects/getting-started-with-mathematica/ -[5]: https://www.wolfram.com/language/ -[6]: https://reference.wolfram.com/language/guide/Calculus.html -[7]: https://reference.wolfram.com/language/howto/PlotAGraph.html -[8]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/learn-linux-raspberry-pi -[9]: http://gnuplot.info/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190312 Do advanced math with Mathematica on the Raspberry Pi.md b/translated/tech/20190312 Do advanced math with Mathematica on the Raspberry Pi.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..74d8c6798d --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190312 Do advanced math with Mathematica on the Raspberry Pi.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Do advanced math with Mathematica on the Raspberry Pi) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/do-math-raspberry-pi) +[#]: author: (Anderson Silva https://opensource.com/users/ansilva) + +在树莓派上使用 Mathematica 进行高级数学运算 +====== +Wolfram 将一个版本 Mathematica 捆绑到了 Raspbian 中。在我们关于树莓派入门系列的第 12 篇文章中学习如何使用它。 + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/edu_math_formulas.png?itok=B59mYTG3) + +在 90 年代中期，我进入了大学数学专业，即使我以计算机科学学位毕业，第二专业数学我已经上了足够的课程，但还有两门小课没有上。当时，我被介绍了 [Wolfram][2] 中一个名为[Mathematica][1] 的应用，我们可以将黑板上的许多代数和微分方程输入计算机。我每月花几个小时在实验室学习 Wolfram 语言并在 Mathematica 上解决积分等问题。 + +对于大学生来说 Mathematica 是闭源而且昂贵的，因此在差不多 20 年后，看到 Wolfram 将一个版本的 Mathematica 与 Raspbian 和 Raspberry Pi 捆绑在一起是一个惊喜。如果你决定使用另一个基于 Debian 的发行版，你可以从这里[下载][3]。请注意，此版本仅供非商业用途免费使用。 + +树莓派基金会的 [Mathematica 简介][4]页面介绍了一些基本概念，如变量和循环、解决一些数学问题、创建图形、做线性代数，甚至通过应用与 GPIO 引脚交互。 + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/raspberrypi_12_mathematica_batman-plot.png) + +要深入了解 Mathematica，请查看 [Wolfram 语言文档][5]。如果你只是想解决一些基本的微积分问题，请[查看它的函数][6]部分。如果你想[绘制一些 2D 和 3D 图形][7]，请阅读链接的教程。 + +或者，如果你想在做数学运算时坚持使用开源工具，请查看命令行工具 **expr**、**factor** 和 **bc**。（记住使用 [**man** 命令][8] 阅读使用帮助）如果想画图，[Gnuplot][9] 是个不错的选择。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/do-math-raspberry-pi + +作者：[Anderson Silva][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ansilva +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Mathematica +[2]: https://wolfram.com/ +[3]: https://www.wolfram.com/raspberry-pi/ +[4]: https://projects.raspberrypi.org/en/projects/getting-started-with-mathematica/ +[5]: https://www.wolfram.com/language/ +[6]: https://reference.wolfram.com/language/guide/Calculus.html +[7]: https://reference.wolfram.com/language/howto/PlotAGraph.html +[8]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/learn-linux-raspberry-pi +[9]: http://gnuplot.info/ \ No newline at end of file From 4bfc36cfa6bea51d1060ce7571efa1831edde8b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 27 Mar 2019 08:56:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 019/143] translating --- ...0190311 7 resources for learning to use your Raspberry Pi.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190311 7 resources for learning to use your Raspberry Pi.md b/sources/tech/20190311 7 resources for learning to use your Raspberry Pi.md index 4ee4fdf8c8..3989b3993b 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190311 7 resources for learning to use your Raspberry Pi.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190311 7 resources for learning to use your Raspberry Pi.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From d3c70f751191c403370ef16cb6a16badede2763e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 27 Mar 2019 09:35:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 020/143] PRF:20190318 How to host your own webfonts.md @zhs852 --- .../20190318 How to host your own webfonts.md | 27 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190318 How to host your own webfonts.md b/translated/tech/20190318 How to host your own webfonts.md index b9dbe3e952..8839ad0c66 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190318 How to host your own webfonts.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190318 How to host your own webfonts.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (zhs852) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (How to host your own webfonts) @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ ![开源字体][1] -字体对许多计算机用户来说可能都是很神秘的东西。举个例子，你在制作好一张很酷的传单之后，你需要将它送到某个地方去打印，结果发现，你设计的所有字体都变成了 Arial，这多半是因为打印店没用安装你设计用到的那些字体。不过，我们仍有很多方法来避免这种情况：你可以将它封装为 PDF，或是列出所需字体。不过，我们总会忘记一些事情，所以这仍是一个问题。 +字体对许多计算机用户来说可能都是很神秘的东西。举个例子，你在制作好一张很酷的传单之后，你需要将它送到某个地方去打印，结果发现，你设计的所有字体都变成了 Arial，这多半是因为打印店没用安装你设计用到的那些字体。不过，我们仍有很多方法来避免这种情况：你可以将这些使用特定字体的单词转换为路径，你也可以将它封装为 PDF，或是把开源字体封装到你的设计文件中，或者至少列出所需字体。不过，我们总会忘记一些事情，所以这仍是一个问题。 Web 上也有类似的问题。如果你对 CSS 有所了解，你可能会见过这种声明： @@ -22,25 +22,25 @@ Web 上也有类似的问题。如果你对 CSS 有所了解，你可能会见 h1 { font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, serif; } ``` -这是设计师正在尝试定义网站使用要用到的特定字体，如果用户没有安装 Times New Roman 这个字体，便会回落到另一个字体；如果用户也没有安装 Times 这个字体，便再次回落。这种方法比使用图片更好，但是在没有字体托管的情况下，这仍是一种棘手且不雅观的方法。不过，在早期的互联网时代，我们不得不这样做。 +这是设计师正在尝试定义网站使用要用到的特定字体，如果用户没有安装 Times New Roman 这个字体，便会回落到另一个字体；如果用户也没有安装 Times 这个字体，便再次回落。它比使用图片而不是文本更好一些，但是在没有字体托管的情况下，这仍是一种棘手且不雅观的方法。不过，在早期的互联网时代，我们不得不这样做。 ### 在线字体 -在线字体的登场，把字体管理从客户端搬上了服务端。如今网页上的字体通常由服务器为客户端渲染，而不是请求浏览器从用户的系统中查找字体。谷歌和其它供应商托管了许多开源字体，网站设计师们可以很轻松的用 CSS 来引用它们。 +在线字体的登场，把字体管理从客户端搬上了服务端。如今网页上的字体通常由服务器为客户端渲染，而不是要求浏览器从用户的系统中查找字体。谷歌和其它供应商托管了许多开源字体，网站设计师们可以很轻松的用 CSS 来引用它们。 -不过，问题是，引用这些字体并不是不花费任何代价的。虽然引用它们免费，但是像谷歌这样的大头喜欢跟踪那些引用它们资源的网站，其中就包括了字体资源。如果你不想你的网站帮谷歌记录每个人的活动，你可以自己托管在线字体。别觉得这很难，它其实是很简单的，大概流程就是上传字体到你的主机，再使用一个简单的 CSS 便可完成。这样做还有个好处，你的网站能更快地加载，因为它会在加载每个页面的时候进行更少的外部调用。 +不过，问题是，引用这些字体并不是不花费任何代价的。虽然引用它们免费，但是像谷歌这样的巨头喜欢跟踪那些引用它们资源的网站，其中就包括了字体资源。如果你不想你的网站帮谷歌记录每个人的活动，你可以自己托管在线字体。别觉得这很难，它其实是很简单的，大概流程就是上传字体到你的主机，再使用一个简单的 CSS 便可完成。这样做还有个好处，你的网站能更快地加载，因为它会在加载每个页面的时候进行更少的外部调用。 ### 自托管在线字体 -首先，你需要一个开源字体。如果你没有了解过那些令人费解的软件协议，你可能会感到很疑惑，特别是很多字体看起来都是免费的。我们中应该很少有人有字体付费意识，但是他们却在电脑上安装了一些高价的字体。不过，多亏了授权协议，它使得你的电脑可以和 [复制和再分发行为未经过法律允许][2] 一起运送往任何地方。像 Arial、Verdana、Calibri、Georgia、Impact、Lucida 和 Lucida Grande、Times 和 Times New Roman、Trebuchet、Geneva 以及其它的很多字体都是被微软、苹果和 Adobe 这种大公司所拥有的。如果你购买了一台预装了 Windows 或 macOS 的电脑，你就获得了使用这些字体的权利，但是你并没有获得那些禁止上传至服务器字体的所有权（除非额外说明）。 +首先，你需要一个开源字体。如果你没有了解过那些令人费解的软件协议，你可能会感到很疑惑，特别是很多字体看起来都是免费的。我们中应该很少有人有字体付费意识，但是他们却在电脑上安装了一些高价的字体。不过，由于授权协议，它使得你的电脑也许带着一些 [法律上不允许复制和再分发][2] 的字体。像 Arial、Verdana、Calibri、Georgia、Impact、Lucida 和 Lucida Grande、Times 和 Times New Roman、Trebuchet、Geneva 以及其它的很多字体都是被微软、苹果和 Adobe 这种大公司所拥有的。如果你购买了一台预装了 Windows 或 macOS 的电脑，你就获得了使用这些字体的权利，但是你并没有拥有那些字体，也没有被许可上传它们至服务器（除非额外说明）。 -幸运的事，开源热潮在很久以前席卷了字体界。然后就有了许多优秀的开源字体合集，比如 [The League of Moveable Type][3]、[Font Library][4] 以及 [Omnibus Type][5]，甚至还有一些来自 [Google][6] 和 [Adobe][7] 的字体。 +幸运的事，开源热潮在很久以前就席卷了字体界。然后就有了许多优秀的开源字体的合集和项目，比如 [The League of Moveable Type][3]、[Font Library][4] 以及 [Omnibus Type][5]，甚至还有一些来自 [Google][6] 和 [Adobe][7] 的字体。 常见的字体格式有 TTF、OTF、WOFF、EOT 等。因为 Sorts Mill Goudy 发行过 WOFFWeb Open Font Format（互联网开放字体格式，Mozilla 参与了部分开发）版本，所以下文中我会用它来做例子。当然，其它字体的方法也是一样的。 假设你想在你的网站上使用 [Sorts Mill Goudy][8] 这个字体： - 1. 将字体文件 **GoudyStM-webfont.woff** 上传至你的服务器： +1、将字体文件 `GoudyStM-webfont.woff` 上传至你的服务器： ``` scp GoudyStM-webfont.woff seth@example.com:~/www/fonts/ @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ scp GoudyStM-webfont.woff seth@example.com:~/www/fonts/ 你的主机可能带有像 cPanel 这样的图形化工具，通过它们上传也是一样的。 - 2. 在你网站的 CSS 文件中，添加 **@font-face** 语句，添加后应该和这个差不多： +2、在你网站的 CSS 文件中，添加 `@font-face` 语句，添加后应该和这个差不多： ``` @font-face { @@ -57,11 +57,11 @@ scp GoudyStM-webfont.woff seth@example.com:~/www/fonts/ } ``` -**font-family** 的值是你来决定的。这是一个易于理解的名字，它决定了要使用的字体。我在这里使用“titlefont”作为例子，因为我希望它被用来显示标题字体。你也可以使用“officialfont”和“myfont”这样的名字。 +`font-family` 的值是你来决定的。这是一个易于理解的名字，它用于放在使用字体名的地方。我在这里使用 “titlefont” 作为例子，是因为我希望它被用来显示标题字体。你也可以使用 “officialfont” 和 “myfont” 这样的名字。 -**src** 值是你字体文件的路径。这是你服务器上字体的路径。在这里，我用 **fonts** 目录来作为示例，它和 **css** 在一个文件夹里。你服务器的文件结构可能和我的不一样，所以你需要调整一下这个路径。记住一点，一个点意味着*工作目录*，两个点则代表*父目录*。 +`src` 值是你字体文件的路径。这是你服务器上字体的路径。在这里，我用 `fonts` 目录来作为示例，它和 `css` 在一个文件夹里。你服务器的文件结构可能和我的不一样，所以你需要调整一下这个路径。记住一点，一个点意味着*工作目录*，两个点则代表*父目录*。 - 3. 现在，你已经定义了字体的名字和目录，你可以用指定的 CSS 类或 ID 来调用它了。举个例子，如果你希望以 Sorts Mill Goudy 字体来渲染 **

    **，只需要在 CSS 规则中加入你自己的字体名称： +3、现在，你已经定义了字体的名字和目录，你可以在任何指定的 CSS 类或 ID 来调用它了。举个例子，如果你希望以 Sorts Mill Goudy 字体来渲染 `

    `，只需要在 CSS 规则中加入你自己的字体名称： ``` h1 { font-family: "titlefont", serif; } @@ -69,7 +69,6 @@ h1 { font-family: "titlefont", serif; } 现在，你已经成功地托管并使用你自己的字体了。 - ![在线字体的实际效果][10] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/webfonts 作者：[Seth Kenlon (Red Hat, Community Moderator)][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[zhs852](https://github.com/zhs852) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 8508614f0d511dfe09793dfdb86b0230ea61ffdb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 27 Mar 2019 09:36:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 021/143] PUB:20190318 How to host your own webfonts.md @zhs852 https://linux.cn/article-10656-1.html --- .../20190318 How to host your own webfonts.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190318 How to host your own webfonts.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190318 How to host your own webfonts.md b/published/20190318 How to host your own webfonts.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190318 How to host your own webfonts.md rename to published/20190318 How to host your own webfonts.md index 8839ad0c66..917cb752a9 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190318 How to host your own webfonts.md +++ b/published/20190318 How to host your own webfonts.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (zhs852) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10656-1.html) [#]: subject: (How to host your own webfonts) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/webfonts) [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon (Red Hat, Community Moderator) https://opensource.com/users/seth) From 2d61e6bdc362aab9bd8c1e88955b29b23e47a96c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: sanfusu Date: Wed, 27 Mar 2019 10:01:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 022/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E8=AF=B7=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ckchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md b/sources/tech/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md index 59389e2ca3..5a8b34577a 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (sanfusu) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 44a8c8743dc3eb023878078f218cf6f1cfc51959 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 27 Mar 2019 10:06:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 023/143] PRF:20190305 5 Ways To Generate A Random-Strong Password In Linux Terminal.md @leommxj --- ...andom-Strong Password In Linux Terminal.md | 97 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 46 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190305 5 Ways To Generate A Random-Strong Password In Linux Terminal.md b/translated/tech/20190305 5 Ways To Generate A Random-Strong Password In Linux Terminal.md index 66bddf700c..c4c98753a4 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190305 5 Ways To Generate A Random-Strong Password In Linux Terminal.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190305 5 Ways To Generate A Random-Strong Password In Linux Terminal.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (leommxj) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (5 Ways To Generate A Random/Strong Password In Linux Terminal) @@ -10,9 +10,7 @@ 在 Linux 终端下生成随机/强密码的五种方法 ====== -最近我们在网站上发表过一篇关于 **[密码强度与密码分数检查][1]** 的文章。 - -它可以帮助你检查你的密码的强度和分数。 +最近我们在网站上发表过一篇关于 [检查密码复杂性/强度和评分][1] 的文章。它可以帮助你检查你的密码的强度和评分。 我们可以手工创建我们需要的密码。但如果你想要为多个用户或服务器生成密码，解决方案是什么呢？ @@ -20,57 +18,55 @@ 这些工具可以为你生成高强度随机密码。如果你想要为多个用户和服务器更新密码，请继续读下去。 -这些工具易于使用，这也是我喜欢用它们的原因。默认情况下它们会生成一个足够强壮的密码，你也可以通过使用其他可用的选项来生成一个超强的密码。 +这些工具易于使用，这也是我喜欢用它们的原因。默认情况下它们会生成一个足够健壮的密码，你也可以通过使用其他可用的选项来生成一个超强的密码。 它会帮助你生成符合下列要求的超强密码。密码长度至少有 12-15 个字符，包括字母（大写及小写），数字及特殊符号。 工具如下： - * `pwgen:` pwgen 程序生成易于人类记忆并且尽可能安全的密码。 - * `openssl:` openssl 是一个用来从 shell 中调用 OpenSSL 加密库提供的多种密码学函数的命令行工具。 - * `gpg:` OpenPGP 加密/签名工具。 - * `mkpasswd:` 生成新密码，可以选择直接应用给一名用户。 - * `makepasswd:` makepasswd 使用 /dev/urandom 生成真随机密码，比起好记它更重视安全性。 - * `/dev/urandom file` 两个特殊的字符文件 /dev/random 和 /dev/urandom （自 Linux 1.3.30 起） 提供了内核随机数生成器的接口。 - * `md5sum:` md5sum 是一个用来计算及校验 128-bit MD5 哈希的程序。 - * `sha256sum:` sha256sum 被设计用来使用 SHA-256 算法（SHA-2系列，摘要长度为256位）校验数据完整性。 - * `sha1pass:` sha1pass 生成一个 SHA1 密码哈希。在命令缺少盐值的情况下，将会生成一个随机的盐值向量。 - - + * `pwgen`：生成易于人类记忆并且尽可能安全的密码。 + * `openssl`：是一个用来从 shell 中调用 OpenSSL 加密库提供的多种密码学函数的命令行工具。 + * `gpg`：OpenPGP 加密/签名工具。 + * `mkpasswd`：生成新密码，可以选择直接设置给一名用户。 + * `makepasswd`：使用 `/dev/urandom` 生成真随机密码，比起好记它更重视安全性。 + * `/dev/urandom` 文件：两个特殊的字符文件 `/dev/random` 和 `/dev/urandom` （自 Linux 1.3.30 起出现）提供了内核随机数生成器的接口。 + * `md5sum`：是一个用来计算及校验 128 位 MD5 哈希的程序。 + * `sha256sum`：被设计用来使用 SHA-256 算法（SHA-2 系列，摘要长度为 256 位）校验数据完整性。 + * `sha1pass`：生成一个 SHA1 密码哈希。在命令缺少盐值的情况下，将会生成一个随机的盐值向量。 ### 怎么用 pwgen 命令在 linux 下生成一个随机的强壮密码？ -pwgen 程序生成易于人类记忆并且尽可能安全的密码。 +`pwgen` 程序生成易于人类记忆并且尽可能安全的密码。 易于人类记忆的密码永远都不会像完全随机的密码一样安全。 使用 `-s` 选项来生成完全随机，难于记忆的密码。由于我们记不住，这些密码应该只用于机器。 -在 **`Fedora`** 系统中，使用 **[DNF 命令][2]** 来安装 pwgen。 +在 Fedora 系统中，使用 [DNF 命令][2] 来安装 `pwgen`。 ``` $ sudo dnf install pwgen ``` -在 **`Debian/Ubuntu`** 系统中，使用 **[APT-GET 命令][3]** 或 **[APT 命令][4]** 来安装 pwgen。 +在 Debian/Ubuntu 系统中，使用 [APT-GET 命令][3] 或 [APT 命令][4] 来安装 `pwgen`。 ``` $ sudo apt install pwgen ``` -在 **`Arch Linux`** 系统中，使用 **[Pacman 命令][5]** 来安装 pwgen。 +在 Arch Linux 系统中，使用 [Pacman 命令][5] 来安装 `pwgen`。 ``` $ sudo pacman -S pwgen ``` -在 **`RHEL/CentOS`** 系统中，使用 **[YUM 命令][6]** 来安装 pwgen。 +在 RHEL/CentOS 系统中，使用 [YUM 命令][6] 来安装 `pwgen`。 ``` $ sudo yum install pwgen ``` -在 **`openSUSE Leap`** 系统中，使用 **[Zypper 命令][7]** 来安装pwgen。 +在 openSUSE Leap 系统中，使用 [Zypper 命令][7] 来安装 `pwgen`。 ``` $ sudo zypper install pwgen @@ -106,7 +102,7 @@ Sid1aeji mohj4Ko7 lieDi0pe Zeemah6a thuevu2E phi4Ohsh paiKeix1 ooz1Ceph ahV4yore ue2laePh fu1eThui qui7aePh Fahth1nu ohk9puLo aiBeez0b Neengai5 ``` -生成安全的随机密码，使用 pwgen 命令的 `-s` 选项。 +生成安全的随机密码，使用 `pwgen` 命令的 `-s` 选项。 ``` $ pwgen -s @@ -132,14 +128,14 @@ C6RqDQMy gKt28c9O ZCi0tQKE 0Ekdjh3P ox2vWOMI 14XF4gwc nYA0L6tV rRN3lekn lmwZNjz1 4ovmJAr7 shPl9o5f FFsuNwj0 F2eVkqGi 7gw277RZ nYE7gCLl JDn05S5N ``` -假设你想要生成五个14字符长的密码，方法如下。 +假设你想要生成 5 个 14 字符长的密码，方法如下： ``` $ pwgen -s 14 5 7YxUwDyfxGVTYD em2NT6FceXjPfT u8jlrljbrclcTi IruIX3Xu0TFXRr X8M9cB6wKNot1e ``` -如果你真的想要生成20个超强随机密码，方法如下。 +如果你真的想要生成 20 个超强随机密码，方法如下： ``` $ pwgen -cnys 14 20 @@ -151,16 +147,16 @@ mQ3E=vfGfZ,5[B #zmj{i5|ZS){jg Ht_8i7OqJ%N`~2 443fa5iJ\W-L?] ?Qs$o=vz2vgQBR ### 如何在 Linux 下使用 openssl 命令生成随机强密码？ -openssl 是一个用来从 shell 中调用 OpenSSL 加密库提供的多种密码学函数的命令行工具。 +`openssl` 是一个用来从 shell 中调用 OpenSSL 加密库提供的多种密码学函数的命令行工具。 -像下面这样运行 openssl 命令可以生成一个14字符长的随机强密码。 +像下面这样运行 `openssl` 命令可以生成一个 14 字符长的随机强密码。 ``` $ openssl rand -base64 14 WjzyDqdkWf3e53tJw/c= ``` -如果你想要生成十个14字符长的随机强密码，将 openssl 命令与 for 循环结合起来使用。 +如果你想要生成 10 个 14 字符长的随机强密码，将 `openssl` 命令与 `for` 循环结合起来使用。 ``` $ for pw in {1..10}; do openssl rand -base64 14; done @@ -178,9 +174,9 @@ ktpBpCSQFOD+5kIIe7Y= ### 如何在 Linux 下使用 gpg 命令生成随机强密码？ -gpg 是 Gnu Privacy Guard （GnuPG） 中的 OpenPGP 实现部分。它是一个提供 OpenPGP 标准的数字加密与签名服务的工具。gpg 具有完整的密钥管理功能和其他完整 OpenPGP 实现应该具备的全部功能。 +`gpg` 是 Gnu Privacy Guard （GnuPG） 中的 OpenPGP 实现部分。它是一个提供 OpenPGP 标准的数字加密与签名服务的工具。`gpg` 具有完整的密钥管理功能和其他完整 OpenPGP 实现应该具备的全部功能。 -下面这样执行 gpg 命令来生成一个14字符长的随机强密码。 +下面这样执行 `gpg` 命令来生成一个 14 字符长的随机强密码。 ``` $ gpg --gen-random --armor 1 14 @@ -189,7 +185,7 @@ $ gpg2 --gen-random --armor 1 14 jq1mtY4gBa6gIuJrggM= ``` -如果想要使用 gpg 生成十个14字符长的随机强密码，像下面这样使用 for 循环。 +如果想要使用 `gpg` 生成 10 个 14 字符长的随机强密码，像下面这样使用 `for` 循环。 ``` $ for pw in {1..10}; do gpg --gen-random --armor 1 14; done @@ -209,33 +205,33 @@ eJjhtA6oHhBrUpLY4fM= ### 如何在 Linux 下使用 mkpasswd 命令生成随机强密码？ -mkpasswd 生成密码并可以自动将其应用在用户上。不加任何参数的情况下，mkpasswd 返回一个新的密码。它是 expect 软件包的一部分，所以想要使用 mkpasswd 命令，你需要安装 expect 软件包。 +`mkpasswd` 生成密码并可以自动将其为用户设置。不加任何参数的情况下，`mkpasswd` 返回一个新的密码。它是 expect 软件包的一部分，所以想要使用 `mkpasswd` 命令，你需要安装 expect 软件包。 -在 **`Fedora`** 系统中，使用 **[DNF 命令][2]** 来安装 mkpasswd。 +在 Fedora 系统中，使用 [DNF 命令][2] 来安装 `mkpasswd`。 ``` $ sudo dnf install expect ``` -在 **`Debian/Ubuntu`** 系统中，使用 **[APT-GET 命令][3]** 或 **[APT 命令][4]** 来安装 mkpasswd。 +在 Debian/Ubuntu 系统中，使用 [APT-GET 命令][3] 或 [APT 命令][4] 来安装 `mkpasswd`。 ``` $ sudo apt install expect ``` -在 **`Arch Linux`** 系统中，使用 **[Pacman 命令][5]** 来安装 mkpasswd。 +在 Arch Linux 系统中，使用 [Pacman 命令][5] 来安装 `mkpasswd`。 ``` $ sudo pacman -S expect ``` -在 **`RHEL/CentOS`** 系统中，使用 **[YUM 命令][6]** 来安装 mkpasswd。 +在 RHEL/CentOS 系统中，使用 [YUM 命令][6] 来安装 `mkpasswd`。 ``` $ sudo yum install expect ``` -在 **`openSUSE Leap`** 系统中，使用 **[Zypper 命令][7]** 来安装 mkpasswd。 +在 openSUSE Leap 系统中，使用 [Zypper 命令][7] 来安装 `mkpasswd`。 ``` $ sudo zypper install expect @@ -248,21 +244,21 @@ $ mkpasswd 37_slQepD ``` -像下面这样执行 mkpasswd 命令可以生成一个14字符长的随机强密码。 +像下面这样执行 `mkpasswd` 命令可以生成一个 14 字符长的随机强密码。 ``` $ mkpasswd -l 14 W1qP1uv=lhghgh ``` -像下面这样执行 mkpasswd 命令 来生成一个14字符长，包含大小写字母、数字和特殊字符的随机强密码。 +像下面这样执行 `mkpasswd` 命令 来生成一个 14 字符长，包含大小写字母、数字和特殊字符的随机强密码。 ``` $ mkpasswd -l 14 -d 3 -C 3 -s 3 3aad!bMWG49"t, ``` -如果你想要生成十个14字符长的随机强密码(包括大小写字母、数字和特殊字符)，使用 for 循环和 mkpasswd 命令。 +如果你想要生成 10 个 14 字符长的随机强密码（包括大小写字母、数字和特殊字符），使用 `for` 循环和 `mkpasswd` 命令。 ``` $ for pw in {1..10}; do mkpasswd -l 14 -d 3 -C 3 -s 3; done @@ -278,10 +274,9 @@ $of?Rj9kb2N(1J Tu9m56+Ev_Yso( ``` -### How To Generate A Random Strong Password In Linux Using makepasswd Command? ### 如何在 Linux 下使用 makepasswd 命令生成随机强密码？ -makepasswd 使用 /dev/urandom 生成真随机密码，跟易于记忆相比它更注重安全性。它也可以加密命令行中给出的明文密码。 +`makepasswd` 使用 `/dev/urandom` 生成真随机密码，与易于记忆相比它更注重安全性。它也可以加密命令行中给出的明文密码。 在终端中执行 `makepasswd` 命令来生成一个随机密码。 @@ -290,14 +285,14 @@ $ makepasswd HdCJafVaN ``` -在终端中像下面这样执行 makepasswd 命令来生成14字符长的随机强密码。 +在终端中像下面这样执行 `makepasswd` 命令来生成 14 字符长的随机强密码。 ``` $ makepasswd --chars 14 HxJDv5quavrqmU ``` -像下面这样执行 makepasswd 来生成十个14字符长的随机强密码。 +像下面这样执行 `makepasswd` 来生成 10 个 14 字符长的随机强密码。 ``` $ makepasswd --chars 14 --count 10 @@ -317,28 +312,28 @@ M2TMCEoahzLNYC 如果你还在寻找其他的方案，下面的工具也可以用来在 Linux 中生成随机密码。 -**使用 md5sum** md5sum 是一个用来计算及校验 128-bit MD5 哈希的程序。 +使用 `md5sum`：它是一个用来计算及校验 128 位 MD5 哈希的程序。 ``` $ date | md5sum 9baf96fb6e8cbd99601d97a5c3acc2c4 - ``` -**使用 /dev/urandom:** 两个特殊的字符文件 /dev/random 和 /dev/urandom （自 Linux 1.3.30 起） 提供了内核随机数生成器的接口。/dev/random 的主设备号为1，次设备号为8。/dev/urandom 主设备号为1，次设备号为9。 +使用 `/dev/urandom`: 两个特殊的字符文件 `/dev/random` 和 `/dev/urandom` （自 Linux 1.3.30 起出现）提供了内核随机数生成器的接口。`/dev/random` 的主设备号为 1，次设备号为 8。`/dev/urandom` 主设备号为 1，次设备号为 9。 ``` $ cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' | head -c 14 15LQB9J84Btnzz ``` -**使用 sha256sum:** sha256sum 被设计用来使用 SHA-256 算法（SHA-2系列，摘要长度为256位）校验数据完整性。 +使用 `sha256sum`：它被设计用来使用 SHA-256 算法（SHA-2 系列，摘要长度为 256 位）校验数据完整性。 ``` $ date | sha256sum a114ae5c458ae0d366e1b673d558d921bb937e568d9329b525cf32290478826a - ``` -**使用 sha1pass:** sha1pass 生成一个 SHA1 密码哈希。在命令缺少盐值的情况下，将会生成一个随机的盐值向量。 +使用 `sha1pass`：它生成一个 SHA1 密码哈希。在命令缺少盐值的情况下，将会生成一个随机的盐值向量。 ``` $ sha1pass @@ -351,14 +346,14 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/5-ways-to-generate-a-random-strong-password-in-lin 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[leommx](https://github.com/leommxj) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[leommxj](https://github.com/leommxj) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-password-complexity-strength-and-score-in-linux/ +[1]: https://linux.cn/article-10623-1.html [2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/dnf-command-examples-manage-packages-fedora-system/ [3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-get-apt-cache-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/ [4]: https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/ From caa98cf8c086b6658cbe59c93a73c18a5d00f064 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 27 Mar 2019 10:07:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 024/143] PUB:20190305 5 Ways To Generate A Random-Strong Password In Linux Terminal.md @leommxj https://linux.cn/article-10657-1.html --- ... To Generate A Random-Strong Password In Linux Terminal.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190305 5 Ways To Generate A Random-Strong Password In Linux Terminal.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190305 5 Ways To Generate A Random-Strong Password In Linux Terminal.md b/published/20190305 5 Ways To Generate A Random-Strong Password In Linux Terminal.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190305 5 Ways To Generate A Random-Strong Password In Linux Terminal.md rename to published/20190305 5 Ways To Generate A Random-Strong Password In Linux Terminal.md index c4c98753a4..0e23b5bf8d 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190305 5 Ways To Generate A Random-Strong Password In Linux Terminal.md +++ b/published/20190305 5 Ways To Generate A Random-Strong Password In Linux Terminal.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (leommxj) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10657-1.html) [#]: subject: (5 Ways To Generate A Random/Strong Password In Linux Terminal) [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/5-ways-to-generate-a-random-strong-password-in-linux-terminal/) [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) From e02cce2b3fea8d98c15bc5327b4692ca1d67fd30 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 27 Mar 2019 13:24:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 025/143] PRF:20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @luckyele 恭喜你完成了第一篇贡献！ --- .../20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md | 48 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md index 0b325c9743..e5030c59d5 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md @@ -1,46 +1,40 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (luckyele) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (How to add new disk in Linux) [#]: via: (https://kerneltalks.com/hardware-config/how-to-add-new-disk-in-linux/) [#]: author: (kerneltalks https://kerneltalks.com) -如何在Linux中添加新磁盘 +如何在 Linux 中添加新磁盘 ====== -* * * - -_在Linux机器中逐步添加磁盘的过程_ +> 在 Linux 机器中添加磁盘的逐步过程。 ![New disk addition in Linux][1] -本文将向您介绍在Linux机器中添加新磁盘的步骤。将原始磁盘添加到 Linux 机器可能非常依赖于您所拥有的服务器类型，但是一旦将磁盘提供给机器，将其添加到挂载点的过程几乎相同。 +本文将向你介绍在 Linux 机器中添加新磁盘的步骤。将原始磁盘添加到 Linux 机器可能非常依赖于你所拥有的服务器类型，但是一旦将磁盘提供给机器，将其添加到挂载点的过程几乎相同。 -**目标** : 向服务器添加新的 10GB 磁盘，并使用 lvm 和新创建的卷组创建 5GB 装载点。 - -* * * +**目标**：向服务器添加新的 10GB 磁盘，并使用 lvm 和新创建的卷组创建 5GB 装载点。 ### 向 Linux 机器添加原始磁盘 -如果您使用的是 AWS EC2 Linux 服务器，可以 [按照以下步骤][2] 添加原始磁盘。 如果使用的是 VMware Linux VM，那么需要按照不同的步骤来添加磁盘。如果您正在运行物理机架安装/刀片服务器，那么添加磁盘将是一项物理任务。 +如果你使用的是 AWS EC2 Linux 服务器，可以 [按照以下步骤][2] 添加原始磁盘。如果使用的是 VMware Linux VM，那么需要按照不同的步骤来添加磁盘。如果你正在运行物理机架设备/刀片服务器，那么添加磁盘将是一项物理任务。 -一旦磁盘物理/虚拟地连接到 Linux 机器上，它将被内核识别。 - -* * * +一旦磁盘物理/虚拟地连接到 Linux 机器上，它将被内核识别，就可以开始了。 ### 识别 Linux 最新添加的磁盘 原始磁盘连接后，需要让内核去 [扫描新磁盘][3]。在新版中，它主要是由内核自动完成。 -第一件事是在内核中识别新添加的磁盘及其名称。实现这一点的方法有很多，以下作少量列举 – +第一件事是在内核中识别新添加的磁盘及其名称。实现这一点的方法有很多，以下作少量列举： * 可以在添加/扫描磁盘前后观察 `lsblk` 输出，以获取新的磁盘名。 * 检查 `/dev` 文件系统中新创建的磁盘文件。匹配文件和磁盘添加时间的时间戳。 * 观察 `fdisk-l` 添加/扫描磁盘前后的输出，以获取新的磁盘名。 -在本示例中，我使用的是 AWS EC2 服务器，向服务器添加了 5GB 磁盘。我的 lsblk 输出如下： – +在本示例中，我使用的是 AWS EC2 服务器，向服务器添加了 5GB 磁盘。我的 lsblk 输出如下： ``` [root@kerneltalks ~]# lsblk @@ -51,15 +45,13 @@ xvda 202:0 0 10G 0 disk xvdf 202:80 0 10G 0 disk ``` -可以看到 xvdf 是新添加的磁盘。完整路径是 `/dev/xvdf`。 - -* * * +可以看到 `xvdf` 是新添加的磁盘。完整路径是 `/dev/xvdf`。 ### 在 LVM 中添加新磁盘 -我们这里使用 LVM，因为它是 Linux 平台上广泛使用的非常灵活的卷管理器。确认已安装 `lvm` 或 `lvm2` [安装在系统上的程序包][4]. 如未安装，请 [安装 lvm/lvm2 程序包][5]. +我们这里使用 LVM，因为它是 Linux 平台上广泛使用的非常灵活的卷管理器。确认 lvm 或 lvm2 软件包[已经安装在系统上][4]。如未安装，请 [安装 lvm/lvm2 程序包][5]。 -现在，我们将在逻辑卷管理器中添加这个原始磁盘，并从中创建 10GB 的挂接点。所用到的命令如下 – +现在，我们将在逻辑卷管理器中添加这个原始磁盘，并从中创建 10GB 的挂接点。所用到的命令如下： * [pvcreate][6] * [vgcreate][7] @@ -67,7 +59,7 @@ xvdf 202:80 0 10G 0 disk 如果要将磁盘添加到现有挂接点，并使用其空间来[扩展挂接点][9] ，则 `vgcreate` 应替换为 `vgextend`。 -会话示例输出如下： – +会话示例输出如下： ``` [root@kerneltalks ~]# pvcreate /dev/xvdf @@ -78,7 +70,7 @@ xvdf 202:80 0 10G 0 disk Logical volume "lvdata" created. ``` -现在, 已完成逻辑卷创建。您需要使用所选的文件系统格式化它，并将其载入。在这里选择ext4文件系统，并使用 `mkfs.ext4` 进行格式化。 +现在，已完成逻辑卷创建。你需要使用所选的文件系统格式化它，并将其挂载。在这里选择 ext4 文件系统，并使用 `mkfs.ext4` 进行格式化。 ``` [root@kerneltalks ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/vgdata/lvdata @@ -104,11 +96,9 @@ Creating journal (32768 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done ``` -* * * - ### 在挂载点上从新磁盘挂载卷 -使用 `mount` 命令，在 /data 安装点上安装已创建并格式化的5GB逻辑卷。 +使用 `mount` 命令，在 `/data` 安装点上安装已创建并格式化的 5GB 逻辑卷。 ``` [root@kerneltalks ~]# mount /dev/vgdata/lvdata /data @@ -117,9 +107,9 @@ Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/vgdata-lvdata 4.8G 20M 4.6G 1% /data ``` -使用df命令验证挂载点。如上所述，您都完成了！您可以在 [/etc/fstab][10] 中添加一个条目，以便在重新启动时保持此装载。 +使用 `df` 命令验证挂载点。如上所述，你都完成了！你可以在 [/etc/fstab][10] 中添加一个条目，以便在重新启动时保持此装载。 -您已将10GB磁盘连接到 Linux 计算机，并创建了 5GB 挂载点！ +你已将 10GB 磁盘连接到 Linux 计算机，并创建了 5GB 挂载点！ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -127,8 +117,8 @@ via: https://kerneltalks.com/hardware-config/how-to-add-new-disk-in-linux/ 作者：[kerneltalks][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[luckyele](https://github.com/luckyele/) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[luckyele](https://github.com/luckyele) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From eda96d1a5272c994fb94610ad8ab704cc385e030 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 27 Mar 2019 13:25:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 026/143] PUB:20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @luckyele 本文首发地址： https://linux.cn/article-10658-1.html 您的 LCTT 专页地址： https://linux.cn/lctt/luckyele 请注册领取 LCCN: https://lctt.linux.cn/ --- .../20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md b/published/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md rename to published/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md index e5030c59d5..75210d31cc 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md +++ b/published/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (luckyele) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10658-1.html) [#]: subject: (How to add new disk in Linux) [#]: via: (https://kerneltalks.com/hardware-config/how-to-add-new-disk-in-linux/) [#]: author: (kerneltalks https://kerneltalks.com) From ef718f5f9a36c891c6a4906aaa822555119d161b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: acyanbird <2534930703@qq.com> Date: Wed, 27 Mar 2019 16:47:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 027/143] Update and rename sources/talk/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md to translated/talk/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md --- .../20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md | 119 ------------------ .../20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md | 117 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 117 insertions(+), 119 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md b/sources/talk/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7ee1db8a37..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,119 +0,0 @@ -acyanbird translating -A Short History of Chaosnet -====== -If you fire up `dig` and run a DNS query for `google.com`, you will get a response somewhat like the following: - -``` -$ dig google.com - -; <<>> DiG 9.10.6 <<>> google.com -;; global options: +cmd -;; Got answer: -;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 27120 -;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1 - -;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION: -; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 512 -;; QUESTION SECTION: -;google.com. IN A - -;; ANSWER SECTION: -google.com. 194 IN A 216.58.192.206 - -;; Query time: 23 msec -;; SERVER: 8.8.8.8#53(8.8.8.8) -;; WHEN: Fri Sep 21 16:14:48 CDT 2018 -;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 55 -``` - -The output contains both a section describing the “question” you asked (“What is the IP address of `google.com`?”) and a section describing the answer you received. In the answer section, we see that `dig` found a single record with what looks to be five fields. The record’s type is indicated by the `A` in the fourth field from the left—this is an “address” record. To the right of the `A`, in the fifth field, we can see that the IP address for `google.com` is `216.58.192.206`. The `194` value in the second field specifies how long in seconds this particular record can be cached. - -What does the `IN` field tell us? For an embarrassingly long time, I thought `IN` functioned as a preposition, so that every DNS record was saying something like “`google.com` is in `A` and has IP address `216.58.192.206`.” It turns out that `IN` actually stands for “internet.” The `IN` part of a DNS record tells us the record’s class. - -Why might a DNS record have a class other than “internet”? What would that even mean? How do you search for a host that isn’t on the internet? It would seem that `IN` is the only value that could possibly make sense here. Indeed, when you try to ask for the address of `google.com` while specifying that you expect a record with a class other than `IN`, the DNS server you are asking will probably complain. In the below, when we try to ask for the IP address of `google.com` using the `HS` class, the name server at `8.8.8.8` (Google Public DNS) returns a status of `SERVFAIL`: - -``` -$ dig -c HS google.com - -; <<>> DiG 9.10.6 <<>> -c HS google.com -;; global options: +cmd -;; Got answer: -;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: SERVFAIL, id: 31517 -;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1 - -;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION: -; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 512 -;; QUESTION SECTION: -;google.com. HS A - -;; Query time: 34 msec -;; SERVER: 8.8.8.8#53(8.8.8.8) -;; WHEN: Tue Sep 25 14:48:10 CDT 2018 -;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 39 -``` - -So classes other than `IN` aren’t widely supported. But they do exist. In addition to `IN`, DNS records can have the `HS` class (as we’ve just seen) or the `CH` class. The `HS` class is reserved for use by a system called [Hesiod][1] that stores and distributes simple textual data using the Domain Name System. It is typically used in local environments as a stand-in for [LDAP][2]. The `CH` class is reserved for something called Chaosnet. - -Today, the world belongs to TCP/IP. Those two protocols (together with UDP) govern most of the remote communication that happens between computers. But I think it’s wonderful that you can still find, hidden in the plumbing of the internet, traces of this other, long-extinct, evocatively named system. What was Chaosnet? And why did it go the way of the dinosaurs? - -### A Machine Room at MIT - -Chaosnet was developed in the 1970s by researchers at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab. It was created as a part of a larger effort to design and build a machine that could run the Lisp programming language more efficiently than a general-purpose computer. - -Lisp was the brainchild of MIT professor John McCarthy, who pioneered the field of artificial intelligence. He first described Lisp to the world in [a paper][3] published in 1960. By 1962, an interpreter and a compiler had been written. Lisp introduced an astounding number of features that today we consider standard for many programming languages. It was the first language to have a garbage collector. It was the first to have a REPL. And it was the first to support dynamic typing. It found favor among programmers working in artificial intelligence and—to name just one example—was used to develop the famous [SHRDLU][4] demonstration, which allowed a human to dictate simple actions involving toy blocks to a computer in natural language. - -The problem with Lisp was that it could be slow. Simple operations could take twice as long to execute as was typical with other languages because Lisp variables were type-checked at runtime and not just during compilation. Lisp’s garbage collector was known to take up to an entire second to run on the IBM 7090 at MIT. These performance issues were especially unwelcome because the AI researchers using Lisp were trying to build applications like SHRDLU that interacted with users in real time. In the late 1970s, a group of MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab researchers decided to address these problems by building machines specifically designed to run Lisp programs. These “Lisp machines” had more memory and a compact instruction set better-suited to Lisp. Type-checking would be done by dedicated circuitry, speeding it up by orders of magnitude. And unlike most computer systems at the time, Lisp machines would not be time-shared, since ambitious Lisp programs needed all the resources a computer had available. Each user would be assigned his or her own CPU. In a memo, the Lisp Machine Group at MIT described how this would make Lisp programming significantly easier: - -> The Lisp Machine is a personal computer. Personal computing means that the processor and main memory are not time-division multiplexed, instead each person gets his own. The personal computation system consists of a pool of processors, each with its own main memory, and its own disk for swapping. When a user logs in, he is assigned a processor, and he has exclusive use of it for the duration of the session. When he logs out, the processor is returned to the pool, for the next person to use. This way, there is no competition from other users for memory; the pages the user is frequently referring to remain in core, and so swapping overhead is considerably reduced. Thus the Lisp Machine solves a basic problem of the time-sharing Lisp system. - -The Lisp machine would be a personal computer in a different sense than the one we think of today. As the Lisp Machine Group originally envisioned it, users would sit down in their offices not in front of their own Lisp machines but in front of terminals. The terminals would be connected to the actual Lisp machine, which would be elsewhere. Even though each user would be assigned his or her own processor, the processors would still be “kept off in a machine room,” since they would make noise and take up space and thus be “unwelcome office companions.” The processors would share access to a file system and to devices like printers via a high-speed local network “with completely distributed control.” That network was Chaosnet. - -Chaosnet is both a hardware standard and a software protocol. The hardware standard resembles Ethernet, and in fact the Chaosnet software protocol was eventually run over Ethernet. The software protocol, which specifies both network-layer and transport-layer interactions, was, unlike TCP/IP, always meant to govern a local network. In another memo released by the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab, David Moon, a member of the Lisp Machine Group, explained that Chaosnet “contains no special provisions for things such as low-speed links, noisy links, multiple paths, and long-distance links with significant transit time.” The focus was instead on designing a protocol that could outperform other protocols on a small network. - -Speed was important because Chaosnet sat between each Lisp processor and the file system. Network delays would significantly slow rudimentary operations like viewing the contents of a text document. To be fast enough, Chaosnet incorporated several improvements over the Network Control Program then in use on Arpanet. According to Moon, “it was important to design out bottlenecks such as are found in Arpanet, for instance the control-link which is shared between multiple connections and the need to acknowledge each message before the next message is sent.” The Chaosnet protocol batches packet acknowledgments in much the same way that TCP does today and so reduced the number of packets that needed to be transmitted by a half to a third. - -Chaosnet could also get away with a relatively simple routing algorithm, since most hosts on the Lisp machine network were probably connected by a single, short wire. Moon wrote that the Chaosnet routing scheme “is predicated on the assumption that the network geometry is simple, there are few multiple paths, and the length of any path is quite short. This makes more sophisticated schemes unnecessary.” The simplicity of the algorithm meant that implementing the Chaosnet protocol was easy. The implementation program was supposedly half the size of the Arpanet Network Control Program. - -The Chaosnet protocol has other idiosyncrasies. A Chaosnet address is only 16 bits, half the size of an IPv4 address, which makes sense given that Chaosnet was only ever meant to work on a local network. Chaosnet also doesn’t use port numbers; instead, a process that wants to connect to another process on a different machine first makes a connection request that specifies a target “contact name.” That contact name is often just the name of a particular service. For example, one host may try to connect to another host using the contact name `TELNET`. In practice, I assume this works more or less just like TCP, since something well-known like port 80 might as well have the contact name `HTTP`. - -The Chaosnet DNS class was added to the Domain Name System by [RFC 973][5] in 1986. It replaced another class that had been available early on, the `CSNET` class, which was there to support a network called the Computer Science Network. I haven’t been able to figure out why Chaosnet was picked out for special treatment by the Domain Name System. There were other protocol families that could have been added but never were. For example, Paul Mockapetris, one of the principal architects of the Domain Name System, has written that he originally imagined that DNS would include a class for Xerox’s network protocol. That never happened. Chaosnet may have been added just because so much of the early work on Arpanet and the internet happened at Bolt, Beranek and Newman in Cambridge, Massachusetts, whose employees were often connected in some way with MIT. Chaosnet was probably well-known among the then relatively small group of people working on computer networks. - -Usage of Chaosnet presumably waned as Lisp machines became less and less popular. Though Lisp machines were for a short time commercially viable products—sold by companies such as Symbolics and Lisp Machines Inc. during the 1980s—they were soon displaced by cheaper microcomputers that could run Lisp just as quickly without special-purpose circuitry. TCP/IP also fixed many of the issues with the original Arpanet protocols that Chaosnet had been created to circumvent. - -### Ghost in the Shell - -There unfortunately isn’t a huge amount of information still around about Chaosnet. RFC 675, which was essentially the first draft of TCP/IP, was published in 1974. Chaosnet was first developed in 1975. TCP/IP eventually conquered the world, but Chaosnet seems to have been a technological dead end. Though it’s possible that Chaosnet influenced subsequent work on TCP/IP, I haven’t found any specific examples of that happening. - -The only really visible remnant of Chaosnet is the `CH` DNS class. There’s something about that fact that I find strangely fascinating. The `CH` class is a vestigial ghost of an alternative network protocol in a world that has long since settled on TCP/IP. It’s exciting, at least to me, to know that the last traces of Chaosnet still lurk out there in the infrastructure of our networked society. The `CH` DNS class is a fun artifact of digital archaeology. But it’s also a living reminder that the internet was not born fully formed, that TCP/IP is not the only way to connect computers to each other, and that “the internet” is far from the coolest name we could have had for our global communication system. - -If you enjoyed this post, more like it come out every two weeks! Follow [@TwoBitHistory][6] on Twitter or subscribe to the [RSS feed][7] to make sure you know when a new post is out. - -Previously on TwoBitHistory… - -> Where did RSS come from? Why are there so many competing formats? Why don't people seem to use it that much anymore? -> -> Answers to these questions and many more in this week's post about RSS: -> -> — TwoBitHistory (@TwoBitHistory) [September 17, 2018][8] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://twobithistory.org/2018/09/30/chaosnet.html - -作者：[Two-Bit History][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://twobithistory.org -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod_(name_service) -[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol -[3]: http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/recursive.pdf -[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHRDLU -[5]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc973 -[6]: https://twitter.com/TwoBitHistory -[7]: https://twobithistory.org/feed.xml -[8]: https://twitter.com/TwoBitHistory/status/1041485204802756608?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw diff --git a/translated/talk/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md b/translated/talk/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d93975dfc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +Chaosnet 简史 +=== + +如果你输入 `dig` 命令对 `google.com` 进行 DNS 查询，你会得到如下答复： + +``` +$ dig google.com + +; <<>> DiG 9.10.6 <<>> google.com +;; global options: +cmd +;; Got answer: +;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 27120 +;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1 + +;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION: +; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 512 +;; QUESTION SECTION: +;google.com. IN A + +;; ANSWER SECTION: +google.com. 194 IN A 216.58.192.206 + +;; Query time: 23 msec +;; SERVER: 8.8.8.8#53(8.8.8.8) +;; WHEN: Fri Sep 21 16:14:48 CDT 2018 +;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 55 +``` + +这个输出一部分描述了你的问题（“ `google.com` 的 IP 地址是什么？），另一部分则详细解析了你收到的回答。在答案区段ANSWER SECTION里，`dig` 为我们创造了一个包含五个字段的记录。从左数第四个字段 `A` 定义了这个记录的类型 —— 这是一个地址记录。在 `A` 的右边，第五个字段告知我们 `google.com` 的 `IP` 地址是 `216.58.192.206`。第二个字段，`194` 则代表这个记录的缓存时间是 194 秒。 + +那么， `IN` 字段告诉了我们什么呢？令人尴尬的是，在很长的一段时间里，我都认为这是一个介词。那时候我认为 DNS 记录大概是表达了“在 `A` 记录里，`google.com` 的 `IP` 地址是 `216.58.192.206`。”后来我才知道 `IN` 是“internet”的简写。`IN` 这一个部分告诉了我们这个记录分属的类别。 + +那么，除了“internet”之外，DNS 记录还会有什么别的类别吗？这究竟意味着什么？你怎么去搜寻一个不位于 internet 上的地址？看起来 `IN` 是唯一一个可能填写进这个字段的答案。而且的确，如果你尝试去获得除了 `IN` 之外的，关于 `google.com` 的记录的话，DNS 服务器通常不能给出恰当的回应。但凡事总有意外，以下就是我们尝试向 `8.8.8.8`（谷歌公共 DNS 服务器）询问在 `HS` 类别里 `google.com` 的 IP 地址。我们得到了状态为 `SERVFAIL` 的回复。 + +``` +$ dig -c HS google.com + +; <<>> DiG 9.10.6 <<>> -c HS google.com +;; global options: +cmd +;; Got answer: +;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: SERVFAIL, id: 31517 +;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1 + +;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION: +; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 512 +;; QUESTION SECTION: +;google.com. HS A + +;; Query time: 34 msec +;; SERVER: 8.8.8.8#53(8.8.8.8) +;; WHEN: Tue Sep 25 14:48:10 CDT 2018 +;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 39 +``` + +所以说，除了 `IN` 以外的类别不能被服务器广泛支持，但它们的确是存在的。除了 `IN` 之外，DNS 记录还有 `HS`（我们刚刚看到的）和 `CH` 这两个类别。`HS` 类是为一个叫做 [Hesiod][1] 的系统预留的，它可以利用 DNS 来存储并让用户访问一些文本资料。它通常在本地环境中作为 [LDAP][2] 的替代品使用。而 `CH` 这个类别，则是为 Chaosnet 技术预留的。 + +如今，大家都在使用 TCP/IP 协议族。这两种协议（还有 UDP）是绝大部分电脑远程连接采用的协议。不过我觉得，从互联网的垃圾堆里翻出了一个布满灰尘，绝迹已久，被人们遗忘的系统，也是一件令人愉悦的事情。那么，Chaosnet 是什么？为什么它像恐龙一样，走上了毁灭的道路呢？ + + ### 在 MIT 的机房里 + +Chaosnet 是在 1970 年代，由 MIT 人工智能实验室的研究员们研发的。它是一个宏伟目标的一部分 —— 设计并制造一个能比其他电脑更高效率运行 Lisp 代码的机器。 + +Lisp 是 MIT 教授 John McCarthy 的造物，他亦是人工智能领域的先驱者。在 1960 年发布的[一篇论文][3]中，他首次描述了 Lisp 这个语言。在 1962 年，Lisp 的编译器和解释器诞生了。Lisp 拥有非常多的新特性。这些特性在现在看来是每一门编程语言不可或缺的一部分。它是第一门拥有垃圾回收器，REPL 和支持的动态类型的语言。在人工智能领域工作的程序员们都十分喜爱这门语言，比如说 —— 大名鼎鼎的 [SHRDLU][4] 就是用它写的。这个程序允许人们使用自然语言，向机器下达挪动玩具方块这样的命令。 + +Lisp 的缺点是它太慢了。跟其他语言相比，Lisp 需要使用两倍的时间来执行相同的操作。因为 Lisp 在运行中仍会检查变量类型，这一操作通常都是在编译过程中完成的。在 IBM 7090 上，它的垃圾回收器也需要长达一秒钟的时间来执行。这个问题急需解决，因为 AI 研究者们试图搭建类似 SHRDLU 的应用。他们需要程序与使用者进行实时互动。因此，在 1970 年代的晚期，MIT 人工智能研究所的研究员们决定去建造一个能更高效运行 Lisp 的机器来解决这个问题。这些“Lisp 机器”们拥有更大的存储和更小的指令集，更加适合 Lisp。类型检查由专门的回路完成，因此在 Lisp 运行速度的提升上达成了质的飞跃。跟那时流行的计算机系统不同，这些机器并不支持分时，整台电脑的资源都用来运行一个单独的 Lisp 程序。每一个用户都会得到单独的 CPU。Lisp 机器研发小组在一个备忘录里提到，这些功能是如何让 Lisp 运行变得更简单的： + +>Lisp 机器是个人电脑。它支持个人编程，这意味着处理器和内存并不是分时多工的，每个人都能得到单属于自己的处理器和内存。这个私人运算系统由许多处理器组成，每个处理器都有它们自己的内存和虚拟内存。当一个用户登陆时，他就会被分配一个处理器，在他的登陆期间这个处理器是独属于他的。当他登出，这个处理器就会重新可用，等待被分配给下一个用户。通过采取这种方法，当前用户就不用和其他用户竞争内存的使用，他经常使用的信息也能保存在核心里，因此把信息调出所需要的时间也大大缩短了。这个 Lisp 机器解决了分时 Lisp 机器里产生的问题。 + +这个 Lisp 机器跟我们认知的现代个人电脑由很大的不同。开发小组希望今后用户不用直接面对 Lisp 机器，而是面对终端。那些终端会与位于别处的 Lisp 机器进行连接。虽然每个用户都有自己专属的处理器，但那些处理器在工作时会发出很大的噪音，因此它们最好是位于机房，而不是放在本应安静的办公室里。这些处理器会共享一个文件系统，然后通过一个“完全分布式控制”的高速本地网络访问设备，例如打印机。这个网络的名字就是 Chaosnet。 + +Chaosnet 既是硬件标准也是软件的协议。它的硬件标准与以太网类似，事实上软件协议也是运行在以太网之上的。这个软件协议在网络层和传输层之间交互，它并不像 TCP/IP，一直控制着本地网络。Lisp 机器开发小组的一个成员， David Moon 写的备忘录中提到，Chaosnet “目前并不打算为低速链接，噪链，多路径，长距离链接做特别的优化。”他们专注于打造一个在小型网络里表现极佳的协议。 + +因为 Chaosnet 连接在 Lisp 处理器和文件系统之间，所以速度十分重要。网络延迟会严重拖慢一些像打开文本文档这种简单操作的速度，为了提高速度，Chaosnet 结合了在Network Control Program网络控制程序中使用的一些改进方法，随后的 Arpanet 项目中也使用了这些方法。根据 Moon 说过的“为了突破速率瓶颈，很有必要采纳新的设计。目前来看，瓶颈在于由多个链接分享控制链接，而且在下一个信息发送之前，我们需要知道本次信息已经送达。”Chaosnet 协议簇的 ACK 包跟当今 TCP 的差不多，它减少了 1/3 到一半的需要传输的包的数量。 + +因为绝大多数 Lisp 机器使用较短的单线进行连接，所以 Chaosnet 可以使用较为简单的路径算法。Moon 在 Chaosnet 路径的发展规划中写道“预计要适配的网络架构十分简单，并没有包含多少路径，而且每个节点之间的距离很短。所以我认为没有必要进行复杂的方案设计。”因为 Chaosnet 采用的算法十分简单，所以部署它也很容易。与之对比明显，Arpanet 网络控制项目的内容一半与部署有关。 + +Chaosnet 的另一个特性是，它的地址只有 16 bit，是 IPv4 地址的一半。所以这也意味着 Chaosnet 只能在局域网里工作。Chaosnet 也不会去使用端口号；当一个进程试图连接另一个机器上的其他进程时，需要首先初始化连接，获取一个特定的“连接名称”。这个连接名称一般是某个特定服务的名字。比方说，一个主机试图使用 `TELNET` 作为连接名称，连接另一个主机。我认为它的工作方式在实践中类似于 TCP，因为有些非常著名的服务也会拥有连接名称，比如运行在 80 端口上的 `HTTP` 服务。 + +在 1986 年，[RFC 973][5] 通过了将 Chaosnet DNS 类别加入域名解析系统的决议。它替代了一个早先出现的类别`CSNET` 。`CSNET` 是为了支持一个名叫计算机科学网络而被制造出来的协议。我并不知道为什么 Chaosnet 能被域名解析系统另眼相待。很多别的协议也有资格加入 DNS，但是却被忽略了。比如说 Xerox’s 网络协议，在域名解析系统的创办人之一 Paul Mockapetris 提到，在他原本的构想里这个协议应该被包括在 DNS 里。但是它并没有被加入。Chaosnet 被加入的原因大概是因为 Arpanet 项目的早期工作，有很多都在剑桥的 Bolt， Beranek 和 Newman 学院。因此研究人员和 MIT 大多有紧密的联系。在这一小撮致力于发展计算机网络人中，Chaosnet 这个协议应该较为有名。 + +Chaosnet 随着 Lisp 机器的衰落渐渐变得不那么流行。尽管在一小段时间内 Lisp 机器有商业应用 —— Symbolics 和 Lisp Machines Inc 在 80 年代售卖了这些机器。但它们很快被更便宜的微型计算机替代。这些计算机没有特殊制造的回路，但也可以快速运行 Lisp。Chaosnet 被制造出来的目的之一是解决一些 Apernet 协议的原始设计缺陷，但现在 TCP/IP 协议族同样能够解决这些问题了。 + + ### 壳中幽灵 + +非常不幸的是，在互联网中留存的关于 Chaosnet 的资料不多。RFC 675 —— TCP/IP 的初稿于 1974 年发布，而Chasnet 于 1975 年开始开发。但 TCP/IP 最终征服了整个互联网世界，Chaosnet 则被宣布技术性死亡。尽管 Chaosnet 有可能影响了接下来 TCP/IP 的发展，可我并没有找到能够支持这个猜测的证据。 + +唯一一个可见的 Chaosnet 残留就是 DNS 的 `CH` 类。这个事实让我着迷。`CH` 类别是那被遗忘的幽魂 —— 在 TCP/IP 广泛部署存在的，Chaosnet 协议的最后栖身之地。至少对于我来说，这件事情是十分让人激动。它告诉我关于 Chaosnet 的最后一丝痕迹，仍然藏在我们日常使用的网络基础架构之中。DNS 的 `CH` 类别是有趣的数码考古学遗迹。但它同时也是活生生的标识，提醒着我们互联网尚未完全诞生，TCP/IP 不是唯一一个能够让计算机们交流的协议。“万维网”也远远不是我们这全球交流系统所能有的，最酷的名字。 + +如果你喜欢这篇文章，欢迎订阅 [RSS feed][7] 来查看最新更新。 + +过往文章 + +> RSS 是如何诞生的？ 它当时为何盛极一时，但现在鲜为人知？ +> +> — TwoBitHistory (@TwoBitHistory) [September 17, 2018][8] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://twobithistory.org/2018/09/30/chaosnet.html + +作者：[Two-Bit History][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[acyanbird](https://github.com/acyanbird) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://twobithistory.org +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod_(name_service) +[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol +[3]: http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/recursive.pdf +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHRDLU +[5]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc973 +[6]: https://twitter.com/TwoBitHistory +[7]: https://twobithistory.org/feed.xml +[8]: https://twitter.com/TwoBitHistory/status/1041485204802756608?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw From 169c426b284ae72ae8fc92aa054a3709e18aed10 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MZZZ Date: Wed, 27 Mar 2019 20:27:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 028/143] Translated by MZqk --- .../20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md | 143 ------------------ .../20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md | 142 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 142 insertions(+), 143 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md b/sources/tech/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md deleted file mode 100644 index 8b4d3ab33a..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,143 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (MZqk) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (What does DevOps mean to you?) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/1/what-does-devops-mean-you) -[#]: author: (Girish Managoli https://opensource.com/users/gammay) - -What does DevOps mean to you? -====== -6 experts break down DevOps and the practices and philosophies key to making it work. - -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/innovation_lightbulb_gears_devops_ansible.png?itok=TSbmp3_M) - -It's said if you ask 10 people about DevOps, you will get 12 answers. This is a result of the diversity in opinions and expectations around DevOps—not to mention the disparity in its practices. - -To decipher the paradoxes around DevOps, we went to the people who know it the best—its top practitioners around the industry. These are people who have been around the horn, who know the ins and outs of technology, and who have practiced DevOps for years. Their viewpoints should encourage, stimulate, and provoke your thoughts around DevOps. - -### What does DevOps mean to you? - -Let's start with the fundamentals. We're not looking for textbook answers, rather we want to know what the experts say. - -In short, the experts say DevOps is about principles, practices, and tools. - -[Ann Marie Fred][1], DevOps lead for IBM Digital Business Group's Commerce Platform, says, "to me, DevOps is a set of principles and practices designed to make teams more effective in designing, developing, delivering, and operating software." - -According to [Daniel Oh][2], senior DevOps evangelist at Red Hat, "in general, DevOps is compelling for enterprises to evolve current IT-based processes and tools related to app development, IT operations, and security protocol." - -[Brent Reed][3], founder of Tactec Strategic Solutions, talks about continuous improvement for the stakeholders. "DevOps means to me a way of working that includes a mindset that allows for continuous improvement for operational performance, maturing to organizational performance, resulting in delighted stakeholders." - -Many of the experts also emphasize culture. Ann Marie says, "it's also about continuous improvement and learning. It's about people and culture as much as it is about tools and technology." - -To [Dan Barker][4], chief architect and DevOps leader at the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC), "DevOps is primarily about culture. … It has brought several independent areas together like lean, [just culture][5], and continuous learning. And I see culture as being the most critical and the hardest to execute on." - -[Chris Baynham-Hughes][6], head of DevOps at Atos, says, "[DevOps] practice is adopted through the evolution of culture, process, and tooling within an organization. The key focus is culture change, and the key tenants of DevOps culture are collaboration, experimentation, fast-feedback, and continuous improvement." - -[Geoff Purdy][7], cloud architect, talks about agility and feedback "shortening and amplifying feedback loops. We want teams to get feedback in minutes rather than weeks." - -But in the end, Daniel nails it by explaining how open source and open culture allow him to achieve his goals "in easy and quick ways. In DevOps initiatives, the most important thing for me should be open culture rather than useful tools, multiple solutions." - -### What DevOps practices have you found effective? - -"Picking one, automated provisioning has been hugely effective for my team. " - -The most effective practices cited by the experts are pervasive yet disparate. - -According to Ann Marie, "some of the most powerful [practices] are agile project management; breaking down silos between cross-functional, autonomous squads; fully automated continuous delivery; green/blue deploys for zero downtime; developers setting up their own monitoring and alerting; blameless post-mortems; automating security and compliance." - -Chris says, "particular breakthroughs have been empathetic collaboration; continuous improvement; open leadership; reducing distance to the business; shifting from vertical silos to horizontal, cross-functional product teams; work visualization; impact mapping; Mobius loop; shortening of feedback loops; automation (from environments to CI/CD)." - -Brent supports "evolving a learning culture that includes TDD [test-driven development] and BDD [behavior-driven development] capturing of a story and automating the sequences of events that move from design, build, and test through implementation and production with continuous integration and delivery pipelines. A fail-first approach to testing, the ability to automate integration and delivery processes and include fast feedback throughout the lifecycle." - -Geoff highlights automated provisioning. "Picking one, automated provisioning has been hugely effective for my team. More specifically, automated provisioning from a versioned Infrastructure-as-Code codebase." - -Dan uses fun. "We do a lot of different things to create a DevOps culture. We hold 'lunch and learns' with free food to encourage everyone to come and learn together; we buy books and study in groups." - -### How do you motivate your team to achieve DevOps goals? - -``` -"Celebrate wins and visualize the progress made." -``` - -Daniel emphasizes "automation that matters. In order to minimize objection from multiple teams in a DevOps initiative, you should encourage your team to increase the automation capability of development, testing, and IT operations along with new processes and procedures. For example, a Linux container is the key tool to achieve the automation capability of DevOps." - -Geoff agrees, saying, "automate the toil. Are there tasks you hate doing? Great. Engineer them out of existence if possible. Otherwise, automate them. It keeps the job from becoming boring and routine because the job constantly evolves." - -Dan, Ann Marie, and Brent stress team motivation. - -Dan says, "at the NAIC, we have a great awards system for encouraging specific behaviors. We have multiple tiers of awards, and two of them can be given to anyone by anyone. We also give awards to teams after they complete something significant, but we often award individual contributors." - -According to Ann Marie, "the biggest motivator for teams in my area is seeing the success of others. We have a weekly playback for each other, and part of that is sharing what we've learned from trying out new tools or practices. When teams are enthusiastic about something they're doing and willing to help others get started, more teams will quickly get on board." - -Brent agrees. "Getting everyone educated and on the same baseline of knowledge is essential ... assessing what helps the team achieve [and] what it needs to deliver with the product owner and users is the first place I like to start." - -Chris recommends a two-pronged approach. "Run small, weekly goals that are achievable and agreed by the team as being important and [where] they can see progress outside of the feature work they are doing. Celebrate wins and visualize the progress made." - -### How do DevOps and agile work together? - -``` -"DevOps != Agile, second Agile != Scrum." -``` - -This is an important question because both DevOps and agile are cornerstones of modern software development. - -DevOps is a process of software development focusing on communication and collaboration to facilitate rapid application and product deployment, whereas agile is a development methodology involving continuous development, continuous iteration, and continuous testing to achieve predictable and quality deliverables. - -So, how do they relate? Let's ask the experts. - -In Brent's view, "DevOps != Agile, second Agile != Scrum. … Agile tools and ways of working—that support DevOps strategies and goals—are how they mesh together." - -Chris says, "agile is a fundamental component of DevOps for me. Sure, we could talk about how we adopt DevOps culture in a non-agile environment, but ultimately, improving agility in the way software is engineered is a key indicator as to the maturity of DevOps adoption within the organization." - -Dan relates DevOps to the larger [Agile Manifesto][8]. "I never talk about agile without referencing the Agile Manifesto in order to set the baseline. There are many implementations that don't focus on the Manifesto. When you read the Manifesto, they've really described DevOps from a development perspective. Therefore, it is very easy to fit agile into a DevOps culture, as agile is focused on communication, collaboration, flexibility to change, and getting to production quickly." - -Geoff sees "DevOps as one of many implementations of agile. Agile is essentially a set of principles, while DevOps is a culture, process, and toolchain that embodies those principles." - -Ann Marie keeps it succinct, saying "agile is a prerequisite for DevOps. DevOps makes agile more effective." - -### Has DevOps benefited from open source? - -``` -"Open source done well requires a DevOps culture." -``` - -This question receives a fervent "yes" from all participants followed by an explanation of the benefits they've seen. - -Ann Marie says, "we get to stand on the shoulders of giants and build upon what's already available. The open source model of maintaining software, with pull requests and code reviews, also works very well for DevOps teams." - -Chris agrees that DevOps has "undoubtedly" benefited from open source. "From the engineering and tooling side (e.g., Ansible), to the process and people side, through the sharing of stories within the industry and the open leadership community." - -A benefit Geoff cites is "grassroots adoption. Nobody had to sign purchase requisitions for free (as in beer) software. Teams found tooling that met their needs, were free (as in freedom) to modify, [then] built on top of it, and contributed enhancements back to the larger community. Rinse, repeat." - -Open source has shown DevOps "better ways you can adopt new changes and overcome challenges, just like open source software developers are doing it," says Daniel. - -Brent concurs. "DevOps has benefited in many ways from open source. One way is the ability to use the tools to understand how they can help accelerate DevOps goals and strategies. Educating the development and operations folks on crucial things like automation, virtualization and containerization, auto-scaling, and many of the qualities that are difficult to achieve without introducing technology enablers that make DevOps easier." - -Dan notes the two-way, symbiotic relationship between DevOps and open source. "Open source done well requires a DevOps culture. Most open source projects have very open communication structures with very little obscurity. This has actually been a great learning opportunity for DevOps practitioners around what they might bring into their own organizations. Also, being able to use tools from a community that is similar to that of your own organization only encourages your own culture growth. I like to use GitLab as an example of this symbiotic relationship. When I bring [GitLab] into a company, we get a great tool, but what I'm really buying is their unique culture. That brings substantial value through our interactions with them and our ability to contribute back. Their tool also has a lot to offer for a DevOps organization, but their culture has inspired awe in the companies where I've introduced it." - -Now that our DevOps experts have weighed in, please share your thoughts on what DevOps means—as well as the other questions we posed—in the comments. - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/what-does-devops-mean-you - -作者：[Girish Managoli][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/gammay -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://twitter.com/DukeAMO -[2]: https://twitter.com/danieloh30?lang=en -[3]: https://twitter.com/brentareed -[4]: https://twitter.com/barkerd427 -[5]: https://psnet.ahrq.gov/resources/resource/1582 -[6]: https://twitter.com/onlychrisbh?lang=en -[7]: https://twitter.com/geoff_purdy -[8]: https://agilemanifesto.org/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md b/translated/tech/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bbe8ef101e --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ +[#]: collector: "lujun9972" +[#]: translator: "MZqk" +[#]: reviewer: " " +[#]: publisher: " " +[#]: url: " " +[#]: subject: "What does DevOps mean to you?" +[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/19/1/what-does-devops-mean-you" +[#]: author: "Girish Managoli https://opensource.com/users/gammay" + +DevOps 对你意味着什么？ +====== +6 位专家对 DevOps 的实现、实践关键和哲学分解。 + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/innovation_lightbulb_gears_devops_ansible.png?itok=TSbmp3_M) + +如果你问 10 个人关于 DevOps 的问题，你会得到 12 个答案。这是对于 DevOps 意见和期望多样性的结果，更不用说它在实践中的差异。 + +为了解读 DevOps 的悖论，我们找到了最了解它的人 - 这个行业的顶尖从业者。这些人熟悉 DevOps，了解技术的来龙去脉，并且已经有了多年 DevOps 实践。他们的观点应该能鼓励、刺激和激发您对 DevOps 的想法。 + +### DevOps 对你意味着什么？ + +让我们从基本原理开始。我们不能只在教科书上寻找答案，而应该需要知道专家们怎么说。 + +简而言之，专家们说的是关于 DevOps 的原则、实践和工具。 + +IBM 数字企业集团 DevOps 商业平台领导者 [Ann Marie Fred][1]，说，“对于我来说，DevOps 是一套实践的原则，旨在使团队在设计，开发，交付和操作软件方面有更好的效率。” + +根据红帽资深 DevOps 布道者 [Daniel Oh][2]，“ 通常来说，DevOps 促使企业基于当前的 IT 流程和工具之上发展与开发相关的应用程序 、IT 运营和安全协议。” + +Tactec Strategic Solutions 的创始人 [Brent Reed][3]，就持续改进利益相关者进行了会谈。“DevOps 对我来说意味着一种工作方式，包括一种思维方式，允许持续改进运营绩效，逐渐使其成熟为组织提升绩效，从而让利益相关者高兴。” + +许多专家也强调 DevOps 文化。Ann Marie 说，“这也关于持续改进和学习的问题。它涉及的是人和文化，以及工具和技术。” + +美国保监会 (NAIC) 首席架构师兼 DevOps 领导者 [Dan Barker][4]，“DevOps 主要是关于文化…它将几个独立的领域聚集在一起，如精益生产、[合适文化 ][5] 和持续的学习。我认为文化是最关键和最难执行的。” + +Atos 的 DevOps 负责人 [Chris Baynham-Hughes][6]，说，“[DevOps] 实践是通过组织内的文化、流程和工具的发展而被采用的。重点是文化变革，DevOps 文化借鉴的关键是协作、试验、快速反馈和持续改进。” + +云架构师 [Geoff Purdy][7]，谈论敏捷和反馈，“缩短和放大反馈回路。我们希望团队在几分钟内而不是几周内获得反馈。” + +但在最后，Daniel 通过解释开源和开源文化是如何让他以简单快捷的方式实现目标来强调这点，“在推动 DevOps 中，最重要的事情应该是开源文化而不是具体的工具或复杂的解决方案。” + +### 你认为哪些 DevOps 实践有效？ + +“选择一个自动化配置，对我的团队来说非常有效。” + +专家列举的那些最佳实践是普遍存在的，但又各不相同。 + +Ann Marie 表示：“一些十分强大灵活的项目管理[实践]，能在职能、独立的小组之间打破壁垒；全自动化持续部署，蓝/绿部署实现零时间停机状态；开发人员设置自己的监控和警告，无缝自我修复，自动化的安全性与合规性。” + +Chris 说，“特别的突破是倾情合作；持续改成；开放的领导；缩短业务时长；从垂直孤岛转向横向，跨功能的产品团队。工作透明化，相互影响，Mobius 循环，缩短反馈回路，自动化（环境上的 CI/CD）。” + +Brent 支持“发展学习文化，包括 TTD[ 测试驱动开发]和 BDD[ 行为驱动开发]捕获事件，并通过持续集成和持续交付从设计、构建和测试到实施在生产环境上一系列事件的自动化。测试采用故障优先的方法，能够自动化集成和交付流程，并在整个生命周期中包含快速反馈。” + +Geoff 强调自动化配置。“选择一个自动化配置，对我的团队来说非常有效。更具体地说从版本控制代码库中自动配置。” + +Dan uses fun。“ 我们做了很多不同的事情来建立 DevOps 文化。我们举办 ‘Lunch & Learns”’，提供免费的食物来鼓励大家一起学习。我们买书，分组学习。” + +### 你如何激励你的团队实现 DevOps 这个目标？ + +``` +"庆祝你所取得的进步。" +``` + +Daniel 强调“自动化的问题就是为了减少 DevOps 计划中来自多个团队的异议，您应该鼓励您的团队提高开发、测试与 IT 运营的自动化能力，以及新的流程和程序。例如，Linux 容器是实现 DevOps 自动化功能的关键工具。” + +Geoff 很是赞同，“机械化的劳作，你有讨厌现在做的任务吗？很棒。如果可能的话，让它们消失。不行，那就让他们自动化。它能使工作不会变得太枯燥，因为工作总是在变化。” + +Dan，Ann Marie 和 Brent 强调团队的执行力。 + +Dan 说，“在 NAIC，我们有个很好的奖励系统来鼓励特定的行为。我们有多个级别的奖项，其中两个奖项可以任何人颁布给某人。我们也会颁奖给完成重要任务的团队，但我们通常只奖励给个人贡献者。” + +Ann Marie 表示，“我所在地区的团队最大的动力是看见其他人成功。我们每周都会彼此播放一次，其中一部分是分享我们从尝试新工具或实践中学到的东西。团队热衷于他们现在做的事情，并愿意帮助其他人开始，相信更多的团队很快也会加入进来。” + +Brent 表示赞同。“让每个人学习，并掌握基础知识同样至关重要。。。。。。我喜欢从评估什么能帮助团队实现目标[以及]产品负责人和用户需要提供的内容入手。” + +Chris 推荐采用双管齐下的方法。“每周运行可以实现的小目标，并且[在这]可以看到他们正在运做的功能工作之外的进展，庆祝你所取得的进步。” + +### DevOps 和敏捷开发如何协同工作？ + + +``` +“DevOps ！= 敏捷。其次 敏捷 ！=Scrum流程” +``` + +这是一个重要的问题，因为 DevOps 和敏捷开发都是现代软件开发的基石。 + +DevOps 是一个软件开发的过程，专注与沟通与协作，以促进快速部署应用程序和产品。而敏捷开发是一种开发方法，涉及持续开发，连续迭代和连续测试，以实现可预测和可交付的成果质量。 + +那么，它们又有怎样的联系？让我们去问问专家吧。 + +在 Brent 来看，“DevOps！= 敏捷。其次 敏捷！=Scrum 流程。。。敏捷工具和工作方式——支撑着 DevOps 策略和目标——它们是如此融合在一起的。” + +Chris 说，“对我而言敏捷是 DevOps 的一个基本组件。当然，我们可以讨论如何在非敏捷开发环境中采用 DevOps 文化，但最终表明，提高软件设计方式的灵活性是采用 DevOps 成熟读的一个关键指标。” + +Dan 将 DevOps 与更伟大的[敏捷宣言 ][8] 联系起来。“我在谈到敏捷时总会引用敏捷宣言来设置基准，而有许多实现中并不关注宣言。当您阅读宣言时，您会发现它确实从开发的角度描述了 DevOps。因此，将敏捷融入 DevOps 文化非常容易，因为敏捷关注于沟通、协作、变化的灵活性以及快速地投入生产。” + +Geoff 认为 “DevOps 是敏捷实施的众多实现之一。敏捷本质上是一套原则，而 DevOps 则是体现这些原则的文化、流程和工具链。” + +Ann Marie 简洁说明，“敏捷是 DevOps 的先决条件。DevOps 使敏捷变得更加有效。” + +### DevOps 是否受益于开源？ +``` +”开源做得好，需要DevOps文化。“ +``` + +这个问题得到了所有参与者的热烈肯定，然后解释了他们看到的好处。 + +Ann Marie 说，”我们站在巨人的肩膀上，在已有的基础之上发展。拉取请求和代码评审的开源模式，对 DevOps 团队维护软件很有效果。“ + +Chris” 毫无疑问“地赞同 DevOps 受益于开源。”从设计和工具方面（例如，Ansible），到流程和人员方面，通分享行业内的故事和开源社区的领导。“ + +Geoff 提到一个好处是”基层的采纳“。没有人需要签署购买或申请免费（如免费啤酒）的软件。团队发现了满足他们需求的工具，可以自行（自由的）进行修改。[然后]在它之上构建，并为更大的社区提供更好的功能。如此往复。 + +开源已经向 DevOps 展示着”就像开源软件开发者那样做，采用更好的方式来来克服新的变化 “，Daniel 说。 + +Brent 同意道 ”DevOps 从开源中获益良多。一种方法是使用这些工具来理解它们是如何加速 DevOps 的目标和策略；在自动化、自动伸缩、虚拟化和容器化等关键方面对开发人员和操作人员进行培训，如果不引入使 DevOps 更加容易的技术支持，就很难实现这些特性。” + +Dan 指出了 DevOps 和开源之间的双向共生关系，“做好开源需要 DevOps 文化。大多数开源项目都具有非常开放的沟通结构，很少有不透明的地方。对于 Devops 实践者来说，这实际上是一个很好的学习机会，可以让他们了解到可能需要将什么引入自己的组织中。此外能够使用来自社区与组织类似的工具来鼓励自己的文化成长。我喜欢用 GitLab 作为这种共生关系的一个例子。当我把 GitLab 带入一家公司时，我们得到了一个很棒的工具，但我们真正购买的是他们独特的文化，通过我们与他们的互动以及我们的贡献带来了巨大价值。他们的工具也可以为 Devops 组织提供更多东西，而他们的文化已经在我介绍它给的公司中引起了他们的敬畏。” + +现在我们的 DevOps 专家已经参与进来了，请在评论中分享您对 DevOps 的理解，以及向我们提出其其他问题。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/what-does-devops-mean-you + +作者：[Girish Managoli][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[MZqk](https://github.com/MZqk) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/gammay +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://twitter.com/DukeAMO +[2]: https://twitter.com/danieloh30?lang=en +[3]: https://twitter.com/brentareed +[4]: https://twitter.com/barkerd427 +[5]: https://psnet.ahrq.gov/resources/resource/1582 +[6]: https://twitter.com/onlychrisbh?lang=en +[7]: https://twitter.com/geoff_purdy +[8]: https://agilemanifesto.org/ From b89a3ab4f8248caf3cbee65caa1882a8c83d623b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 27 Mar 2019 23:07:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 029/143] PRF:20180719 Building tiny container images.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @HankChow 翻译时可以灵活组织语句，但是要尽量将原意表达透彻。 --- ...20180719 Building tiny container images.md | 120 ++++++------------ 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 82 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180719 Building tiny container images.md b/translated/tech/20180719 Building tiny container images.md index 0c381347be..833da1ecd0 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180719 Building tiny container images.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180719 Building tiny container images.md @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ layer_test_1 latest 6eca792a4ebe 2 minutes ago ### 专用镜像和公用镜像 -有这么一个亲身经历：我们部门重度依赖于 [Ruby on Rails][3]，于是我们开始使用容器。一开始我们就建立了一个正式的 Ruby 的基础镜像供所有的团队使用，为了简单起见（以及在“这就是我们自己在服务器上瞎鼓捣的想法”的指导下），我们使用 [rbenv][4] 将 Ruby 最新的 4 个版本都安装到了这个镜像当中，目的是让开发人员只用这个单一的镜像就可以将使用不同版本 Ruby 的应用程序迁移到容器中。我们当时还认为这是一个虽然非常大但兼容性相当好的镜像，因为这个镜像可以同时满足各个团队的使用。 +有这么一个亲身经历：我们部门重度依赖于 [Ruby on Rails][3]，于是我们开始使用容器。一开始我们就建立了一个正式的 Ruby 的基础镜像供所有的团队使用，为了简单起见（以及在“这就是我们自己在服务器上瞎鼓捣的”想法的指导下），我们使用 [rbenv][4] 将 Ruby 最新的 4 个版本都安装到了这个镜像当中，目的是让开发人员只用这个单一的镜像就可以将使用不同版本 Ruby 的应用程序迁移到容器中。我们当时还认为这是一个虽然非常大但兼容性相当好的镜像，因为这个镜像可以同时满足各个团队的使用。 实际上这是费力不讨好的。如果维护独立的、版本略微不同的镜像中，可以很轻松地实现镜像的自动化维护。同时，选择特定版本的特定镜像，还有助于在引入破坏性改变，在应用程序接近生命周期结束前提前做好预防措施，以免产生不可控的后果。庞大的公用镜像也会对资源造成浪费，当我们后来将这个庞大的镜像按照 Ruby 版本进行拆分之后，我们最终得到了共享一个基础镜像的多个镜像，如果它们都放在一个服务器上，会额外多占用一点空间，但是要比安装了多个版本的巨型镜像要小得多。 @@ -86,219 +86,175 @@ layer_test_1 latest 6eca792a4ebe 2 minutes ago ### 从零开始：将你需要的内容添加到空白镜像中 -有一些和 Dockerfile 一样易用的工具可以轻松创建非常小的兼容 Docker 的容器镜像，这些镜像甚至不需要包含一个完整的操作系统。 +有一些和 Dockerfile 一样易用的工具可以轻松创建非常小的兼容 Docker 的容器镜像，这些镜像甚至不需要包含一个完整的操作系统，就可以像标准的 Docker 基础镜像一样小。 -我曾经写过一篇[关于 Buildah 的文章][5]，我想在这里再一次安利这个工具。它可以使用宿主机上的工具来操作一个空白镜像并安装打包好的应用程序，而且这些工具不会被包含到镜像当中。 +我曾经写过一篇[关于 Buildah 的文章][5]，我想在这里再一次推荐一下这个工具。因为它足够的灵活，可以使用宿主机上的工具来操作一个空白镜像并安装打包好的应用程序，而且这些工具不会被包含到镜像当中。 Buildah 取代了 `docker build` 命令。可以使用 Buildah 将容器的文件系统挂载到宿主机上并进行交互。 -下面来使用 Buildah 实现上文中 Nginx 的例子： +下面来使用 Buildah 实现上文中 Nginx 的例子（现在忽略了缓存的处理）： + ``` #!/usr/bin/env bash - set -o errexit - - # Create a container - container=$(buildah from scratch) - - # Mount the container filesystem - mountpoint=$(buildah mount $container) - - # Install a basic filesystem and minimal set of packages, and nginx - dnf install --installroot $mountpoint --releasever 28 glibc-minimal-langpack nginx --setopt install_weak_deps=false -y - - # Save the container to an image - buildah commit --format docker $container nginx - - # Cleanup - buildah unmount $container - - # Push the image to the Docker daemon’s storage - buildah push nginx:latest docker-daemon:nginx:latest ``` -你会发现这里使用的已经不是 Dockerfile 了，而是普通的 Bash 脚本，而且是从空白镜像开始构建的。上面这段 Bash 脚本将容器的根文件系统挂载到了宿主机上，然后使用宿主机的命令来安装及应用程序，这样的话就不需要把软件包管理器放置到容器镜像中了。 +你会发现这里使用的已经不再是 Dockerfile 了，而是普通的 Bash 脚本，而且是从框架（或空白）镜像开始构建的。上面这段 Bash 脚本将容器的根文件系统挂载到了宿主机上，然后使用宿主机的命令来安装应用程序，这样的话就不需要把软件包管理器放置到容器镜像中了。 + +这样所有无关的内容（基础镜像之外的部分，例如 `dnf`）就不再会包含在镜像中了。在这个例子当中，构建出来的镜像大小只有 304 MB，比使用 Dockerfile 构建的镜像减少了 100 MB 以上。 -这样所有无关的内容（例如 `dnf`）就不再会包含在镜像中了。在这个例子当中，构建出来的镜像大小只有 304 MB，比使用 Dockerfile 构建的镜像减少了 100 MB 以上。 ``` [chris@krang] $ docker images |grep nginx - docker.io/nginx buildah 2505d3597457 4 minutes ago 304 MB - ``` -_注：这个镜像是使用上面的构建脚本构建的，镜像名称中的 `docker.io` 只是在推送到镜像仓库时人为加上的。_ +注：这个镜像是使用上面的构建脚本构建的，镜像名称中前缀的 `docker.io` 只是在推送到镜像仓库时加上的。 -对于一个 300MB 级别的容器镜像来说，能缩小 100MB 已经是很显著的节省了。使用软件包管理器来安装 Nginx 会带来大量的依赖项，如果能够使用宿主机直接从源代码对应用程序进行编译然后构建到容器镜像中，节省出来的空间还可以更多，因为这个时候可以精细的选用必要的依赖项，非必要的依赖项一概不构建到镜像中。 +对于一个 300MB 级别的容器基础镜像来说，能缩小 100MB 已经是很显著的节省了。使用软件包管理器来安装 Nginx 会带来大量的依赖项，如果能够使用宿主机直接从源代码对应用程序进行编译然后构建到容器镜像中，节省出来的空间还可以更多，因为这个时候可以精细的选用必要的依赖项，非必要的依赖项一概不构建到镜像中。 [Tom Sweeney][6] 有一篇文章《[用 Buildah 构建更小的容器][7]》，如果你想在这方面做深入的优化，不妨参考一下。 -通过 Buildah 可以构建一个不包含完整操作系统和代码编译工具的容器镜像，大幅缩减了容器镜像的体积。因此可以采用这种方式，创建一个只包含应用程序本身的镜像。 +通过 Buildah 可以构建一个不包含完整操作系统和代码编译工具的容器镜像，大幅缩减了容器镜像的体积。对于某些类型的镜像，我们可以进一步采用这种方式，创建一个只包含应用程序本身的镜像。 ### 使用静态链接的二进制文件来构建镜像 -按照这个思路，我们甚至可以舍弃容器内部的管理工具。例如，如果我们不需要在容器中进行调试，是不是可以不要 Bash 了？是不是可以不要 [GNU 套件][8]了？是不是可以不要 Linux 基础文件系统了？如果你使用的编译型语言支持[静态链接库][9]，将应用程序所需要的所有库和函数都编译成二进制文件，那么上面那些“累赘”可以统统省去。 +按照这个思路，我们甚至可以更进一步舍弃容器内部的管理和构建工具。例如，如果我们足够专业，不需要在容器中进行排错调试，是不是可以不要 Bash 了？是不是可以不要 [GNU 核心套件][8]了？是不是可以不要 Linux 基础文件系统了？如果你使用的编译型语言支持[静态链接库][9]，将应用程序所需要的所有库和函数都编译成二进制文件，那么程序所需要的函数和库都可以复制和存储在二进制文件本身里面。 这种做法在 [Golang][10] 社区中已经十分常见，下面我们使用由 Go 语言编写的应用程序进行展示： -以下这个 Dockerfile 基于 `golang:1.8` 构建一个 Hello World 应用程序镜像： +以下这个 Dockerfile 基于 golang:1.8 镜像构建一个小的 Hello World 应用程序镜像： + ``` FROM golang:1.8 - - ENV GOOS=linux - ENV appdir=/go/src/gohelloworld - - COPY ./ /go/src/goHelloWorld - WORKDIR /go/src/goHelloWorld - - RUN go get - RUN go build -o /goHelloWorld -a - - CMD ["/goHelloWorld"] - ``` 构建出来的镜像中包含了二进制文件、源代码以及基础镜像层，一共 716MB。但对于应用程序运行唯一必要的只有编译后的二进制文件，其余内容在镜像中都是多余的。 -如果在编译的时候通过指定参数 `CGO_ENABLED=0` 来禁用 `cgo`，就可以在编译二进制文件的时候忽略某些 C 语言库： +如果在编译的时候通过指定参数 `CGO_ENABLED=0` 来禁用 `cgo`，就可以在编译二进制文件的时候忽略某些函数的 C 语言库： + ``` GOOS=linux CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -a goHelloWorld.go ``` -编译出来的二进制文件可以基于空白镜像来构建应用程序镜像： +编译出来的二进制文件可以加到一个空白（或框架）镜像： + ``` FROM scratch - COPY goHelloWorld / - CMD ["/goHelloWorld"] - ``` 来看一下两次构建的镜像对比： + ``` [ chris@krang ] $ docker images - REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE - goHello scratch a5881650d6e9 13 seconds ago 1.55 MB - goHello builder 980290a100db 14 seconds ago 716 MB - ``` -从镜像体积来说简直是天差地别了。基于 `golang:1.8` 镜像构建出来的应用程序镜像（带有 builder 标签）体积是基于空白镜像构建出来的应用程序镜像的 460 倍！后者的整个镜像大小只有 1.55MB，也就是说，有 713MB 的数据都是非必要的。 +从镜像体积来说简直是天差地别了。基于 golang:1.8 镜像构建出来带有 goHelloWorld 二进制的镜像（带有 `builder` 标签）体积是基于空白镜像构建的只包含该二进制文件的镜像的 460 倍！后者的整个镜像大小只有 1.55MB，也就是说，有 713MB 的数据都是非必要的。 正如上面提到的，这种缩减镜像体积的方式在 Golang 社区非常流行，因此不乏这方面的文章。[Kelsey Hightower][11] 有一篇[文章][12]专门介绍了如何处理这些库的依赖关系。 ### 压缩镜像层 -除了前面几节中讲到的将多个命令连接成一个命令的技巧，还可以对镜像层进行压缩。镜像层压缩的实质是删除掉镜像构建过程中的所有中间层，然后使用镜像的当前状态导出单个镜像层。这样可以进一步将镜像缩小到更小的体积。 +除了前面几节中讲到的将多个命令链接成一个命令的技巧，还可以对镜像进行压缩。镜像压缩的实质是导出它，删除掉镜像构建过程中的所有中间层，然后保存镜像的当前状态为单个镜像层。这样可以进一步将镜像缩小到更小的体积。 在 Docker 1.13 之前，压缩镜像层的的过程可能比较麻烦，需要用到 `docker-squash` 之类的工具来导出容器的内容并重新导入成一个单层的镜像。但 Docker 在 Docker 1.13 中引入了 `--squash` 参数，可以在构建过程中实现同样的功能： + ``` FROM fedora:28 - LABEL maintainer Chris Collins - - RUN dnf install -y nginx - RUN dnf clean all - RUN rm -rf /var/cache/yum - - [chris@krang] $ docker build -t squash -f Dockerfile-squash --squash . - [chris@krang] $ docker images --format "{{.Repository}}: {{.Size}}" | head -n 1 - squash: 271 MB - ``` 通过这种方式使用 Dockerfile 构建出来的镜像有 271MB 大小，和上面连接多条命令的方案构建出来的镜像体积一样，因此这个方案也是有效的，但也有一个潜在的问题，而且是另一种问题。 -### Going too far: Too squashed, too small, too specialized +“什么？还有另外的问题？” -容器镜像之间可以共享镜像层。一个镜像层本身会带有一定的体积，但只要存在于镜像仓库中，就可以被其它容器镜像复用。一个容器镜像的大小是基础镜像层加上每层的差异内容，因此，如果有数千个基于同一个基础镜像的容器镜像，其体积之和也有可能只比一个基础镜像大不了多少。 +好吧，有点像以前一样的问题，以另一种方式引发了问题。 -因此，如果过度使用压缩图像层的方案，将不同镜像压缩成单个镜像层，各个容器镜像之间就没有可以共享的镜像层了，每个容器镜像都会占有单独的体积。如果你只需要维护少数几个容器镜像，这个问题可以忽略不计；但如果你要维护的容器镜像很多，从长远来看，就会耗费大量的存储空间。 +### 过头了：过度压缩、太小太专用了 -回顾上面 Nginx 的例子。在这个镜像中，有 Fedora 操作系统和 Nginx 应用程序，没有安装缓存，并且已经被压缩。但我们一般不会使用一个原始的 Nginx，而是会修改配置文件，以及引入其它代码或应用程序来配合 Nginx 使用，而要做到这些，Dockerfile 就变得更加复杂了。 +容器镜像之间可以共享镜像层。基础镜像或许大小上有几 Mb，但它只需要拉取/存储一次，并且每个镜像都能复用它。所有共享基础镜像的实际镜像大小是基础镜像层加上每个特定改变的层的差异内容，因此，如果有数千个基于同一个基础镜像的容器镜像，其体积之和也有可能只比一个基础镜像大不了多少。 -如果使用普通的镜像构建方式，构建出来的容器镜像就会带有 Fedora 操作系统的镜像层、一个安装了 Nginx 的镜像层、为 Nginx 作自定义配置的其它多个镜像层，而如果有其它容器镜像需要用到 Fedora 或者 Nginx，就可以复用这个容器镜像的前两层。 +因此，这就是过度使用压缩或专用镜像层的缺点。将不同镜像压缩成单个镜像层，各个容器镜像之间就没有可以共享的镜像层了，每个容器镜像都会占有单独的体积。如果你只需要维护少数几个容器镜像来运行很多容器，这个问题可以忽略不计；但如果你要维护的容器镜像很多，从长远来看，就会耗费大量的存储空间。 + +回顾上面 Nginx 压缩的例子，我们能看出来这种情况并不是什么大的问题。在这个镜像中，有 Fedora 操作系统和 Nginx 应用程序，没有缓存，并且已经被压缩。但我们一般不会使用一个原始的 Nginx，而是会修改配置文件，以及引入其它代码或应用程序来配合 Nginx 使用，而要做到这些，Dockerfile 就变得更加复杂了。 + +如果使用普通的镜像构建方式，构建出来的容器镜像就会带有 Fedora 操作系统的镜像层、一个安装了 Nginx 的镜像层（带或不带缓存）、为 Nginx 作自定义配置的其它多个镜像层，而如果有其它容器镜像需要用到 Fedora 或者 Nginx，就可以复用这个容器镜像的前两层。 ``` [ App 1 Layer ( 5 MB) ] [ App 2 Layer (6 MB) ] - [ Nginx Layer ( 21 MB) ] ------------------^ - [ Fedora Layer (249 MB) ] - ``` 如果使用压缩镜像层的构建方式，Fedora 操作系统会和 Nginx 以及其它配置内容都被压缩到同一层里面，如果有其它容器镜像需要使用到 Fedora，就必须重新引入 Fedora 基础镜像，这样每个容器镜像都会额外增加 249MB 的大小。 + ``` [ Fedora + Nginx + App 1 (275 MB)] [ Fedora + Nginx + App 2 (276 MB) ] - ``` -当你构建了大量在功能上趋于分化的的小型容器镜像是，这个问题就会暴露出来了。 +当你构建了大量在功能上趋于分化的的小型容器镜像时，这个问题就会暴露出来了。 就像生活中的每一件事一样，关键是要做到适度。根据镜像层的实现原理，如果一个容器镜像变得越小、越专用化，就越难和其它容器镜像共享基础的镜像层，这样反而带来不好的效果。 -对于仅在基础镜像上做微小变动构建出来的多个容器镜像，可以考虑共享基础镜像层。如上所述，一个镜像层本身会带有一定的体积，但只要存在于镜像仓库中，就可以被其它容器镜像复用。 +对于仅在基础镜像上做微小变动构建出来的多个容器镜像，可以考虑共享基础镜像层。如上所述，一个镜像层本身会带有一定的体积，但只要存在于镜像仓库中，就可以被其它容器镜像复用。这种情况下，数千个镜像也许要比单个镜像占用更少的空间。 + ``` [ specific app ] [ specific app 2 ] - [ customizations ]--------------^ - [ base layer ] - ``` 一个容器镜像变得越小、越专用化，就越难和其它容器镜像共享基础的镜像层，最终会不必要地占用越来越多的存储空间。 + ``` [ specific app 1 ] [ specific app 2 ] [ specific app 3 ] - ``` ### 总结 -减少处理容器镜像时所需的存储空间和带宽的方法有很多，其中最直接的方法就是减小容器镜像本身的大小。在使用容器的过程中，要经常留意容器镜像是否体积过大，根据不同的情况采用上述提到的清理缓存、压缩层、在空白镜像中放入二进制文件等不同的方法，将容器镜像的体积缩减到一个真实的规格。 +减少处理容器镜像时所需的存储空间和带宽的方法有很多，其中最直接的方法就是减小容器镜像本身的大小。在使用容器的过程中，要经常留意容器镜像是否体积过大，根据不同的情况采用上述提到的清理缓存、压缩到一层、将二进制文件加入在空白镜像中等不同的方法，将容器镜像的体积缩减到一个有效的大小。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -307,7 +263,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/18/7/building-container-images 作者：[Chris Collins][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[HankChow](https://github.com/HankChow) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 564e83f821df45d7d64b620bce98649f04492a71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 27 Mar 2019 23:08:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 030/143] PUB:20180719 Building tiny container images.md @HankChow https://linux.cn/article-10659-1.html --- .../tech => published}/20180719 Building tiny container images.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180719 Building tiny container images.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180719 Building tiny container images.md b/published/20180719 Building tiny container images.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180719 Building tiny container images.md rename to published/20180719 Building tiny container images.md From 08ce38fc0c9aafe650318c8f40a3015e90c2306d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Mick <541913141@qq.com> Date: Wed, 27 Mar 2019 23:30:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 031/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=9B=B4=E6=96=B0README.md=E4=B8=AD?= =?UTF-8?q?=E7=9A=84=E4=B8=A4=E4=B8=AA=E9=93=BE=E6=8E=A5?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- README.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 6590da83cb..d3599e2b5c 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -28,13 +28,13 @@ LCTT 已经拥有几百名活跃成员，并欢迎更多的 Linux 志愿者加 加入的成员，请： 1. 修改你的 QQ 群名片为“译者-您的_GitHub_ID”。 -2. 阅读 [WIKI](http://lctt.github.io/wiki) 了解如何开始。 +2. 阅读 [WIKI](https://lctt.github.io/wiki) 了解如何开始。 3. 遇到不解之处，请在群内发问。 如何开始 ------------------------------- -请阅读 [WIKI](http://lctt.github.io/wiki)。如需要协助，请在群内发问。 +请阅读 [WIKI](https://lctt.github.io/wiki)。如需要协助，请在群内发问。 历史 ------------------------------- From 157b0ac6b8e877036793cd7aea8e8dd42f5e71e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Joseph.L.Meng" Date: Thu, 28 Mar 2019 03:24:33 +1100 Subject: [PATCH 032/143] Update 20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md --- ...0 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md | 31 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md b/sources/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md index e5b4a4e828..990969b883 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md +++ b/sources/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md @@ -1,27 +1,28 @@ Modrisco is translating -10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine +10款你可以通过Wine在Linux上玩的游戏 ====== ![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/wine-games-feat.jpg) -Linux _does_ have games. It has a lot of them, actually. Linux is a thriving platform for indie gaming, and it 's not too uncommon for Linux to be supported on day one by top indie titles. In stark contrast, however, Linux is still largely ignored by the big-budget AAA developers, meaning that the games your friends are buzzing about probably won't be getting a Linux port anytime soon. +Linux _确实_ 能玩游戏，能玩的也不少。独立游戏在Linux平台上蓬勃发展，顶级的独立游戏也常常会在发售首日便发布Linux版本。然而，3A游戏大作的开发者们却常常忽略Linux，所以你不会很快就能玩上身边朋友们口中正火的那些游戏。 -It's not all bad, though. Wine, the Windows compatibility layer for Linux, Mac, and BSD systems, is making huge strides in both the number of titles supported and performance. In fact, a lot of big name games now work under Wine. No, you won't get native performance, but they are playable and can actually run very well, depending on your system. Here are some games that it might surprise you can run with Wine on Linux. +但情况还没有糟透。Wine —— 一个能使 Windows 应用在类似 Linux, BSD和OS X上运行的兼容层，在支持的游戏数量和性能表现上都取得了巨大进步。很多游戏大作都可以在Wine的支持下运行。你不能完全释放本机性能，但还是可以跑起来游戏，运行也还算流畅，当然这也要取决与你的操作系统。下面带来一些可能会令你大吃一惊的可以通过Wine在Linux上玩的游戏。 -### 10. World of Warcraft +### 10. 魔兽世界 +![World of Warcraft Wine][1] ![World of Warcraft Wine][1] -The venerable king of MMORPGs is still alive and going strong. Even though it might not be the most graphically advanced game, it still takes some power to crank all the settings up to max. World of Warcraft has actually worked under Wine for years. Until this latest expansion, WoW supported OpenGL for its Mac version, making it very easy to get working under Linux. That's not quite the case anymore. +这款经典的MMORPG之王仍旧坚挺并保持活力。虽然这不是一款以画面见长的游戏，但想要开到全画质也需要费一些功夫。魔兽世界已经在Wine的支持下运行了很多年。到了最新资料片发布时，魔兽世界为它的Mac版本提供了OpenGL支持，使得游戏可以很轻松地在Linux下运行。这已经不再是个问题了。 -You'll need to run WoW with DX9 and will definitely see some benefit from the [Gallium Nine][2] patches, but you can confidently make the switch over to Linux without missing raid night. +你需要通过DX9来运行游戏并从[Gallium Nine][2]补丁来获得一些性能提升，不过你也可以放心大胆地在Linux中下副本了。 -### 9. Skyrim +### 9. 上古卷轴5：天际 ![Skyrim Wine][3] Skyrim's not exactly new, but it's still fueled by a thriving modding community. You can now easily enjoy Skyrim and its many, many mods if you have a Linux system with enough resources to handle it all. Remember that Wine uses more system power than running the game natively, so account for that in your mod usage. -### 8. StarCraft II +### 8. 星际争霸2 ![StarCraft II Wine][4] @@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ Given the competitive nature of this game, you obviously need the game to run we This is an instance where you'll benefit from the "staging" patches, so continue using them when you're getting the game set up. -### 7. Fallout 3/New Vegas +### 7. 辐射3 / 辐射：新维加斯 ![Fallout 3 Wine][5] @@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ Before you ask, Fallout 4 is on the verge of working. At the time you're reading Doom is one of the most exciting shooters of the past few years, and it run very well under Wine with the latest versions and the "staging" patches. Both single player and multiplayer work great, and you don't need to spend loads of time configuring Wine and tweaking settings. Doom just works. So, if you're looking for a brutal AAA shooter on Linux, consider giving Doom a try. -### 5. Guild Wars 2 +### 5. 激战2 ![Guild Wars 2 Wine][7] @@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ Guild War 2 is a sort-of hybrid MMO/dungeon crawler without a monthly fee. It's Guild Wars 2 isn't some ancient MMO either. It's tried to keep itself modern graphically and has fairly high resolution textures and visual effects for the genre. All of it looks and works very well under Wine. -### 4. League Of Legends +### 4. 英雄联盟 ![League Of Legends Wine][8] @@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ There are two top players in the MOBA world: DoTA2 and League of Legends. Valve League of Legends is an interesting case. The game itself runs fine, but the installer breaks because it requires Adobe Air. There are some installer scripts available from Lutris and PlayOnLinux that get you through the process. Once it's installed, you should have no problem running League and even playing it smoothly in competitive situations. -### 3. Hearthstone +### 3. 炉石传说 ![HearthStone Wine][9] @@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ Hearthstone is a popular and addictive free-to-play digital card game that's ava Hearthstone doesn't require any special configuration or even patches. It just works. -### 2. Witcher 3 +### 2. 巫师3 ![Witcher 3 Wine][10] @@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ If you're surprised to see this one here, you're not alone. With the latest "sta Don't expect everything to be perfect just yet. Support for Witcher 3 is _very_ new, and some things might not work as expected. That said, if you only have Linux to game on, and you 're willing to deal with a couple of rough edges, you can enjoy this awesome game for the first time with few, if any, troubles. -### 1. Overwatch +### 1. 守望先锋 ![Overwatch Wine][11] @@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ Speaking of progress, right now Wine is making massive strides in DirectX11 supp via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/games-play-on-linux-with-wine/ 作者：[Nick Congleton][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[Modrisco](https://github.com/Modrisco) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 4fad0f0ab94656f36dabeb91b989108034b86bc7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 28 Mar 2019 08:54:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 033/143] translated --- ...et cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md | 64 ------------------- ...et cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md | 64 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 64 insertions(+), 64 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md b/sources/tech/20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md deleted file mode 100644 index a45c3b04fd..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,64 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora) -[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/get-cooking-with-gnome-recipes-on-fedora/) -[#]: author: (Ryan Lerch https://fedoramagazine.org/introducing-flatpak/) - -Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora -====== -![](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/gnome-recipes-816x345.jpg) - -Do you love to cook? Looking for a better way to manage your recipes using Fedora? GNOME Recipes is an awesome application available to install in Fedora to store and organize your recipe collection. - -![][1] - -GNOME Recipes is an recipe management tool from the GNOME project. It has the visual style of a modern GNOME style application, and feels similar to GNOME Software, but for food. - -### Installing GNOME Recipes - -Recipes is available to install from the 3rd party Flathub repositories. If you have never installed an application from Flathub before, set it up using the following guide: - -[Install Flathub apps on Fedora](https://fedoramagazine.org/install-flathub-apps-fedora/) - -After correctly setting up Flathub as a software source, you will be able to search for and install Recipes via GNOME Software. - -### Recipe management - -Recipes allows you to manually add your own collection of recipes, including photos, ingredients, directions, as well as extra metadata like preparation time, cuisine style, and spiciness. - -![][2] - -When entering in a new item, GNOME Recipes there are a range of different measurement units to choose from, as well as special tags for items like temperature, allowing you to easily switch units. - -### Community recipes - -In addition to manually entering in your favourite dishes for your own use, it also allows you to find, use, and contribute recipes to the community. Additionally, you can mark your favourites, and search the collection by the myriad of metadata available for each recipe. - -![][3] - -### Step by step guidance - -One of the awesome little features in GNOME Recipes is the step by step fullscreen mode. When you are ready to cook, simply activate this mode, move you laptop to the kitchen, and you will have a full screen display of the current step in the cooking method. Futhermore, you can set up the recipes to have timers displayed on this mode when something is in the oven. - -![][4] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://fedoramagazine.org/get-cooking-with-gnome-recipes-on-fedora/ - -作者：[Ryan Lerch][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/introducing-flatpak/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Screenshot-from-2019-03-06-19-45-06-1024x727.png -[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/gnome-recipes1-1024x727.png -[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Screenshot-from-2019-03-06-20-08-45-1024x725.png -[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Screenshot-from-2019-03-06-20-39-44-1024x640.png diff --git a/translated/tech/20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md b/translated/tech/20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c608b1e6d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/get-cooking-with-gnome-recipes-on-fedora/) +[#]: author: (Ryan Lerch https://fedoramagazine.org/introducing-flatpak/) + +在 Fedora 上使用 GNOME Recipes 烹饪 +====== +![](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/gnome-recipes-816x345.jpg) + +你喜欢烹饪吗？在 Fedora 中寻找管理食谱的更好方法么？ GNOME Recipes 是一个非常棒的应用，可以在 Fedora 中安装，用于保存和组织你的食谱。 + +![][1] + +GNOME Recipes 是 GNOME 项目中的食谱管理工具。它有现代 GNOME 应用的视觉风格，类似于 GNOME Software，但它是对于食物。 + +### 安装 GNOME Recipes + +Recipes 可从第三方 Flathub 仓库安装。如果你之前从未安装过 Flathub 的应用，请使用以下指南进行设置： + +[Install Flathub apps on Fedora](https://fedoramagazine.org/install-flathub-apps-fedora/) + +正确设置 Flathub 作为软件源后，你将能够通过 GNOME Software 搜索和安装 Recipes。 + +### 食谱管理 + +Recipes 能让你手动添加自己的食谱集合，包括照片、配料，说明，以及额外的元数据，如准备时间、烹饪风格和辛辣程度。 + +![][2] + +当输入新项时，GNOME Recipes 有一系列不同的测量单位可供选择, 以及特殊的标签, 如温度等, 让你可以轻松地切换单位。 + +### 社区食谱 + +除了手动输入你喜欢的菜肴供你自己使用外，它还能让你查找、使用和贡献食谱给社区。此外，你可以标记你的收藏夹，并通过搜索集合的大量元数据查找菜谱。 + +![][3] + +### 分步指导 + +GNOME Recipes 中一个非常棒的小功能是分步全屏模式。当你准备做饭时，只需激活此模式，将笔记本电脑拿到厨房，你就可以全屏显示烹饪方法中的当前步骤。此外，当食物在烤箱中时，你可以在这个模式下设置定时器。 + +![][4] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/get-cooking-with-gnome-recipes-on-fedora/ + +作者：[Ryan Lerch][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/introducing-flatpak/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Screenshot-from-2019-03-06-19-45-06-1024x727.png +[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/gnome-recipes1-1024x727.png +[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Screenshot-from-2019-03-06-20-08-45-1024x725.png +[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Screenshot-from-2019-03-06-20-39-44-1024x640.png From 04d284651880533cb87bb1390422f72ce6068857 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 28 Mar 2019 09:01:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 034/143] translating --- .../tech/20190314 14 days of celebrating the Raspberry Pi.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190314 14 days of celebrating the Raspberry Pi.md b/sources/tech/20190314 14 days of celebrating the Raspberry Pi.md index 42ea4ab03e..5b65b5959a 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190314 14 days of celebrating the Raspberry Pi.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190314 14 days of celebrating the Raspberry Pi.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 8fc8c2d591c0cc4a0fb77c625da2ba1884a590ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Thu, 28 Mar 2019 09:27:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 035/143] PRF:20190306 3 popular programming languages you can learn with Raspberry Pi.md @qhwdw --- ... languages you can learn with Raspberry Pi.md | 16 +++++++++------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190306 3 popular programming languages you can learn with Raspberry Pi.md b/translated/tech/20190306 3 popular programming languages you can learn with Raspberry Pi.md index d2094fdf67..f4ab586742 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190306 3 popular programming languages you can learn with Raspberry Pi.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190306 3 popular programming languages you can learn with Raspberry Pi.md @@ -1,15 +1,17 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (qhwdw) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (3 popular programming languages you can learn with Raspberry Pi) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/programming-languages-raspberry-pi) [#]: author: (Anderson Silva https://opensource.com/users/ansilva) -可以使用树莓派学习的 3 种流行编程语言 +树莓派使用入门：可以使用树莓派学习的 3 种流行编程语言 ====== -通过树莓派学习编程，让你在就业市场上更值钱。 + +> 通过树莓派学习编程，让你在就业市场上更值钱。 + ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/programming_language_c.png?itok=mPwqDAD9) 在本系列的上一篇文章中，我分享了 [教孩子们使用树莓派编程][1] 的一些方式。理论上，这些资源并不局限于只适用于孩子们，成人也是可以使用的。但是学习就业市场上急需的编程语言，可以让你得到更好的机会。 @@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ ### Java -虽然 [Java][6] 已经不像以前那样引人注目了，但它仍然在世界各地的大学和企业中占据着重要的地位。因此，即便是一些人对我建议新手学习 Java 持反对意见，但我仍然强烈推荐大家去学习 Java；之所以这么做，原因之一是，它仍然很流行，原因之二是，它有大量的便于你学习的图书、课程、和其它的可用信息。在树莓派上学习它，你可以从使用 Java 集成开发环境 [BlueJ][7] 开始。 +虽然 [Java][6] 已经不像以前那样引人注目了，但它仍然在世界各地的大学和企业中占据着重要的地位。因此，即便是一些人对我建议新手学习 Java 持反对意见，但我仍然强烈推荐大家去学习 Java；之所以这么做，原因之一是，它仍然很流行，原因之二是，它有大量的便于你学习的图书、课程和其它的可用信息。在树莓派上学习它，你可以从使用 Java 集成开发环境 [BlueJ][7] 开始。 ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/bluejayide.png) @@ -34,7 +36,7 @@ ### 其它编程语言 -如果这里没有列出你想学习的编程语言，别失望。你可以使用你的树莓派去编译或解释任何你选择的语言，包括 C、C++、PHP、和 Ruby，这种可能性还是很大的。 +如果这里没有列出你想学习的编程语言，别失望。你可以使用你的树莓派去编译或解释任何你选择的语言，包括 C、C++、PHP 和 Ruby，这种可能性还是很大的。 微软的 [Visual Studio Code][11] 也可以运行在 [树莓派][12] 上。它是来自微软的开源代码编辑器，它支持多种标记和编程语言。 @@ -45,13 +47,13 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/programming-languages-raspberry-pi 作者：[Anderson Silva][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[qhwdw](https://github.com/qhwdw) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://opensource.com/users/ansilva [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/teach-kids-program-raspberry-pi +[1]: https://linux.cn/article-10653-1.html [2]: https://opensource.com/resources/python [3]: https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2018/07/26/python-is-becoming-the-worlds-most-popular-coding-language [4]: https://thonny.org/ From 4bbf9a53e0b8b0446b99ca5e420144c8c75602a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Thu, 28 Mar 2019 09:28:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 036/143] PUB:20190306 3 popular programming languages you can learn with Raspberry Pi.md @qhwdw https://linux.cn/article-10661-1.html --- ...r programming languages you can learn with Raspberry Pi.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190306 3 popular programming languages you can learn with Raspberry Pi.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190306 3 popular programming languages you can learn with Raspberry Pi.md b/published/20190306 3 popular programming languages you can learn with Raspberry Pi.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190306 3 popular programming languages you can learn with Raspberry Pi.md rename to published/20190306 3 popular programming languages you can learn with Raspberry Pi.md index f4ab586742..f9f8047418 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190306 3 popular programming languages you can learn with Raspberry Pi.md +++ b/published/20190306 3 popular programming languages you can learn with Raspberry Pi.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (qhwdw) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10661-1.html) [#]: subject: (3 popular programming languages you can learn with Raspberry Pi) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/programming-languages-raspberry-pi) [#]: author: (Anderson Silva https://opensource.com/users/ansilva) From 9882d8bfbb0a481f4ff1bd7186105dc340eb278f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Thu, 28 Mar 2019 23:09:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 037/143] PRF:20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md @geekpi --- ... Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md | 17 +++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md b/translated/tech/20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md index c608b1e6d9..99cb4e2f29 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora) @@ -9,33 +9,34 @@ 在 Fedora 上使用 GNOME Recipes 烹饪 ====== + ![](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/gnome-recipes-816x345.jpg) 你喜欢烹饪吗？在 Fedora 中寻找管理食谱的更好方法么？ GNOME Recipes 是一个非常棒的应用，可以在 Fedora 中安装，用于保存和组织你的食谱。 ![][1] -GNOME Recipes 是 GNOME 项目中的食谱管理工具。它有现代 GNOME 应用的视觉风格，类似于 GNOME Software，但它是对于食物。 +GNOME Recipes 是 GNOME 项目中的食谱管理工具。它有现代 GNOME 应用的视觉风格，类似于 GNOME “软件”，但它是针对食物的。 ### 安装 GNOME Recipes Recipes 可从第三方 Flathub 仓库安装。如果你之前从未安装过 Flathub 的应用，请使用以下指南进行设置： -[Install Flathub apps on Fedora](https://fedoramagazine.org/install-flathub-apps-fedora/) +- [在 Fedora 上安装 Flathub 应用](https://fedoramagazine.org/install-flathub-apps-fedora/) -正确设置 Flathub 作为软件源后，你将能够通过 GNOME Software 搜索和安装 Recipes。 +正确设置 Flathub 作为软件源后，你将能够通过 GNOME “软件”搜索和安装 Recipes。 ### 食谱管理 -Recipes 能让你手动添加自己的食谱集合，包括照片、配料，说明，以及额外的元数据，如准备时间、烹饪风格和辛辣程度。 +Recipes 能让你手动添加自己的食谱集合，包括照片、配料、说明，以及更多的元数据，如准备时间、烹饪风格和辛辣程度。 ![][2] -当输入新项时，GNOME Recipes 有一系列不同的测量单位可供选择, 以及特殊的标签, 如温度等, 让你可以轻松地切换单位。 +当输入新的食谱时，GNOME Recipes 可为该食谱选择一系列不同的测量单位，如温度等，让你可以轻松地切换单位。 ### 社区食谱 -除了手动输入你喜欢的菜肴供你自己使用外，它还能让你查找、使用和贡献食谱给社区。此外，你可以标记你的收藏夹，并通过搜索集合的大量元数据查找菜谱。 +除了手动输入你喜欢的菜肴供你自己使用外，它还能让你查找、使用和贡献食谱给社区。此外，你可以标记你的喜爱的食谱，并通过大量的食谱元数据搜索菜谱。 ![][3] @@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/get-cooking-with-gnome-recipes-on-fedora/ 作者：[Ryan Lerch][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 2ede836ced2baace521367eeabefeb91d3028ed1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Thu, 28 Mar 2019 23:13:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 038/143] PUB:20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10663-1.html --- .../20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md (97%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md b/published/20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md similarity index 97% rename from translated/tech/20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md rename to published/20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md index 99cb4e2f29..b20086c71c 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md +++ b/published/20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10663-1.html) [#]: subject: (Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora) [#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/get-cooking-with-gnome-recipes-on-fedora/) [#]: author: (Ryan Lerch https://fedoramagazine.org/introducing-flatpak/) From 2d066af56c8f323cec87ba0b7d89ed523decf1d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: lctt-bot Date: Thu, 28 Mar 2019 17:00:21 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 039/143] =?UTF-8?q?Revert=20"=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E7=94=B3?= =?UTF-8?q?=E9=A2=86"?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit This reverts commit 8d5797f8fc13dfa31261665c31a85bed9ea45465. --- .../20180906 What a shell dotfile can do for you.md | 10 +--------- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180906 What a shell dotfile can do for you.md b/sources/tech/20180906 What a shell dotfile can do for you.md index 16ee0936e3..35593e1e32 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180906 What a shell dotfile can do for you.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180906 What a shell dotfile can do for you.md @@ -1,11 +1,3 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (runningwater) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (What a shell dotfile can do for you) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/18/9/shell-dotfile) -[#]: author: (H.Waldo Grunenwald https://opensource.com/users/gwaldo) What a shell dotfile can do for you ====== @@ -231,7 +223,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/shell-dotfile 作者：[H.Waldo Grunenwald][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 961226d8f893bdc5669bff7a9eb91c8989df4813 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Fri, 29 Mar 2019 01:14:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 040/143] PRF:20180220 JSON vs XML vs TOML vs CSON vs YAML.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @GraveAccent 虽然看得出用了谷歌翻译，但是很多细节确实用心了。 --- ...220 JSON vs XML vs TOML vs CSON vs YAML.md | 139 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 68 insertions(+), 71 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180220 JSON vs XML vs TOML vs CSON vs YAML.md b/translated/tech/20180220 JSON vs XML vs TOML vs CSON vs YAML.md index eb6e10eddb..462b23b780 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180220 JSON vs XML vs TOML vs CSON vs YAML.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180220 JSON vs XML vs TOML vs CSON vs YAML.md @@ -1,44 +1,41 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (GraveAccent) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (JSON vs XML vs TOML vs CSON vs YAML) [#]: via: (https://www.zionandzion.com/json-vs-xml-vs-toml-vs-cson-vs-yaml/) [#]: author: (Tim Anderson https://www.zionandzion.com) -JSON vs XML vs TOML vs CSON vs YAML +JSON、XML、TOML、CSON、YAML 大比拼 ====== - ### 一段超级严肃的关于样本序列化的集合、子集和超集的文字 -我是开发者。我读代码。我写代码。我写会写代码的代码。我写会写供其它代码读的代码的代码。这些都非常火星语，但是有其美妙之处。然而，最后一点，写会写供其它代码读的代码的代码，可以很快变得比这段文字更费解。有很多方法可以做到这一点。一种不那么复杂而且开发者社区最爱的方式是数据序列化。对于那些不了解我刚刚向你抛的时髦词的人，数据序列化是从一个系统获取一些信息，将其转换为其它系统可以读取的格式，然后将其传递给其它系统的过程。 +我是一名开发者，我读代码，我写代码，我写会写代码的代码，我写会写出供其它代码读的代码的代码。这些都非常火星语，但是有其美妙之处。然而，最后一点，写会写出供其它代码读的代码的代码，可以很快变得比这段文字更费解。有很多方法可以做到这一点。一种不那么复杂而且开发者社区最爱的方式是数据序列化。对于那些不了解我刚刚抛给你的时髦词的人，数据序列化是从一个系统获取一些信息，将其转换为其它系统可以读取的格式，然后将其传递给其它系统的过程。 虽然[数据序列化格式][1]多到可以埋葬哈利法塔，但它们大多分为两类： * 易于人类读写， * 易于机器读写。 +很难两全其美，因为人类喜欢让我们更具表现力的松散类型和灵活格式标准，而机器倾向于被确切告知一切事情而没有二义性和细节缺失，并且认为“严格规范”才是它们最爱的口味。 - -很难两全其美，因为人类喜欢让我们更具表现力的松散类型和灵活格式标准，而机器倾向于被确切告知一切事情不带疑惑和细节缺失，并且认为“严格规范”是他们最爱的 Ben & Jerry's 口味。 - -由于我是一名 web 开发者而且我们是一个创建网站的代理商，我们将坚持使用 web 系统可以理解或不需要太多努力就能理解以及对人类可读性特别有用的特殊格式：XML，JSON，TOML，CSON以及 YAML。每个都有各自的优缺点和适当的用例。 +由于我是一名 web 开发者，而且我们是一个创建网站的机构，我们将坚持使用 web 系统可以理解或不需要太多努力就能理解的特殊格式，而且对人类可读性特别有用的格式：XML、JSON、TOML、CSON 以及 YAML。每个都有各自的优缺点和适当的用例场景。 ### 事实最先 -回到互联网的早期，[一些非常聪明的家伙][2]决定整合一种标准语言，即每个系统都能理解，创造性地将其命名为标准通用标记语言（简称SGML）。SGML 非常灵活，发布者也很好地定义了它。他成为了 XML，SVG 和 HTML 等语言之父。所有这三个都符合 SGML 规范，可是它们都是规则更严格、灵活性更少的子集。 +回到互联网的早期，[一些非常聪明的家伙][2]决定整合一种让每个系统都能理解的标准语言，并创造性地将其命名为标准通用标记语言Standard Generalized Markup Language（简称 SGML）。SGML 非常灵活，发布者也很好地定义了它。它成为了 XML、SVG 和 HTML 等语言之父。所有这三个都符合 SGML 规范，可是它们都是规则更严格、灵活性更少的子集。 -最终，人们开始看到大量非常小、简洁、易读且易于生成的数据，这些数据可以在系统之间以程序的方式共享，而开销很小。大约在那个时候，JSON 诞生了并且能够满足所有的需求。反过来，其它语言开始出现以处理更多的专业用例，如 CSON，TOML 和 YAML。 +最终，人们开始看到非常小、简洁、易读且易于生成的数据的好处，这些数据可以在系统之间以编程的方式共享，而开销很小。大约在那个时候，JSON 诞生了并且能够满足所有的需求。而另一方面，其它语言也开始出现以处理更多的专业用例，如 CSON，TOML 和 YAML。 -### XML: 不行了 +### XML：不行了 -最初，XML语言非常灵活且易于编写，但它的缺点是冗长，人类难以阅读，计算机非常难以读取，并且有很多语法对于传达信息并不是完全必要的。 +原本，XML 语言非常灵活且易于编写，但它的缺点是冗长，人类难以阅读、计算机非常难以读取，并且有很多语法对于传达信息并不是完全必要的。 -今天，它在 web 上的数据序列化目的已经消失了。除非你在编写 HTML 或者 SVG，否则你不太能在许多其它地方看到XML。一些过时的系统今天仍在使用它，但是用它传递数据往往太重了。 +今天，它在 web 上的数据序列化的用途已经消失了。除非你在编写 HTML 或者 SVG，否则你不太能在许多其它地方看到 XML。一些过时的系统今天仍在使用它，但是用它传递数据往往太重了。 -我已经可以听到 XML 老人开始在他们的石碑上乱写为什么 XML 是了不起的，所以我将提供一个小的附录：XML可以很容易地由系统和人读写。然而，真的，我的意思是荒谬，很难创建一个可以将其读入规范的系统。这是一个简单美观的 XML 示例： +我已经可以听到 XML 老爷爷开始在它们的石碑上乱写为什么 XML 是了不起的，所以我将提供一个小小的补充：XML 可以很容易地由系统和人读写。然而，真的，我的意思是荒谬的，很难创建一个可以规范的读取它的系统。这是一个简单美观的 XML 示例： ``` @@ -52,7 +49,7 @@ with XML. ``` -太棒了。易于阅读，推理，编写和编码的可以读写的系统。但请考虑这个例子： +太棒了。易于阅读、理解、写入，也容易编码一个可以读写它的系统。但请考虑这个例子： ``` b"> ]> @@ -63,35 +60,35 @@ with XML. ``` -这上面是 100% 有效的 XML。不可能阅读、理解或推理。编写可以使用和理解这个的代码将花费至少36头的头发和248磅咖啡。我们没有那么多时间或咖啡，而且我们大多数老人现在都是秃头。所以，让它活在我们的记忆里，就像 [css hacks][3]，[internet explorer][4] 和[真空管][5]那样。 +这上面是 100% 有效的 XML。几乎不可能阅读、理解或推理。编写可以使用和理解这个的代码将花费至少 36 根头发和 248 磅咖啡渣。我们没有那么多时间或咖啡，而且我们大多数老程序员们现在都是秃头。所以，让它活在我们的记忆里，就像 [css hacks][3]、[IE 6 浏览器][4] 和[真空管][5]一样好了。 -### JSON: 并列聚会 +### JSON：并列聚会 -好吧，我们都同意了。XML = 差劲。那么，什么是好的替代品？JavaScript 对象表示法，简称 JSON。JSON（读起来像 Jason 这个名字） 是 Brendan Eich 发明的，并且被 [JavaScript 的荷兰叔叔][6] Douglas Crockford 推广。它现在几乎用在任何地方。这种格式很容易由人和机器编写，相当容易用规范中的严格规则[解析][7]，并且灵活-允许深层嵌套数据，所有原始数据类型和集合如数组和对象的解释。JSON 成为了将数据从一个系统传输到另一个系统的事实标准。几乎所有语言都有内置读写它的功能。 +好吧，我们都同意，XML = 差劲。那么，好的替代品是什么？JavaScript 对象表示法JavaScript Object Notation，简称 JSON。JSON（读起来像 Jason 这个名字） 是 Brendan Eich 发明的，并且得到了伟大而强力的 [JavaScript 意见领袖][6] Douglas Crockford 的推广。它现在几乎用在任何地方。这种格式很容易由人和机器编写，按规范中的严格规则[解析][7]也相当容易，并且灵活 —— 允许深层嵌套数据，支持所有的原始数据类型，及将集合解释为数组或对象。JSON 成为了将数据从一个系统传输到另一个系统的事实标准。几乎所有语言都有内置读写它的功能。 -JSON语法很简单。 方括号表示数组，花括号表示记录，由冒号分隔两个值表示属性（或“键”）在左边，值在右边。所有键必须用双引号括起来： +JSON语法很简单。方括号表示数组，花括号表示记录，由冒号分隔的两个值分别表示属性或“键”（在左边）、值（在右边）。所有键必须用双引号括起来： ``` -{ -"books": [ -{ -"id": "bk102", -"author": "Crockford, Douglas", -"title": "JavaScript: The Good Parts", -"genre": "Computer", -"price": 29.99, -"publish_date": "2008-05-01", -"description": "Unearthing the Excellence in JavaScript" -} -] -} + { + "books": [ + { + "id": "bk102", + "author": "Crockford, Douglas", + "title": "JavaScript: The Good Parts", + "genre": "Computer", + "price": 29.99, + "publish_date": "2008-05-01", + "description": "Unearthing the Excellence in JavaScript" + } + ] + } ``` -这对你来说应该是完全合理的。它简洁明了，并且从 XML 中删除了大量额外废话以传达相同数量的信息。JSON 现在是王道，本文剩下的部分会介绍其它语言格式，这些格式只不过是煮沸了的 JSON，尝试让其更简洁或更易读，可结构还是非常相似的。 +这对你来说应该是完全有意义的。它简洁明了，并且从 XML 中删除了大量额外废话，并传达相同数量的信息。JSON 现在是王道，本文剩下的部分会介绍其它语言格式，这些格式只不过是 JSON 的简化版，尝试让其更简洁或对人类更易读，可结构还是非常相似的。 ### TOML: 缩短到彻底的利他主义 - TOML（Tom 的显而易见最低限度语言）允许快速简洁地定义深层嵌套的数据结构。名字中的名字是指发明者 [Tom Preston Werner][8]，他是一位活跃于我们行业的创造者和软件开发人员。与 JSON 相比，语法有点尴尬，更类似 [ini 文件][9]。这不是一个糟糕的语法，但是需要一些时间适应。 +TOML（Tom 的显而易见的最小化语言Tom’s Obvious, Minimal Language）允许以相当快捷、简洁的方式定义深层嵌套的数据结构。名字中的 Tom 是指发明者 [Tom Preston Werner][8]，他是一位活跃于我们行业的创造者和软件开发人员。与 JSON 相比，语法有点尴尬，更类似 [ini 文件][9]。这不是一个糟糕的语法，但是需要一些时间适应。 ``` [[books]] @@ -104,7 +101,7 @@ publish_date = 2008-05-01T00:00:00+00:00 description = 'Unearthing the Excellence in JavaScript' ``` -TOML 中集成了一些很棒的功能，例如多行字符串，保留字符的自动转义，日期，时间，整数，浮点数，科学记数法和“表扩展”等数据类型。最后一点是特别的，是TOML如此简洁的原因： +TOML 中集成了一些很棒的功能，例如多行字符串、保留字符的自动转义、日期、时间、整数、浮点数、科学记数法和“表扩展”等数据类型。最后一点是特别的，是 TOML 如此简洁的原因： ``` [a.b.c] @@ -116,67 +113,67 @@ e = 'World' ``` { -"a": { -"b": { -"c": { -"d": "Hello" -"e": "World" -} -} -} + "a": { + "b": { + "c": { + "d": "Hello" + "e": "World" + } + } + } } ``` -使用TOML，你可以肯定在时间和文件长度上会节省不少。很少有系统使用它或非常类似的东西作为配置，这是它最大的缺点。根本没有很多语言或库可以用来解释 TOML。 +使用 TOML，你可以肯定在时间和文件长度上会节省不少。很少有系统使用它或非常类似的东西作为配置，这是它最大的缺点。根本没有很多语言或库可以用来解释 TOML。 ### CSON: 特定系统所包含的简单样本 首先，有两个 CSON 规范。 一个代表 CoffeeScript Object Notation，另一个代表 Cursive Script Object Notation。后者不经常使用，所以我们不会关注它。我们只关注 CoffeeScript。 -[CSON][10] 会介绍一点。首先，我们来谈谈 CoffeeScript。[CoffeeScript][11] 是一种通过运行编译器生成 JavaScript 的语言。它允许你以更加简洁的语法编写 JavaScript 并[转译][12]成实际的 JavaScript，然后你可以在你的 web 应用程序中使用它。CoffeeScript 通过删除 JavaScript 中必需的许多额外语法，使编写 JavaScript 变得更容易。CoffeeScript 摆脱的一个大问题是花括号 - 不需要他们。同样，CSON 是没有大括号的 JSON。它依赖于缩进来确定数据的层次结构。CSON 非常易于读写，并且通常比 JSON 需要更少的代码行，因为没有括号。 +[CSON][10] 需要一点介绍。首先，我们来谈谈 CoffeeScript。[CoffeeScript][11] 是一种通过运行编译器生成 JavaScript 的语言。它允许你以更加简洁的语法编写 JavaScript 并[转译][12]成实际的 JavaScript，然后你可以在你的 web 应用程序中使用它。CoffeeScript 通过删除 JavaScript 中必需的许多额外语法，使编写 JavaScript 变得更容易。CoffeeScript 摆脱的一个大问题是花括号 —— 不需要它们。同样，CSON 是没有大括号的 JSON。它依赖于缩进来确定数据的层次结构。CSON 非常易于读写，并且通常比 JSON 需要更少的代码行，因为没有括号。 -CSON 还提供一些 JSON 不提供的额外细节。多行字符串非常容易编写，你可以通过使用 hash 符号开始一行来输入[注释][13]，并且不需要用逗号分隔键值对。 +CSON 还提供一些 JSON 不提供的额外细节。多行字符串非常容易编写，你可以通过使用 `#` 符号开始一行来输入[注释][13]，并且不需要用逗号分隔键值对。 ``` books: [ -id: 'bk102' -author: 'Crockford, Douglas' -title: 'JavaScript: The Good Parts' -genre: 'Computer' -price: 29.99 -publish_date: '2008-05-01' -description: 'Unearthing the Excellence in JavaScript' + id: 'bk102' + author: 'Crockford, Douglas' + title: 'JavaScript: The Good Parts' + genre: 'Computer' + price: 29.99 + publish_date: '2008-05-01' + description: 'Unearthing the Excellence in JavaScript' ] ``` -这是 CSON 的重大问题。它是 **CoffeScript** 对象表示法。也就是说你用 CoffeeScript 解析/标记化/lex/转译或其它方式使用 CSON。CoffeeScript 是读取数据的系统。如果数据序列化的目的是允许数据从一个系统传递到另一个系统，这里我们有一个只能由单个系统读取的数据序列化格式，这使得它与防火的火柴、防水的海绵或者叉勺恼人的脆弱分叉处一样有用。 +这是 CSON 的大问题。它是 CoffeScript 对象表示法CoffeeScript Object Notation。也就是说你要用 CoffeeScript 解析/标记化/lex/转译或其它方式来使用 CSON。CoffeeScript 是读取数据的系统。如果数据序列化的目的是允许数据从一个系统传递到另一个系统，这里我们有一个只能由单个系统读取的数据序列化格式，这使得它与防火火柴、防水海绵或者叉匙恼人的脆弱叉子部分一样有用。 -如果其它系统采用这种格式，它在开发者世界中可能非常有用。到目前为止这整体上没有发生，所以在 PHP 或 JAVA 等替代语言中使用它是不行的。 +如果这种格式被其它系统也采用，那它在开发者世界中可能非常有用。但到目前为止这基本上没有发生，所以在 PHP 或 JAVA 等替代语言中使用它是不行的。 -### YAML:年轻人的呼喊 +### YAML：年轻人的呼喊 -开发人员感到高兴，因为 YAML 来自[一个 Python 的贡献者][14]。YAML 具有与 CSON 相同的功能集和类似的语法，一系列新功能，以及几乎所有 web 编程语言都可用的解析器。它还有一些额外的功能，如循环引用，软包装，多行键，类型转换标签，二进制数据，对象合并和[集合映射][15]。它具有令人难以置信的良好的可读性和可写性，并且是 JSON 的超集，因此你可以在 YAML 中使用完全合格的 JSON 语法并且一切正常工作。你几乎从不需要引号，它可以解释大多数基本数据类型（字符串，整数，浮点数，布尔值等）。 +开发人员感到高兴，因为 YAML 来自[一个 Python 的贡献者][14]。YAML 具有与 CSON 相同的功能集和类似的语法，有一系列新功能，以及几乎所有 web 编程语言都可用的解析器。它还有一些额外的功能，如循环引用、软包装、多行键、类型转换标签、二进制数据、对象合并和[集合映射][15]。它具有非常好的可读性和可写性，并且是 JSON 的超集，因此你可以在 YAML 中使用完全合格的 JSON 语法并且一切正常工作。你几乎不需要引号，它可以解释大多数基本数据类型（字符串、整数、浮点数、布尔值等）。 ``` books: -- id: bk102 -author: Crockford, Douglas -title: 'JavaScript: The Good Parts' -genre: Computer -price: 29.99 -publish_date: !!str 2008-05-01 -description: Unearthing the Excellence in JavaScript + - id: bk102 + author: Crockford, Douglas + title: 'JavaScript: The Good Parts' + genre: Computer + price: 29.99 + publish_date: !!str 2008-05-01 + description: Unearthing the Excellence in JavaScript ``` -业界的年轻人正在迅速采用 YAML 作为他们首选的数据序列化和系统配置格式。他们这样做很机智。YAML 有像 CSON 一样简洁带来的所有好处，有 JSON 在数据类型解释方面的所有功能。YAML 像加拿大人容易相处一样容易阅读。 +业界的年轻人正在迅速采用 YAML 作为他们首选的数据序列化和系统配置格式。他们这样做很机智。YAML 具有像 CSON 一样简洁的所有好处，以及与 JSON 一样的数据类型解释的所有功能。YAML 像加拿大人容易相处一样容易阅读。 -YAML 有两个问题，对我而言，第一个是大问题。在撰写本文时，YAML 解析器尚未内置于多种语言，因此你需要使用第三方库或扩展来为你选择的语言解析 .yaml 文件。这不是什么大问题，可似乎大多数为 YAML 创建解析器的开发人员都选择随机将“附加功能”放入解析器中。有些允许[标记化][16]，有些允许[链引用][17]，有些甚至允许内联计算。这一切都很好（某种意义上），除了这些功能都不是规范的一部分，因此很难在其他语言的其他解析器中找到。这导致系统锁定，你最终遇到了与 CSON 相同的问题。如果你使用仅在一个解析器中找到的功能，则其他解析器将无法解释输入。大多数这些功能都是无意义的，不属于数据集，而是属于你的应用程序逻辑，因此最好简单地忽略它们和编写符合规范的 YAML。 +YAML 有两个问题，对我而言，第一个是大问题。在撰写本文时，YAML 解析器尚未内置于多种语言，因此你需要使用第三方库或扩展来为你选择的语言解析 .yaml 文件。这不是什么大问题，可似乎大多数为 YAML 创建解析器的开发人员都选择随机将“附加功能”放入解析器中。有些允许[标记化][16]，有些允许[链引用][17]，有些甚至允许内联计算。这一切都很好（某种意义上），只是这些功能都不是规范的一部分，因此很难在其他语言的其他解析器中找到。这导致系统限定，你最终遇到了与 CSON 相同的问题。如果你使用仅在一个解析器中找到的功能，则其他解析器将无法解释输入。大多数这些功能都是无意义的，不属于数据集，而是属于你的应用程序逻辑，因此最好简单地忽略它们和编写符合规范的 YAML。 -第二个问题是很少有解析器完全实现规范。所有的基本要素都在那里，但是很难找到一些更复杂和更新的东西，比如软包装，文档标记和首选语言的循环引用。我还没有看到对这些东西的刚需，所以希望它们不让你很失望。考虑到上述情况，我倾向于保持 [1.1 规范][18] 中呈现的更成熟的功能集，避免在 [1.2 规范][19] 中找到的新东西。然而，编程是一个不断发展的怪兽，所以当你读完这篇文章时，你或许可以使用 1.2 规范。 +第二个问题是很少有解析器完全实现规范。所有的基本要素都有，但是很难找到一些更复杂和更新的东西，比如软包装、文档标记和首选语言的循环引用。我还没有看到对这些东西的刚需，所以希望它们不让你很失望。考虑到上述情况，我倾向于保持 [1.1 规范][18] 中呈现的更成熟的功能集，而避免在 [1.2 规范][19] 中找到的新东西。然而，编程是一个不断发展的怪兽，所以当你读完这篇文章时，你或许就可以使用 1.2 规范了。 ### 最终哲学 -这是最后一段话。每个序列化语言都应该以其用例的标准评价。当涉及机器的可读性时，有些是蜜蜂的膝盖。对于人类可读性，有些是猫的喵喵声，有些只是镀金的粪便。以下是最终细分：如果你要编写供其他代码阅读的代码，请使用 YAML。如果你正在编写能写供其他代码读取的代码的代码，请使用 JSON。最后，如果你正在编写将代码转译为供其他代码读取的代码的代码，请重新考虑你的人生选择。 +这是最后一段话。每个序列化语言都应该以个案标准的方式评价。当涉及机器的可读性时，有些无出其右the bee’s knees。对于人类可读性，有些名至实归the cat’s meow，有些只是金玉其外gilded turds。以下是最终细分：如果你要编写供其他代码阅读的代码，请使用 YAML。如果你正在编写能写出供其他代码读取的代码的代码，请使用 JSON。最后，如果你正在编写将代码转译为供其他代码读取的代码的代码，请重新考虑你的人生选择。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -184,8 +181,8 @@ via: https://www.zionandzion.com/json-vs-xml-vs-toml-vs-cson-vs-yaml/ 作者：[Tim Anderson][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/GraveAccent) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[GraveAccent](https://github.com/GraveAccent) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -209,4 +206,4 @@ via: https://www.zionandzion.com/json-vs-xml-vs-toml-vs-cson-vs-yaml/ [16]: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/compiler_design/compiler_design_lexical_analysis.htm [17]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluent_interface [18]: http://yaml.org/spec/1.1/current.html -[19]: http://www.yaml.org/spec/1.2/spec.html \ No newline at end of file +[19]: http://www.yaml.org/spec/1.2/spec.html From dd08f2371cbadfd4a4d9d682e14f991e46e2ea99 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Fri, 29 Mar 2019 01:15:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 041/143] PUB:20180220 JSON vs XML vs TOML vs CSON vs YAML.md @GraveAccent https://linux.cn/article-10664-1.html --- .../20180220 JSON vs XML vs TOML vs CSON vs YAML.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180220 JSON vs XML vs TOML vs CSON vs YAML.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180220 JSON vs XML vs TOML vs CSON vs YAML.md b/published/20180220 JSON vs XML vs TOML vs CSON vs YAML.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20180220 JSON vs XML vs TOML vs CSON vs YAML.md rename to published/20180220 JSON vs XML vs TOML vs CSON vs YAML.md index 462b23b780..23461a9493 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180220 JSON vs XML vs TOML vs CSON vs YAML.md +++ b/published/20180220 JSON vs XML vs TOML vs CSON vs YAML.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (GraveAccent) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10664-1.html) [#]: subject: (JSON vs XML vs TOML vs CSON vs YAML) [#]: via: (https://www.zionandzion.com/json-vs-xml-vs-toml-vs-cson-vs-yaml/) [#]: author: (Tim Anderson https://www.zionandzion.com) From 85b4760a468bdb97bc3e52f372b8cefe05189c00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: sanfusu Date: Fri, 29 Mar 2019 05:48:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 042/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...utionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md | 52 ------------------ ...utionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md | 53 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md b/sources/tech/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5a8b34577a..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,52 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (sanfusu) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Blockchain 2.0: Revolutionizing The Financial System [Part 2]) -[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-revolutionizing-the-financial-system/) -[#]: author: (EDITOR https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) - -Blockchain 2.0: Revolutionizing The Financial System [Part 2] -====== - -This is the second part of our [**Blockchain 2.0**][1] series. The blockchain can transform how individuals and institutions deal with their finances. This post looks at how the existing monetary system evolved and how new blockchain systems are bringing in change as the next crucial step in the evolution of money. - -Two key ideas will lay the foundation for this article. **PayPal** , when it was launched, was revolutionary in terms of its operation. The company would gather, process and confirm massive amounts of consumer data to facilitate online transactions of all kinds, virtually allowing platforms such as eBay to grow into trustful sources for commerce, and laying the benchmark for digital payment systems worldwide. The second, albeit much more important key idea to be highlighted here, is a somewhat existential question. We all use money or rather currency for our day-to-day needs. A ten-dollar bill will get you a cup or two from your favorite coffee shop and get you a head start on your day for instance. We depend on our respective national currencies for virtually everything. - -Sure, mankind has come a long way since the **barter system** ruled what you ate for breakfast, but still, what exactly is currency? Who or what gives it it’s a value? And as the popular rumor suggests, does going to a bank and giving them a dollar bill actually get you the true value of whatever that currency “token” stands for? - -The answer to most of those questions doesn’t exist. If they do, they’ll to be undependably vague and subjective at best. Back in the day when civilization started off establishing small cities and towns, the local currency deemed legal by the guy who ruled over them, was almost always made of something precious to that community. Indians are thought to have transacted in peppercorns while ancient Greeks and Romans in **salt** [1]. Gradually most of these little prehistoric civilizations adopted precious metals and stones as their tokens to transact. Gold coins, silver heirlooms, and rubies became eponymous with “value”. With the industrial revolution, people started printing these tokens of transaction and we finally seemed to have found our calling in paper currencies. They were dependable and cheap to produce and as long as a nation-state guaranteed its users that the piece of paper, they were holding was just a token for an amount of “value” they had and as long as they were able to show them that this value when demanded could be supported with precious substances such as gold or hard assets, people were happy to use them. However, if you still believe that the currency note you hold in your hand right now has the same guarantee, you’re wrong. We currently live in an age where almost all the major currencies in circulation around the globe are what economists would call a **fiat currency** [2]. Value-less pieces of paper that are only backed by the guarantees of the nation-state you’re residing in. The exact nature of fiat currencies and why they may possibly be a flawed system falls into the domain of economics and we won’t get into that now. - -In fact, the only takeaway from all of this history that is relevant to this post is that civilizations started using tokens that hinted or represented value for trading goods and services rather than the non-practical barter system. Tokens. Naturally, this is the crucial concept behind cryptocurrencies as well. They don’t have any inherent value attached to them. Their value is tied to the number of people adopting that particular platform, the trust the adopters have on the system, and of course if released by a supervising entity, the background of the entity itself. The high price and market cap of **Bitcoin (BTC)** isn’t a coincidence, they were among the first in business and had a lot of early adopters. This ultimate truth behind cryptocurrencies is what makes it so important yet so unforgivingly complex to understand. It’s the natural next step in the evolution of “money”. Some understand this and some still like to think of the solid currency concept where “real” money is always backed by something of inherent value.[3] Though there have been countless debates and studies on this dilemma, there is no looking back from a blockchain powered future. - -For instance, the country of **Ecuador** made headlines in 2015 for its purported plans to develop and release **its own national cryptocurrency** [4]. Albeit the attempt officially was to aid and support their existing currency system. Since then other countries and their regulatory bodies have or are drafting up papers to control the “epidemic” that is cryptocurrency with some already having published frameworks to the extent of creating a roadmap for blockchain and crypto development. **Germany** is thought to be investing in a long term blockchain project to streamline its taxation and financial systems[5]. Banks in developing countries are joining in on something called a Bank chain, cooperating in creating a **private blockchain** to increase efficiency in and optimize their operations - -Now is when we tie both the ends of the stories together, remember the first mention of PayPal before the casual history lesson? Experts have compared Bitcoin’s (BTC) adoption rate with that of PayPal when it was launched. Initial consumer hesitation, where only a few early adopters are ready to jump into using the said product and then all a wider adoption gradually becoming a benchmark for similar platforms. Bitcoin (BTC) is already a benchmark for similar cryptocurrency platforms with major coins such as **Ethereum (ETH)** and **Ripple (XRP)** [6]. Adoption is steadily increasing, legal and regulatory frameworks being made to support it, and active research and development being done on the front as well. And not unlike PayPal, experts believe that cryptocurrencies and platforms utilizing blockchain tech for their digital infrastructure will soon become the standard norm rather than the exception. - -Although the rise in cryptocurrency prices in 2018 can be termed as an economic bubble, companies and governments have continued to invest as much or more into the development of their own blockchain platforms and financial tokens. To counteract and prevent such an incident in the future while still looking forward to investing in the area, an alternative to traditional cryptocurrencies called **stablecoins** have made the rounds recently. - -Financial behemoth **JP Morgan** came out with their own enterprise ready blockchain solution called **Quorum** handling their stablecoin called **JPM Coin** [7]. Each such JPM coin is tied to 1 USD and their value is guaranteed by the parent organization under supporting legal frameworks, in this case, JP Morgan. Platforms such as this one make it easier for large financial transactions to the tunes of millions or billions of dollars to be transferred instantaneously over the internet without having to rely on conventional banking systems such as SWIFT which involve lengthy procedures and are themselves decades old. - -In the same spirit of making the niceties of the blockchain available for everyone, The Ethereum platform allows 3rd parties to utilize their blockchain or derive from it to create and administer their own takes on the triad of the **Blockchain-protocol-token** system thereby leading to wider adoption of the standard with lesser work on its foundations. - -The blockchain allows for digital versions of existing financial instruments to be created, recorded, and traded quickly over a network without the need for third-party monitoring. The inherent safety and security features of the system makes the entire process totally safe and immune to fraud and tampering, basically the only reason why third-party monitoring was required in the sector. Another area where governmental and regulatory bodies presided over when it came to financial services and instruments were in regards to transparency and auditing. With blockchain banks and other financial institutes will be able to maintain a fully transparent, layered, almost permanent and tamper-proof record of all their transactions rendering auditing tasks near useless. Much needed developments and changes to the current financial system and services industry can be made possible by exploiting blockchains. The platform being distributed, tamper-proof, near permanent, and quick to execute is highly valuable to bankers and government regulators alike and their investments in this regard seem to be well placed[8]. - -In the next article of the series, we see how companies are using blockchains to deliver the next generation of financial services. Looking at individual firms creating ripples in the industry, we explore how the future of a blockchain backed economy would look like. - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-revolutionizing-the-financial-system/ - -作者：[EDITOR][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-an-introduction/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md b/translated/tech/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6bbce352c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (sanfusu) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Blockchain 2.0: Revolutionizing The Financial System [Part 2]) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-revolutionizing-the-financial-system/) +[#]: author: (EDITOR https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) + +区块链2.0：金融体系改革[第2部分] +====== + +这是我们[**Blockchain 2.0**] [1]系列的第二部分。区块链可以改变个人和机构处理他们财务状况的方式。本文着眼于现有货币体系如何演变以及新的区块链系统如何为货币演变的下一个关键步骤带来改变。 + +两个关键思想将为本文奠定基础。 **PayPal** 在推出之时，其运营操作上具有革命性。该公司将收集，处理和确认大量的消费者数据，以促进各种在线交易，从而切实允许 eBay 等平台成长为可信赖的商业来源，并为全球数字支付系统奠定基准。其二，虽然是要强调的更为重要的关键思想，但却是一个存在性问题。我们都使用金钱或货币来满足我们的日常需求。一张 10 美元的账单可以让你从最喜欢的咖啡店买到一两杯咖啡，从而开始美好的一天。事实上，我们各方面都依赖于各自的国家货币。 + +当然，自从**易货系统**开始决定你的早餐是什么起，人类已经度过了漫长的时间。但是，货币到底是什么？谁或什么赋予它的价值？正如流行的谣言所说，去银行并给他们一美元钞票就可以获得货币“符号”所代表的真正价值吗？ + +大多数问题的答案都不存在。如果他们这样做，他们最多将是不可思议的模糊和主观。早在文明开始建立小城镇的那一天，本地货币被统治者认为合法是合法货币，并且几乎总是由那个社区中宝贵的东西组成。人们认为印第安人使用干胡椒进行交易，而古希腊人和罗马人则使用**盐**[1]交易。渐渐地，这些史前启蒙文明中的大部分都采用贵重金属和石头作为代​​币进行交易。金币，银饰和红宝石开始与“价值”同名。随着工业发展，人们开始印刷这些交易凭证，我们终于似乎看到了对纸币需求的呼吁。纸币可靠且廉价，只要国家为其用户所持纸币提供担保，纸币所代表的“价值”可以在需要时，由同等价值的黄金或硬通货作支撑，人们便乐于使用它们。但是，如果你仍然认为你现在持有的纸币具有相同的保证，那么您就错了。我们目前生活在一个几乎所有主要货币都在全球流通的时代，经济学家称之为**法定货币** [2]。缺少价值的纸片只能得到你所居住的国家的保证支持。法定货币的确切性质以及为什么它们可能是一个有缺陷的系统属于经济领域，我们目前不会涉及。 + +事实上，所有这一历史中与本篇文章相关的唯一的一点是，文明开始使用暗示或代表商品和服务贸易价值的代币，而不是非实际的易货系统。代币，当然，这也是加密货币背后的关键概念。他们没有任何固有的价值。它们的价值取决于采用该特定平台的人数，采用者对系统的信任，当然还有监管实体本身的背景（如果有监管实体的话）。 **比特币（BTC）**的高价格和市值并非巧合，它们是业内第一个加密货币并且有很多早期采用者。加密货币背后的最终真理使其如此重要而又具有如此难以理解的复杂性。这是“金钱”自然演变的下一步。有些人理解这一点，有些人仍然想到坚实的货币概念，其中“真正的”货币总是由某种内在价值支持。[3]虽然已经有无数关于这种困境的辩论和研究，但仍没有着眼于区块链的未来。 + +例如，**厄瓜多尔**在 2015 年成为头条新闻，因为它声称计划开发和发布**自己的国家加密货币** [4]。虽然官方尝试是为了援助和支持他们现有的货币体系。从那时起，其他国家及其监管机构已经或正在起草文件来控制加密货币的“流行病”，其中一些已经发布了框架，以创建区块链和加密开发的路线图。 **德国**被认为正在长期投资区块链项目，以简化其税收和金融系统[5]。发展中国家的银行正在加入一个名为银行链的体系中，用以合作创建**私有区块链**以提高他们的效率并优化其运营 + +现在，当我们将故事的两端结合在一起时，还记得在休闲历史课之前首次提到PayPal吗？专家们将比特币（BTC）的采用率与 PayPal 的采用率进行了比较。消费者最初有所犹豫，只有少数早期采用者准备好使用上述产品，但随后更广泛的采用逐渐成为类似平台的标杆态势。比特币（BTC）已经成为类似加密货币平台的基准，其主要硬币包括**以太坊（ETH）**和**波纹（XRP）** [6]。采用正在稳步增加，法律和监管框架也正在制定以支持它，积极的研究和开发也在进行中。与 PayPal 不同，专家认为，利用区块链技术为其数字基础设施提供加密货币和平台将很快成为标准规范而非个例。 + +尽管 2018 年加密货币价格的上涨可以被称为经济泡沫，但公司和政府仍在继续投资开发自己的区块链平台和金融代币。为了抵制和预防未来发生这样的事件，并同时同时继续在该领域投资，替代传统加密货币的**稳定币**已经开发成功。 + +金融巨头**摩根大通**推出了他们自己的企业就绪区块链解决方案，名为**Quorum**，用来处理被称为 **JPM Coin**[7]的稳定币。每个这样的 JPM 硬币都与 1 美元挂钩，其价值由母公司在支持法律框架下保证。像这样的平台使大型金融交易更容易通过互联网瞬间传输数百万或数十亿美元的音乐，而不必依赖 SWIFT 这样的传统银行系统，这些系统有着冗长的程序，而且本身已有数十年历史。 + +为了让区块链的细节可供所有人使用，以太坊平台允许第三方利用他们的区块链或从中派生以创建和管理他们自己对**区块链-协议-令牌**三元组的看法。该系统使用更少的基础工作量来推动更广泛的标准采纳。 + +区块链允许通过网络快速创建，记录和交易现有金融工具的数字版本，而无需第三方监控。该系统固有的安全性和安保特性使整个过程完全安全，并且不受欺诈和篡改的影响，这基本上是该部门需要第三方监控的唯一原因。政府和监管机构在金融服务和工具方面涉及的另一个领域是透明度和审计。通过区块链，银行和其他金融机构将能够维护完全透明，分层，几乎永久保存和防篡改的所有交易记录，使审计任务几乎无用。通过利用区块链，可以使当前金融系统和服务行业急需的发展和变化成为可能。分布式，防篡改，接近永久性存储和快速执行的平台对于银行家和政府监管机构来说都是非常有价值的，他们在这方面的投资似乎很有用[8]。 + +在本系列的下一篇文章中，我们将了解公司如何使用区块链来提供下一代金融服务。纵观在行业中创造涟漪的个别公司后，我们将探讨区块链下的经济未来会如何发展。 + + + +-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ + +通过：https：//www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-revolutionizing-the-financial-system/ + +作者：[EDITOR] [A] +选题：[lujun9972] [B] +译者：[sanfusu]（https://github.com/sanfusu） +校对：校对者ID]（https://github.com/校对者ID） + +本文由[LCTT]（https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject）原创编译，[Linux中国]（https://linux.cn/）荣誉推出 + +[a]：https：//www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/ +[b]：https：//github.com/lujun9972 +[1]：https：//www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-an-introduction/ + From d332719576c095e0063eaca15b4f5ea42ae4f09d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 29 Mar 2019 08:52:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 043/143] translated --- ...tory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md | 44 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md (54%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md b/translated/tech/20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md similarity index 54% rename from sources/tech/20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md rename to translated/tech/20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md index 3e605795ed..cfc5655fa2 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md @@ -7,37 +7,37 @@ [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/navigate-switch-directory-without-using-cd-command-in-linux/) [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) -How To Navigate Inside A Directory/Folder In Linux Without CD Command? +如何在 Linux 中不使用 CD 命令进入目录/文件夹？ ====== -As everybody know that we can’t navigate inside a directory in Linux without CD command. +众所周知，如果没有 CD 命令，我们无法 Linux 中切换目录。 -Yes that’s true but we have the Linux built-in command called `shopt` that help us to solve this issue. +这个没错，但我们有一个名为 `shopt` 的 Linux 内置命令能帮助我们解决这个问题。 -[shopt][1] is a shell builtin command to set and unset various bash shell options, which is installed so, we no need to install it again. +[shopt][1] 是一个 shell 内置命令，用于设置和取消设置各种 bash shell 选项，由于它已安装，因此我们不需要再次安装它。 -Yes we can navigate inside a directory without CD command after enabling this option. +是的，我们可以在启用此选项后，可以不使用 CD 命令切换目录。 -We will show you, how to do this in this article. This is a small tweak but it’s very useful for newbies who all are moving from Windows to Linux. +我们将在本文中向你展示如何操作。这是一个小的调整，但对于那些从 Windows 迁移到 Linux 的新手来说非常有用。 -This is not useful for Linux administrator because we won’t navigate to the directory without CD command, as we had a good practices on this. +这对 Linux 管理员没用，因为我们不会在没有 CD 命令的情况下切换到该目录，因为我们对此有一个很好的做法。 -If you are trying to navigate a directory/folder in Linux without cd command, you will be getting the following error message. This is common in Linux. +如果你尝试在没有 cd 命令的情况下切换 Linux 的目录/文件夹，你将看到以下错误消息。这在 Linux 中很常见。 ``` $ Documents/ bash: Documents/: Is a directory ``` -To achieve this, we need to append the following values in a user `.bashrc` file. +为此，我们需要在用户 `.bashrc` 中追加以下值。 -### What Is the .bashrc File? +### 什么是 .bashrc ？ -The “.bashrc” file is a shell script which is run every time a user opens a new shell in interactive mode. +“.bashrc” 是一个 shell 脚本，每次用户以交互模式打开新 shell 时都会运行该脚本。 -You can add any command in that file that you want to type at the command prompt. +你可以在该文件中添加要在命令提示符下输入的任何命令。 -The .bashrc file itself contains a series of configurations for the terminal session. This includes setting up or enabling: colouring, completion, the shell history, command aliases and more. +.bashrc 文件本身包含终端会话的一系列配置。包括设置和启用：着色、补全，shell 历史，命令别名等。 ``` $ vi ~/.bashrc @@ -45,13 +45,13 @@ $ vi ~/.bashrc shopt -s autocd ``` -Run the following command to make the changes to take effect. +运行以下命令使更改生效。 ``` $ source ~/.bashrc ``` -We have done all the configuration. Simple do the testing on this to confirm whether this working or not. +我们已完成所有配置。简单地对此进行测试以确认这是否有效。 ``` $ Documents/ @@ -68,12 +68,12 @@ $ pwd ``` ![][3] -Yes, it’s working fine as expected. +是的，它正如预期的那样正常工作。 -However, it’s working fine in `fish shell` without making any changes in the `.bashrc` file. +而且，它在 `fish shell` 中工作正常，而无需对 `.bashrc` 进行任何更改。 ![][4] -If you would like to perform this action for temporarily then use the following commands (set/unset). This will go away when you reboot the system. +如果要暂时执行此操作，请使用以下命令（set/unset）。重启系统时，它将消失。 ``` # shopt -s autocd @@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ autocd on autocd off ``` -shopt command is offering so many other options and if you want to verify those, run the following command. +shopt 命令提供了许多其他选项，如果要验证这些选项，请运行以下命令。 ``` $ shopt @@ -146,9 +146,9 @@ sourcepath on xpg_echo off ``` -I had found few other utilities, that are help us to navigate a directory faster in Linux compared with cd command. +我找到了一些其他程序，它们可以帮助我们在 Linux 中比 cd 命令更快地切换目录。 -Those are pushd, popd, up shell script and bd utility. We will cover these topics in the upcoming articles. +它们是 pushd、popd、up shell 脚本和 bd 工具。我们将在接下来的文章中介绍这些主题。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/navigate-switch-directory-without-using-cd-command 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From de935ea4787bddb2a4d00f739bddf1dbdd11909a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 29 Mar 2019 08:58:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 044/143] translating --- ...90118 Secure Email Service Tutanota Has a Desktop App Now.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190118 Secure Email Service Tutanota Has a Desktop App Now.md b/sources/tech/20190118 Secure Email Service Tutanota Has a Desktop App Now.md index f56f1272f2..97d43f515e 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190118 Secure Email Service Tutanota Has a Desktop App Now.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190118 Secure Email Service Tutanota Has a Desktop App Now.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From b77b0022977b51e9a5d9d2f573697cd4d0ce198a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: sanfusu Date: Fri, 29 Mar 2019 13:12:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 045/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E8=AF=B7=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...311 Blockchain 2.0- Redefining Financial Services -Part 3.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190311 Blockchain 2.0- Redefining Financial Services -Part 3.md b/sources/tech/20190311 Blockchain 2.0- Redefining Financial Services -Part 3.md index 5f82bc87ff..17e7747ce9 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190311 Blockchain 2.0- Redefining Financial Services -Part 3.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190311 Blockchain 2.0- Redefining Financial Services -Part 3.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (sanfusu) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From d52334bdd4407ca39081d9f40d039358ff6b4631 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Joseph.L.Meng" Date: Sat, 30 Mar 2019 01:10:43 +1100 Subject: [PATCH 046/143] Update and rename sources/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md to translated/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md translation done --- ...0 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md | 114 ------------------ ...0 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md | 112 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 112 insertions(+), 114 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md b/sources/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md deleted file mode 100644 index 990969b883..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,114 +0,0 @@ -Modrisco is translating -10款你可以通过Wine在Linux上玩的游戏 -====== -![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/wine-games-feat.jpg) - -Linux _确实_ 能玩游戏，能玩的也不少。独立游戏在Linux平台上蓬勃发展，顶级的独立游戏也常常会在发售首日便发布Linux版本。然而，3A游戏大作的开发者们却常常忽略Linux，所以你不会很快就能玩上身边朋友们口中正火的那些游戏。 - -但情况还没有糟透。Wine —— 一个能使 Windows 应用在类似 Linux, BSD和OS X上运行的兼容层，在支持的游戏数量和性能表现上都取得了巨大进步。很多游戏大作都可以在Wine的支持下运行。你不能完全释放本机性能，但还是可以跑起来游戏，运行也还算流畅，当然这也要取决与你的操作系统。下面带来一些可能会令你大吃一惊的可以通过Wine在Linux上玩的游戏。 - -### 10. 魔兽世界 - -![World of Warcraft Wine][1] -![World of Warcraft Wine][1] - -这款经典的MMORPG之王仍旧坚挺并保持活力。虽然这不是一款以画面见长的游戏，但想要开到全画质也需要费一些功夫。魔兽世界已经在Wine的支持下运行了很多年。到了最新资料片发布时，魔兽世界为它的Mac版本提供了OpenGL支持，使得游戏可以很轻松地在Linux下运行。这已经不再是个问题了。 - -你需要通过DX9来运行游戏并从[Gallium Nine][2]补丁来获得一些性能提升，不过你也可以放心大胆地在Linux中下副本了。 - -### 9. 上古卷轴5：天际 - -![Skyrim Wine][3] - -Skyrim's not exactly new, but it's still fueled by a thriving modding community. You can now easily enjoy Skyrim and its many, many mods if you have a Linux system with enough resources to handle it all. Remember that Wine uses more system power than running the game natively, so account for that in your mod usage. - -### 8. 星际争霸2 - -![StarCraft II Wine][4] - -StarCraft II is easily one of the most popular RTS games on the market and works very well under Wine. It is actually one of the best performing games under Wine. That means that you can play your favorite RTS on Linux with minimal hassle and near-native performance. - -Given the competitive nature of this game, you obviously need the game to run well. Have no fear there. You should have no problem playing competitively with adequate hardware. - -This is an instance where you'll benefit from the "staging" patches, so continue using them when you're getting the game set up. - -### 7. 辐射3 / 辐射：新维加斯 - -![Fallout 3 Wine][5] - -Before you ask, Fallout 4 is on the verge of working. At the time you're reading this, it might. For now, though, Fallout 3 and New Vegas both work great, both with and without mods. These games run very well under Wine and can even handle loads of mods to keep them fresh and interesting. It doesn't seem like a bad compromise to hold you over until Fallout 4 support matures. - -### 6. Doom (2016) - -![Doom Wine][6] - -Doom is one of the most exciting shooters of the past few years, and it run very well under Wine with the latest versions and the "staging" patches. Both single player and multiplayer work great, and you don't need to spend loads of time configuring Wine and tweaking settings. Doom just works. So, if you're looking for a brutal AAA shooter on Linux, consider giving Doom a try. - -### 5. 激战2 - -![Guild Wars 2 Wine][7] - -Guild War 2 is a sort-of hybrid MMO/dungeon crawler without a monthly fee. It's very popular and boasts some really innovative features for the genre. It also runs smoothly on Linux with Wine. - -Guild Wars 2 isn't some ancient MMO either. It's tried to keep itself modern graphically and has fairly high resolution textures and visual effects for the genre. All of it looks and works very well under Wine. - -### 4. 英雄联盟 - -![League Of Legends Wine][8] - -There are two top players in the MOBA world: DoTA2 and League of Legends. Valve ported DoTA2 to Linux some time ago, but League of Legends has never been made available to Linux gamers. If you're a Linux user and a fan of League, you can still play your favorite MOBA through Wine. - -League of Legends is an interesting case. The game itself runs fine, but the installer breaks because it requires Adobe Air. There are some installer scripts available from Lutris and PlayOnLinux that get you through the process. Once it's installed, you should have no problem running League and even playing it smoothly in competitive situations. - -### 3. 炉石传说 - -![HearthStone Wine][9] - -Hearthstone is a popular and addictive free-to-play digital card game that's available on a variety of platforms … except Linux. Don't worry, it works very well in Wine. Hearthstone is such a lightweight game that it's actually playable through Wine on even the lowest powered systems. That's good news, too, but because Hearthstone is another competitive game where performance matters. - -Hearthstone doesn't require any special configuration or even patches. It just works. - -### 2. 巫师3 - -![Witcher 3 Wine][10] - -If you're surprised to see this one here, you're not alone. With the latest "staging" patches, The Witcher 3 finally works. Despite originally being promised a native release, Linux gamers have had to wait a good long while to get the third installment in the Witcher franchise. - -Don't expect everything to be perfect just yet. Support for Witcher 3 is _very_ new, and some things might not work as expected. That said, if you only have Linux to game on, and you 're willing to deal with a couple of rough edges, you can enjoy this awesome game for the first time with few, if any, troubles. - -### 1. 守望先锋 - -![Overwatch Wine][11] - -Finally, there's yet another "white whale" for Linux gamers. Overwatch has been an elusive target that many feel should have been working on Wine since day one. Most Blizzard games have. Overwatch was a very different case. It only ever supported DX11, and that was a serious pain point for Wine. - -Overwatch doesn't have the best performance yet, but you can definitely still play Blizzard's wildly popular shooter using a specially-patched version of Wine with the "staging" patches and additional ones just for Overwatch. That means Linux gamers wanted Overwatch so bad that they developed a special set of patches for it. - -There were certainly games left off of this list. Most were just due to popularity or only conditional support under Wine. Other Blizzard games, like Heroes of the Storm and Diablo III also work, but this list would have been even more dominated by Blizzard, and that's not the point. - -If you're going to try playing any of these games, consider using the "staging" or [Gallium Nine versions][2] of Wine. Many of the games here won't work without them. Even still, the latest patches and improvements land in "staging" long before they make it into the mainstream Wine release. Using it will keep you on the leading edge of progress. - -Speaking of progress, right now Wine is making massive strides in DirectX11 support. While that doesn't mean much to Windows gamers, it's a huge deal for Linux. Most new games support DX11 and DX12, and until recently Wine only supported DX9. With DX11 support, Wine is gaining support for loads of games that were previously unplayable. So keep checking regularly to see if your favorite games from Windows started working in Wine. You might be very pleasantly surprised. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/games-play-on-linux-with-wine/ - -作者：[Nick Congleton][a] -译者：[Modrisco](https://github.com/Modrisco) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/nickcongleton/ -[1]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/wow.jpg (World of Warcraft Wine) -[2]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/install-wine-gallium-nine-linux -[3]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/skyrim.jpg (Skyrim Wine) -[4]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/sc2.jpg (StarCraft II Wine) -[5]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/Fallout_3.jpg (Fallout 3 Wine) -[6]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/doom.jpg (Doom Wine) -[7]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/gw2.jpg (Guild Wars 2 Wine) -[8]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/League_of_legends.jpg (League Of Legends Wine) -[9]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/HearthStone.jpg (HearthStone Wine) -[10]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/witcher3.jpg (Witcher 3 Wine) -[11]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/Overwatch.jpg (Overwatch Wine) diff --git a/translated/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md b/translated/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dfbe12266a --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +10款你可以通过Wine在Linux上玩的游戏 +====== +![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/wine-games-feat.jpg) + +Linux _确实_ 能玩游戏，而且还能玩不少游戏。独立游戏在 Linux 平台上蓬勃发展，顶级的独立游戏也常常会在发售首日便发布 Linux 版本。然而，3A 游戏大作的开发者们却常常忽略 Linux，所以你不会很快就能玩上身边朋友们口中正火的那些游戏。 + +但情况还没有糟透。Wine —— 一个能使 Windows 应用在类似 Linux, BSD 和 OS X 上运行的兼容层，在支持的游戏数量和性能表现上都取得了巨大进步。很多游戏大作都可以在 Wine 的支持下运行。你不能完全释放本机性能，但还是可以跑起来游戏，运行也还算流畅，当然这也要取决与你的系统配置。下面我们来盘点一下这些可能会令你大吃一惊的可以通过 Wine 在 Linux 上玩的游戏。 + +### 10. 魔兽世界 + +![World of Warcraft Wine][1] + +这款经典的 MMORPG 之王仍旧坚挺并保持活力。虽然这不是一款以画面见长的游戏，但想要开到全画质也需要费一些功夫。魔兽世界已经在 Wine 的支持下运行了很多年。到了最新资料片发布时，魔兽世界为它的 Mac 版本提供了 OpenGL 支持，使得游戏也可以很轻松地在 Linux 下运行。这已经不再是个问题了。 + +你需要通过 DX9 来运行游戏并从 [Gallium Nine][2] 补丁来获得一些性能提升，不过你也可以放心大胆地在 Linux 中下副本了。 + +### 9. 上古卷轴 5：天际 + +![Skyrim Wine][3] + +上古卷轴 5 已经不是款新游戏了，但它的 mod 社区依旧活跃。如果你的 Linux 系统有足够资源的话，你可以很轻松地加上很多很多 mod。需要记住的是 Wine 运行时要比游戏占用更多的系统资源，所以使用 mod 时也要考虑这一点。 + +### 8. 星际争霸 II + +![StarCraft II Wine][4] + +星际争霸 II 是成为市场上最受欢迎的 RTS 游戏之一，并且在 Wine 下运作良好。它实际上也是 Wine 下表现最好的游戏之一。 + +考虑到这款游戏本身的竞技性，你当然希望游戏能够流畅地运行。不过不用担心，只要你的硬件够用就绝对没问题。 + +这是一个你可以从 “staging” 补丁获益的例子，所以在你设置游戏时请继续使用它们。 + +### 7. 辐射3 / 辐射：新维加斯 + +![Fallout 3 Wine][5] + +在你提问之前，辐射 4 已经很快就准备就绪，也许就在你正读这篇文章的时候就可以玩了。就目前而言，辐射 3 和 辐射：新维加斯都能在有无 mod 的情况下良好运行。这些游戏在 Wine 下运行地非常好，甚至还能加载大量 mod 来保持游戏的新鲜性和趣味性。在辐射 4 获得全面支持前玩这些旧作也不算是个很大的妥协。 + +### 6. Doom (2016) + +![Doom Wine][6] + +Doom（毁灭战士）是过去几年中最刺激的射击游戏之一。在 Wine 支持下并加载 “staging” 补丁可以流畅地运行最新版本。单人模式和多人模式都有很棒的游戏体验，而且也不需要花费大量时间来配置 Wine 和调整设置。所以你想在 Linux 上体验 3A 级射击游戏的话，不妨尝试一下 Doom 。 + +### 5. 激战 2 + +![Guild Wars 2 Wine][7] + +激战 2 是一款无月卡(买断制)的融合了多人和迷宫探险元素的游戏。它在市场上很受欢迎，并自称在游戏中有着很多创新。你同样可以通过 Wine 在 Linux 上玩到这款游戏。 + +激战 2 也不算一款很老的 MMO 游戏。它试图以图像表现来保持现代风格，并具有着相当高分辨率的纹理和视觉效果。所有这些特点都能在 Wine 下顺利运行。 + +### 4. 英雄联盟 + +![League Of Legends Wine][8] + +在 MOBA 游戏的世界中有两个强者：DoTA2 和英雄联盟。Valve 已经将 DoTA2 移植到 Linux 上很久了，但玩家们却从没在 Linux 上玩过英雄联盟。如果你是 Linux 的使用者并热衷英雄联盟，你还是可以通过 Wine 来玩这款你最爱的 MOBA 游戏。 + +英雄联盟是个很有趣的例子。它的游戏本身运行良好，但安装程序却会因为需要 Adobe Air 而中断。一些安装程序脚本例如 Lutris 和 PlayOnLinux 能帮你通过这一步骤。一旦安装完毕，你就可以毫无困难地运行游戏，甚至在激烈的战况中依旧畅快玩耍。 + +### 3. 炉石传说 + +![HearthStone Wine][9] + +炉石传说是一款流行且令人上瘾的免费卡牌游戏，你可在各种平台上来一局......除了 Linux。不过别担心，在 Wine 中你可以轻松玩到这款游戏。炉石并不大，所以即使在最低配置的系统里也都能玩，这是个好消息。不过由于它的竞技性所以还是要对游戏性能有一定要求。 + +玩炉石不需要任何特殊配置和补丁，直接开玩！ + +### 2. 巫师3 + +![Witcher 3 Wine][10] + +你不是唯一一个对在这份榜单中看到了巫师 3 而感到吃惊的人。在最新版 “stage” 补丁的支持下，你终于可以在 Linux 中体验这款游戏了。尽管最初承诺会有原生版本，但 Linux 玩家还是等了很久才迎来了巫师系列的第三部。 + +不过最好不要指望一切都能完美运行。巫师 3 _刚刚_ 得到支持，有些内容可能还不会达到预期。也就是说，如果你只能用 Liux 来玩游戏，并且愿意处理一些问题。那么你也可以享受到这款完美游戏带来的初体验了。 + +### 1. 守望先锋 + +![Overwatch Wine][11] + +最后，让我们来谈谈 Linux 玩家心中的另一个“白鲸”。很多人认为守望先锋会像大多数暴雪游戏一样，在发售当日就能在 Wine 上获得支持。不过情况非常不同，因为守望先锋只支持 DX11，这也正是 Wine 面临的一个痛点。 + +守望先锋目前还不能拥有最佳性能表现，但是你还是可以通过装有特殊补丁的 Wine 和包括“staging”在内的一系列定制补丁包来运行游戏。这也说明了 Linux 玩家们真的很渴望游玩这款游戏，以至于自己开发了一套补丁来为它提供支持。 + +这份榜单当然会遗漏一些其他游戏。大多数是由于受欢迎程度或只能从 Wine 中得到有限的支持。其他暴雪游戏，如“风暴英雄”和“暗黑破坏神 3”也能很好地运行，但这样来写就会使暴雪游戏霸占这份榜单，这不是我们想突出的重点。 + +如果你正打算玩以上任一款游戏，请使用 Wine 的 [Gallium Nine versions][2] 版本并装载“staging”补丁，否则游戏可能无法正常运行。“staging”中装载的最新补丁和提升要比正式的 Wine 发行版提供的内容要早很多，使用它会令你在性能上处于领先地位。 + +说到进步，Wine 目前在对 DirectX11 的支持有了很大进步。对于 Windows 玩家这可能不算什么，但对于 Linux 玩家来说绝对算是一件大事。大多数游戏新作支持 DX11 和 DX12，而最新版本的 Wine 仍只是支持 DX9。有了 DX11 的支持，Wine 将会让很多过去无法在 Linux 上玩的游戏运行起来。所以，定期查看你最喜欢的 Windows 游戏是否也可以开始在 Wine 上运行，你可能会非常惊喜。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/games-play-on-linux-with-wine/ + +作者：[Nick Congleton][a] +译者：[Modrisco](https://github.com/Modrisco) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/nickcongleton/ +[1]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/wow.jpg (World of Warcraft Wine) +[2]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/install-wine-gallium-nine-linux +[3]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/skyrim.jpg (Skyrim Wine) +[4]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/sc2.jpg (StarCraft II Wine) +[5]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/Fallout_3.jpg (Fallout 3 Wine) +[6]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/doom.jpg (Doom Wine) +[7]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/gw2.jpg (Guild Wars 2 Wine) +[8]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/League_of_legends.jpg (League Of Legends Wine) +[9]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/HearthStone.jpg (HearthStone Wine) +[10]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/witcher3.jpg (Witcher 3 Wine) +[11]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/Overwatch.jpg (Overwatch Wine) From d39a5c3a8c5abfcc858bb9d69a6a88568f2f053c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 30 Mar 2019 09:27:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 047/143] PRF:20190307 How to keep your Raspberry Pi updated.md @geekpi --- ...7 How to keep your Raspberry Pi updated.md | 24 ++++++++++++------- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190307 How to keep your Raspberry Pi updated.md b/translated/tech/20190307 How to keep your Raspberry Pi updated.md index b43f550e4a..d8f4637c5a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190307 How to keep your Raspberry Pi updated.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190307 How to keep your Raspberry Pi updated.md @@ -1,15 +1,16 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (How to keep your Raspberry Pi updated) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/how-raspberry-pi-update) [#]: author: (Anderson Silva https://opensource.com/users/ansilva) -如何更新树莓派 +树莓派使用入门：如何更新树莓派 ====== -在我们的树莓派入门指南的第七篇学习如何给树莓派打补丁。 +> 在我们的树莓派入门指南的第七篇学习如何给树莓派打补丁。 + ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/computer_happy_sad_developer_programming.png?itok=72nkfSQ_) 像平板电脑、手机和笔记本电脑一样，你需要更新树莓派。最新的增强功能不仅可以使你的派运行顺畅，还可以让它更安全，特别是在如果你连接到网络的情况下。我们的树莓派入门指南中的第七篇会分享两条关于让派良好运行的建议。 @@ -18,26 +19,31 @@ 更新 Raspbian 有[两步][1]： - 1. 在终端中输入：**sudo apt-get update**。 -该命令的 **sudo** 让你以 admin（也就是 root）运行 **apt-get update**。请注意，**apt-get update** 不会在系统上安装任何新东西，而是将更新需要更新的包和依赖项列表。 +1. 在终端中输入：`sudo apt-get update`。 + + 该命令的 `sudo` 让你以管理员（也就是 root）运行 `apt-get update`。请注意，`apt-get update` 不会在系统上安装任何新东西，而是将更新需要更新的包和依赖项列表。 +2. 接着输入：`sudo apt-get dist-upgrade`。 + + 摘自文档：“一般来说，定期执行此操作将使你的安装保持最新，因为它将等同于 [raspberrypi.org/downloads][2] 中发布的最新镜像。” - 2. 接着输入：**sudo apt-get dist-upgrade**。 -摘自文档：”一般来说，定期执行此操作将使你的安装保持最新，因为它将等同于 [raspberrypi.org/downloads][2] 中发布的最新镜像。“ ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/update_sudo_rpi.png) ### 小心 rpi-update -Raspbian 带有另一个名为 [rpi-update][3] 的更新工具。此程序可用于将派升级到最新固件，该固件可能会或者不会有损坏/问题。你可能会发现如何使用的信息，但是建议你永远不要使用这个程序，除非你有充分的理由这样做。 +Raspbian 带有另一个名为 [rpi-update][3] 的更新工具。此程序可用于将派升级到最新固件，不管该固件是不是有损坏或问题。你可能会发现一些如何使用它的信息，但是建议你永远不要使用这个程序，除非你有充分的理由这样做。 一句话：保持系统更新！ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/how-raspberry-pi-update + 作者：[Anderson Silva][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + [a]: https://opensource.com/users/ansilva [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 [1]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/raspbian/updating.md From 433ef00aeebec1e7a164e1141e963558114f58f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 30 Mar 2019 09:28:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 048/143] PUB:20190307 How to keep your Raspberry Pi updated.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10665-1.html --- .../20190307 How to keep your Raspberry Pi updated.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190307 How to keep your Raspberry Pi updated.md (97%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190307 How to keep your Raspberry Pi updated.md b/published/20190307 How to keep your Raspberry Pi updated.md similarity index 97% rename from translated/tech/20190307 How to keep your Raspberry Pi updated.md rename to published/20190307 How to keep your Raspberry Pi updated.md index d8f4637c5a..3fbe49baee 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190307 How to keep your Raspberry Pi updated.md +++ b/published/20190307 How to keep your Raspberry Pi updated.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10665-1.html) [#]: subject: (How to keep your Raspberry Pi updated) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/how-raspberry-pi-update) [#]: author: (Anderson Silva https://opensource.com/users/ansilva) From 1d9bf6f10e767a7159cec8615fbb0c28f99fffd8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Guo Changming <40433178+suphgcm@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sat, 30 Mar 2019 10:35:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 049/143] Update 20181231 Troubleshooting hardware problems in Linux.md --- .../tech/20181231 Troubleshooting hardware problems in Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20181231 Troubleshooting hardware problems in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20181231 Troubleshooting hardware problems in Linux.md index dcc89034db..724a1c35a3 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20181231 Troubleshooting hardware problems in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20181231 Troubleshooting hardware problems in Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (suphgcm) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 8e8517f6210766abf01bd0b58f9f585403419a8c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 30 Mar 2019 11:02:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 050/143] PRF:20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md part --- .../20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md | 39 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md b/translated/tech/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md index bbe8ef101e..df42d049aa 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md @@ -1,21 +1,22 @@ -[#]: collector: "lujun9972" -[#]: translator: "MZqk" -[#]: reviewer: " " -[#]: publisher: " " -[#]: url: " " -[#]: subject: "What does DevOps mean to you?" -[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/19/1/what-does-devops-mean-you" -[#]: author: "Girish Managoli https://opensource.com/users/gammay" +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (MZqk) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (What does DevOps mean to you?) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/1/what-does-devops-mean-you) +[#]: author: (Girish Managoli https://opensource.com/users/gammay) DevOps 对你意味着什么？ ====== -6 位专家对 DevOps 的实现、实践关键和哲学分解。 + +> 6 位专家为你解析 DevOps 及其实现、实践和哲学的关键。 ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/innovation_lightbulb_gears_devops_ansible.png?itok=TSbmp3_M) -如果你问 10 个人关于 DevOps 的问题，你会得到 12 个答案。这是对于 DevOps 意见和期望多样性的结果，更不用说它在实践中的差异。 +如果你问 10 个人关于 DevOps 的问题，你会得到 12 个答案。这是对于 DevOps 的意见和期望的多样性的结果，更不用说它在实践中的差异。 -为了解读 DevOps 的悖论，我们找到了最了解它的人 - 这个行业的顶尖从业者。这些人熟悉 DevOps，了解技术的来龙去脉，并且已经有了多年 DevOps 实践。他们的观点应该能鼓励、刺激和激发您对 DevOps 的想法。 +为了解读 DevOps 的悖论，我们找到了最了解它的人 —— 这个行业的顶尖从业者。这些人熟悉 DevOps，了解技术的来龙去脉，并且已经有了多年 DevOps 实践。他们的观点应该能鼓励、刺激和激发您对 DevOps 的想法。 ### DevOps 对你意味着什么？ @@ -23,31 +24,29 @@ DevOps 对你意味着什么？ 简而言之，专家们说的是关于 DevOps 的原则、实践和工具。 -IBM 数字企业集团 DevOps 商业平台领导者 [Ann Marie Fred][1]，说，“对于我来说，DevOps 是一套实践的原则，旨在使团队在设计，开发，交付和操作软件方面有更好的效率。” +IBM 数字企业集团 DevOps 商业平台领导者 [Ann Marie Fred][1]，说，“对于我来说，DevOps 是一套实践和原则，旨在使团队在设计、开发、交付和操作软件方面有更好的效率。” -根据红帽资深 DevOps 布道者 [Daniel Oh][2]，“ 通常来说，DevOps 促使企业基于当前的 IT 流程和工具之上发展与开发相关的应用程序 、IT 运营和安全协议。” +据红帽资深 DevOps 布道者 [Daniel Oh][2]，“通常来说，DevOps 促使企业基于当前的 IT 发展与应用开发、IT 运维和安全协议的流程和工具。” -Tactec Strategic Solutions 的创始人 [Brent Reed][3]，就持续改进利益相关者进行了会谈。“DevOps 对我来说意味着一种工作方式，包括一种思维方式，允许持续改进运营绩效，逐渐使其成熟为组织提升绩效，从而让利益相关者高兴。” +Tactec 战略解决方案的创始人 [Brent Reed][3]，谈及了利益相关者的持续改进，“DevOps 对我来说意味着包括了一种思维方式的工作方式，它允许持续改进运维绩效，进而提升组织绩效，从而让利益相关者受益。” -许多专家也强调 DevOps 文化。Ann Marie 说，“这也关于持续改进和学习的问题。它涉及的是人和文化，以及工具和技术。” +许多专家也强调 DevOps 文化。Ann Marie 说，“这也是持续改进和学习的问题。它涉及的是人和文化，以及工具和技术。” -美国保监会 (NAIC) 首席架构师兼 DevOps 领导者 [Dan Barker][4]，“DevOps 主要是关于文化…它将几个独立的领域聚集在一起，如精益生产、[合适文化 ][5] 和持续的学习。我认为文化是最关键和最难执行的。” +美国保监会 (NAIC) 首席架构师兼 DevOps 领导者 [Dan Barker][4]，“DevOps 主要是关于文化…它将几个独立的领域聚集在一起，如精益生产、[公正文化][5] 和持续的学习。我认为文化是最关键和最难执行的。” Atos 的 DevOps 负责人 [Chris Baynham-Hughes][6]，说，“[DevOps] 实践是通过组织内的文化、流程和工具的发展而被采用的。重点是文化变革，DevOps 文化借鉴的关键是协作、试验、快速反馈和持续改进。” -云架构师 [Geoff Purdy][7]，谈论敏捷和反馈，“缩短和放大反馈回路。我们希望团队在几分钟内而不是几周内获得反馈。” +云架构师 [Geoff Purdy][7]，谈及敏捷和反馈，“缩短和放大反馈回路。我们希望团队在几分钟内而不是几周内获得反馈。” 但在最后，Daniel 通过解释开源和开源文化是如何让他以简单快捷的方式实现目标来强调这点，“在推动 DevOps 中，最重要的事情应该是开源文化而不是具体的工具或复杂的解决方案。” ### 你认为哪些 DevOps 实践有效？ -“选择一个自动化配置，对我的团队来说非常有效。” - 专家列举的那些最佳实践是普遍存在的，但又各不相同。 Ann Marie 表示：“一些十分强大灵活的项目管理[实践]，能在职能、独立的小组之间打破壁垒；全自动化持续部署，蓝/绿部署实现零时间停机状态；开发人员设置自己的监控和警告，无缝自我修复，自动化的安全性与合规性。” -Chris 说，“特别的突破是倾情合作；持续改成；开放的领导；缩短业务时长；从垂直孤岛转向横向，跨功能的产品团队。工作透明化，相互影响，Mobius 循环，缩短反馈回路，自动化（环境上的 CI/CD）。” +Chris 说，“特别的突破是倾情合作；持续改进；开放领导；缩短业务距离；从垂直孤岛转向横向、跨功能的产品团队。工作透明化，相互影响，Mobius 循环，缩短反馈回路，自动化（从环境到 CI/CD）。” Brent 支持“发展学习文化，包括 TTD[ 测试驱动开发]和 BDD[ 行为驱动开发]捕获事件，并通过持续集成和持续交付从设计、构建和测试到实施在生产环境上一系列事件的自动化。测试采用故障优先的方法，能够自动化集成和交付流程，并在整个生命周期中包含快速反馈。” From 64444d31a08a59f3a5383ce7664e9f39f9f2d873 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Chang Liu Date: Sat, 30 Mar 2019 11:16:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 051/143] Update 20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 准备进行翻译。 --- ...o Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md b/sources/tech/20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md index 046682ef83..c011ac9944 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (FSSlc) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 5f9d7da3330f9c7bab5467dc72761d511751909f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 30 Mar 2019 11:18:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 052/143] PRF:20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @Modrisco 恭喜你完成了第一篇翻译，行文流畅，内容准确。 --- ...0 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md | 39 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md b/translated/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md index dfbe12266a..4c1ad7bac8 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md +++ b/translated/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md @@ -1,12 +1,13 @@ -10款你可以通过Wine在Linux上玩的游戏 +10 款你可以通过 Wine 在 Linux 上玩的游戏 ====== + ![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/wine-games-feat.jpg) -Linux _确实_ 能玩游戏，而且还能玩不少游戏。独立游戏在 Linux 平台上蓬勃发展，顶级的独立游戏也常常会在发售首日便发布 Linux 版本。然而，3A 游戏大作的开发者们却常常忽略 Linux，所以你不会很快就能玩上身边朋友们口中正火的那些游戏。 +Linux *确实* 能玩游戏，而且还能玩不少游戏。独立游戏在 Linux 平台上蓬勃发展，顶级的独立游戏也常常会在发售首日便发布 Linux 版本。然而，3A 游戏大作的开发者们却常常忽略 Linux，所以你不会很快就能玩上身边朋友们谈论正火的那些游戏。 -但情况还没有糟透。Wine —— 一个能使 Windows 应用在类似 Linux, BSD 和 OS X 上运行的兼容层，在支持的游戏数量和性能表现上都取得了巨大进步。很多游戏大作都可以在 Wine 的支持下运行。你不能完全释放本机性能，但还是可以跑起来游戏，运行也还算流畅，当然这也要取决与你的系统配置。下面我们来盘点一下这些可能会令你大吃一惊的可以通过 Wine 在 Linux 上玩的游戏。 +但情况还没有糟透。Wine —— 一个能使 Windows 应用在类似 Linux、BSD 和 OS X 上运行的兼容层，在支持的游戏数量和性能表现上都取得了巨大进步。很多游戏大作都可以在 Wine 的支持下运行。你不能完全释放本机性能，但还是可以跑起来游戏，运行也还算流畅，当然这也要取决与你的系统配置。下面我们来盘点一下这些可能会令你大吃一惊的可以通过 Wine 在 Linux 上玩的游戏。（LCTT 译注：本文原文发表于 2017 年，有些信息可能有所过时。） -### 10. 魔兽世界 +### 10、魔兽世界 ![World of Warcraft Wine][1] @@ -14,13 +15,13 @@ Linux _确实_ 能玩游戏，而且还能玩不少游戏。独立游戏在 Linu 你需要通过 DX9 来运行游戏并从 [Gallium Nine][2] 补丁来获得一些性能提升，不过你也可以放心大胆地在 Linux 中下副本了。 -### 9. 上古卷轴 5：天际 +### 9、上古卷轴 5：天际 ![Skyrim Wine][3] 上古卷轴 5 已经不是款新游戏了，但它的 mod 社区依旧活跃。如果你的 Linux 系统有足够资源的话，你可以很轻松地加上很多很多 mod。需要记住的是 Wine 运行时要比游戏占用更多的系统资源，所以使用 mod 时也要考虑这一点。 -### 8. 星际争霸 II +### 8、星际争霸 II ![StarCraft II Wine][4] @@ -30,27 +31,27 @@ Linux _确实_ 能玩游戏，而且还能玩不少游戏。独立游戏在 Linu 这是一个你可以从 “staging” 补丁获益的例子，所以在你设置游戏时请继续使用它们。 -### 7. 辐射3 / 辐射：新维加斯 +### 7、辐射 3 / 辐射：新维加斯 ![Fallout 3 Wine][5] -在你提问之前，辐射 4 已经很快就准备就绪，也许就在你正读这篇文章的时候就可以玩了。就目前而言，辐射 3 和 辐射：新维加斯都能在有无 mod 的情况下良好运行。这些游戏在 Wine 下运行地非常好，甚至还能加载大量 mod 来保持游戏的新鲜性和趣味性。在辐射 4 获得全面支持前玩这些旧作也不算是个很大的妥协。 +在你提问之前，辐射 4 已经很快就准备就绪，也许就在你正读这篇文章的时候就可以玩了。就目前而言，辐射 3 和 辐射：新维加斯都能在有没有 mod 的情况下良好运行。这些游戏在 Wine 下运行地非常好，甚至还能加载大量 mod 来保持游戏的新鲜性和趣味性。在辐射 4 获得全面支持前玩这些旧作也不算是个很大的妥协。 -### 6. Doom (2016) +### 6、Doom (2016) ![Doom Wine][6] Doom（毁灭战士）是过去几年中最刺激的射击游戏之一。在 Wine 支持下并加载 “staging” 补丁可以流畅地运行最新版本。单人模式和多人模式都有很棒的游戏体验，而且也不需要花费大量时间来配置 Wine 和调整设置。所以你想在 Linux 上体验 3A 级射击游戏的话，不妨尝试一下 Doom 。 -### 5. 激战 2 +### 5、激战 2 ![Guild Wars 2 Wine][7] -激战 2 是一款无月卡(买断制)的融合了多人和迷宫探险元素的游戏。它在市场上很受欢迎，并自称在游戏中有着很多创新。你同样可以通过 Wine 在 Linux 上玩到这款游戏。 +激战 2 是一款无月卡（买断制）的融合了多人和迷宫探险元素的游戏。它在市场上很受欢迎，并自称在游戏中有着很多创新。你同样可以通过 Wine 在 Linux 上玩到这款游戏。 激战 2 也不算一款很老的 MMO 游戏。它试图以图像表现来保持现代风格，并具有着相当高分辨率的纹理和视觉效果。所有这些特点都能在 Wine 下顺利运行。 -### 4. 英雄联盟 +### 4、英雄联盟 ![League Of Legends Wine][8] @@ -58,23 +59,23 @@ Doom（毁灭战士）是过去几年中最刺激的射击游戏之一。在 Win 英雄联盟是个很有趣的例子。它的游戏本身运行良好，但安装程序却会因为需要 Adobe Air 而中断。一些安装程序脚本例如 Lutris 和 PlayOnLinux 能帮你通过这一步骤。一旦安装完毕，你就可以毫无困难地运行游戏，甚至在激烈的战况中依旧畅快玩耍。 -### 3. 炉石传说 +### 3、炉石传说 ![HearthStone Wine][9] -炉石传说是一款流行且令人上瘾的免费卡牌游戏，你可在各种平台上来一局......除了 Linux。不过别担心，在 Wine 中你可以轻松玩到这款游戏。炉石并不大，所以即使在最低配置的系统里也都能玩，这是个好消息。不过由于它的竞技性所以还是要对游戏性能有一定要求。 +炉石传说是一款流行且令人上瘾的免费卡牌游戏，你可在各种平台上来一局……除了 Linux。不过别担心，在 Wine 中你可以轻松玩到这款游戏。炉石并不大，所以即使在最低配置的系统里也都能玩，这是个好消息。不过由于它的竞技性所以还是要对游戏性能有一定要求。 玩炉石不需要任何特殊配置和补丁，直接开玩！ -### 2. 巫师3 +### 2、巫师 3 ![Witcher 3 Wine][10] 你不是唯一一个对在这份榜单中看到了巫师 3 而感到吃惊的人。在最新版 “stage” 补丁的支持下，你终于可以在 Linux 中体验这款游戏了。尽管最初承诺会有原生版本，但 Linux 玩家还是等了很久才迎来了巫师系列的第三部。 -不过最好不要指望一切都能完美运行。巫师 3 _刚刚_ 得到支持，有些内容可能还不会达到预期。也就是说，如果你只能用 Liux 来玩游戏，并且愿意处理一些问题。那么你也可以享受到这款完美游戏带来的初体验了。 +不过最好不要指望一切都能完美运行。巫师 3 *刚刚* 得到支持，有些内容可能还不会达到预期。也就是说，如果你只能用 Liux 来玩游戏，并且愿意处理一些问题。那么你也可以享受到这款完美游戏带来的初体验了。 -### 1. 守望先锋 +### 1、守望先锋 ![Overwatch Wine][11] @@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ Doom（毁灭战士）是过去几年中最刺激的射击游戏之一。在 Win 这份榜单当然会遗漏一些其他游戏。大多数是由于受欢迎程度或只能从 Wine 中得到有限的支持。其他暴雪游戏，如“风暴英雄”和“暗黑破坏神 3”也能很好地运行，但这样来写就会使暴雪游戏霸占这份榜单，这不是我们想突出的重点。 -如果你正打算玩以上任一款游戏，请使用 Wine 的 [Gallium Nine versions][2] 版本并装载“staging”补丁，否则游戏可能无法正常运行。“staging”中装载的最新补丁和提升要比正式的 Wine 发行版提供的内容要早很多，使用它会令你在性能上处于领先地位。 +如果你正打算玩以上任一款游戏，请使用 Wine 的 [Gallium Nine][2] 版本并装载“staging”补丁，否则游戏可能无法正常运行。“staging”中装载的最新补丁和提升要比正式的 Wine 发行版提供的内容要早很多，使用它会令你在性能上处于领先地位。 说到进步，Wine 目前在对 DirectX11 的支持有了很大进步。对于 Windows 玩家这可能不算什么，但对于 Linux 玩家来说绝对算是一件大事。大多数游戏新作支持 DX11 和 DX12，而最新版本的 Wine 仍只是支持 DX9。有了 DX11 的支持，Wine 将会让很多过去无法在 Linux 上玩的游戏运行起来。所以，定期查看你最喜欢的 Windows 游戏是否也可以开始在 Wine 上运行，你可能会非常惊喜。 @@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/games-play-on-linux-with-wine/ 作者：[Nick Congleton][a] 译者：[Modrisco](https://github.com/Modrisco) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From b2a20914c9fbf25be297a052bb3dea6cbad5d931 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 30 Mar 2019 11:19:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 053/143] PUB:20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md @Modrisco https://linux.cn/article-10666-1.html --- .../20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md b/published/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md rename to published/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md From d3ed25cc8a811bd276a034ebe7c4fe1db5a39d35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 30 Mar 2019 11:44:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 054/143] PRF:20190303 Manage Your Mirrors with ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager.md @lujun9972 --- ...rrors with ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager.md | 78 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 39 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190303 Manage Your Mirrors with ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager.md b/translated/tech/20190303 Manage Your Mirrors with ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager.md index d65b6da03f..390fe593b8 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190303 Manage Your Mirrors with ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190303 Manage Your Mirrors with ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager.md @@ -1,74 +1,74 @@ -[#]:collector:(lujun9972) -[#]:translator:(lujun9972) -[#]:reviewer:() -[#]:publisher:() -[#]:url:() -[#]:subject:(ManageYourMirrorswithArchLinuxMirrorlistManager) -[#]:via:(https://itsfoss。com/archlinux-mirrorlist-manager) -[#]:author:(JohnPaulhttps://itsfoss.com/author/john/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (lujun9972) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (ManageYourMirrorswithArchLinuxMirrorlistManager) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss。com/archlinux-mirrorlist-manager) +[#]: author: (JohnPaulhttps://itsfoss.com/author/john/) -使用 Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager 管理你的镜像 +使用 Arch Linux 镜像列表管理器来管理你的镜像 ====== -**Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager 时一个简单的图形化程序，它让你可以方便地管理 ArchLinux 中的镜像。** +> Arch Linux 镜像列表管理器是一个简单的图形化程序，它让你可以方便地管理 Arch Linux 中的镜像。 -对于 Linux 用户来说，保持好的镜像列表非常重要。今天我们来介绍一个用来管理 Arch 镜像列表的应用程序。 +对于 Linux 用户来说，保持镜像列表规整非常重要。今天我们来介绍一个用来管理 Arch 镜像列表的应用程序。 -！[Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager][1] -Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager +![Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager][1] + +*Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager* ### 什么是镜像？ -至新手，Linux 操作系统有赖于分布全球的的一系列服务器。这些服务器包含了特定发行版的所有可用的软件包的相同副本。这就是为什么它们被称为“镜像”。 +给新手的话，Linux 操作系统有赖于分布全球的的一系列服务器。这些服务器包含了特定发行版的所有可用的软件包的一样的副本。这就是为什么它们被称为“镜像”。 这些服务器的最终目标时让每个国家都有多个镜像。这样就能让当地的用户可以快速升级系统。然而，这并不绝对。有时别国的镜像反而更快。 -### Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager 让在 ArchLinux 中管理镜像更简单 +### ArchLinux 镜像列表管理器让在 Arch Linux 中管理镜像更简单 -！[Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager][2] -主界面 +![Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager][2] -在 Arch 中[管理并对有效镜像进行排序 ][3] 不是个简单的事情。它需要用到很长的命令。还好，有人想出了一个解决方案。 +*主界面* -去年，[RizwanHasan][4] 用 Python 编写了一个名为 [Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager][5] 的 Qt 应用程序。你可能对 Rizwan 这个名字感到眼熟，因为这不是第一次我们在本站介绍他做的玩意了。一年多前，我介绍过一个名为 [MagpieOS][6] 的基于 Arch 的新 Linux 发行版就是 Rizwan 创造的。我想 Rizwan 创造 MagpieOS 的经历激励了他创建了这个程序。 +在 Arch 中[管理并对有效镜像进行排序][3] 不是个简单的事情。它需要用到很长的命令。还好，有人想出了一个解决方案。 -Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager 的功能并不多。它让你根据回应速度对镜像进行排序，并可以根据数量和国家进行过滤。 +去年，[RizwanHasan][4] 用 Python 编写了一个名为 [Arch Linux 镜像列表管理器][5] 的 Qt 应用程序。你可能对 Rizwan 这个名字感到眼熟，因为这不是第一次我们在本站介绍他做的玩意了。一年多前，我介绍过一个名为 [MagpieOS][6] 的基于 Arch 的新 Linux 发行版就是 Rizwan 创造的。我想 Rizwan 创造 MagpieOS 的经历激励了他创建了这个程序。 + +Arch Linux 镜像列表管理器的功能并不多。它让你根据回应速度对镜像进行排序，并可以根据数量和国家进行过滤。 也就是说，若你在德国，你可以限制只保留在位于德国的最快的 3 个镜像。 -### 安装 Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager +### 安装 Arch Linux 镜像列表管理器 -``` -它仅适用于 Arch Linux 用户 +> **它仅适用于 Arch Linux 用户** -注意! ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager 只能应用于Arch linux发行版. 不要在其他基于Arch的发行版中使用它,除非你能确定该发行版使用的是Arch镜像. 否则, 你将会遇到我在Manjaro中遇到的问题(在下面章节解释). -``` +> 注意! Arch Linux 镜像列表管理器只能应用于 Arch linux 发行版. 不要在其他基于 Arch 的发行版中使用它，除非你能确定该发行版使用的是 Arch 镜像。否则，你将会遇到我在 Manjaro 中遇到的问题(在下面章节解释). -``` -Manjaro的镜像管理器替代者 +--- -当使用类Arch的系统时, 我选择了Manjaro. 在开始本文之前, 我在Manjaro及其上安装了 ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager. 它很快就对有效镜像进行了排序并保存到我的镜像列表中. +> **Manjaro 中的镜像管理器替代品** -然后我尝试进行系统更新却立即遇到了问题. 当 ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager 对我系统使用的镜像进行排序时, 它使用普通的Arch镜像替换了我的 Manjaro 镜像. (Manjaro 基于Arch, 但却有着自己的镜像,这是因为开发团队会在推送软件包之前对所有这些软件包进行测试以保证不会出现系统崩溃的BUG.) 还好, Manjaro 论坛帮我修复了这个错误. +> 当使用类 Arch 的系统时, 我选择了 Manjaro。在开始本文之前，我在 Manjaro 及其上安装了 Arch Linux 镜像列表管理器。它很快就对有效镜像进行了排序并保存到我的镜像列表中。 -若你是 Manjaro 用户, 请不要重蹈我的覆辙. ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager 仅适用于Arch以及使用Arch镜像的衍生版本. +> 然后我尝试进行系统更新却立即遇到了问题。当 ArchLinux 镜像列表管理器对我系统使用的镜像进行排序时，它使用普通的 Arch 镜像替换了我的 Manjaro 镜像。（Manjaro 基于 Arch，但却有着自己的镜像，这是因为开发团队会在推送软件包之前对所有这些软件包进行测试以保证不会出现系统崩溃的 BUG。）还好，Manjaro 论坛帮我修复了这个错误。 -幸运的是, manjaro有一个简单易用的终端程序来管理镜像列表. 那就是 [Pacman-mirrors][7]. 跟 ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager 一样, 你可以根据回应速度进行排序. 只需要运行 `sudo pacman-mirrors --fasttrack` 即可. 若你像将结果局限在最快的5个镜像, 可以运行 `sudo pacman-mirrors --fasttrack 5`. 要像将结果局限在某个或某几个国家, 运行 `sudo pacman-mirrors --country Germany,Spain,Austria`. 你可以通过运行 `sudo pacman-mirrors --geoip` 来将结果局限在自己国家. 更多关于Pacman-mirrors的信息请参见 [Manjaro wiki][7]. +> 若你是 Manjaro 用户，请不要重蹈我的覆辙。Arch Linux 镜像列表管理器 仅适用于 Arch 以及使用 Arch 镜像的衍生版本。 -运行Pacman-mirrors后, 你还需要运行 `sudo pacman -Syyu` 来同步软件包数据库并升级系统. +> 幸运的是，manjaro 有一个简单易用的终端程序来管理镜像列表。那就是 [Pacman-mirrors][7]。跟 ArchLinux 镜像列表管理器一样，你可以根据回应速度进行排序。只需要运行 `sudo pacman-mirrors --fasttrack` 即可。若你像将结果局限在最快的 5 个镜像，可以运行 `sudo pacman-mirrors --fasttrack 5`。要像将结果局限在某个或某几个国家，运行 `sudo pacman-mirrors --country Germany,Spain,Austria`。你可以通过运行 `sudo pacman-mirrors --geoip` 来将结果局限在自己国家。更多关于 Pacman-mirrors 的信息请参见 [Manjaro wiki][7]。 -注意: Pacman-mirrors 仅仅适用于 **Manjaro**. -``` +> 运行 Pacman-mirrors 后，你还需要运行 `sudo pacman -Syyu` 来同步软件包数据库并升级系统。 -Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager 包含在 [ArchUserRepository][8] 中。高级 Arch 用户可以直接从 [theGitHubpage][9] 下载 PKGBUILD。 +> 注意：Pacman-mirrors 仅仅适用于 **Manjaro**。 + +Arch Linux 镜像列表管理器包含在 [ArchUserRepository][8] 中。高级 Arch 用户可以直接从 [theGitHubpage][9] 下载 PKGBUILD。 ### 对 Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager 的最后思考 -虽然 [Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager][5] 对我不太有用，我很高兴有它的存在。这说明 Linux 用户正在努力让 Linux 更 n 加易于使用。正如我之前说过的，在 Arch 中管理镜像并不容易。Rizwan 的小工具可以让 Arch 对新手更加友好。 +虽然 [Arch Linux 镜像列表管理器][5] 对我不太有用，我很高兴有它的存在。这说明 Linux 用户正在努力让 Linux 更加易于使用。正如我之前说过的，在 Arch 中管理镜像并不容易。Rizwan 的小工具可以让 Arch 对新手更加友好。 -你有用过 Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager 吗？你是怎么管理 Arch 镜像的？请在下面的评论告诉我。 +你有用过 Arch Linux 镜像列表管理器吗？你是怎么管理 Arch 镜像的？请在下面的评论告诉我。 -如果你觉的本文有趣的话，请花点时间将它分享到社交媒体，HackerNews 或 [Reddit][10] 中去。 +如果你觉的本文有趣的话，请花点时间将它分享到社交媒体中去。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/archlinux-mirrorlist-manager 作者：[John Paul][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From f3525a701a6ef02e5ba70a5d3e7cdc9ddd9b3a47 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 30 Mar 2019 11:45:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 055/143] PUB:20190303 Manage Your Mirrors with ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager.md @lujun9972 https://linux.cn/article-10667-1.html --- ...3 Manage Your Mirrors with ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190303 Manage Your Mirrors with ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190303 Manage Your Mirrors with ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager.md b/published/20190303 Manage Your Mirrors with ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190303 Manage Your Mirrors with ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager.md rename to published/20190303 Manage Your Mirrors with ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager.md index 390fe593b8..570c3870a9 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190303 Manage Your Mirrors with ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager.md +++ b/published/20190303 Manage Your Mirrors with ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (lujun9972) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10667-1.html) [#]: subject: (ManageYourMirrorswithArchLinuxMirrorlistManager) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss。com/archlinux-mirrorlist-manager) [#]: author: (JohnPaulhttps://itsfoss.com/author/john/) From a32eca9bdca0d8e201d7f25fc4321b3cdf57ea65 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: RSNOW <30542618+RHSNOW@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sat, 30 Mar 2019 14:04:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 056/143] RHSNOW is going to translating this article. (#12941) --- .../tech/20180116 How To Create A Bootable Zorin OS USB Drive.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180116 How To Create A Bootable Zorin OS USB Drive.md b/sources/tech/20180116 How To Create A Bootable Zorin OS USB Drive.md index 4ab7fea3f6..15043628e0 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180116 How To Create A Bootable Zorin OS USB Drive.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180116 How To Create A Bootable Zorin OS USB Drive.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +RHSNOW is translating. How To Create A Bootable Zorin OS USB Drive ====== ![Zorin OS][17] From 25420e84277df71bcdb945c22a7a9c5a64ae9c52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Chang Liu Date: Sat, 30 Mar 2019 16:05:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 057/143] [Translated] 20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md Signed-off-by: Chang Liu --- ...Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md | 162 ------------------ ...Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md | 156 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 156 insertions(+), 162 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md b/sources/tech/20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md deleted file mode 100644 index c011ac9944..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,162 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (FSSlc) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System?) -[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-whether-a-port-is-open-on-the-remote-linux-system-server/) -[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) - -3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System? -====== - -This is an important topic, which is not only for Linux administrator and it will be very helpful for all. - -I mean to say. It’s very useful for users who are working in IT Infra. - -They have to check whether the port is open or not on Linux server before proceeding to next steps. - -If it’s not open then they can directly ask the Linux admin to check on this. - -If it’s open then we need to check with application team, etc,. - -In this article, we will show you, how to check this using three methods. - -It can be done using the following Linux commands. - - * **`nc:`** Netcat is a simple Unix utility which reads and writes data across network connections, using TCP or UDP protocol. - * **`nmap:`** Nmap (“Network Mapper”) is an open source tool for network exploration and security auditing. It was designed to rapidly scan large networks. - * **`telnet:`** The telnet command is used for interactive communication with another host using the TELNET protocol. - - - -### How To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System Using nc (netcat) Command? - -nc stands for netcat. Netcat is a simple Unix utility which reads and writes data across network connections, using TCP or UDP protocol. - -It is designed to be a reliable “back-end” tool that can be used directly or easily driven by other programs and scripts. - -At the same time, it is a feature-rich network debugging and exploration tool, since it can create almost any kind of connection you would need and has several interesting built-in capabilities. - -Netcat has three main modes of functionality. These are the connect mode, the listen mode, and the tunnel mode. - -**Common Syntax for nc (netcat):** - -``` -$ nc [-options] [HostName or IP] [PortNumber] -``` - -In this example, we are going to check whether the port 22 is open or not on the remote Linux system. - -If it’s success then you will be getting the following output. - -``` -# nc -zvw3 192.168.1.8 22 -Connection to 192.168.1.8 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded! -``` - -**Details:** - - * **`nc:`** It’s a command. - * **`z:`** zero-I/O mode (used for scanning). - * **`v:`** For verbose. - * **`w3:`** timeout wait seconds - * **`192.168.1.8:`** Destination system IP. - * **`22:`** Port number needs to be verified. - - - -If it’s fail then you will be getting the following output. - -``` -# nc -zvw3 192.168.1.95 22 -nc: connect to 192.168.1.95 port 22 (tcp) failed: Connection refused -``` - -### How To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System Using nmap Command? - -Nmap (“Network Mapper”) is an open source tool for network exploration and security auditing. It was designed to rapidly scan large networks, although it works fine against single hosts. - -Nmap uses raw IP packets in novel ways to determine what hosts are available on the network, what services (application name and version) those hosts are offering, what operating systems (and OS versions) they are running, what type of packet filters/firewalls are in use, and dozens of other characteristics. - -While Nmap is commonly used for security audits, many systems and network administrators find it useful for routine tasks such as network inventory, managing service upgrade schedules, and monitoring host or service uptime. - -**Common Syntax for nmap:** - -``` -$ nmap [-options] [HostName or IP] [-p] [PortNumber] -``` - -If it’s success then you will be getting the following output. - -``` -# nmap 192.168.1.8 -p 22 - -Starting Nmap 7.70 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2019-03-16 03:37 IST Nmap scan report for 192.168.1.8 Host is up (0.00031s latency). - -PORT STATE SERVICE - -22/tcp open ssh - -Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 13.06 seconds -``` - -If it’s fail then you will be getting the following output. - -``` -# nmap 192.168.1.8 -p 80 -Starting Nmap 7.70 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2019-03-16 04:30 IST -Nmap scan report for 192.168.1.8 -Host is up (0.00036s latency). - -PORT STATE SERVICE -80/tcp closed http - -Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 13.07 seconds -``` - -### How To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System Using telnet Command? - -The telnet command is used for interactive communication with another host using the TELNET protocol. - -**Common Syntax for telnet:** - -``` -$ telnet [HostName or IP] [PortNumber] -``` - -If it’s success then you will be getting the following output. - -``` -$ telnet 192.168.1.9 22 -Trying 192.168.1.9... -Connected to 192.168.1.9. -Escape character is '^]'. -SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.3 -^] -Connection closed by foreign host. -``` - -If it’s fail then you will be getting the following output. - -``` -$ telnet 192.168.1.9 80 -Trying 192.168.1.9... -telnet: Unable to connect to remote host: Connection refused -``` - -We had found only the above three methods. If you found any other ways, please let us know by updating your query in the comments section. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-whether-a-port-is-open-on-the-remote-linux-system-server/ - -作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 diff --git a/translated/tech/20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md b/translated/tech/20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..89764a33a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@ +[#]: collector: "lujun9972" +[#]: translator: "FSSlc" +[#]: reviewer: " " +[#]: publisher: " " +[#]: url: " " +[#]: subject: "3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System?" +[#]: via: "https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-whether-a-port-is-open-on-the-remote-linux-system-server/" +[#]: author: "Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/" + +查看远程 Linux 系统中某个端口是否开启的 3 种方法 +====== + +这是一个很重要的话题，不仅对 Linux 管理员而言，对于我们大家而言也非常有帮助。 + +我的意思是说对于工作在 IT 基础设施行业的用户来说，了解这个话题也是非常有用的。 + +他们需要在执行下一步操作前，检查 Linux 服务器上某个端口是否开启。 + +假如这个端口没有被开启，则他们会直接找 Linux 管理员去开启它。如果这个端口已经开启了，则我们需要和应用团队来商量下一步要做的事。 + +在本篇文章中，我们将向你展示如何检查某个端口是否开启的 3 种方法。 + +这个目标可以使用下面的 Linux 命令来达成： + + * **`nc：`** `netcat` 是一个简单的 Unix 工具，它使用 TCP 或 UDP 协议去读写网络连接间的数据。 + * **`nmap：`** `nmap`(“Network Mapper”) 是一个用于网络探索和安全审计的开源工具，被设计用来快速地扫描大规模网络。 + * **`telnet：`** `telnet` 命令被用来交互地通过 TELNET 协议与另一台主机通信。 + +### 如何使用 nc（netcat）命令来查看远程 Linux 系统中某个端口是否开启？ + +`nc` 即 `netcat`。 `netcat` 是一个简单的 Unix 工具，它使用 TCP 或 UDP 协议去读写网络连接间的数据。 + +它被设计成为一个可信赖的后端工具，可被直接使用或者轻易地被其他程序或脚本调用。 + +与此同时，它也是一个富含功能的网络调试和探索工具，因为它可以创建你所需的几乎所有类型的连接，并且还拥有几个内置的有趣功能。 + +netcat 有三类功能模式，它们分别为连接模式、监听模式和隧道模式。 + +**nc（netcat）命令的一般语法：** + +``` +$ nc [-options] [HostName or IP] [PortNumber] +``` + +在下面的例子中，我们将检查远程 Linux 系统中的 22 端口是否开启。 + +假如端口是开启的，你将获得类似下面的输出。 + +``` +# nc -zvw3 192.168.1.8 22 +Connection to 192.168.1.8 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded! +``` + +**命令详解：** + + * **`nc：`** 即执行的命令主体； + * **`z：`** zero-I/O 模式（被用来扫描）； + * **`v：`** 显式地输出； + * **`w3：`** 设置超时时间为 3 秒； + * **`192.168.1.8：`** 目标系统的 IP 地址； + * **`22：`** 需要验证的端口。 + +当检测到端口没有开启，你将获得如下输出： + +``` +# nc -zvw3 192.168.1.95 22 +nc: connect to 192.168.1.95 port 22 (tcp) failed: Connection refused +``` + +### 如何使用 nmap 命令来查看远程 Linux 系统中某个端口是否开启？ + +`nmap`(“Network Mapper”) 是一个用于网络探索和安全审计的开源工具，被设计用来快速地扫描大规模网络，尽管对于单个主机它也同样能够正常工作。 + +nmap 以一种新颖的方式，使用裸 IP 包来决定网络中的主机是否可达，这些主机正提供什么服务（应用名和版本号），它们运行的操作系统（系统的版本），它们正在使用的是什么包过滤软件或者防火墙，以及其他额外的特性。 + +尽管 nmap 通常被用于安全审计，许多系统和网络管理员发现在一些日常任务（例如罗列网络资产、管理服务升级的计划、监视主机或者服务是否正常运行）中，它也同样十分有用。 + +**nmap 的一般语法：** + +``` +$ nmap [-options] [HostName or IP] [-p] [PortNumber] +``` + +假如端口是开启的，你将获得如下的输出： + +``` +# nmap 192.168.1.8 -p 22 + +Starting Nmap 7.70 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2019-03-16 03:37 IST Nmap scan report for 192.168.1.8 Host is up (0.00031s latency). + +PORT STATE SERVICE + +22/tcp open ssh + +Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 13.06 seconds +``` + +假如端口没有开启，你将得到类似下面的结果： + +``` +# nmap 192.168.1.8 -p 80 +Starting Nmap 7.70 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2019-03-16 04:30 IST +Nmap scan report for 192.168.1.8 +Host is up (0.00036s latency). + +PORT STATE SERVICE +80/tcp closed http + +Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 13.07 seconds +``` + +### 如何使用 telnet 命令来查看远程 Linux 系统中某个端口是否开启？ + +`telnet` 命令被用来交互地通过 TELNET 协议与另一台主机通信。 + +**telnet 命令的一般语法：** + +``` +$ telnet [HostName or IP] [PortNumber] +``` + +假如探测成功，你将看到类似下面的输出： + +``` +$ telnet 192.168.1.9 22 +Trying 192.168.1.9... +Connected to 192.168.1.9. +Escape character is '^]'. +SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.3 +^] +Connection closed by foreign host. +``` + +假如探测失败，你将看到类似下面的输出： + +``` +$ telnet 192.168.1.9 80 +Trying 192.168.1.9... +telnet: Unable to connect to remote host: Connection refused +``` + +当前，我们只找到上面 3 种方法来查看远程 Linux 系统中某个端口是否开启，假如你发现了其他方法可以达到相同的目的，请在下面的评论框中告知我们。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-whether-a-port-is-open-on-the-remote-linux-system-server/ + +作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[FSSlc](https://github.com/FSSlc) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 From c841d72371ef34ac4365d8d54e7c2ff254e78a32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Joseph.L.Meng" Date: Sun, 31 Mar 2019 00:36:27 +1100 Subject: [PATCH 058/143] Update 20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md --- sources/tech/20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md b/sources/tech/20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md index e72d7de3df..5916e330d6 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (Modrisco) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From fa80e20401dced201029dc84b8b136f68fad7393 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 31 Mar 2019 10:41:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 059/143] PRF:20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @sanfusu 这篇显然没有如上一篇用心。 --- ...utionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md | 56 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md b/translated/tech/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md index 6bbce352c9..61aac18334 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md @@ -1,53 +1,59 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (sanfusu) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Blockchain 2.0: Revolutionizing The Financial System [Part 2]) [#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-revolutionizing-the-financial-system/) -[#]: author: (EDITOR https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) +[#]: author: (Ostechnix https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) -区块链2.0：金融体系改革[第2部分] +区块链 2.0：金融体系改革（二） ====== -这是我们[**Blockchain 2.0**] [1]系列的第二部分。区块链可以改变个人和机构处理他们财务状况的方式。本文着眼于现有货币体系如何演变以及新的区块链系统如何为货币演变的下一个关键步骤带来改变。 +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/evolution-of-money-720x340.png) -两个关键思想将为本文奠定基础。 **PayPal** 在推出之时，其运营操作上具有革命性。该公司将收集，处理和确认大量的消费者数据，以促进各种在线交易，从而切实允许 eBay 等平台成长为可信赖的商业来源，并为全球数字支付系统奠定基准。其二，虽然是要强调的更为重要的关键思想，但却是一个存在性问题。我们都使用金钱或货币来满足我们的日常需求。一张 10 美元的账单可以让你从最喜欢的咖啡店买到一两杯咖啡，从而开始美好的一天。事实上，我们各方面都依赖于各自的国家货币。 +这是我们区块链 2.0 系列的第二部分。区块链可以改变个人和机构处理他们财务状况的方式。本文着眼于现有货币体系如何演变，以及新的区块链系统如何为货币演变的下一个关键步骤带来改变。 + +两个关键思想将为本文奠定基础。**PayPal** 在推出之时，其运营操作上具有革命性。该公司收集、处理和确认大量的消费者数据，以促进各种在线交易，从而切实允许 eBay 等平台成长为可信赖的商业来源，并为全球数字支付系统奠定基准。其二，虽然要强调的是更为重要的关键思想，但却是一个存在性问题。我们都使用金钱或货币来满足我们的日常需求。一张 10 美元的账单可以让你从最喜欢的咖啡店买到一两杯咖啡，从而开始美好的一天。事实上，我们各方面都依赖于各自的国家货币。 当然，自从**易货系统**开始决定你的早餐是什么起，人类已经度过了漫长的时间。但是，货币到底是什么？谁或什么赋予它的价值？正如流行的谣言所说，去银行并给他们一美元钞票就可以获得货币“符号”所代表的真正价值吗？ -大多数问题的答案都不存在。如果他们这样做，他们最多将是不可思议的模糊和主观。早在文明开始建立小城镇的那一天，本地货币被统治者认为合法是合法货币，并且几乎总是由那个社区中宝贵的东西组成。人们认为印第安人使用干胡椒进行交易，而古希腊人和罗马人则使用**盐**[1]交易。渐渐地，这些史前启蒙文明中的大部分都采用贵重金属和石头作为代​​币进行交易。金币，银饰和红宝石开始与“价值”同名。随着工业发展，人们开始印刷这些交易凭证，我们终于似乎看到了对纸币需求的呼吁。纸币可靠且廉价，只要国家为其用户所持纸币提供担保，纸币所代表的“价值”可以在需要时，由同等价值的黄金或硬通货作支撑，人们便乐于使用它们。但是，如果你仍然认为你现在持有的纸币具有相同的保证，那么您就错了。我们目前生活在一个几乎所有主要货币都在全球流通的时代，经济学家称之为**法定货币** [2]。缺少价值的纸片只能得到你所居住的国家的保证支持。法定货币的确切性质以及为什么它们可能是一个有缺陷的系统属于经济领域，我们目前不会涉及。 +大多数问题的答案都不存在。即便是给出了答案，最多也是不可思议的模糊和主观。早在文明开始建立小城镇的那一天，被统治者认为是合法的本地货币，几乎总是由那个社会中宝贵的东西组成。人们认为印第安人使用干胡椒进行交易，而古希腊人和罗马人则使用[盐][1]交易。渐渐地，这些史前启蒙文明中的大部分都采用贵重金属和石头作为代​​币进行交易。金币、银饰和红宝石开始与“价值”同名。随着工业革命，人们开始印刷这些交易凭证，我们终于似乎看到了对纸币需求的呼吁。纸币可靠且廉价，只要国家为其用户所持纸币提供担保，纸币所代表的“价值”可以在需要时，由同等价值的黄金或硬通货作支撑，人们便乐于使用它们。但是，如果你仍然认为你现在持有的纸币具有相同的保证，那么你就错了。我们目前生活在一个几乎所有主要货币都在全球流通的时代，经济学家称之为[法定货币][2]。缺少价值的纸片只能得到你所居住的国家的保证支持。法定货币的确切性质以及为什么它们可能是一个有缺陷的系统属于经济领域，我们目前不会涉及。 -事实上，所有这一历史中与本篇文章相关的唯一的一点是，文明开始使用暗示或代表商品和服务贸易价值的代币，而不是非实际的易货系统。代币，当然，这也是加密货币背后的关键概念。他们没有任何固有的价值。它们的价值取决于采用该特定平台的人数，采用者对系统的信任，当然还有监管实体本身的背景（如果有监管实体的话）。 **比特币（BTC）**的高价格和市值并非巧合，它们是业内第一个加密货币并且有很多早期采用者。加密货币背后的最终真理使其如此重要而又具有如此难以理解的复杂性。这是“金钱”自然演变的下一步。有些人理解这一点，有些人仍然想到坚实的货币概念，其中“真正的”货币总是由某种内在价值支持。[3]虽然已经有无数关于这种困境的辩论和研究，但仍没有着眼于区块链的未来。 +事实上，所有这一历史中与本篇文章相关的唯一的一点是，文明开始使用暗示或代表商品和服务的贸易价值的代币，而不是非实际的易货系统。代币，当然，这也是加密货币背后的关键概念。它们没有任何固有的价值。它们的价值取决于采用该特定平台的人数、采用者对系统的信任，当然还有监管实体本身的背景（如果有监管实体的话）。**比特币（BTC）**的高价格和市值并非巧合，它们是业内第一个加密货币并且有很多早期采用者。加密货币背后的最终真理使其如此重要而又具有如此难以理解的复杂性。这是“金钱”自然演变的下一步。有些人理解这一点，有些人仍然认为坚实的货币概念中“真正的”货币总是由某种[内在价值支持][3]。虽然已经有无数关于这种困境的辩论和研究，但仍没有着眼于区块链的未来。 -例如，**厄瓜多尔**在 2015 年成为头条新闻，因为它声称计划开发和发布**自己的国家加密货币** [4]。虽然官方尝试是为了援助和支持他们现有的货币体系。从那时起，其他国家及其监管机构已经或正在起草文件来控制加密货币的“流行病”，其中一些已经发布了框架，以创建区块链和加密开发的路线图。 **德国**被认为正在长期投资区块链项目，以简化其税收和金融系统[5]。发展中国家的银行正在加入一个名为银行链的体系中，用以合作创建**私有区块链**以提高他们的效率并优化其运营 +例如，**厄瓜多尔**在 2015 年成为头条新闻，因为它声称计划开发和发布[自己的国家加密货币][4]。虽然官方尝试是为了援助和支持他们现有的货币体系。从那时起，其他国家及其监管机构已经或正在起草文件来控制加密货币的“流行病”，其中一些已经发布了框架，以创建区块链和加密货币开发的路线图。[德国][5]被认为正在长期投资区块链项目，以简化其税收和金融系统。发展中国家的银行正在加入一个名为银行链的体系中，用以合作创建**私有区块链**以提高他们的效率并优化其运营。 -现在，当我们将故事的两端结合在一起时，还记得在休闲历史课之前首次提到PayPal吗？专家们将比特币（BTC）的采用率与 PayPal 的采用率进行了比较。消费者最初有所犹豫，只有少数早期采用者准备好使用上述产品，但随后更广泛的采用逐渐成为类似平台的标杆态势。比特币（BTC）已经成为类似加密货币平台的基准，其主要硬币包括**以太坊（ETH）**和**波纹（XRP）** [6]。采用正在稳步增加，法律和监管框架也正在制定以支持它，积极的研究和开发也在进行中。与 PayPal 不同，专家认为，利用区块链技术为其数字基础设施提供加密货币和平台将很快成为标准规范而非个例。 +现在，当我们将故事的两端结合在一起时，还记得在休闲历史课之前首次提到 PayPal 吗？专家们将比特币（BTC）的采用率与 PayPal 的采用率进行了比较。消费者最初有所犹豫，只有少数早期采用者准备好使用上述产品，但随后更广泛的采用逐渐成为类似平台的标杆态势。比特币（BTC）已经成为类似加密货币平台的基准，而主要硬币包括[以太坊（ETH）和瑞波（XRP）][6]。采用正在稳步增加，法律和监管框架也正在制定以支持它，积极的研究和开发也在进行中。与 PayPal 不同，专家认为，利用区块链技术为其数字基础设施提供加密货币和平台将很快成为标准规范而非个例。 尽管 2018 年加密货币价格的上涨可以被称为经济泡沫，但公司和政府仍在继续投资开发自己的区块链平台和金融代币。为了抵制和预防未来发生这样的事件，并同时同时继续在该领域投资，替代传统加密货币的**稳定币**已经开发成功。 -金融巨头**摩根大通**推出了他们自己的企业就绪区块链解决方案，名为**Quorum**，用来处理被称为 **JPM Coin**[7]的稳定币。每个这样的 JPM 硬币都与 1 美元挂钩，其价值由母公司在支持法律框架下保证。像这样的平台使大型金融交易更容易通过互联网瞬间传输数百万或数十亿美元的音乐，而不必依赖 SWIFT 这样的传统银行系统，这些系统有着冗长的程序，而且本身已有数十年历史。 +金融巨头**摩根大通**推出了他们自己的用于企业的区块链解决方案，名为**Quorum**，用来处理被称为 [JPM 硬币][7]的稳定币。每个这样的 JPM 硬币都与 1 美元挂钩，其价值由母公司在支持法律框架下保证。像这样的平台使大型金融交易更容易通过互联网瞬间传输数百万或数十亿美元，而不必依赖 SWIFT 这样的传统银行系统，这些系统有着冗长的过程，而且本身已有数十年历史。 -为了让区块链的细节可供所有人使用，以太坊平台允许第三方利用他们的区块链或从中派生以创建和管理他们自己对**区块链-协议-令牌**三元组的看法。该系统使用更少的基础工作量来推动更广泛的标准采纳。 +为了让区块链的精微之处可供所有人使用，以太坊平台允许第三方利用他们的区块链，或从中派生代币以创建和管理他们自己对**区块链-协议-令牌**三元组的主张，从而推动更广泛的标准采纳，并付出更少的基础工作量。 -区块链允许通过网络快速创建，记录和交易现有金融工具的数字版本，而无需第三方监控。该系统固有的安全性和安保特性使整个过程完全安全，并且不受欺诈和篡改的影响，这基本上是该部门需要第三方监控的唯一原因。政府和监管机构在金融服务和工具方面涉及的另一个领域是透明度和审计。通过区块链，银行和其他金融机构将能够维护完全透明，分层，几乎永久保存和防篡改的所有交易记录，使审计任务几乎无用。通过利用区块链，可以使当前金融系统和服务行业急需的发展和变化成为可能。分布式，防篡改，接近永久性存储和快速执行的平台对于银行家和政府监管机构来说都是非常有价值的，他们在这方面的投资似乎很有用[8]。 +区块链允许通过网络快速创建、记录和交易现有金融工具的数字版本，而无需第三方监控。该系统固有的安全性和安保特性使整个过程完全安全，并且不受欺诈和篡改的影响，这基本上是现有金融工具需要第三方监控的唯一原因。政府和监管机构在金融服务和工具方面涉及的另一个领域是透明度和审计。通过区块链，银行和其他金融机构将能够维护完全透明、分层，几乎永久保存和防篡改的所有交易记录，使审计任务几乎无用。通过利用区块链，可以使当前金融系统和服务行业急需的发展和变化成为可能。分布式、防篡改、接近永久性存储和快速执行的平台对于银行家和政府监管机构来说都是非常有价值的，他们在这方面的投资似乎[很有用][8]。 在本系列的下一篇文章中，我们将了解公司如何使用区块链来提供下一代金融服务。纵观在行业中创造涟漪的个别公司后，我们将探讨区块链下的经济未来会如何发展。 +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-revolutionizing-the-financial-system/ --------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ +作者: [Ostechnix][a] +选题: [lujun9972][b] +译者: [sanfusu](https://github.com/sanfusu) +校对: [wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -通过：https：//www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-revolutionizing-the-financial-system/ - -作者：[EDITOR] [A] -选题：[lujun9972] [B] -译者：[sanfusu]（https://github.com/sanfusu） -校对：校对者ID]（https://github.com/校对者ID） - -本文由[LCTT]（https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject）原创编译，[Linux中国]（https://linux.cn/）荣誉推出 - -[a]：https：//www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/ -[b]：https：//github.com/lujun9972 -[1]：https：//www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-an-introduction/ +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux 中国](https://linux.cn/)荣誉推出 +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.seasalt.com/history-of-salt +[2]: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fiatmoney.asp +[3]: https://bitcoin.org/en/faq#who-created-bitcoin +[4]: https://99bitcoins.com/official-ecuador-cryptocurrency/ +[5]: https://cointelegraph.com/news/german-government-to-introduce-blockchain-strategy-in-mid-2019 +[6]: https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/bitcoin/ +[7]: https://www.jpmorgan.com/global/news/digital-coin-payments +[8]: https://www.pwc.com/jg/en/media-release/global-fintech-survey-2017.html From 81d90349028ae5d364a6b28b3576ef79ce9fa93d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 31 Mar 2019 10:43:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 060/143] PUB:20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md @sanfusu https://linux.cn/article-10668-1.html --- ...chain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md b/published/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md rename to published/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md index 61aac18334..b283c86244 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md +++ b/published/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (sanfusu) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10668-1.html) [#]: subject: (Blockchain 2.0: Revolutionizing The Financial System [Part 2]) [#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-revolutionizing-the-financial-system/) [#]: author: (Ostechnix https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) From a00514b03ec0fa367e71f0ecf979797ddcf84f4f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 31 Mar 2019 10:55:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 061/143] PRF:20190308 How to use your Raspberry Pi for entertainment.md @qhwdw --- ...use your Raspberry Pi for entertainment.md | 28 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190308 How to use your Raspberry Pi for entertainment.md b/translated/tech/20190308 How to use your Raspberry Pi for entertainment.md index 2d7812154e..64f34c8684 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190308 How to use your Raspberry Pi for entertainment.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190308 How to use your Raspberry Pi for entertainment.md @@ -1,22 +1,24 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (qhwdw) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (How to use your Raspberry Pi for entertainment) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/raspberry-pi-entertainment) [#]: author: (Anderson Silva https://opensource.com/users/ansilva) -如何用树莓派来娱乐 +树莓派使用入门：如何用树莓派来娱乐 ====== -在我们的树莓派使用入门的第八篇文章中，我们将学习如何使用树莓派观看 Netflix 上的影片和用它来听音乐。 + +> 在我们的树莓派使用入门的第八篇文章中，我们将学习如何使用树莓派观看 Netflix 上的影片和用它来听音乐。 + ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/video_editing_folder_music_wave_play.png?itok=-J9rs-My) 到目前为止，本系列文章已经学习了很多话题 — 如何 [挑选][1]、[购买][2]、[设置][3]、和 [更新][4] 你的树莓派，以及 [儿童][5] 和 [成人][6] 如何使用它来做的不同的事情（包括学习 [Linux][7]）。今天我们换一个话题，将学习一些娱乐方面的内容！我们将学习如何使用树莓派来做一些娱乐方面的事情，明天我们继续这个话题，将用它来玩游戏。 ### 观看电视和电影 -你可以使用你的树莓派和 [开源媒体中心][8] (OSMC) 去 [观看 Netflix][9]！OSMC 是一个基于 [Kodi][10] 项目的系统，你可以使用它来播放来自本地网络、附加存储、以及互联网上的多媒体。它因为良好的功能特性而在媒体播放应用界中拥有非常好的口碑。 +你可以使用你的树莓派和 [开源媒体中心][8] (OSMC) 去 [观看 Netflix][9]！OSMC 是一个基于 [Kodi][10] 项目的系统，你可以使用它来播放来自本地网络、附加存储以及互联网上的多媒体。它因为良好的功能特性而在媒体播放应用界中拥有非常好的口碑。 NOOBS（我们在本系列的 [第三篇文章][11] 中介绍过它）可以让你在你的树莓派中很容易地 [安装 OSMC][12]。在 NOOBS 中也提供了另外一个基于 Kodi 项目的媒体播放系统，它的名字叫 [LibreELEC][13]。 @@ -33,23 +35,23 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/raspberry-pi-entertainment 作者：[Anderson Silva][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[qhwdw](https://github.com/qhwdw) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://opensource.com/users/ansilva [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/which-raspberry-pi-choose -[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/how-buy-raspberry-pi -[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/how-boot-new-raspberry-pi -[4]: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/how-keep-your-raspberry-pi-updated-and-patched -[5]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/teach-kids-program-raspberry-pi -[6]: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/3-popular-programming-languages-you-can-learn-raspberry-pi -[7]: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/learn-linux-raspberry-pi +[1]: https://linux.cn/article-10611-1.html +[2]: https://linux.cn/article-10615-1.html +[3]: https://linux.cn/article-10644-1.html +[4]: https://linux.cn/article-10665-1.html +[5]: https://linux.cn/article-10653-1.html +[6]: https://linux.cn/article-10661-1.html +[7]: https://linux.cn/article-10645-1.html [8]: https://osmc.tv/ [9]: https://www.dailydot.com/upstream/netflix-raspberry-pi/ [10]: http://kodi.tv/ -[11]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/how-boot-new-raspberry-pi +[11]: https://linux.cn/article-10644-1.html [12]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/usage/kodi/ [13]: https://libreelec.tv/ [14]: https://github.com/pimusicbox/pimusicbox/tree/master From 9b01cd9e9bca8a5001e0f76bc9221b5fca1d0da6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 31 Mar 2019 10:55:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 062/143] PUB:20190308 How to use your Raspberry Pi for entertainment.md @qhwdw https://linux.cn/article-10669-1.html --- ...20190308 How to use your Raspberry Pi for entertainment.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190308 How to use your Raspberry Pi for entertainment.md (97%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190308 How to use your Raspberry Pi for entertainment.md b/published/20190308 How to use your Raspberry Pi for entertainment.md similarity index 97% rename from translated/tech/20190308 How to use your Raspberry Pi for entertainment.md rename to published/20190308 How to use your Raspberry Pi for entertainment.md index 64f34c8684..402ff16229 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190308 How to use your Raspberry Pi for entertainment.md +++ b/published/20190308 How to use your Raspberry Pi for entertainment.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (qhwdw) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10669-1.html) [#]: subject: (How to use your Raspberry Pi for entertainment) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/raspberry-pi-entertainment) [#]: author: (Anderson Silva https://opensource.com/users/ansilva) From d8ee89d0ad74cb5432669771da6f16620a5afba9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 31 Mar 2019 12:16:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 063/143] PRF:20190228 IRC vs IRL- How to run a good IRC meeting.md @lujun9972 --- ...C vs IRL- How to run a good IRC meeting.md | 42 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20190228 IRC vs IRL- How to run a good IRC meeting.md b/translated/talk/20190228 IRC vs IRL- How to run a good IRC meeting.md index c7a4a37afc..ef30ce0991 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20190228 IRC vs IRL- How to run a good IRC meeting.md +++ b/translated/talk/20190228 IRC vs IRL- How to run a good IRC meeting.md @@ -1,40 +1,42 @@ -[#]:collector:(lujun9972) -[#]:translator:(lujun9972) -[#]:reviewer:() -[#]:publisher:() -[#]:url:() -[#]:subject:(IRCvsIRL:HowtorunagoodIRCmeeting) -[#]:via:(https://opensource。com/article/19/2/irc-vs-irl-meetings) -[#]:author:(Ben Cotton https://opensource。com/users/bcotton) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (lujun9972) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (IRCvsIRL:HowtorunagoodIRCmeeting) +[#]: via: (https://opensource。com/article/19/2/irc-vs-irl-meetings) +[#]: author: (Ben Cotton https://opensource.com/users/bcotton) -IRC vs IRL: 如何召开一个良好的 IRC 会议 +IRC vs IRL：如何召开一个良好的 IRC 会议 ====== -若你遵守这些最佳实践，InternetRelayChat 会议可以很好滴推进项目进展。 -！[](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/BUSINESS_community_1.png?itok=rT7EdN2m) -开展任何形式的会议都是门艺术。很多人已经学会了开展面对面会议和电话会议，但是 [InternetRelayChat][1](IRC) 会议因其特殊的性质有别于"现实 (inreallife)"(IRL) 会议。本文将会分享 IRC 这种会议形式的优势和劣势以及帮你更有效地领导 IRC 会议的小技巧。 +> 若你遵守这些最佳实践，Internet Relay Chat（IRC）会议可以很好滴推进项目进展。 -为什么是 IRC? 虽说现在有大量的实时聊天工具可供选择，[IRC 依然是开源项目的基石 ][2]。若你的项目使用其他沟通工具，也不要紧。这里大多数的建议都适用于同步的文本聊天机制，只需要进行一些微调。 +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/BUSINESS_community_1.png?itok=rT7EdN2m) + +开展任何形式的会议都是门艺术。很多人已经学会了开展面对面会议和电话会议，但是 [Internet Relay Chat][1]（IRC）会议因其特殊的性质有别于“现实in real life”（IRL） 会议。本文将会分享 IRC 这种会议形式的优势和劣势，以及帮你更有效地领导 IRC 会议的小技巧。 + +为什么用 IRC? 虽说现在有大量的实时聊天工具可供选择，[IRC 依然是开源项目的基石][2]。若你的项目使用其他沟通工具，也不要紧。这里大多数的建议都适用于同步的文本聊天机制，只需要进行一些微调。 ### IRC 会议的挑战 -与面对面会议相比，IRC 会议会遇到一些挑战。你应该直到一个人结束谈话到下一个人开始谈话之间的间隙吧？在 IRC 中这更糟糕，因为人们需要输入他们的所想。这比说话要更慢，—而且不像谈话一样—你不知道别人什么时候在组织消息。主持人在要求回复或转到下一主题前必须等待很长一段时间。而想要发言的人需要先插入一个简短的信息(例如，一个句号)来让主持人知道(他需要发言)。 +与面对面会议相比，IRC 会议会遇到一些挑战。你应该知道一个人结束谈话到下一个人开始谈话之间会有间隙吧？在 IRC 中这更糟糕，因为人们需要输入他们的所想。这比说话要更慢，而且不像谈话，你不知道别人什么时候在组织消息。主持人在要求回复或转到下一主题前必须等待很长一段时间。而想要发言的人需要先插入一个简短的信息（例如，一个句号）来让主持人知道（他需要发言）。 IRC 会议还缺少其他方法中能够获得的那些元数据。你无法通过文本了解面部表情和语调。这意味着你必须小心你的措辞。 -而且 IRC 会议很容易让人分心。至少在面对面会议中，当某人正在看搞笑的猫咪图片时，你可以看到他面带笑容而且在不合时宜的时候发出笑声。在 IRC 中，除非他们不小心粘贴了错误的短信，否者甚至都没有同伴的压力来让他们假装专注。你甚至可以同时参加多个 IRC 会议。我就这么做过，但如果你需要积极参与这些会议，那就很危险了。 +而且 IRC 会议很容易让人分心。至少在面对面会议中，当某人正在看搞笑的猫咪图片时，你可以看到他面带笑容而且在不合时宜的时候发出笑声。在 IRC 中，除非他们不小心粘贴了错误的短信，否则甚至都没有同伴的压力来让他们假装专注。你甚至可以同时参加多个 IRC 会议。我就这么做过，但如果你需要积极参与这些会议，那就很危险了。 ### IRC 会议的优势 -IRC 会议也有某些独一无二的优势。IRC 是一个非常轻资源的媒介。它并不怎么消耗带宽和 CPU。这降低了参与的门槛，这对贫困这和正在路上的人都是有利的。对于志愿者来说，这意味着他们可以在工作日参加会议。同时它也意味着参与者无需寻找一个安静的地方来让他们沟通而不打扰到周围的人。 +IRC 会议也有某些独一无二的优势。IRC 是一个非常轻资源的媒介。它并不怎么消耗带宽和 CPU。这降低了参与的门槛，这对贫困这和发展中的人都是有利的。对于志愿者来说，这意味着他们可以在工作日参加会议。同时它也意味着参与者无需寻找一个安静的地方来让他们沟通而不打扰到周围的人。 -借助会议机器人，IRC 可以立即生成会议记录。在 Fedora 中，我们使用 Zodbot，Debian 的 [Meetbot][3] 的一个实例，来记录会议并提供交互。会议结束后，会议记录和完整的日志立即可供社区使用。这减少了开展会议的管理开销。 +借助会议机器人，IRC 可以立即生成会议记录。在 Fedora 中，我们使用 Zodbot（Debian 的 [Meetbot][3] 的一个实例）来记录会议并提供交互。会议结束后，会议记录和完整的日志立即可供社区使用。这减少了开展会议的管理开销。 ### 这跟普通会议类似，但有所不同 -通过 IRC 或其他基于文本的媒介进行会议意味着以稍微不同寻常的方式来看待会议。虽然它缺少一些更高带宽沟通模式的有点，但它也有自己的有点。开展 IRC 会议可以让你有机会开发出各种规则，而这些规则有助于你开展各种类型的会议。 +通过 IRC 或其他基于文本的媒介进行会议意味着以稍微不同寻常的方式来看待会议。虽然它缺少一些更高带宽沟通模式的优点，但它也有自己的优点。开展 IRC 会议可以让你有机会开发出各种规则，而这些规则有助于你开展各种类型的会议。 -与任何会议一样，IRC 会议最好有明确的日程和目的。一个好的会议主持者知道什么时候让谈话继续下去以及什么时候将话题拉回来。并没有什么硬性规定—这是一门艺术。但 IRC 在这方面有一个优势。通过这是频道主题为会议的当前主题，人们可以看到他们应该谈论的内容。 +与任何会议一样，IRC 会议最好有明确的日程和目的。一个好的会议主持者知道什么时候让谈话继续下去以及什么时候将话题拉回来。并没有什么硬性规定，这是一门艺术。但 IRC 在这方面有一个优势。通过设置频道主题为会议的当前主题，人们可以看到他们应该谈论的内容。 如果你的项目尚未实施过同步会议，你应该考虑一下。对于项目成员分布在不同时区的项目，找到一个大家都认可的时间来组织会议很难。你不能把会议作为你唯一的协调方式。但他们可以是项目工作的重要组成部分。 @@ -45,7 +47,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/irc-vs-irl-meetings 作者：[Ben Cotton][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 5903eb68c2f2a01ffdb19f3c1df3e85f0762af22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 31 Mar 2019 12:16:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 064/143] PUB:20190228 IRC vs IRL- How to run a good IRC meeting.md @lujun9972 https://linux.cn/article-10670-1.html --- .../20190228 IRC vs IRL- How to run a good IRC meeting.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20190228 IRC vs IRL- How to run a good IRC meeting.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20190228 IRC vs IRL- How to run a good IRC meeting.md b/published/20190228 IRC vs IRL- How to run a good IRC meeting.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/talk/20190228 IRC vs IRL- How to run a good IRC meeting.md rename to published/20190228 IRC vs IRL- How to run a good IRC meeting.md index ef30ce0991..0c33cbf521 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20190228 IRC vs IRL- How to run a good IRC meeting.md +++ b/published/20190228 IRC vs IRL- How to run a good IRC meeting.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (lujun9972) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10670-1.html) [#]: subject: (IRCvsIRL:HowtorunagoodIRCmeeting) [#]: via: (https://opensource。com/article/19/2/irc-vs-irl-meetings) [#]: author: (Ben Cotton https://opensource.com/users/bcotton) From 9f22204473d65bf90a244e2c0bfb27725ab41f9d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 31 Mar 2019 18:41:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 065/143] PRF:20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md @MZqk --- .../20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md | 56 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md b/translated/tech/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md index df42d049aa..9dfa9301ab 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ DevOps 对你意味着什么？ 如果你问 10 个人关于 DevOps 的问题，你会得到 12 个答案。这是对于 DevOps 的意见和期望的多样性的结果，更不用说它在实践中的差异。 -为了解读 DevOps 的悖论，我们找到了最了解它的人 —— 这个行业的顶尖从业者。这些人熟悉 DevOps，了解技术的来龙去脉，并且已经有了多年 DevOps 实践。他们的观点应该能鼓励、刺激和激发您对 DevOps 的想法。 +为了解读 DevOps 的悖论，我们找到了最了解它的人 —— 这个行业的顶尖从业者。这些人熟悉 DevOps，了解技术的来龙去脉，并且已经有了多年 DevOps 实践。他们的观点应该能鼓励、刺激和激发你对 DevOps 的想法。 ### DevOps 对你意味着什么？ @@ -46,77 +46,65 @@ Atos 的 DevOps 负责人 [Chris Baynham-Hughes][6]，说，“[DevOps] 实践 Ann Marie 表示：“一些十分强大灵活的项目管理[实践]，能在职能、独立的小组之间打破壁垒；全自动化持续部署，蓝/绿部署实现零时间停机状态；开发人员设置自己的监控和警告，无缝自我修复，自动化的安全性与合规性。” -Chris 说，“特别的突破是倾情合作；持续改进；开放领导；缩短业务距离；从垂直孤岛转向横向、跨功能的产品团队。工作透明化，相互影响，Mobius 循环，缩短反馈回路，自动化（从环境到 CI/CD）。” +Chris 说，“特别的突破是倾情合作、持续改进、开放领导、缩短业务距离、从垂直孤岛转向横向/跨功能的产品团队、工作透明化、相互影响、Mobius 循环、缩短反馈回路、自动化（从环境到 CI/CD）。” -Brent 支持“发展学习文化，包括 TTD[ 测试驱动开发]和 BDD[ 行为驱动开发]捕获事件，并通过持续集成和持续交付从设计、构建和测试到实施在生产环境上一系列事件的自动化。测试采用故障优先的方法，能够自动化集成和交付流程，并在整个生命周期中包含快速反馈。” +Brent 支持“发展学习文化，包括 TTD [测试驱动开发] 和 BDD [行为驱动开发]捕获事件，并通过持续集成和持续交付从设计、构建和测试到实施在生产环境上一系列事件的自动化。测试采用故障优先的方法，能够自动化集成和交付流程，并在整个生命周期中包含快速反馈。” Geoff 强调自动化配置。“选择一个自动化配置，对我的团队来说非常有效。更具体地说从版本控制代码库中自动配置。” -Dan uses fun。“ 我们做了很多不同的事情来建立 DevOps 文化。我们举办 ‘Lunch & Learns”’，提供免费的食物来鼓励大家一起学习。我们买书，分组学习。” +Dan 则玩的开心，“ 我们做了很多不同的事情来建立 DevOps 文化。我们举办 ‘午餐 & 学习’ 活动，提供免费的食物来鼓励大家一起学习。我们买书，分组学习。” ### 你如何激励你的团队实现 DevOps 这个目标？ -``` -"庆祝你所取得的进步。" -``` +Daniel 强调“自动化的问题就是为了减少 DevOps 计划中来自多个团队的异议，你应该鼓励你的团队提高开发、测试与 IT 运营的自动化能力，以及新的流程和程序。例如，Linux 容器是实现 DevOps 自动化功能的关键工具。” -Daniel 强调“自动化的问题就是为了减少 DevOps 计划中来自多个团队的异议，您应该鼓励您的团队提高开发、测试与 IT 运营的自动化能力，以及新的流程和程序。例如，Linux 容器是实现 DevOps 自动化功能的关键工具。” +Geoff 很是赞同，“机械化的劳作，你有讨厌现在做的任务吗？很棒。如果可能的话，让它们消失。不行，那就让它们自动化。它能使工作不会变得太枯燥，因为工作总是在变化。” -Geoff 很是赞同，“机械化的劳作，你有讨厌现在做的任务吗？很棒。如果可能的话，让它们消失。不行，那就让他们自动化。它能使工作不会变得太枯燥，因为工作总是在变化。” +Dan、Ann Marie 和 Brent 强调团队的执行力。 -Dan，Ann Marie 和 Brent 强调团队的执行力。 +Dan 说，“在 NAIC，我们有个很好的奖励系统来鼓励特定的行为。我们有多个级别的奖项，其中两个奖项可以由任何人颁布给某人。我们也会颁奖给完成重要任务的团队，但我们通常只奖励给个人贡献者。” -Dan 说，“在 NAIC，我们有个很好的奖励系统来鼓励特定的行为。我们有多个级别的奖项，其中两个奖项可以任何人颁布给某人。我们也会颁奖给完成重要任务的团队，但我们通常只奖励给个人贡献者。” +Ann Marie 表示，“我所在地区的团队最大的动力是看见其他人成功。我们每周都会彼此回放一次，其中一部分是分享我们从尝试新工具或实践中学到的东西。团队热衷于他们现在做的事情，并愿意帮助其他人开始，相信更多的团队很快也会加入进来。” -Ann Marie 表示，“我所在地区的团队最大的动力是看见其他人成功。我们每周都会彼此播放一次，其中一部分是分享我们从尝试新工具或实践中学到的东西。团队热衷于他们现在做的事情，并愿意帮助其他人开始，相信更多的团队很快也会加入进来。” +Brent 表示赞同。“让每个人学习，并掌握同样的基础知识至关重要……我喜欢从评估什么能帮助团队实现目标[以及]产品负责人和用户需要提供的内容入手。” -Brent 表示赞同。“让每个人学习，并掌握基础知识同样至关重要。。。。。。我喜欢从评估什么能帮助团队实现目标[以及]产品负责人和用户需要提供的内容入手。” - -Chris 推荐采用双管齐下的方法。“每周运行可以实现的小目标，并且[在这]可以看到他们正在运做的功能工作之外的进展，庆祝你所取得的进步。” +Chris 推荐采用双管齐下的方法。“运行可以每周可以实现的小目标，并且[在这]可以看到他们正在运做的功能工作之外的进展，庆祝你所取得的进步。” ### DevOps 和敏捷开发如何协同工作？ - -``` -“DevOps ！= 敏捷。其次 敏捷 ！=Scrum流程” -``` - 这是一个重要的问题，因为 DevOps 和敏捷开发都是现代软件开发的基石。 -DevOps 是一个软件开发的过程，专注与沟通与协作，以促进快速部署应用程序和产品。而敏捷开发是一种开发方法，涉及持续开发，连续迭代和连续测试，以实现可预测和可交付的成果质量。 +DevOps 是一个软件开发的过程，专注与沟通与协作，以促进快速部署应用程序和产品。而敏捷开发是一种开发方法，涉及持续开发、连续迭代和连续测试，以实现可预测和可交付的成果质量。 那么，它们又有怎样的联系？让我们去问问专家吧。 -在 Brent 来看，“DevOps！= 敏捷。其次 敏捷！=Scrum 流程。。。敏捷工具和工作方式——支撑着 DevOps 策略和目标——它们是如此融合在一起的。” +在 Brent 来看，“DevOps != 敏捷。其次 敏捷 != Scrum 流程……敏捷工具和工作方式支撑着 DevOps 策略和目标，它们是如此融合在一起的。” Chris 说，“对我而言敏捷是 DevOps 的一个基本组件。当然，我们可以讨论如何在非敏捷开发环境中采用 DevOps 文化，但最终表明，提高软件设计方式的灵活性是采用 DevOps 成熟读的一个关键指标。” -Dan 将 DevOps 与更伟大的[敏捷宣言 ][8] 联系起来。“我在谈到敏捷时总会引用敏捷宣言来设置基准，而有许多实现中并不关注宣言。当您阅读宣言时，您会发现它确实从开发的角度描述了 DevOps。因此，将敏捷融入 DevOps 文化非常容易，因为敏捷关注于沟通、协作、变化的灵活性以及快速地投入生产。” +Dan 将 DevOps 与更伟大的 [敏捷宣言][8] 联系起来。“我在谈到敏捷时总会引用敏捷宣言来设置基准，而有许多实现中并不关注该宣言。当你阅读这份宣言时，你会发现它确实从开发的角度描述了 DevOps。因此，将敏捷融入 DevOps 文化非常容易，因为敏捷关注于沟通、协作、变化的灵活性以及快速地投入生产。” Geoff 认为 “DevOps 是敏捷实施的众多实现之一。敏捷本质上是一套原则，而 DevOps 则是体现这些原则的文化、流程和工具链。” Ann Marie 简洁说明，“敏捷是 DevOps 的先决条件。DevOps 使敏捷变得更加有效。” ### DevOps 是否受益于开源？ -``` -”开源做得好，需要DevOps文化。“ -``` 这个问题得到了所有参与者的热烈肯定，然后解释了他们看到的好处。 -Ann Marie 说，”我们站在巨人的肩膀上，在已有的基础之上发展。拉取请求和代码评审的开源模式，对 DevOps 团队维护软件很有效果。“ +Ann Marie 说，“我们站在巨人的肩膀上，在已有的基础之上发展。拉取请求和代码评审的开源模式，对 DevOps 团队维护软件很有效果。” -Chris” 毫无疑问“地赞同 DevOps 受益于开源。”从设计和工具方面（例如，Ansible），到流程和人员方面，通分享行业内的故事和开源社区的领导。“ +Chris 赞同 DevOps “毫无疑问”受益于开源。“从设计和工具方面（例如，Ansible），到流程和人员方面，通分享行业内的故事和开源社区的领导。” -Geoff 提到一个好处是”基层的采纳“。没有人需要签署购买或申请免费（如免费啤酒）的软件。团队发现了满足他们需求的工具，可以自行（自由的）进行修改。[然后]在它之上构建，并为更大的社区提供更好的功能。如此往复。 +Geoff 提到一个好处是“基层的采纳”。免费的软件不需要签署购买申请。团队发现了满足他们需求的工具，可以自行进行修改。[然后]在它之上构建，并为更大的社区提供更好的功能。如此往复。 -开源已经向 DevOps 展示着”就像开源软件开发者那样做，采用更好的方式来来克服新的变化 “，Daniel 说。 +开源已经向 DevOps 展示着“就像开源软件开发者正在做的那样，采用更好的方式来克服新的变化”，Daniel 说。 -Brent 同意道 ”DevOps 从开源中获益良多。一种方法是使用这些工具来理解它们是如何加速 DevOps 的目标和策略；在自动化、自动伸缩、虚拟化和容器化等关键方面对开发人员和操作人员进行培训，如果不引入使 DevOps 更加容易的技术支持，就很难实现这些特性。” +Brent 同意道 “DevOps 从开源中获益良多。一种方法是使用这些工具来理解它们是如何加速 DevOps 的目标和策略；在自动化、自动伸缩、虚拟化和容器化等关键方面对开发人员和操作人员进行培训，如果不引入使 DevOps 更加容易的技术支持，就很难实现这些特性。” -Dan 指出了 DevOps 和开源之间的双向共生关系，“做好开源需要 DevOps 文化。大多数开源项目都具有非常开放的沟通结构，很少有不透明的地方。对于 Devops 实践者来说，这实际上是一个很好的学习机会，可以让他们了解到可能需要将什么引入自己的组织中。此外能够使用来自社区与组织类似的工具来鼓励自己的文化成长。我喜欢用 GitLab 作为这种共生关系的一个例子。当我把 GitLab 带入一家公司时，我们得到了一个很棒的工具，但我们真正购买的是他们独特的文化，通过我们与他们的互动以及我们的贡献带来了巨大价值。他们的工具也可以为 Devops 组织提供更多东西，而他们的文化已经在我介绍它给的公司中引起了他们的敬畏。” +Dan 指出了 DevOps 和开源之间的双向共生关系，“做好开源需要 DevOps 文化。大多数开源项目都具有非常开放的沟通结构，很少有不透明的地方。对于 Devops 实践者来说，这实际上是一个很好的学习机会，可以让他们了解到可能需要将什么引入自己的组织中。此外能够使用来自社区与组织类似的工具来鼓励自己的文化成长。我喜欢用 GitLab 作为这种共生关系的一个例子。当我把 GitLab 带入一家公司时，我们得到了一个很棒的工具，但我们真正购买的是他们独特的文化，通过我们与他们的互动以及我们的贡献带来了巨大价值。他们的工具也可以为 DevOps 组织提供更多东西，而他们的文化已经在我引入它的公司中引起了他们的敬畏。” -现在我们的 DevOps 专家已经参与进来了，请在评论中分享您对 DevOps 的理解，以及向我们提出其其他问题。 +现在我们的 DevOps 专家已经参与进来了，请在评论中分享你对 DevOps 的理解，以及向我们提出其他问题。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -125,7 +113,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/what-does-devops-mean-you 作者：[Girish Managoli][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[MZqk](https://github.com/MZqk) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 6784678f60c91ee60058bf2eb081d0f2ba55be3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 31 Mar 2019 18:42:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 066/143] PUB:20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md @MZqk https://linux.cn/article-10671-1.html --- .../20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md b/published/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md rename to published/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md index 9dfa9301ab..cb76a8c765 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md +++ b/published/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (MZqk) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10671-1.html) [#]: subject: (What does DevOps mean to you?) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/1/what-does-devops-mean-you) [#]: author: (Girish Managoli https://opensource.com/users/gammay) From 1dd31ba10b266cfb8497336a742b0b797840201c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 31 Mar 2019 22:01:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 067/143] PRF:20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md @geekpi --- ...tory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md | 34 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md b/translated/tech/20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md index cfc5655fa2..9cd041c1dd 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (How To Navigate Inside A Directory/Folder In Linux Without CD Command?) @@ -10,19 +10,17 @@ 如何在 Linux 中不使用 CD 命令进入目录/文件夹？ ====== -众所周知，如果没有 CD 命令，我们无法 Linux 中切换目录。 - -这个没错，但我们有一个名为 `shopt` 的 Linux 内置命令能帮助我们解决这个问题。 +众所周知，如果没有 `cd` 命令，我们无法 Linux 中切换目录。这个没错，但我们有一个名为 `shopt` 的 Linux 内置命令能帮助我们解决这个问题。 [shopt][1] 是一个 shell 内置命令，用于设置和取消设置各种 bash shell 选项，由于它已安装，因此我们不需要再次安装它。 -是的，我们可以在启用此选项后，可以不使用 CD 命令切换目录。 +是的，我们可以在启用此选项后，可以不使用 `cd` 命令切换目录。 我们将在本文中向你展示如何操作。这是一个小的调整，但对于那些从 Windows 迁移到 Linux 的新手来说非常有用。 -这对 Linux 管理员没用，因为我们不会在没有 CD 命令的情况下切换到该目录，因为我们对此有一个很好的做法。 +这对 Linux 管理员没用，因为我们不会在没有 `cd` 命令的情况下切换到该目录，因为我们对此有经验。 -如果你尝试在没有 cd 命令的情况下切换 Linux 的目录/文件夹，你将看到以下错误消息。这在 Linux 中很常见。 +如果你尝试在没有 `cd` 命令的情况下切换 Linux 的目录/文件夹，你将看到以下错误消息。这在 Linux 中很常见。 ``` $ Documents/ @@ -33,15 +31,19 @@ bash: Documents/: Is a directory ### 什么是 .bashrc ？ -“.bashrc” 是一个 shell 脚本，每次用户以交互模式打开新 shell 时都会运行该脚本。 +`.bashrc` 是一个 shell 脚本，每次用户以交互模式打开新 shell 时都会运行该脚本。 你可以在该文件中添加要在命令提示符下输入的任何命令。 -.bashrc 文件本身包含终端会话的一系列配置。包括设置和启用：着色、补全，shell 历史，命令别名等。 +`.bashrc` 文件本身包含终端会话的一系列配置。包括设置和启用：着色、补全，shell 历史，命令别名等。 ``` $ vi ~/.bashrc +``` +加入这一行： + +``` shopt -s autocd ``` @@ -68,12 +70,14 @@ $ pwd ``` ![][3] + 是的，它正如预期的那样正常工作。 -而且，它在 `fish shell` 中工作正常，而无需对 `.bashrc` 进行任何更改。 +而且，它在 fish shell 中工作正常，而无需对 `.bashrc` 进行任何更改。 + ![][4] -如果要暂时执行此操作，请使用以下命令（set/unset）。重启系统时，它将消失。 +如果要暂时执行此操作，请使用以下命令（`set`/`unset`）。重启系统时，它将消失。 ``` # shopt -s autocd @@ -87,7 +91,7 @@ autocd on autocd off ``` -shopt 命令提供了许多其他选项，如果要验证这些选项，请运行以下命令。 +`shopt` 命令提供了许多其他选项，如果要验证这些选项，请运行以下命令。 ``` $ shopt @@ -146,9 +150,9 @@ sourcepath on xpg_echo off ``` -我找到了一些其他程序，它们可以帮助我们在 Linux 中比 cd 命令更快地切换目录。 +此外，我找到了一些其他程序，它们可以帮助我们在 Linux 中比 `cd` 命令更快地切换目录。 -它们是 pushd、popd、up shell 脚本和 bd 工具。我们将在接下来的文章中介绍这些主题。 +它们是 `pushd`、`popd`、`up` shell 脚本和 `bd` 工具。我们将在接下来的文章中介绍这些主题。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -157,7 +161,7 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/navigate-switch-directory-without-using-cd-command 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From e492753ae61103cffb1c244c7df8e4f4173e2913 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 31 Mar 2019 22:01:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 068/143] PUB:20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10673-1.html --- ...e Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md b/published/20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md rename to published/20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md index 9cd041c1dd..80f183ce6f 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md +++ b/published/20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10673-1.html) [#]: subject: (How To Navigate Inside A Directory/Folder In Linux Without CD Command?) [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/navigate-switch-directory-without-using-cd-command-in-linux/) [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) From 4fe31d485bd89c31a190b3b5cf3fca16ec90828a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 31 Mar 2019 23:36:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 069/143] PRF:20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @acyanbird 翻译的棒极了，辛苦了！ --- .../20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md | 58 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md b/translated/talk/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md index d93975dfc5..5db6e52e7f 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md +++ b/translated/talk/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md @@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ google.com. 194 IN A 216.58.192.206 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 55 ``` -这个输出一部分描述了你的问题（“ `google.com` 的 IP 地址是什么？），另一部分则详细解析了你收到的回答。在答案区段ANSWER SECTION里，`dig` 为我们创造了一个包含五个字段的记录。从左数第四个字段 `A` 定义了这个记录的类型 —— 这是一个地址记录。在 `A` 的右边，第五个字段告知我们 `google.com` 的 `IP` 地址是 `216.58.192.206`。第二个字段，`194` 则代表这个记录的缓存时间是 194 秒。 +这个输出一部分描述了你的问题（`google.com` 的 IP 地址是什么？），另一部分则详细描述了你收到的回答。在答案区段ANSWER SECTION里，`dig` 为我们找到了一个包含五个字段的记录。从左数第四个字段 `A` 定义了这个记录的类型 —— 这是一个地址记录。在 `A` 的右边，第五个字段告知我们 `google.com` 的 IP 地址是 `216.58.192.206`。第二个字段，`194` 则代表这个记录的缓存时间是 194 秒。 -那么， `IN` 字段告诉了我们什么呢？令人尴尬的是，在很长的一段时间里，我都认为这是一个介词。那时候我认为 DNS 记录大概是表达了“在 `A` 记录里，`google.com` 的 `IP` 地址是 `216.58.192.206`。”后来我才知道 `IN` 是“internet”的简写。`IN` 这一个部分告诉了我们这个记录分属的类别。 +那么，`IN` 字段告诉了我们什么呢？令人尴尬的是，在很长的一段时间里，我都认为这是一个介词。那时候我认为 DNS 记录大概是表达了“在 `A` 记录里，`google.com` 的 IP 地址是 `216.58.192.206`。”后来我才知道 `IN` 是 “internet” 的简写。`IN` 这一个部分告诉了我们这个记录分属的类别class。 -那么，除了“internet”之外，DNS 记录还会有什么别的类别吗？这究竟意味着什么？你怎么去搜寻一个不位于 internet 上的地址？看起来 `IN` 是唯一一个可能填写进这个字段的答案。而且的确，如果你尝试去获得除了 `IN` 之外的，关于 `google.com` 的记录的话，DNS 服务器通常不能给出恰当的回应。但凡事总有意外，以下就是我们尝试向 `8.8.8.8`（谷歌公共 DNS 服务器）询问在 `HS` 类别里 `google.com` 的 IP 地址。我们得到了状态为 `SERVFAIL` 的回复。 +那么，除了 “internet” 之外，DNS 记录还会有什么别的类别吗？这究竟意味着什么？你怎么去搜寻一个*不位于* internet 上的地址？看起来 `IN` 是唯一一个可能有意义的值。而且的确，如果你尝试去获得除了 `IN` 之外的，关于 `google.com` 的记录的话，DNS 服务器通常不能给出恰当的回应。以下就是我们尝试向 `8.8.8.8`（谷歌公共 DNS 服务器）询问在 `HS` 类别里 `google.com` 的 IP 地址。我们得到了状态为 `SERVFAIL` 的回复。 ``` $ dig -c HS google.com @@ -52,47 +52,51 @@ $ dig -c HS google.com ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 39 ``` -所以说，除了 `IN` 以外的类别不能被服务器广泛支持，但它们的确是存在的。除了 `IN` 之外，DNS 记录还有 `HS`（我们刚刚看到的）和 `CH` 这两个类别。`HS` 类是为一个叫做 [Hesiod][1] 的系统预留的，它可以利用 DNS 来存储并让用户访问一些文本资料。它通常在本地环境中作为 [LDAP][2] 的替代品使用。而 `CH` 这个类别，则是为 Chaosnet 技术预留的。 +所以说，除了 `IN` 以外的类别没有得到广泛支持，但它们的确是存在的。除了 `IN` 之外，DNS 记录还有 `HS`（我们刚刚看到的）和 `CH` 这两个类别。`HS` 类是为一个叫做 [Hesiod][1] 的系统预留的，它可以利用 DNS 来存储并让用户访问一些文本资料。它通常在本地环境中作为 [LDAP][2] 的替代品使用。而 `CH` 这个类别，则是为 Chaosnet 预留的。 -如今，大家都在使用 TCP/IP 协议族。这两种协议（还有 UDP）是绝大部分电脑远程连接采用的协议。不过我觉得，从互联网的垃圾堆里翻出了一个布满灰尘，绝迹已久，被人们遗忘的系统，也是一件令人愉悦的事情。那么，Chaosnet 是什么？为什么它像恐龙一样，走上了毁灭的道路呢？ +如今，大家都在使用 TCP/IP 协议族。这两种协议（TCP 及 UDP）是绝大部分电脑远程连接采用的协议。不过我觉得，从互联网的垃圾堆里翻出了一个布满灰尘，绝迹已久，被人们遗忘的系统，也是一件令人愉悦的事情。那么，Chaosnet 是什么？为什么它像恐龙一样，走上了毁灭的道路呢？ - ### 在 MIT 的机房里 +### 在 MIT 的机房里 -Chaosnet 是在 1970 年代，由 MIT 人工智能实验室的研究员们研发的。它是一个宏伟目标的一部分 —— 设计并制造一个能比其他电脑更高效率运行 Lisp 代码的机器。 +Chaosnet 是在 1970 年代，由 MIT 人工智能实验室的研究员们研发的。它是一个宏伟目标的一部分 —— 设计并制造一个能比其他通用电脑更高效率运行 Lisp 代码的机器。 -Lisp 是 MIT 教授 John McCarthy 的造物，他亦是人工智能领域的先驱者。在 1960 年发布的[一篇论文][3]中，他首次描述了 Lisp 这个语言。在 1962 年，Lisp 的编译器和解释器诞生了。Lisp 拥有非常多的新特性。这些特性在现在看来是每一门编程语言不可或缺的一部分。它是第一门拥有垃圾回收器，REPL 和支持的动态类型的语言。在人工智能领域工作的程序员们都十分喜爱这门语言，比如说 —— 大名鼎鼎的 [SHRDLU][4] 就是用它写的。这个程序允许人们使用自然语言，向机器下达挪动玩具方块这样的命令。 +Lisp 是 MIT 教授 John McCarthy 的造物，他亦是人工智能领域的先驱者。在 1960 年发布的[一篇论文][3]中，他首次描述了 Lisp 这个语言。在 1962 年，Lisp 的编译器和解释器诞生了。Lisp 引入了非常多的新特性，这些特性在现在看来是每一门编程语言不可或缺的一部分。它是第一门拥有垃圾回收器的语言，是第一个有 REPL（Read-eval-print-loop：交互式解析器）的语言，也是第一个支持动态类型的语言。在人工智能领域工作的程序员们都十分喜爱这门语言，比如说，大名鼎鼎的 [SHRDLU][4] 就是用它写的。这个程序允许人们使用自然语言，向机器下达挪动玩具方块这样的命令。 -Lisp 的缺点是它太慢了。跟其他语言相比，Lisp 需要使用两倍的时间来执行相同的操作。因为 Lisp 在运行中仍会检查变量类型，这一操作通常都是在编译过程中完成的。在 IBM 7090 上，它的垃圾回收器也需要长达一秒钟的时间来执行。这个问题急需解决，因为 AI 研究者们试图搭建类似 SHRDLU 的应用。他们需要程序与使用者进行实时互动。因此，在 1970 年代的晚期，MIT 人工智能研究所的研究员们决定去建造一个能更高效运行 Lisp 的机器来解决这个问题。这些“Lisp 机器”们拥有更大的存储和更小的指令集，更加适合 Lisp。类型检查由专门的回路完成，因此在 Lisp 运行速度的提升上达成了质的飞跃。跟那时流行的计算机系统不同，这些机器并不支持分时，整台电脑的资源都用来运行一个单独的 Lisp 程序。每一个用户都会得到单独的 CPU。Lisp 机器研发小组在一个备忘录里提到，这些功能是如何让 Lisp 运行变得更简单的： +Lisp 的缺点是它太慢了。跟其它语言相比，Lisp 需要使用两倍的时间来执行相同的操作。因为 Lisp 在运行中仍会检查变量类型，而不仅是编译过程中。在 MIT 的 IBM 7090 上，它的垃圾回收器也需要长达一秒钟的时间来执行。[^1] 这个性能问题急需解决，因为 AI 研究者们试图搭建类似 SHRDLU 的应用。他们需要程序与使用者进行实时互动。因此，在 1970 年代的晚期，MIT 人工智能实验室的研究员们决定去建造一个能更高效运行 Lisp 的机器来解决这个问题。这些“Lisp 机器”们拥有更大的存储和更精简的指令集，更加适合 Lisp。类型检查由专门的电路完成，因此在 Lisp 运行速度的提升上达成了质的飞跃。跟那时流行的计算机系统不同，这些机器并不支持分时，整台电脑的资源都用来运行一个单独的 Lisp 程序。每一个用户都会得到他自己单独的 CPU。MIT 的 Lisp 机器小组Lisp Machine Group在一个备忘录里提到，这些功能是如何让 Lisp 运行变得更简单的： ->Lisp 机器是个人电脑。它支持个人编程，这意味着处理器和内存并不是分时多工的，每个人都能得到单属于自己的处理器和内存。这个私人运算系统由许多处理器组成，每个处理器都有它们自己的内存和虚拟内存。当一个用户登陆时，他就会被分配一个处理器，在他的登陆期间这个处理器是独属于他的。当他登出，这个处理器就会重新可用，等待被分配给下一个用户。通过采取这种方法，当前用户就不用和其他用户竞争内存的使用，他经常使用的信息也能保存在核心里，因此把信息调出所需要的时间也大大缩短了。这个 Lisp 机器解决了分时 Lisp 机器里产生的问题。 +> Lisp 机器是个人电脑。这意味着处理器和主内存并不是分时复用的，每个人都能得到单独属于自己的处理器和内存。这个个人运算系统由许多处理器组成，每个处理器都有它们自己的内存和虚拟内存。当一个用户登录时，他就会被分配一个处理器，在他的登录期间这个处理器是独属于他的。当他登出，这个处理器就会重新可用，等待被分配给下一个用户。通过采取这种方法，当前用户就不用和其他用户竞争内存的使用，他经常使用的内存页也能保存在处理器核心里，因此页面换出的情况被显著降低了。这个 Lisp 机器解决了分时 Lisp 机器的一个基本问题。[^2] -这个 Lisp 机器跟我们认知的现代个人电脑由很大的不同。开发小组希望今后用户不用直接面对 Lisp 机器，而是面对终端。那些终端会与位于别处的 Lisp 机器进行连接。虽然每个用户都有自己专属的处理器，但那些处理器在工作时会发出很大的噪音，因此它们最好是位于机房，而不是放在本应安静的办公室里。这些处理器会共享一个文件系统，然后通过一个“完全分布式控制”的高速本地网络访问设备，例如打印机。这个网络的名字就是 Chaosnet。 +这个 Lisp 机器跟我们认知的现代个人电脑有很大的不同。该小组原本希望今后用户不用直接面对 Lisp 机器，而是面对终端。那些终端会与位于别处的 Lisp 机器进行连接。虽然每个用户都有自己专属的处理器，但那些处理器在工作时会发出很大的噪音，因此它们最好是位于机房，而不是放在本应安静的办公室里。[^3] 这些处理器会通过一个“完全分布式控制”的高速本地网络共享访问一个文件系统和设备，例如打印机。[^4] 这个网络的名字就是 Chaosnet。 -Chaosnet 既是硬件标准也是软件的协议。它的硬件标准与以太网类似，事实上软件协议也是运行在以太网之上的。这个软件协议在网络层和传输层之间交互，它并不像 TCP/IP，一直控制着本地网络。Lisp 机器开发小组的一个成员， David Moon 写的备忘录中提到，Chaosnet “目前并不打算为低速链接，噪链，多路径，长距离链接做特别的优化。”他们专注于打造一个在小型网络里表现极佳的协议。 +Chaosnet 既是硬件标准也是软件协议。它的硬件标准与以太网类似，事实上 Chaosnet 软件协议是运行在以太网之上的。这个软件协议在网络层和传输层之间交互，它并不像 TCP/IP，而总是控制着本地网络。Lisp 机器小组的一个成员 David Moon 写的另一个备忘录中提到，Chaosnet “目前并不打算为低速链接、高信噪链接、多路径、长距离链接做特别的优化。” [^5] 他们专注于打造一个在小型网络里表现极佳的协议。 -因为 Chaosnet 连接在 Lisp 处理器和文件系统之间，所以速度十分重要。网络延迟会严重拖慢一些像打开文本文档这种简单操作的速度，为了提高速度，Chaosnet 结合了在Network Control Program网络控制程序中使用的一些改进方法，随后的 Arpanet 项目中也使用了这些方法。根据 Moon 说过的“为了突破速率瓶颈，很有必要采纳新的设计。目前来看，瓶颈在于由多个链接分享控制链接，而且在下一个信息发送之前，我们需要知道本次信息已经送达。”Chaosnet 协议簇的 ACK 包跟当今 TCP 的差不多，它减少了 1/3 到一半的需要传输的包的数量。 +因为 Chaosnet 连接在 Lisp 处理器和文件系统之间，所以速度十分重要。网络延迟会严重拖慢一些像打开文本文档这种简单操作的速度，为了提高速度，Chaosnet 结合了在Network Control Program网络控制程序中使用的一些改进方法，随后的 Arpanet 项目中也使用了这些方法。据 Moon 所说，“为了突破诸如在 Arpanet 中发现的速率瓶颈，很有必要采纳新的设计。目前来看，瓶颈在于由多个链接分享控制链接，而且在下一个信息发送之前，我们需要知道本次信息已经送达。” [^6] Chaosnet 协议族的批量 ACK 包跟当今 TCP 的差不多，它减少了 1/3 到一半的需要传输的包的数量。 -因为绝大多数 Lisp 机器使用较短的单线进行连接，所以 Chaosnet 可以使用较为简单的路径算法。Moon 在 Chaosnet 路径的发展规划中写道“预计要适配的网络架构十分简单，并没有包含多少路径，而且每个节点之间的距离很短。所以我认为没有必要进行复杂的方案设计。”因为 Chaosnet 采用的算法十分简单，所以部署它也很容易。与之对比明显，Arpanet 网络控制项目的内容一半与部署有关。 +因为绝大多数 Lisp 机器使用较短的单线进行连接，所以 Chaosnet 可以使用较为简单的路由算法。Moon 在 Chaosnet 路由方案中写道“预计要适配的网络架构十分简单，很少有多个路径，而且每个节点之间的距离很短。所以我认为没有必要进行复杂的方案设计。” [^7] 因为 Chaosnet 采用的算法十分简单，所以实现它也很容易。与之对比明显，其实现程序据说只有 Arpanet 网络控制程序的一半。[^8] -Chaosnet 的另一个特性是，它的地址只有 16 bit，是 IPv4 地址的一半。所以这也意味着 Chaosnet 只能在局域网里工作。Chaosnet 也不会去使用端口号；当一个进程试图连接另一个机器上的其他进程时，需要首先初始化连接，获取一个特定的“连接名称”。这个连接名称一般是某个特定服务的名字。比方说，一个主机试图使用 `TELNET` 作为连接名称，连接另一个主机。我认为它的工作方式在实践中类似于 TCP，因为有些非常著名的服务也会拥有连接名称，比如运行在 80 端口上的 `HTTP` 服务。 +Chaosnet 的另一个特性是，它的地址只有 16 位，是 IPv4 地址的一半。所以这也意味着 Chaosnet 只能在局域网里工作。Chaosnet 也不会去使用端口号；当一个进程试图连接另一个机器上的另外一个进程时，需要首先初始化连接，获取一个特定的目标“联系名称contact name”。这个联系名称一般是某个特定服务的名字。比方说，一个主机试图使用 `TELNET` 作为联系名称，连接另一个主机。我认为它的工作方式在实践中有点类似于 TCP，因为有些非常著名的服务也会拥有联系名称，比如运行在 80 端口上的 `HTTP` 服务。 -在 1986 年，[RFC 973][5] 通过了将 Chaosnet DNS 类别加入域名解析系统的决议。它替代了一个早先出现的类别`CSNET` 。`CSNET` 是为了支持一个名叫计算机科学网络而被制造出来的协议。我并不知道为什么 Chaosnet 能被域名解析系统另眼相待。很多别的协议也有资格加入 DNS，但是却被忽略了。比如说 Xerox’s 网络协议，在域名解析系统的创办人之一 Paul Mockapetris 提到，在他原本的构想里这个协议应该被包括在 DNS 里。但是它并没有被加入。Chaosnet 被加入的原因大概是因为 Arpanet 项目的早期工作，有很多都在剑桥的 Bolt， Beranek 和 Newman 学院。因此研究人员和 MIT 大多有紧密的联系。在这一小撮致力于发展计算机网络人中，Chaosnet 这个协议应该较为有名。 +在 1986 年，[RFC 973][5] 通过了将 Chaosnet DNS 类别加入域名解析系统的决议。它替代了一个早先出现的类别 `CSNET`。`CSNET` 是为了支持一个名叫计算机科学网络Computer Science Network而被制造出来的协议。我并不知道为什么 Chaosnet 能被域名解析系统另眼相待。很多别的协议族也有资格加入 DNS，但是却被忽略了。比如 DNS 的主要架构师之一 Paul Mockapetris 提到说在他原本的构想里，施乐Xerox的网络协议应该被包括在 DNS 里。[^9] 但是它并没有被加入。Chaosnet 被加入的原因大概是因为 Arpanet 项目和互联网的早期工作，有很多都在麻省剑桥的博尔特·贝拉尼克—纽曼公司，他们的雇员和 MIT 大多有紧密的联系。在这一小撮致力于发展计算机网络人中，Chaosnet 这个协议应该较为有名。 -Chaosnet 随着 Lisp 机器的衰落渐渐变得不那么流行。尽管在一小段时间内 Lisp 机器有商业应用 —— Symbolics 和 Lisp Machines Inc 在 80 年代售卖了这些机器。但它们很快被更便宜的微型计算机替代。这些计算机没有特殊制造的回路，但也可以快速运行 Lisp。Chaosnet 被制造出来的目的之一是解决一些 Apernet 协议的原始设计缺陷，但现在 TCP/IP 协议族同样能够解决这些问题了。 +Chaosnet 随着 Lisp 机器的衰落渐渐变得不那么流行。尽管在一小段时间内 Lisp 机器有实际的商业产品 —— Symbolics 和 Lisp Machines Inc 在 80 年代售卖了这些机器。但它们很快被更便宜的微型计算机替代。这些计算机没有特殊制造的回路，但也可以快速运行 Lisp。Chaosnet 被制造出来的目的之一是解决一些 Apernet 协议的原始设计缺陷，但现在 TCP/IP 协议族同样能够解决这些问题了。 - ### 壳中幽灵 +### 壳中幽灵 -非常不幸的是，在互联网中留存的关于 Chaosnet 的资料不多。RFC 675 —— TCP/IP 的初稿于 1974 年发布，而Chasnet 于 1975 年开始开发。但 TCP/IP 最终征服了整个互联网世界，Chaosnet 则被宣布技术性死亡。尽管 Chaosnet 有可能影响了接下来 TCP/IP 的发展，可我并没有找到能够支持这个猜测的证据。 +非常不幸的是，在互联网中留存的关于 Chaosnet 的资料不多。RFC 675 —— TCP/IP 的初稿于 1974 年发布，而 Chasnet 于 1975 年开始开发。[^10] 但 TCP/IP 最终征服了整个互联网世界，Chaosnet 则被宣布技术性死亡。尽管 Chaosnet 有可能影响了接下来 TCP/IP 的发展，可我并没有找到能够支持这个猜测的证据。 -唯一一个可见的 Chaosnet 残留就是 DNS 的 `CH` 类。这个事实让我着迷。`CH` 类别是那被遗忘的幽魂 —— 在 TCP/IP 广泛部署存在的，Chaosnet 协议的最后栖身之地。至少对于我来说，这件事情是十分让人激动。它告诉我关于 Chaosnet 的最后一丝痕迹，仍然藏在我们日常使用的网络基础架构之中。DNS 的 `CH` 类别是有趣的数码考古学遗迹。但它同时也是活生生的标识，提醒着我们互联网尚未完全诞生，TCP/IP 不是唯一一个能够让计算机们交流的协议。“万维网”也远远不是我们这全球交流系统所能有的，最酷的名字。 +唯一一个可见的 Chaosnet 残留就是 DNS 的 `CH` 类。这个事实让我着迷。`CH` 类别是那被遗忘的幽魂 —— 在 TCP/IP 广泛部署中存在的一个替代协议 Chaosnet 的最后栖身之地。至少对于我来说，这件事情是十分让人激动。它告诉我关于 Chaosnet 的最后一丝痕迹，仍然藏在我们日常使用的网络基础架构之中。DNS 的 `CH` 类别是有趣的数码考古学遗迹。但它同时也是活生生的标识，提醒着我们互联网并非天生完整成型的，TCP/IP 不是唯一一个能够让计算机们交流的协议。“万维网”也远远不是我们这全球交流系统所能有的，最酷的名字。 -如果你喜欢这篇文章，欢迎订阅 [RSS feed][7] 来查看最新更新。 -过往文章 - -> RSS 是如何诞生的？ 它当时为何盛极一时，但现在鲜为人知？ -> -> — TwoBitHistory (@TwoBitHistory) [September 17, 2018][8] +[^1]: LISP 1.5 Programmer’s Manual, The Computation Center and Research Laboratory of Electronics, 90, accessed September 30, 2018, http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/book/LISP%201.5%20Programmers%20Manual.pdf +[^2]: Lisp Machine Progress Report (Artificial Intelligence Memo 444), MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, August, 1977, 3, accessed September 30, 2018, https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/5751/AIM-444.pdf. +[^3]: Lisp Machine Progress Report (Artificial Intelligence Memo 444), 4. +[^4]: 同上 +[^5]: Chaosnet (Artificial Intelligence Memo 628), MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, June, 1981, 1, accessed September 30, 2018, https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/6353/AIM-628.pdf. +[^6]: 同上 +[^7]: Chaosnet (Artificial Intelligence Memo 628), 16. +[^8]: Chaosnet (Artificial Intelligence Memo 628), 9. +[^9]: Paul Mockapetris and Kevin Dunlap, “The Design of the Domain Name System,” Computer Communication Review 18, no. 4 (August 1988): 3, accessed September 30, 2018, http://www.cs.cornell.edu/people/egs/615/mockapetris.pdf. +[^10]: Chaosnet (Artificial Intelligence Memo 628), 1. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -101,7 +105,7 @@ via: https://twobithistory.org/2018/09/30/chaosnet.html 作者：[Two-Bit History][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[acyanbird](https://github.com/acyanbird) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d77e06cb5bb0c112bbf8cdeb38f96bf1fb82c194 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 31 Mar 2019 23:36:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 070/143] PUB:20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md @acyanbird https://linux.cn/article-10674-1.html --- .../talk => published}/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md b/published/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/talk/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md rename to published/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md From a47d7ebdb77a81c7645ccf1d0083a3535a0b5f5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 31 Mar 2019 23:44:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 071/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=BD=92=E6=A1=A3=20201903?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...50616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 8 Screen03.md | 0 ...50616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry 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Check CPU, Memory And Swap Utilization Percentage In Linux.md | 0 ... graphical tools for manipulating PDFs on the Linux desktop.md | 0 ...90213 How To Install, Configure And Use Fish Shell In Linux.md | 0 ...90213 How to use Linux Cockpit to manage system performance.md | 0 ...0214 Run Particular Commands Without Sudo Password In Linux.md | 0 .../20190215 4 Methods To Change The HostName In Linux.md | 0 ...216 FinalCrypt - An Open Source File Encryption Application.md | 0 ... How to Change User Password in Ubuntu -Beginner-s Tutorial.md | 0 .../20190218 Emoji-Log- A new way to write Git commit messages.md | 0 ...20190218 SPEED TEST- x86 vs. ARM for Web Crawling in Python.md | 0 published/{ => 201903}/20190219 Logical - in Bash.md | 0 ...n Automated Way To Install Essential Applications On Ubuntu.md | 0 ...20190220 Set up two-factor authentication for SSH on Fedora.md | 0 ...- A Script That Insults An User When Typing A Wrong Command.md | 0 published/{ => 201903}/20190223 Regex groups and numerals.md | 0 .../{ => 201903}/20190226 All about -Curly Braces- in Bash.md | 0 .../20190226 How To SSH Into A Particular Directory On Linux.md | 0 ...curity- Cmd provides visibility, control over user activity.md | 0 ...ow To Check Password Complexity-Strength And Score In Linux.md | 0 .../20190227 How To Find Available Network Interfaces On Linux.md | 0 ...0228 Connecting a VoIP phone directly to an Asterisk server.md | 0 .../20190228 IRC vs IRL- How to run a good IRC 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entertainment.md | 0 ...0309 How To Fix -Network Protocol Error- On Mozilla Firefox.md | 0 ...igate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md | 0 published/{ => 201903}/20190318 How to host your own webfonts.md | 0 published/{ => 201903}/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md | 0 82 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename published/{ => 201903}/20150616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 8 Screen03.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20150616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 9 Screen04.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20170223 Use Emacs to create OAuth 2.0 UML sequence diagrams.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20170519 zsh shell inside Emacs on Windows.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20170721 Firefox and org-protocol URL Capture.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20171119 Advanced Techniques for Reducing Emacs Startup Time.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20171212 Toplip – A Very Strong File Encryption And Decryption CLI Utility.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20180122 Ick- a continuous integration system.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20180202 Tips for success when getting started with Ansible.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20180206 Power(Shell) to the people.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20180220 JSON vs XML vs TOML vs CSON vs YAML.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20180307 3 open source tools for scientific publishing.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20180314 Pi Day- 12 fun facts and ways to celebrate.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20180329 Python ChatOps libraries- Opsdroid and Errbot.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20180330 Asynchronous rsync with Emacs, dired and tramp..md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20180629 How To Get Flatpak Apps And Games Built With OpenGL To Work With Proprietary Nvidia Graphics Drivers.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20180719 Building tiny container images.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20180826 Be productive with Org-mode.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20180926 HTTP- Brief History of HTTP.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20181216 Schedule a visit with the Emacs psychiatrist.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20181220 7 CI-CD tools for sysadmins.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190104 Midori- A Lightweight Open Source Web Browser.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190108 How ASLR protects Linux systems from buffer overflow attacks.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190109 Configure Anaconda on Emacs - iD.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190116 Get started with Cypht, an open source email client.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190117 Get started with CryptPad, an open source collaborative document editor.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190121 Akira- The Linux Design Tool We-ve Always Wanted.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190121 Booting Linux faster.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190123 Mind map yourself using FreeMind and Fedora.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190124 ODrive (Open Drive) - Google Drive GUI Client For Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190125 Get started with Freeplane, an open source mind mapping application.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190128 Top Hex Editors for Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190131 19 days of productivity in 2019- The fails.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190206 And, Ampersand, and - in Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190206 Getting started with Vim visual mode.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190208 7 steps for hunting down Python code bugs.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190211 How To Remove-Delete The Empty Lines In A File In Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190212 Ampersands and File Descriptors in Bash.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190212 How To Check CPU, Memory And Swap Utilization Percentage In Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190212 Two graphical tools for manipulating PDFs on the Linux desktop.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190213 How To Install, Configure And Use Fish Shell In Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190213 How to use Linux Cockpit to manage system performance.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190214 Run Particular Commands Without Sudo Password In Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190215 4 Methods To Change The HostName In Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190216 FinalCrypt - An Open Source File Encryption Application.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190217 How to Change User Password in Ubuntu -Beginner-s Tutorial.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190218 Emoji-Log- A new way to write Git commit messages.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190218 SPEED TEST- x86 vs. ARM for Web Crawling in Python.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190219 Logical - in Bash.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190220 An Automated Way To Install Essential Applications On Ubuntu.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190220 Set up two-factor authentication for SSH on Fedora.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190221 Bash-Insulter - A Script That Insults An User When Typing A Wrong Command.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190223 Regex groups and numerals.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190226 All about -Curly Braces- in Bash.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190226 How To SSH Into A Particular Directory On Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190226 Linux security- Cmd provides visibility, control over user activity.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190227 How To Check Password Complexity-Strength And Score In Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190227 How To Find Available Network Interfaces On Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190228 Connecting a VoIP phone directly to an Asterisk server.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190228 IRC vs IRL- How to run a good IRC meeting.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190301 Blockchain 2.0- An Introduction -Part 1.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190301 How to use sudo access in winSCP.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190301 Which Raspberry Pi should you choose.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190302 How to buy a Raspberry Pi.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190303 How to boot up a new Raspberry Pi.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190303 Manage Your Mirrors with ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190304 Learn Linux with the Raspberry Pi.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190305 5 Ways To Generate A Random-Strong Password In Linux Terminal.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190305 5 ways to teach kids to program with Raspberry Pi.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190306 3 popular programming languages you can learn with Raspberry Pi.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190307 13 open source backup solutions.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190307 How to keep your Raspberry Pi updated.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190308 How to use your Raspberry Pi for entertainment.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190309 How To Fix -Network Protocol Error- On Mozilla Firefox.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190318 How to host your own webfonts.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201903}/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/published/20150616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 8 Screen03.md b/published/201903/20150616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 8 Screen03.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20150616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 8 Screen03.md rename to published/201903/20150616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 8 Screen03.md diff --git a/published/20150616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 9 Screen04.md b/published/201903/20150616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 9 Screen04.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20150616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 9 Screen04.md rename to published/201903/20150616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 9 Screen04.md diff --git a/published/20170223 Use Emacs to create OAuth 2.0 UML sequence diagrams.md b/published/201903/20170223 Use Emacs to create OAuth 2.0 UML sequence diagrams.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20170223 Use Emacs to create OAuth 2.0 UML sequence diagrams.md rename to published/201903/20170223 Use Emacs to create OAuth 2.0 UML sequence diagrams.md diff --git a/published/20170519 zsh shell inside Emacs on Windows.md b/published/201903/20170519 zsh shell inside Emacs on Windows.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20170519 zsh shell inside Emacs on Windows.md rename to published/201903/20170519 zsh shell inside Emacs on Windows.md diff --git a/published/20170721 Firefox and org-protocol URL Capture.md b/published/201903/20170721 Firefox and org-protocol URL Capture.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20170721 Firefox and org-protocol URL Capture.md rename to published/201903/20170721 Firefox and org-protocol URL Capture.md diff --git a/published/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md b/published/201903/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md rename to published/201903/20171005 10 Games You Can Play on Linux with Wine.md diff --git a/published/20171119 Advanced Techniques for Reducing Emacs Startup Time.md b/published/201903/20171119 Advanced Techniques for Reducing Emacs Startup Time.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20171119 Advanced Techniques for Reducing Emacs Startup Time.md rename to published/201903/20171119 Advanced Techniques for Reducing Emacs Startup Time.md diff --git a/published/20171212 Toplip – A Very Strong File Encryption And Decryption CLI Utility.md b/published/201903/20171212 Toplip – A Very Strong File Encryption And Decryption CLI Utility.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20171212 Toplip – A Very Strong File Encryption And Decryption CLI Utility.md rename to published/201903/20171212 Toplip – A Very Strong File Encryption And Decryption CLI Utility.md diff --git a/published/20180122 Ick- a continuous integration system.md b/published/201903/20180122 Ick- a continuous integration system.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180122 Ick- a continuous integration system.md rename to published/201903/20180122 Ick- a continuous integration system.md diff --git a/published/20180202 Tips for success when getting started with Ansible.md b/published/201903/20180202 Tips for success when getting started with Ansible.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180202 Tips for success when getting started with Ansible.md rename to published/201903/20180202 Tips for success when getting started with Ansible.md diff --git a/published/20180206 Power(Shell) to the people.md b/published/201903/20180206 Power(Shell) to the people.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180206 Power(Shell) to the people.md rename to published/201903/20180206 Power(Shell) to the people.md diff --git a/published/20180220 JSON vs XML vs TOML vs CSON vs YAML.md b/published/201903/20180220 JSON vs XML vs TOML vs CSON vs YAML.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180220 JSON vs XML vs TOML vs CSON vs YAML.md rename to published/201903/20180220 JSON vs XML vs TOML vs CSON vs YAML.md diff --git a/published/20180307 3 open source tools for scientific publishing.md b/published/201903/20180307 3 open source tools for scientific publishing.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180307 3 open source tools for scientific publishing.md rename to published/201903/20180307 3 open source tools for scientific publishing.md diff --git a/published/20180314 Pi Day- 12 fun facts and ways to celebrate.md b/published/201903/20180314 Pi Day- 12 fun facts and ways to celebrate.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180314 Pi Day- 12 fun facts and ways to celebrate.md rename to published/201903/20180314 Pi Day- 12 fun facts and ways to celebrate.md diff --git a/published/20180329 Python ChatOps libraries- Opsdroid and Errbot.md b/published/201903/20180329 Python ChatOps libraries- Opsdroid and Errbot.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180329 Python ChatOps libraries- Opsdroid and Errbot.md rename to published/201903/20180329 Python ChatOps libraries- Opsdroid and Errbot.md diff --git a/published/20180330 Asynchronous rsync with Emacs, dired and tramp..md b/published/201903/20180330 Asynchronous rsync with Emacs, dired and tramp..md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180330 Asynchronous rsync with Emacs, dired and tramp..md rename to published/201903/20180330 Asynchronous rsync with Emacs, dired and tramp..md diff --git a/published/20180629 How To Get Flatpak Apps And Games Built With OpenGL To Work With Proprietary Nvidia Graphics Drivers.md b/published/201903/20180629 How To Get Flatpak Apps And Games Built With OpenGL To Work With Proprietary Nvidia Graphics Drivers.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180629 How To Get Flatpak Apps And Games Built With OpenGL To Work With Proprietary Nvidia Graphics Drivers.md rename to published/201903/20180629 How To Get Flatpak Apps And Games Built With OpenGL To Work With Proprietary Nvidia Graphics Drivers.md diff --git a/published/20180719 Building tiny container images.md b/published/201903/20180719 Building tiny container images.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180719 Building tiny container images.md rename to published/201903/20180719 Building tiny container images.md diff --git a/published/20180826 Be productive with Org-mode.md b/published/201903/20180826 Be productive with Org-mode.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180826 Be productive with Org-mode.md rename to published/201903/20180826 Be productive with Org-mode.md diff --git a/published/20180926 HTTP- Brief History of HTTP.md b/published/201903/20180926 HTTP- Brief History of HTTP.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180926 HTTP- Brief History of HTTP.md rename to published/201903/20180926 HTTP- Brief History of HTTP.md diff --git a/published/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md b/published/201903/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md rename to published/201903/20180930 A Short History of Chaosnet.md diff --git a/published/20181216 Schedule a visit with the Emacs psychiatrist.md b/published/201903/20181216 Schedule a visit with the Emacs psychiatrist.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20181216 Schedule a visit with the Emacs psychiatrist.md rename to published/201903/20181216 Schedule a visit with the Emacs psychiatrist.md diff --git a/published/20181220 7 CI-CD tools for sysadmins.md b/published/201903/20181220 7 CI-CD tools for sysadmins.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20181220 7 CI-CD tools for sysadmins.md rename to published/201903/20181220 7 CI-CD tools for sysadmins.md diff --git a/published/20190104 Midori- A Lightweight Open Source Web Browser.md b/published/201903/20190104 Midori- A Lightweight Open Source Web Browser.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190104 Midori- A Lightweight Open Source Web Browser.md rename to published/201903/20190104 Midori- A Lightweight Open Source Web Browser.md diff --git a/published/20190108 How ASLR protects Linux systems from buffer overflow attacks.md b/published/201903/20190108 How ASLR protects Linux systems from buffer overflow attacks.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190108 How ASLR protects Linux systems from buffer overflow attacks.md rename to published/201903/20190108 How ASLR protects Linux systems from buffer overflow attacks.md diff --git a/published/20190109 Configure Anaconda on Emacs - iD.md b/published/201903/20190109 Configure Anaconda on Emacs - iD.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190109 Configure Anaconda on Emacs - iD.md rename to published/201903/20190109 Configure Anaconda on Emacs - iD.md diff --git a/published/20190116 Get started with Cypht, an open source email client.md b/published/201903/20190116 Get started with Cypht, an open source email client.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190116 Get started with Cypht, an open source email client.md rename to published/201903/20190116 Get started with Cypht, an open source email client.md diff --git a/published/20190117 Get started with CryptPad, an open source collaborative document editor.md b/published/201903/20190117 Get started with CryptPad, an open source collaborative document editor.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190117 Get started with CryptPad, an open source collaborative document editor.md rename to published/201903/20190117 Get started with CryptPad, an open source collaborative document editor.md diff --git a/published/20190121 Akira- The Linux Design Tool We-ve Always Wanted.md b/published/201903/20190121 Akira- The Linux Design Tool We-ve Always Wanted.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190121 Akira- The Linux Design Tool We-ve Always Wanted.md rename to published/201903/20190121 Akira- The Linux Design Tool We-ve Always Wanted.md diff --git a/published/20190121 Booting Linux faster.md b/published/201903/20190121 Booting Linux faster.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190121 Booting Linux faster.md rename to published/201903/20190121 Booting Linux faster.md diff --git a/published/20190123 Mind map yourself using FreeMind and Fedora.md b/published/201903/20190123 Mind map yourself using FreeMind and Fedora.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190123 Mind map yourself using FreeMind and Fedora.md rename to published/201903/20190123 Mind map yourself using FreeMind and Fedora.md diff --git a/published/20190124 ODrive (Open Drive) - Google Drive GUI Client For Linux.md b/published/201903/20190124 ODrive (Open Drive) - Google Drive GUI Client For Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190124 ODrive (Open Drive) - Google Drive GUI Client For Linux.md rename to published/201903/20190124 ODrive (Open Drive) - Google Drive GUI Client For Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md b/published/201903/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md rename to published/201903/20190124 What does DevOps mean to you.md diff --git a/published/20190125 Get started with Freeplane, an open source mind mapping application.md b/published/201903/20190125 Get started with Freeplane, an open source mind mapping application.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190125 Get started with Freeplane, an open source mind mapping application.md rename to published/201903/20190125 Get started with Freeplane, an open source mind mapping application.md diff --git a/published/20190128 Top Hex Editors for Linux.md b/published/201903/20190128 Top Hex Editors for Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190128 Top Hex Editors for Linux.md rename to published/201903/20190128 Top Hex Editors for Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190131 19 days of productivity in 2019- The fails.md b/published/201903/20190131 19 days of productivity in 2019- The fails.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190131 19 days of productivity in 2019- The fails.md rename to published/201903/20190131 19 days of productivity in 2019- The fails.md diff --git a/published/20190206 And, Ampersand, and - in Linux.md b/published/201903/20190206 And, Ampersand, and - in Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190206 And, Ampersand, and - in Linux.md rename to published/201903/20190206 And, Ampersand, and - in Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190206 Getting started with Vim visual mode.md b/published/201903/20190206 Getting started with Vim visual mode.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190206 Getting started with Vim visual mode.md rename to published/201903/20190206 Getting started with Vim visual mode.md diff --git a/published/20190208 7 steps for hunting down Python code bugs.md b/published/201903/20190208 7 steps for hunting down Python code bugs.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190208 7 steps for hunting down Python code bugs.md rename to published/201903/20190208 7 steps for hunting down Python code bugs.md diff --git a/published/20190211 How To Remove-Delete The Empty Lines In A File In Linux.md b/published/201903/20190211 How To Remove-Delete The Empty Lines In A File In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190211 How To Remove-Delete The Empty Lines In A File In Linux.md rename to published/201903/20190211 How To Remove-Delete The Empty Lines In A File In Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190212 Ampersands and File Descriptors in Bash.md b/published/201903/20190212 Ampersands and File Descriptors in Bash.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190212 Ampersands and File Descriptors in Bash.md rename to published/201903/20190212 Ampersands and File Descriptors in Bash.md diff --git a/published/20190212 How To Check CPU, Memory And Swap Utilization Percentage In Linux.md b/published/201903/20190212 How To Check CPU, Memory And Swap Utilization Percentage In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190212 How To Check CPU, Memory And Swap Utilization Percentage In Linux.md rename to published/201903/20190212 How To Check CPU, Memory And Swap Utilization Percentage In Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190212 Two graphical tools for manipulating PDFs on the Linux desktop.md b/published/201903/20190212 Two graphical tools for manipulating PDFs on the Linux desktop.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190212 Two graphical tools for manipulating PDFs on the Linux desktop.md rename to published/201903/20190212 Two graphical tools for manipulating PDFs on the Linux desktop.md diff --git a/published/20190213 How To Install, Configure And Use Fish Shell In Linux.md b/published/201903/20190213 How To Install, Configure And Use Fish Shell In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190213 How To Install, Configure And Use Fish Shell In Linux.md rename to published/201903/20190213 How To Install, Configure And Use Fish Shell In Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190213 How to use Linux Cockpit to manage system performance.md b/published/201903/20190213 How to use Linux Cockpit to manage system performance.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190213 How to use Linux Cockpit to manage system performance.md rename to published/201903/20190213 How to use Linux Cockpit to manage system performance.md diff --git a/published/20190214 Run Particular Commands Without Sudo Password In Linux.md b/published/201903/20190214 Run Particular Commands Without Sudo Password In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190214 Run Particular Commands Without Sudo Password In Linux.md rename to published/201903/20190214 Run Particular Commands Without Sudo Password In Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190215 4 Methods To Change The HostName In Linux.md b/published/201903/20190215 4 Methods To Change The HostName In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190215 4 Methods To Change The HostName In Linux.md rename to published/201903/20190215 4 Methods To Change The HostName In Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190216 FinalCrypt - An Open Source File Encryption Application.md b/published/201903/20190216 FinalCrypt - An Open Source File Encryption Application.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190216 FinalCrypt - An Open Source File Encryption Application.md rename to published/201903/20190216 FinalCrypt - An Open Source File Encryption Application.md diff --git a/published/20190217 How to Change User Password in Ubuntu -Beginner-s Tutorial.md b/published/201903/20190217 How to Change User Password in Ubuntu -Beginner-s Tutorial.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190217 How to Change User Password in Ubuntu -Beginner-s Tutorial.md rename to published/201903/20190217 How to Change User Password in Ubuntu -Beginner-s Tutorial.md diff --git a/published/20190218 Emoji-Log- A new way to write Git commit messages.md b/published/201903/20190218 Emoji-Log- A new way to write Git commit messages.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190218 Emoji-Log- A new way to write Git commit messages.md rename to published/201903/20190218 Emoji-Log- A new way to write Git commit messages.md diff --git a/published/20190218 SPEED TEST- x86 vs. ARM for Web Crawling in Python.md b/published/201903/20190218 SPEED TEST- x86 vs. ARM for Web Crawling in Python.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190218 SPEED TEST- x86 vs. ARM for Web Crawling in Python.md rename to published/201903/20190218 SPEED TEST- x86 vs. ARM for Web Crawling in Python.md diff --git a/published/20190219 Logical - in Bash.md b/published/201903/20190219 Logical - in Bash.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190219 Logical - in Bash.md rename to published/201903/20190219 Logical - in Bash.md diff --git a/published/20190220 An Automated Way To Install Essential Applications On Ubuntu.md b/published/201903/20190220 An Automated Way To Install Essential Applications On Ubuntu.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190220 An Automated Way To Install Essential Applications On Ubuntu.md rename to published/201903/20190220 An Automated Way To Install Essential Applications On Ubuntu.md diff --git a/published/20190220 Set up two-factor authentication for SSH on Fedora.md b/published/201903/20190220 Set up two-factor authentication for SSH on Fedora.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190220 Set up two-factor authentication for SSH on Fedora.md rename to published/201903/20190220 Set up two-factor authentication for SSH on Fedora.md diff --git a/published/20190221 Bash-Insulter - A Script That Insults An User When Typing A Wrong Command.md b/published/201903/20190221 Bash-Insulter - A Script That Insults An User When Typing A Wrong Command.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190221 Bash-Insulter - A Script That Insults An User When Typing A Wrong Command.md rename to published/201903/20190221 Bash-Insulter - A Script That Insults An User When Typing A Wrong Command.md diff --git a/published/20190223 Regex groups and numerals.md b/published/201903/20190223 Regex groups and numerals.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190223 Regex groups and numerals.md rename to published/201903/20190223 Regex groups and numerals.md diff --git a/published/20190226 All about -Curly Braces- in Bash.md b/published/201903/20190226 All about -Curly Braces- in Bash.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190226 All about -Curly Braces- in Bash.md rename to published/201903/20190226 All about -Curly Braces- in Bash.md diff --git a/published/20190226 How To SSH Into A Particular Directory On Linux.md b/published/201903/20190226 How To SSH Into A Particular Directory On Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190226 How To SSH Into A Particular Directory On Linux.md rename to published/201903/20190226 How To SSH Into A Particular Directory On Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190226 Linux security- Cmd provides visibility, control over user activity.md b/published/201903/20190226 Linux security- Cmd provides visibility, control over user activity.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190226 Linux security- Cmd provides visibility, control over user activity.md rename to published/201903/20190226 Linux security- Cmd provides visibility, control over user activity.md diff --git a/published/20190227 How To Check Password Complexity-Strength And Score In Linux.md b/published/201903/20190227 How To Check Password Complexity-Strength And Score In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190227 How To Check Password Complexity-Strength And Score In Linux.md rename to published/201903/20190227 How To Check Password Complexity-Strength And Score In Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190227 How To Find Available Network Interfaces On Linux.md b/published/201903/20190227 How To Find Available Network Interfaces On Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190227 How To Find Available Network Interfaces On Linux.md rename to published/201903/20190227 How To Find Available Network Interfaces On Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190228 Connecting a VoIP phone directly to an Asterisk server.md b/published/201903/20190228 Connecting a VoIP phone directly to an Asterisk server.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190228 Connecting a VoIP phone directly to an Asterisk server.md rename to published/201903/20190228 Connecting a VoIP phone directly to an Asterisk server.md diff --git a/published/20190228 IRC vs IRL- How to run a good IRC meeting.md b/published/201903/20190228 IRC vs IRL- How to run a good IRC meeting.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190228 IRC vs IRL- How to run a good IRC meeting.md rename to published/201903/20190228 IRC vs IRL- How to run a good IRC meeting.md diff --git a/published/20190301 Blockchain 2.0- An Introduction -Part 1.md b/published/201903/20190301 Blockchain 2.0- An Introduction -Part 1.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190301 Blockchain 2.0- An Introduction -Part 1.md rename to published/201903/20190301 Blockchain 2.0- An Introduction -Part 1.md diff --git a/published/20190301 How to use sudo access in winSCP.md b/published/201903/20190301 How to use sudo access in winSCP.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190301 How to use sudo access in winSCP.md rename to published/201903/20190301 How to use sudo access in winSCP.md diff --git a/published/20190301 Which Raspberry Pi should you choose.md b/published/201903/20190301 Which Raspberry Pi should you choose.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190301 Which Raspberry Pi should you choose.md rename to published/201903/20190301 Which Raspberry Pi should you choose.md diff --git a/published/20190302 How to buy a Raspberry Pi.md b/published/201903/20190302 How to buy a Raspberry Pi.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190302 How to buy a Raspberry Pi.md rename to published/201903/20190302 How to buy a Raspberry Pi.md diff --git a/published/20190303 How to boot up a new Raspberry Pi.md b/published/201903/20190303 How to boot up a new Raspberry Pi.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190303 How to boot up a new Raspberry Pi.md rename to published/201903/20190303 How to boot up a new Raspberry Pi.md diff --git a/published/20190303 Manage Your Mirrors with ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager.md b/published/201903/20190303 Manage Your Mirrors with ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190303 Manage Your Mirrors with ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager.md rename to published/201903/20190303 Manage Your Mirrors with ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager.md diff --git a/published/20190304 Learn Linux with the Raspberry Pi.md b/published/201903/20190304 Learn Linux with the Raspberry Pi.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190304 Learn Linux with the Raspberry Pi.md rename to published/201903/20190304 Learn Linux with the Raspberry Pi.md diff --git a/published/20190305 5 Ways To Generate A Random-Strong Password In Linux Terminal.md b/published/201903/20190305 5 Ways To Generate A Random-Strong Password In Linux Terminal.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190305 5 Ways To Generate A Random-Strong Password In Linux Terminal.md rename to published/201903/20190305 5 Ways To Generate A Random-Strong Password In Linux Terminal.md diff --git a/published/20190305 5 ways to teach kids to program with Raspberry Pi.md b/published/201903/20190305 5 ways to teach kids to program with Raspberry Pi.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190305 5 ways to teach kids to program with Raspberry Pi.md rename to published/201903/20190305 5 ways to teach kids to program with Raspberry Pi.md diff --git a/published/20190306 3 popular programming languages you can learn with Raspberry Pi.md b/published/201903/20190306 3 popular programming languages you can learn with Raspberry Pi.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190306 3 popular programming languages you can learn with Raspberry Pi.md rename to published/201903/20190306 3 popular programming languages you can learn with Raspberry Pi.md diff --git a/published/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md b/published/201903/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md rename to published/201903/20190306 Blockchain 2.0- Revolutionizing The Financial System -Part 2.md diff --git a/published/20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md b/published/201903/20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md rename to published/201903/20190306 Get cooking with GNOME Recipes on Fedora.md diff --git a/published/20190307 13 open source backup solutions.md b/published/201903/20190307 13 open source backup solutions.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190307 13 open source backup solutions.md rename to published/201903/20190307 13 open source backup solutions.md diff --git a/published/20190307 How to keep your Raspberry Pi updated.md b/published/201903/20190307 How to keep your Raspberry Pi updated.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190307 How to keep your Raspberry Pi updated.md rename to published/201903/20190307 How to keep your Raspberry Pi updated.md diff --git a/published/20190308 How to use your Raspberry Pi for entertainment.md b/published/201903/20190308 How to use your Raspberry Pi for entertainment.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190308 How to use your Raspberry Pi for entertainment.md rename to published/201903/20190308 How to use your Raspberry Pi for entertainment.md diff --git a/published/20190309 How To Fix -Network Protocol Error- On Mozilla Firefox.md b/published/201903/20190309 How To Fix -Network Protocol Error- On Mozilla Firefox.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190309 How To Fix -Network Protocol Error- On Mozilla Firefox.md rename to published/201903/20190309 How To Fix -Network Protocol Error- On Mozilla Firefox.md diff --git a/published/20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md b/published/201903/20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md rename to published/201903/20190315 How To Navigate Inside A Directory-Folder In Linux Without CD Command.md diff --git a/published/20190318 How to host your own webfonts.md b/published/201903/20190318 How to host your own webfonts.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190318 How to host your own webfonts.md rename to published/201903/20190318 How to host your own webfonts.md diff --git a/published/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md b/published/201903/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md rename to published/201903/20190321 How to add new disk in Linux.md From 7af46156029b920e6e2212d9cccb77a153ebb10c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 1 Apr 2019 08:54:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 072/143] translated --- ...s for learning to use your Raspberry Pi.md | 80 ------------------ ...s for learning to use your Raspberry Pi.md | 81 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 81 insertions(+), 80 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190311 7 resources for learning to use your Raspberry Pi.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190311 7 resources for learning to use your Raspberry Pi.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190311 7 resources for learning to use your Raspberry Pi.md b/sources/tech/20190311 7 resources for learning to use your Raspberry Pi.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3989b3993b..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190311 7 resources for learning to use your Raspberry Pi.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,80 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (7 resources for learning to use your Raspberry Pi) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/resources-raspberry-pi) -[#]: author: (Manuel Dewald https://opensource.com/users/ntlx) - -7 resources for learning to use your Raspberry Pi -====== -Books, courses, and websites to shorten your Raspberry Pi learning curve. -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/reading_book_stars_list.png?itok=Iwa1oBOl) - -The [Raspberry Pi][1] is a small, single-board computer originally intended for teaching and learning programming and computer science. But today it's so much more. It is affordable, low-energy computing power that people can use for all kinds of things—from home entertainment over server applications to Internet of Things (IoT) projects. - -There are so many resources on the topic and so many different projects you can do, it's hard to know where to begin. Following are some resources that will help you get started with the Raspberry Pi. Have fun browsing through it, but don't stop here. By looking left and right you will find a lot to discover and get deeper into the rabbit hole of the Raspberry Pi wonderland. - -### Books - -There are many books available in different languages about the Raspberry Pi. These two will help you start—then dive deep—into Raspberry Pi topics. - -#### Raspberry Pi Cookbook: Software and Hardware Problems and Solutions by Simon Monk - -Simon Monk is a software engineer and was a hobbyist maker for years. He was first attracted to the Arduino as an easy-to-use board for electronics development and later published a [book][2] about it. Later, he moved on to the Raspberry Pi and wrote [Raspberry Pi Cookbook: Software and Hardware Problems and Solutions][3]. In the book, you can find a lot of best practices for Raspberry Pi projects and solutions for all kinds of challenges you may face. - -#### Programming the Raspberry Pi: Getting Started with Python by Simon Monk - -Python has evolved as the go-to programming language for getting started with Raspberry Pi projects, as it is easy to learn and use, even if you don't have any programming experience. Also, a lot of its libraries help you focus on what makes your project special instead of implementing protocols to communicate with your sensors again and again. Monk wrote two chapters about Python programming in the Raspberry Pi Cookbook, but [Programming the Raspberry Pi: Getting Started with Python][4] is a more thorough quickstart. It introduces you to Python and shows you some projects you can create with it on the Raspberry Pi. - -### Online course - -There are many online courses and tutorials new Raspberry Pi users can choose from, including this introductory class. - -#### Raspberry Pi Class - -Instructables' free [Raspberry Pi Class][5] online course offers you an all-around introduction to the Raspberry Pi. It starts with Raspberry Pi and Linux operating basics, then gets into Python programming and GPIO communication. This makes it a good top-to-bottom Raspberry Pi guide if you are new to the topic and want to get started quickly. - -### Websites - -The web is rife with excellent information about Raspberry Pi, but these four sites should be on the top of any new user's list. - -#### RaspberryPi.org - -The official [Raspberry Pi][6] website is one of the best places to get started. Many articles about specific projects link to the site for the basics like installing Raspbian onto the Raspberry Pi. (This is what I tend to do, instead of repeating the instructions in every how-to.) You can also find [sample projects][7] and courses on [teaching][8] tech topics to students. - -#### Opensource.com - -On Opensource.com, you can find a number of different Raspberry Pi project how-to's, getting started guides, success stories, updates, and more. Take a look at the [Raspberry Pi topic page][9] to find out what people are doing with Raspberry Pi. - -#### Instructables and Hackaday - -Do you want to build your own retro arcade gaming console? Or for your mirror to display weather information, the time, and the first event on the day's calendar? Are you looking to create a word clock or maybe a photo booth for a party? Chances are good that you will find instructions on how to do all of this (and more!) with a Raspberry Pi on sites like [Instructables][10] and [Hackaday][11]. If you're not sure if you should get a Raspberry Pi, browse these sites, and you'll find plenty of reasons to buy one. - -What are your favorite Raspberry Pi resources? Please share them in the comments! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/resources-raspberry-pi - -作者：[Manuel Dewald][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ntlx -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/resources/raspberry-pi -[2]: http://simonmonk.org/progardui2ed/ -[3]: http://simonmonk.org/raspberry-pi-cookbook-ed2/ -[4]: http://simonmonk.org/programming-raspberry-pi-ed2/ -[5]: https://www.instructables.com/class/Raspberry-Pi-Class/ -[6]: https://raspberrypi.org -[7]: https://projects.raspberrypi.org/ -[8]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/training/online -[9]: https://opensource.com/tags/raspberry-pi -[10]: https://www.instructables.com/technology/raspberry-pi/ -[11]: https://hackaday.io/projects?tag=raspberry%20pi diff --git a/translated/tech/20190311 7 resources for learning to use your Raspberry Pi.md b/translated/tech/20190311 7 resources for learning to use your Raspberry Pi.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ee0b1451b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190311 7 resources for learning to use your Raspberry Pi.md @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (7 resources for learning to use your Raspberry Pi) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/resources-raspberry-pi) +[#]: author: (Manuel Dewald https://opensource.com/users/ntlx) + +学习使用树莓派的 7 个资源 +====== +缩短树莓派学习曲线的书籍、课程和网站。 +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/reading_book_stars_list.png?itok=Iwa1oBOl) + +[树莓派][1]是一款小型单板计算机，最初用于教学和学习编程和计算机科学。但如今它有更多用处。它是一种经济、低功耗计算机，人们将它用于各种各样的事情 - 从家庭娱乐到服务器应用，再到物联网 （IoT） 项目。 + +关于这个主题有很多资源，你可以做很多不同的项目，很难知道从哪里开始。以下是一些资源，可以帮助你开始使用树莓派。愉快地浏览，但不要停留在这里。到处看下，深入下去你就会发现树莓派的新世界。 + +### 书籍 + +关于树莓派有很多不同语言的书籍。这两本将帮助你开始了解，然后深入了解树莓派。 + +#### 由 Simon Monk 编写的 Raspberry Pi Cookbook：软件和硬件问题及解决方案 + +Simon Monk 是一名软件工程师，并且多年来一直是手工业余爱好者。他最初被 Arduino 这块易于使用的开发板所吸引，后来出版了一本关于它的[书][2]。后来，他开始使用树莓派并写了 [Raspberry Pi Cookbook：软件和硬件问题和解决方案][3]这本书。在本书中，你可以找到大量树莓派项目的最佳时间，以及你可能面对的各种挑战的解决方案。 + +####由 Simon Monk 编写的树莓派编程：从 Python 入门 + +Python 已经发展成为开始树莓派项目的首选编程语言，因为它易于学习和使用，即使你没有任何编程经验。此外，它的许多库可以帮助你专注于使你的项目变得特别，而不是实现协议反复地与传感器不断通信。Monk 在 Raspberry Pi Cookbook 中写了两章关于 Python 编程，但[树莓派编程：从 Python 入门][4]是一个更全面的快速入门。它向你介绍了 Python，并向你展示了可以在树莓派上使用它创建的一些项目。 + +### 在线课程 + +新的树莓派用户可以选择许多在线课程和教程，包括这个入门课程。 + +#### Raspberry Pi Class + +Instructables 的免费 [Raspberry Pi Class][5] 在线课程提供了对树莓派的全面介绍。它从树莓派和 Linux 操作基础开始，然后进入 Python 编程和 GPIO 通信。如果你是这方面的新手，并希望快速入门，这使它成为一个很好的从上到下的树莓派指南。 + + +### 网站 + +网络中充斥着关于树莓派的优秀信息，但这四个网站对于新用户而言应该首先知道。 + +#### RaspberryPi.org + +官方的[树莓派][6]网站是最好的入门之一。许多关于特定项目的文章有链接到基础知识的链接，如将 Raspbian 安装到树莓派上。 （这是我倾向的，而不是在每个操作中重复说明。）你还可以找到学生技术[教育][8]方面的[示例项目][7]和课程。 + +#### Opensource.com + +在 Opensource.com 上，你可以找到许多不同的树莓派项目指导、入门指南、成功案例、更新等。看一下[树莓派主题页面][9]，了解人们在树莓派上做了什么。 + +#### Instructables 和 Hackaday + +你想造自己的复古街机么？或者在镜子上显示当天的天气信息、时间和第一事务？你是否想要为派对创建一个文字时钟或者相簿？你可以在 [Instructables][10] 和 [Hackaday][11] 这样的网站上找到如何使用树莓派完成所有这些（以及更多！）的说明。如果你不确定是否要买树莓派，请浏览这些网站，你会发现有很多理由可以购买。 + +你最喜欢的树莓派资源是什么？请在评论中分享！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/resources-raspberry-pi + +作者：[Manuel Dewald][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ntlx +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/resources/raspberry-pi +[2]: http://simonmonk.org/progardui2ed/ +[3]: http://simonmonk.org/raspberry-pi-cookbook-ed2/ +[4]: http://simonmonk.org/programming-raspberry-pi-ed2/ +[5]: https://www.instructables.com/class/Raspberry-Pi-Class/ +[6]: https://raspberrypi.org +[7]: https://projects.raspberrypi.org/ +[8]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/training/online +[9]: https://opensource.com/tags/raspberry-pi +[10]: https://www.instructables.com/technology/raspberry-pi/ +[11]: https://hackaday.io/projects?tag=raspberry%20pi From b03ff7caca9f764361c7747bd734ca88afcde563 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 1 Apr 2019 09:03:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 073/143] translating --- ... - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md | 9 +++++++++ 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md b/sources/tech/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md index e45d96470f..60c2cb7937 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md +++ b/sources/tech/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md @@ -1,3 +1,12 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Oomox – Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/oomox-customize-and-create-your-own-gtk2-gtk3-themes/) +[#]: author: (EDITOR https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) + Oomox – Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes ====== From 88e4dbbad19af06fc1bb2686116b0a3d7a333eda Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=BC=A0=E6=95=A6=E9=94=8B?= <289716347@qq.com> Date: Mon, 1 Apr 2019 18:34:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 074/143] Update 20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md translating by arrowfeng --- .../tech/20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md b/sources/tech/20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md index f1900aff9d..6ddd4aa4f3 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +arrowfeng is translating + Rancher - Container Management Application ====== Docker is a cutting-edge software used for containerization, that is used in most of IT companies to reduce infrastructure cost. From a000b8fc61e7d4ac7ea59382e8effd1fb6153584 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Liwen Jiang Date: Mon, 1 Apr 2019 08:57:50 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 075/143] Apply for Translating Apply for Translating --- .../20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md b/sources/tech/20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md index 2dbddb8949..143b852da0 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +tomjlw is translating Rediscovering make: the power behind rules ====== @@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ There's a lot more to discover about make, but at least this counts as a start, via: https://monades.roperzh.com/rediscovering-make-power-behind-rules/ 作者：[Roberto Dip][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[tomjlw](https://github.com/tomjlw) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 738317b23835e37ce08b0af55cc860923bb9db85 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: HankChow <280630620@qq.com> Date: Mon, 1 Apr 2019 22:21:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 076/143] hankchow translated --- ...0318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md | 331 ------------------ ...0318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md | 328 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 328 insertions(+), 331 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md b/sources/tech/20190318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md deleted file mode 100644 index e2f262402e..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,331 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (HankChow) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (10 Python image manipulation tools) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/python-image-manipulation-tools) -[#]: author: (Parul Pandey https://opensource.com/users/parul-pandey) - -10 Python image manipulation tools -====== - -These Python libraries provide an easy and intuitive way to transform images and make sense of the underlying data. - -![][1] - -Today's world is full of data, and images form a significant part of this data. However, before they can be used, these digital images must be processed—analyzed and manipulated in order to improve their quality or extract some information that can be put to use. - -Common image processing tasks include displays; basic manipulations like cropping, flipping, rotating, etc.; image segmentation, classification, and feature extractions; image restoration; and image recognition. Python is an excellent choice for these types of image processing tasks due to its growing popularity as a scientific programming language and the free availability of many state-of-the-art image processing tools in its ecosystem. - -This article looks at 10 of the most commonly used Python libraries for image manipulation tasks. These libraries provide an easy and intuitive way to transform images and make sense of the underlying data. - -### 1\. scikit-image - -**[**scikit** -image][2]** is an open source Python package that works with [NumPy][3] arrays. It implements algorithms and utilities for use in research, education, and industry applications. It is a fairly simple and straightforward library, even for those who are new to Python's ecosystem. The code is high-quality, peer-reviewed, and written by an active community of volunteers. - -#### Resources - -scikit-image is very well [documented][4] with a lot of examples and practical use cases. - -#### Usage - -The package is imported as **skimage** , and most functions are found within the submodules. - -Image filtering: - -``` -import matplotlib.pyplot as plt -%matplotlib inline - -from skimage import data,filters - -image = data.coins() # ... or any other NumPy array! -edges = filters.sobel(image) -plt.imshow(edges, cmap='gray') -``` - -![Image filtering in scikit-image][6] - -Template matching using the [match_template][7] function: - -![Template matching in scikit-image][9] - -You can find more examples in the [gallery][10]. - -### 2\. NumPy - -[**NumPy**][11] is one of the core libraries in Python programming and provides support for arrays. An image is essentially a standard NumPy array containing pixels of data points. Therefore, by using basic NumPy operations, such as slicing, masking, and fancy indexing, you can modify the pixel values of an image. The image can be loaded using **skimage** and displayed using Matplotlib. - -#### Resources - -A complete list of resources and documentation is available on NumPy's [official documentation page][11]. - -#### Usage - -Using Numpy to mask an image: - -``` -import numpy as np -from skimage import data -import matplotlib.pyplot as plt -%matplotlib inline - -image = data.camera() -type(image) -numpy.ndarray #Image is a NumPy array: - -mask = image < 87 -image[mask]=255 -plt.imshow(image, cmap='gray') -``` - -![NumPy][13] - -### 3\. SciPy - -**[SciPy][14]** is another of Python's core scientific modules (like NumPy) and can be used for basic image manipulation and processing tasks. In particular, the submodule [**scipy.ndimage**][15] (in SciPy v1.1.0) provides functions operating on n-dimensional NumPy arrays. The package currently includes functions for linear and non-linear filtering, binary morphology, B-spline interpolation, and object measurements. - -#### Resources - -For a complete list of functions provided by the **scipy.ndimage** package, refer to the [documentation][16]. - -#### Usage - -Using SciPy for blurring using a [Gaussian filter][17]: -``` -from scipy import misc,ndimage - -face = misc.face() -blurred_face = ndimage.gaussian_filter(face, sigma=3) -very_blurred = ndimage.gaussian_filter(face, sigma=5) - -#Results -plt.imshow() -``` - -![Using a Gaussian filter in SciPy][19] - -### 4\. PIL/Pillow - -**PIL** (Python Imaging Library) is a free library for the Python programming language that adds support for opening, manipulating, and saving many different image file formats. However, its development has stagnated, with its last release in 2009. Fortunately, there is [**Pillow**][20], an actively developed fork of PIL, that is easier to install, runs on all major operating systems, and supports Python 3. The library contains basic image processing functionality, including point operations, filtering with a set of built-in convolution kernels, and color-space conversions. - -#### Resources - -The [documentation][21] has instructions for installation as well as examples covering every module of the library. - -#### Usage - -Enhancing an image in Pillow using ImageFilter: - -``` -from PIL import Image,ImageFilter -#Read image -im = Image.open('image.jpg') -#Display image -im.show() - -from PIL import ImageEnhance -enh = ImageEnhance.Contrast(im) -enh.enhance(1.8).show("30% more contrast") -``` - -![Enhancing an image in Pillow using ImageFilter][23] - -[Image source code][24] - -### 5\. OpenCV-Python - -**OpenCV** (Open Source Computer Vision Library) is one of the most widely used libraries for computer vision applications. [**OpenCV-Python**][25] is the Python API for OpenCV. OpenCV-Python is not only fast, since the background consists of code written in C/C++, but it is also easy to code and deploy (due to the Python wrapper in the foreground). This makes it a great choice to perform computationally intensive computer vision programs. - -#### Resources - -The [OpenCV2-Python-Guide][26] makes it easy to get started with OpenCV-Python. - -#### Usage - -Using _Image Blending using Pyramids_ in OpenCV-Python to create an "Orapple": - - -![Image blending using Pyramids in OpenCV-Python][28] - -[Image source code][29] - -### 6\. SimpleCV - -[**SimpleCV**][30] is another open source framework for building computer vision applications. It offers access to several high-powered computer vision libraries such as OpenCV, but without having to know about bit depths, file formats, color spaces, etc. Its learning curve is substantially smaller than OpenCV's, and (as its tagline says), "it's computer vision made easy." Some points in favor of SimpleCV are: - - * Even beginning programmers can write simple machine vision tests - * Cameras, video files, images, and video streams are all interoperable - - - -#### Resources - -The official [documentation][31] is very easy to follow and has tons of examples and use cases to follow. - -#### Usage - -### [7-_simplecv.png][32] - -![SimpleCV][33] - -### 7\. Mahotas - -**[Mahotas][34]** is another computer vision and image processing library for Python. It contains traditional image processing functions such as filtering and morphological operations, as well as more modern computer vision functions for feature computation, including interest point detection and local descriptors. The interface is in Python, which is appropriate for fast development, but the algorithms are implemented in C++ and tuned for speed. Mahotas' library is fast with minimalistic code and even minimum dependencies. Read its [official paper][35] for more insights. - -#### Resources - -The [documentation][36] contains installation instructions, examples, and even some tutorials to help you get started using Mahotas easily. - -#### Usage - -The Mahotas library relies on simple code to get things done. For example, it does a good job with the [Finding Wally][37] problem with a minimum amount of code. - -Solving the Finding Wally problem: - -![Finding Wally problem in Mahotas][39] - -[Image source code][40] - -![Finding Wally problem in Mahotas][42] - -[Image source code][40] - -### 8\. SimpleITK - -[**ITK**][43] (Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit) is an "open source, cross-platform system that provides developers with an extensive suite of software tools for image analysis. **[SimpleITK][44]** is a simplified layer built on top of ITK, intended to facilitate its use in rapid prototyping, education, [and] interpreted languages." It's also an image analysis toolkit with a [large number of components][45] supporting general filtering operations, image segmentation, and registration. SimpleITK is written in C++, but it's available for a large number of programming languages including Python. - -#### Resources - -There are a large number of [Jupyter Notebooks][46] illustrating the use of SimpleITK for educational and research activities. The notebooks demonstrate using SimpleITK for interactive image analysis using the Python and R programming languages. - -#### Usage - -Visualization of a rigid CT/MR registration process created with SimpleITK and Python: - -![SimpleITK animation][48] - -[Image source code][49] - -### 9\. pgmagick - -[**pgmagick**][50] is a Python-based wrapper for the GraphicsMagick library. The [**GraphicsMagick**][51] image processing system is sometimes called the Swiss Army Knife of image processing. Its robust and efficient collection of tools and libraries supports reading, writing, and manipulating images in over 88 major formats including DPX, GIF, JPEG, JPEG-2000, PNG, PDF, PNM, and TIFF. - -#### Resources - -pgmagick's [GitHub repository][52] has installation instructions and requirements. There is also a detailed [user guide][53]. - -#### Usage - -Image scaling: - -![Image scaling in pgmagick][55] - -[Image source code][56] - -Edge extraction: - -![Edge extraction in pgmagick][58] - -[Image source code][59] - -### 10\. Pycairo - -[**Pycairo**][60] is a set of Python bindings for the [Cairo][61] graphics library. Cairo is a 2D graphics library for drawing vector graphics. Vector graphics are interesting because they don't lose clarity when resized or transformed. Pycairo can call Cairo commands from Python. - -#### Resources - -The Pycairo [GitHub repository][62] is a good resource with detailed instructions on installation and usage. There is also a [getting started guide][63], which has a brief tutorial on Pycairo. - -#### Usage - -Drawing lines, basic shapes, and radial gradients with Pycairo: - -![Pycairo][65] - -[Image source code][66] - -### Conclusion - -These are some of the useful and freely available image processing libraries in Python. Some are well known and others may be new to you. Try them out to get to know more about them! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/python-image-manipulation-tools - -作者：[Parul Pandey][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/parul-pandey -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/daisy_gimp_art_design.jpg?itok=6kCxAKWO -[2]: https://scikit-image.org/ -[3]: http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/index.html#module-numpy -[4]: http://scikit-image.org/docs/stable/user_guide.html -[5]: /file/426206 -[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/1-scikit-image.png (Image filtering in scikit-image) -[7]: http://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/auto_examples/features_detection/plot_template.html#sphx-glr-auto-examples-features-detection-plot-template-py -[8]: /file/426211 -[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/2-scikit-image.png (Template matching in scikit-image) -[10]: https://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/auto_examples -[11]: http://www.numpy.org/ -[12]: /file/426216 -[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/3-numpy.png (NumPy) -[14]: https://www.scipy.org/ -[15]: https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/ndimage.html#module-scipy.ndimage -[16]: https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/tutorial/ndimage.html#correlation-and-convolution -[17]: https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.ndimage.gaussian_filter.html -[18]: /file/426221 -[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/4-scipy.png (Using a Gaussian filter in SciPy) -[20]: https://python-pillow.org/ -[21]: https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/3.1.x/index.html -[22]: /file/426226 -[23]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/5-pillow.png (Enhancing an image in Pillow using ImageFilter) -[24]: http://sipi.usc.edu/database/ -[25]: https://opencv-python-tutroals.readthedocs.io/en/latest/py_tutorials/py_setup/py_intro/py_intro.html -[26]: https://github.com/abidrahmank/OpenCV2-Python-Tutorials -[27]: /file/426236 -[28]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/6-opencv.jpeg (Image blending using Pyramids in OpenCV-Python) -[29]: https://opencv-python-tutroals.readthedocs.io/en/latest/py_tutorials/py_imgproc/py_pyramids/py_pyramids.html#pyramids -[30]: http://simplecv.org/ -[31]: http://examples.simplecv.org/en/latest/ -[32]: /file/426241 -[33]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/7-_simplecv.png (SimpleCV) -[34]: https://mahotas.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ -[35]: https://openresearchsoftware.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/jors.ac/ -[36]: https://mahotas.readthedocs.io/en/latest/install.html -[37]: https://blog.clarifai.com/wheres-waldo-using-machine-learning-to-find-all-the-waldos -[38]: /file/426246 -[39]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/8-mahotas.png (Finding Wally problem in Mahotas) -[40]: https://mahotas.readthedocs.io/en/latest/wally.html -[41]: /file/426251 -[42]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/9-mahotas.png (Finding Wally problem in Mahotas) -[43]: https://itk.org/ -[44]: http://www.simpleitk.org/ -[45]: https://itk.org/ITK/resources/resources.html -[46]: http://insightsoftwareconsortium.github.io/SimpleITK-Notebooks/ -[47]: /file/426256 -[48]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/10-simpleitk.gif (SimpleITK animation) -[49]: https://github.com/InsightSoftwareConsortium/SimpleITK-Notebooks/blob/master/Utilities/intro_animation.py -[50]: https://pypi.org/project/pgmagick/ -[51]: http://www.graphicsmagick.org/ -[52]: https://github.com/hhatto/pgmagick -[53]: https://pgmagick.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ -[54]: /file/426261 -[55]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/11-pgmagick.png (Image scaling in pgmagick) -[56]: https://pgmagick.readthedocs.io/en/latest/cookbook.html#scaling-a-jpeg-image -[57]: /file/426266 -[58]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/12-pgmagick.png (Edge extraction in pgmagick) -[59]: https://pgmagick.readthedocs.io/en/latest/cookbook.html#edge-extraction -[60]: https://pypi.org/project/pycairo/ -[61]: https://cairographics.org/ -[62]: https://github.com/pygobject/pycairo -[63]: https://pycairo.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorial.html -[64]: /file/426271 -[65]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/13-pycairo.png (Pycairo) -[66]: http://zetcode.com/gfx/pycairo/basicdrawing/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md b/translated/tech/20190318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fc9653f4c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md @@ -0,0 +1,328 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (HankChow) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (10 Python image manipulation tools) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/python-image-manipulation-tools) +[#]: author: (Parul Pandey https://opensource.com/users/parul-pandey) + +10 个 Python 图像编辑工具 +====== + +以下提到的这些 Python 工具在编辑图像、操作图像底层数据方面都提供了简单直接的方法。 + +![][1] + +当今的世界充满了可以被利用的数据，而图像数据就是其中很重要的一部分。但只有经过处理和分析，提高图像的质量，从中提取出有效地信息，才能利用到这些图像数据。 + +常见的图像处理操作包括显示图像，图像的裁剪、翻转、旋转，图像的分割、分类、特征提取，图像识别，以及图像识别等等。Python 作为一种日益风靡的科学编程语言，是这些图像处理操作的最佳选择。同时，在 Python 生态当中也有很多优秀的图像处理工具可以被免费使用。 + +下文将介绍 10 个可以用于图像处理任务的 Python 工具，它们在编辑图像、查看图像底层数据方面都提供了简单直接的方法。 + +### 1\. scikit-image + +[scikit-image][2] 是一个结合 [NumPy][3] 数组使用的开源 Python 工具，它实现了可用于研究、教育、工业应用的算法和应用程序。即使是对于刚刚接触 Python 生态圈的新手来说，它也是一个在使用上足够简单的库。同时它的代码质量也足够高，因为它是由一个活跃的志愿者社区开发的，并且通过了同行评审peer review。 + +#### 资源 + +scikit-image 的[文档][4]非常完善，其中包含了丰富的用例。 + +#### 示例 + +通过 `import skimage` 就可以导入 scikit-image，大部分的功能都可以在它的子模块中找到。 + +图像滤波image filtering： + +``` +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +%matplotlib inline + +from skimage import data,filters + +image = data.coins() # ... or any other NumPy array! +edges = filters.sobel(image) +plt.imshow(edges, cmap='gray') +``` + +![Image filtering in scikit-image][6] + +使用 [match_template()][7] 方法实现模板匹配template matching： + +![Template matching in scikit-image][9] + +在[展示页面][10]可以看到更多相关的例子。 + +### 2\. NumPy + +[NumPy][11] 提供了对数组的支持，是 Python 编程的一个核心库。图像的本质其实也是一个包含数据点像素的标准 NumPy 数组，因此可以通过一些基本的 NumPy 操作（例如切片、掩码、花式索引等），就可以从像素级别对图像进行编辑。通过 NumPy 数组存储的图像也可以被 skimage 加载并使用 matplotlib 显示。 + +#### 资源 + +在 NumPy 的[官方文档][11]中提供了完整的代码文档和资源列表。 + +#### 示例 + +使用 NumPy 对图像进行掩码操作： + +``` +import numpy as np +from skimage import data +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +%matplotlib inline + +image = data.camera() +type(image) +numpy.ndarray #Image is a NumPy array: + +mask = image < 87 +image[mask]=255 +plt.imshow(image, cmap='gray') +``` + +![NumPy][13] + +### 3\. SciPy + +[SciPy][14] 是 Python 的一个核心科学计算模块，也可以用于图像的基本操作和处理。尤其是 SciPy v1.1.0 中的 [scipy.ndimage][15] 子模块，它提供了在 n 维 NumPy 数组上的运行的函数。SciPy 目前还提供了线性和非线性滤波linear and non-linear filtering、二值形态学binary morphology、B 样条插值B-spline interpolation、对象测量object measurements等方面的函数。 + +#### 资源 + +在[官方文档][16]中可以查阅到 scipy.ndimage 的完整函数列表。 + +#### 示例 + +使用 SciPy 的[高斯滤波][17]对图像进行模糊处理： +``` +from scipy import misc,ndimage + +face = misc.face() +blurred_face = ndimage.gaussian_filter(face, sigma=3) +very_blurred = ndimage.gaussian_filter(face, sigma=5) + +#Results +plt.imshow() +``` + +![Using a Gaussian filter in SciPy][19] + +### 4\. PIL/Pillow + +PIL (Python Imaging Library) 是一个自由的 Python 编程库，它提供了对多种格式图像文件的打开、编辑、保存的支持。但在 2009 年之后 PIL 就停止发布新版本了。幸运的是，还有一个 PIL 的积极开发的分支 [Pillow][20]，它的安装过程比 PIL 更加简单，支持大部分主流的操作系统，并且还支持 Python 3。Pillow 包含了图像的基础处理功能，包括像素点操作、使用内置卷积内核进行滤波、颜色空间转换等等。 + +#### 资源 + +Pillow 的[官方文档][21]提供了 Pillow 的安装说明自己代码库中每一个模块的示例。 + +#### 示例 + +使用 Pillow 中的 ImageFilter 模块实现图像增强： + +``` +from PIL import Image,ImageFilter +#Read image +im = Image.open('image.jpg') +#Display image +im.show() + +from PIL import ImageEnhance +enh = ImageEnhance.Contrast(im) +enh.enhance(1.8).show("30% more contrast") +``` + +![Enhancing an image in Pillow using ImageFilter][23] + +[源码][24] + +### 5\. OpenCV-Python + +OpenCV（Open Source Computer Vision 库）是计算机视觉领域最广泛使用的库之一，[OpenCV-Python][25] 则是 OpenCV 的 Python API。OpenCV-Python 的运行速度很快，这归功于它使用 C/C++ 编写的后台代码，同时由于它使用了 Python 进行封装，因此调用和部署的难度也不大。这些优点让 OpenCV-Python 成为了计算密集型计算机视觉应用程序的一个不错的选择。 + +#### 资源 + +入门之前最好先阅读 [OpenCV2-Python-Guide][26] 这份文档。 + +#### 示例 + +使用 OpenCV-Python 中的金字塔融合Pyramid Blending将苹果和橘子融合到一起： + + +![Image blending using Pyramids in OpenCV-Python][28] + +[源码][29] + +### 6\. SimpleCV + +[SimpleCV][30] 是一个开源的计算机视觉框架。它支持包括 OpenCV 在内的一些高性能计算机视觉库，同时不需要去了解位深度bit depth、文件格式、色彩空间color space之类的概念，因此 SimpleCV 的学习曲线要比 OpenCV 平缓得多，正如它的口号所说，“将计算机视觉变得更简单”。SimpleCV 的优点还有： + + * 即使是刚刚接触计算机视觉的程序员也可以通过 SimpleCV 来实现一些简易的计算机视觉测试 + * 录像、视频文件、图像、视频流都在支持范围内 + +#### 资源 + +[官方文档][31]简单易懂，同时也附有大量的学习用例。 + +#### 示例 + +### [7-_simplecv.png][32] + +![SimpleCV][33] + +### 7\. Mahotas + +[Mahotas][34] 是一个 Python 图像处理和计算机视觉库。在图像处理方面，它支持滤波和形态学相关的操作；在计算机视觉方面，它也支持特征计算feature computation、兴趣点检测interest point detection、局部描述符local descriptors等功能。Mahotas 的接口使用了 Python 进行编写，因此适合快速开发，而算法使用 C++ 实现，并针对速度进行了优化。Mahotas 尽可能做到代码量少和依赖项少，因此它的运算速度非常快。可以参考[官方文档][35]了解更多详细信息。 + +#### 资源 + +[文档][36]包含了安装介绍、示例以及一些 Mahotas 的入门教程。 + +#### 示例 + +Mahotas 力求使用少量的代码来实现功能。例如这个 [Finding Wally][37] 游戏： + +![Finding Wally problem in Mahotas][39] + +[源码][40] + +![Finding Wally problem in Mahotas][42] + +[源码][40] + +### 8\. SimpleITK + +[ITK][43]（Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit）是一个为开发者提供普适性图像分析功能的开源、跨平台工具，[SimpleITK][44] 则是基于 ITK 构建出来的一个简化层，旨在促进 ITK 在快速原型设计、教育、解释语言中的应用。SimpleITK 作为一个图像分析工具包，它也带有[大量的组件][45]，可以支持常规的滤波、图像分割、图像配准registration功能。尽管 SimpleITK 使用 C++ 编写，但它也支持包括 Python 在内的大部分编程语言。 + +#### 资源 + +有很多 [Jupyter Notebooks][46] 用例可以展示 SimpleITK 在教育和科研领域中的应用，通过这些用例可以看到如何使用 Python 和 R 利用 SimpleITK 来实现交互式图像分析。 + +#### 示例 + +使用 Python + SimpleITK 实现的 CT/MR 图像配准过程： + +![SimpleITK animation][48] + +[源码][49] + +### 9\. pgmagick + +[pgmagick][50] 是使用 Python 封装的 GraphicsMagick 库。[GraphicsMagick][51] 通常被认为是图像处理界的瑞士军刀，因为它强大而又高效的工具包支持对多达 88 种主流格式图像文件的读写操作，包括 DPX、GIF、JPEG、JPEG-2000、PNG、PDF、PNM、TIFF 等等。 + +#### 资源 + +pgmagick 的 [GitHub 仓库][52]中有相关的安装说明、依赖列表，以及详细的[使用指引][53]。 + +#### 示例 + +图像缩放： + +![Image scaling in pgmagick][55] + +[源码][56] + +边缘提取： + +![Edge extraction in pgmagick][58] + +[源码][59] + +### 10\. Pycairo + +[Cairo][61] 是一个用于绘制矢量图的二维图形库，而 [Pycairo][60] 是用于 Cairo 的一组 Python 绑定。矢量图的优点在于做大小缩放的过程中不会丢失图像的清晰度。使用 Pycairo 可以在 Python 中调用 Cairo 的相关命令。 + +#### 资源 + +Pycairo 的 [GitHub 仓库][62]提供了关于安装和使用的详细说明，以及一份简要介绍 Pycairo 的[入门指南][63]。 + +#### 示例 + +使用 Pycairo 绘制线段、基本图形、径向渐变radial gradients： + +![Pycairo][65] + +[源码][66] + +### 总结 + +以上就是 Python 中的一些有用的图像处理库，无论你有没有听说过、有没有使用过，都值得试用一下并了解它们。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/python-image-manipulation-tools + +作者：[Parul Pandey][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[HankChow](https://github.com/HankChow) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/parul-pandey +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/daisy_gimp_art_design.jpg?itok=6kCxAKWO +[2]: https://scikit-image.org/ +[3]: http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/index.html#module-numpy +[4]: http://scikit-image.org/docs/stable/user_guide.html +[5]: /file/426206 +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/1-scikit-image.png "Image filtering in scikit-image" +[7]: http://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/auto_examples/features_detection/plot_template.html#sphx-glr-auto-examples-features-detection-plot-template-py +[8]: /file/426211 +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/2-scikit-image.png "Template matching in scikit-image" +[10]: https://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/auto_examples +[11]: http://www.numpy.org/ +[12]: /file/426216 +[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/3-numpy.png "NumPy" +[14]: https://www.scipy.org/ +[15]: https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/ndimage.html#module-scipy.ndimage +[16]: https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/tutorial/ndimage.html#correlation-and-convolution +[17]: https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.ndimage.gaussian_filter.html +[18]: /file/426221 +[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/4-scipy.png "Using a Gaussian filter in SciPy" +[20]: https://python-pillow.org/ +[21]: https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/3.1.x/index.html +[22]: /file/426226 +[23]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/5-pillow.png "Enhancing an image in Pillow using ImageFilter" +[24]: http://sipi.usc.edu/database/ +[25]: https://opencv-python-tutroals.readthedocs.io/en/latest/py_tutorials/py_setup/py_intro/py_intro.html +[26]: https://github.com/abidrahmank/OpenCV2-Python-Tutorials +[27]: /file/426236 +[28]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/6-opencv.jpeg "Image blending using Pyramids in OpenCV-Python" +[29]: https://opencv-python-tutroals.readthedocs.io/en/latest/py_tutorials/py_imgproc/py_pyramids/py_pyramids.html#pyramids +[30]: http://simplecv.org/ +[31]: http://examples.simplecv.org/en/latest/ +[32]: /file/426241 +[33]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/7-_simplecv.png "SimpleCV" +[34]: https://mahotas.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ +[35]: https://openresearchsoftware.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/jors.ac/ +[36]: https://mahotas.readthedocs.io/en/latest/install.html +[37]: https://blog.clarifai.com/wheres-waldo-using-machine-learning-to-find-all-the-waldos +[38]: /file/426246 +[39]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/8-mahotas.png "Finding Wally problem in Mahotas" +[40]: https://mahotas.readthedocs.io/en/latest/wally.html +[41]: /file/426251 +[42]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/9-mahotas.png "Finding Wally problem in Mahotas" +[43]: https://itk.org/ +[44]: http://www.simpleitk.org/ +[45]: https://itk.org/ITK/resources/resources.html +[46]: http://insightsoftwareconsortium.github.io/SimpleITK-Notebooks/ +[47]: /file/426256 +[48]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/10-simpleitk.gif "SimpleITK animation" +[49]: https://github.com/InsightSoftwareConsortium/SimpleITK-Notebooks/blob/master/Utilities/intro_animation.py +[50]: https://pypi.org/project/pgmagick/ +[51]: http://www.graphicsmagick.org/ +[52]: https://github.com/hhatto/pgmagick +[53]: https://pgmagick.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ +[54]: /file/426261 +[55]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/11-pgmagick.png "Image scaling in pgmagick" +[56]: https://pgmagick.readthedocs.io/en/latest/cookbook.html#scaling-a-jpeg-image +[57]: /file/426266 +[58]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/12-pgmagick.png "Edge extraction in pgmagick" +[59]: https://pgmagick.readthedocs.io/en/latest/cookbook.html#edge-extraction +[60]: https://pypi.org/project/pycairo/ +[61]: https://cairographics.org/ +[62]: https://github.com/pygobject/pycairo +[63]: https://pycairo.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorial.html +[64]: /file/426271 +[65]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/13-pycairo.png "Pycairo" +[66]: http://zetcode.com/gfx/pycairo/basicdrawing/ + From 2bcb50329b1b09eade0af51036c4506a73a78522 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 1 Apr 2019 23:46:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 077/143] PRF:20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md @FSSlc --- ...Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md | 48 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md b/translated/tech/20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md index 89764a33a4..f3215ed929 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: "lujun9972" [#]: translator: "FSSlc" -[#]: reviewer: " " +[#]: reviewer: "wxy" [#]: publisher: " " [#]: url: " " [#]: subject: "3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System?" @@ -10,11 +10,7 @@ 查看远程 Linux 系统中某个端口是否开启的 3 种方法 ====== -这是一个很重要的话题，不仅对 Linux 管理员而言，对于我们大家而言也非常有帮助。 - -我的意思是说对于工作在 IT 基础设施行业的用户来说，了解这个话题也是非常有用的。 - -他们需要在执行下一步操作前，检查 Linux 服务器上某个端口是否开启。 +这是一个很重要的话题，不仅对 Linux 管理员而言，对于我们大家而言也非常有帮助。我的意思是说对于工作在 IT 基础设施行业的用户来说，了解这个话题也是非常有用的。他们需要在执行下一步操作前，检查 Linux 服务器上某个端口是否开启。 假如这个端口没有被开启，则他们会直接找 Linux 管理员去开启它。如果这个端口已经开启了，则我们需要和应用团队来商量下一步要做的事。 @@ -22,21 +18,21 @@ 这个目标可以使用下面的 Linux 命令来达成： - * **`nc：`** `netcat` 是一个简单的 Unix 工具，它使用 TCP 或 UDP 协议去读写网络连接间的数据。 - * **`nmap：`** `nmap`(“Network Mapper”) 是一个用于网络探索和安全审计的开源工具，被设计用来快速地扫描大规模网络。 - * **`telnet：`** `telnet` 命令被用来交互地通过 TELNET 协议与另一台主机通信。 + * `nc`：netcat 是一个简单的 Unix 工具，它使用 TCP 或 UDP 协议去读写网络连接间的数据。 + * `nmap`：（“Network Mapper”）是一个用于网络探索和安全审计的开源工具，被设计用来快速地扫描大规模网络。 + * `telnet`：被用来交互地通过 TELNET 协议与另一台主机通信。 ### 如何使用 nc（netcat）命令来查看远程 Linux 系统中某个端口是否开启？ -`nc` 即 `netcat`。 `netcat` 是一个简单的 Unix 工具，它使用 TCP 或 UDP 协议去读写网络连接间的数据。 +`nc` 即 `netcat`。`netcat` 是一个简单的 Unix 工具，它使用 TCP 或 UDP 协议去读写网络连接间的数据。 -它被设计成为一个可信赖的后端工具，可被直接使用或者轻易地被其他程序或脚本调用。 +它被设计成为一个可信赖的后端工具，可被直接使用或者简单地被其他程序或脚本调用。 与此同时，它也是一个富含功能的网络调试和探索工具，因为它可以创建你所需的几乎所有类型的连接，并且还拥有几个内置的有趣功能。 -netcat 有三类功能模式，它们分别为连接模式、监听模式和隧道模式。 +`netcat` 有三类功能模式，它们分别为连接模式、监听模式和隧道模式。 -**nc（netcat）命令的一般语法：** +`nc`（`netcat`）命令的一般语法： ``` $ nc [-options] [HostName or IP] [PortNumber] @@ -51,14 +47,14 @@ $ nc [-options] [HostName or IP] [PortNumber] Connection to 192.168.1.8 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded! ``` -**命令详解：** +命令详解： - * **`nc：`** 即执行的命令主体； - * **`z：`** zero-I/O 模式（被用来扫描）； - * **`v：`** 显式地输出； - * **`w3：`** 设置超时时间为 3 秒； - * **`192.168.1.8：`** 目标系统的 IP 地址； - * **`22：`** 需要验证的端口。 + * `nc`：即执行的命令主体； + * `z`：零 I/O 模式（被用来扫描）； + * `v`：显式地输出； + * `w3`：设置超时时间为 3 秒； + * `192.168.1.8`：目标系统的 IP 地址； + * `22`：需要验证的端口。 当检测到端口没有开启，你将获得如下输出： @@ -69,13 +65,13 @@ nc: connect to 192.168.1.95 port 22 (tcp) failed: Connection refused ### 如何使用 nmap 命令来查看远程 Linux 系统中某个端口是否开启？ -`nmap`(“Network Mapper”) 是一个用于网络探索和安全审计的开源工具，被设计用来快速地扫描大规模网络，尽管对于单个主机它也同样能够正常工作。 +`nmap`（“Network Mapper”）是一个用于网络探索和安全审计的开源工具，被设计用来快速地扫描大规模网络，尽管对于单个主机它也同样能够正常工作。 -nmap 以一种新颖的方式，使用裸 IP 包来决定网络中的主机是否可达，这些主机正提供什么服务（应用名和版本号），它们运行的操作系统（系统的版本），它们正在使用的是什么包过滤软件或者防火墙，以及其他额外的特性。 +`nmap` 以一种新颖的方式，使用裸 IP 包来决定网络中的主机是否可达，这些主机正提供什么服务（应用名和版本号），它们运行的操作系统（系统的版本），它们正在使用的是什么包过滤软件或者防火墙，以及其他额外的特性。 -尽管 nmap 通常被用于安全审计，许多系统和网络管理员发现在一些日常任务（例如罗列网络资产、管理服务升级的计划、监视主机或者服务是否正常运行）中，它也同样十分有用。 +尽管 `nmap` 通常被用于安全审计，许多系统和网络管理员发现在一些日常任务（例如罗列网络资产、管理服务升级的计划、监视主机或者服务是否正常运行）中，它也同样十分有用。 -**nmap 的一般语法：** +`nmap` 的一般语法： ``` $ nmap [-options] [HostName or IP] [-p] [PortNumber] @@ -113,7 +109,7 @@ Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 13.07 seconds `telnet` 命令被用来交互地通过 TELNET 协议与另一台主机通信。 -**telnet 命令的一般语法：** +`telnet` 命令的一般语法： ``` $ telnet [HostName or IP] [PortNumber] @@ -148,7 +144,7 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-whether-a-port-is-open-on-the-remote- 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[FSSlc](https://github.com/FSSlc) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 427fc303d31c6081733ec5fcb7341cb7e539b6fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 1 Apr 2019 23:46:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 078/143] PUB:20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md @FSSlc https://linux.cn/article-10675-1.html --- ...Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md b/published/20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md rename to published/20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md index f3215ed929..b27ecc8c61 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md +++ b/published/20190318 3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: "lujun9972" [#]: translator: "FSSlc" [#]: reviewer: "wxy" -[#]: publisher: " " -[#]: url: " " +[#]: publisher: "wxy" +[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-10675-1.html" [#]: subject: "3 Ways To Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System?" [#]: via: "https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-whether-a-port-is-open-on-the-remote-linux-system-server/" [#]: author: "Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/" From 3ebf713eee73ccaa16cfcfa7bc893d4206683761 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 2 Apr 2019 08:52:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 079/143] translated --- ...14 days of celebrating the Raspberry Pi.md | 77 ------------------- ...14 days of celebrating the Raspberry Pi.md | 77 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 77 insertions(+), 77 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190314 14 days of celebrating the Raspberry Pi.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190314 14 days of celebrating the Raspberry Pi.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190314 14 days of celebrating the Raspberry Pi.md b/sources/tech/20190314 14 days of celebrating the Raspberry Pi.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5b65b5959a..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190314 14 days of celebrating the Raspberry Pi.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,77 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (14 days of celebrating the Raspberry Pi) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/happy-pi-day) -[#]: author: (Anderson Silva (Red Hat) https://opensource.com/users/ansilva) - -14 days of celebrating the Raspberry Pi -====== - -In the 14th and final article in our series on getting started with the Raspberry Pi, take a look back at all the things we've learned. - -![][1] - -**Happy Pi Day!** - -Every year on March 14th, we geeks celebrate Pi Day. In the way we abbreviate dates—MMDD—March 14 is written 03/14, which numerically reminds us of 3.14, or the first three numbers of [pi][2]. What many Americans don't realize is that virtually no other country in the world uses this [date format][3], so Pi Day pretty much only works in the US, though it is celebrated globally. - -Wherever you are in the world, let's celebrate the Raspberry Pi and wrap up this series by reviewing the topics we've covered in the past two weeks: - - * Day 1: [Which Raspberry Pi should you choose?][4] - * Day 2: [How to buy a Raspberry Pi][5] - * Day 3: [How to boot up a new Raspberry Pi][6] - * Day 4: [Learn Linux with the Raspberry Pi][7] - * Day 5: [5 ways to teach kids to program with Raspberry Pi][8] - * Day 6: [3 popular programming languages you can learn with Raspberry Pi][9] - * Day 7: [How to keep your Raspberry Pi updated][10] - * Day 8: [How to use your Raspberry Pi for entertainment][11] - * Day 9: [Play games on the Raspberry Pi][12] - * Day 10: [Let's get physical: How to use GPIO pins on the Raspberry Pi][13] - * Day 11: [Learn about computer security with the Raspberry Pi][14] - * Day 12: [Do advanced math with Mathematica on the Raspberry Pi][15] - * Day 13: [Contribute to the Raspberry Pi community][16] - - - -![Pi Day illustration][18] - -I'll end this series by thanking everyone who was brave enough to follow along and especially those who learned something from it during these past 14 days! I also want to encourage everyone to keep expanding their knowledge about the Raspberry Pi and all of the open (and closed) source technology that has been built around it. - -I also encourage you to learn about other cultures, philosophies, religions, and worldviews. What makes us human is this amazing (and sometimes amusing) ability that we have to adapt not only to external environmental circumstances—but also intellectual ones. - -No matter what you do, keep learning! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/happy-pi-day - -作者：[Anderson Silva (Red Hat)][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/raspberry-pi-juggle.png?itok=oTgGGSRA -[2]: https://www.piday.org/million/ -[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_format_by_country -[4]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/which-raspberry-pi-choose -[5]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/how-buy-raspberry-pi -[6]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/how-boot-new-raspberry-pi -[7]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/learn-linux-raspberry-pi -[8]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/teach-kids-program-raspberry-pi -[9]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/programming-languages-raspberry-pi -[10]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/how-raspberry-pi-update -[11]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/raspberry-pi-entertainment -[12]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/play-games-raspberry-pi -[13]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/gpio-pins-raspberry-pi -[14]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/learn-about-computer-security-raspberry-pi -[15]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/do-math-raspberry-pi -[16]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/contribute-raspberry-pi-community -[17]: /file/426561 -[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/raspberrypi_14_piday.jpg (Pi Day illustration) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190314 14 days of celebrating the Raspberry Pi.md b/translated/tech/20190314 14 days of celebrating the Raspberry Pi.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..64836429b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190314 14 days of celebrating the Raspberry Pi.md @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (14 days of celebrating the Raspberry Pi) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/happy-pi-day) +[#]: author: (Anderson Silva (Red Hat) https://opensource.com/users/ansilva) + +庆祝 Raspberry Pi 的 14 天 +====== + +在我们关于树莓派入门系列的第 14 篇也是最后一篇文章中，回顾一下我们学到的所有东西。 + +![][1] + +**派节快乐！** + +每年的 3 月 14 日，我们这些极客都会庆祝派节。我们用这种方式缩写日期 MMDD，March 14 于是写成 03/14，它的数字上提醒我们 3.14，或者说 [π][2] 的前三位数字。许多美国人没有意识到的是，世界上几乎没有其他国家使用这种[日期格式][3]，因此派节几乎只适用于美国，尽管它在全球范围内得到了庆祝。 + +无论你身在何处，让我们一起庆祝树莓派，并通过回顾过去两周我们所涉及的主题来结束本系列： + + * 第 1 天：[你应该选择哪种树莓派？][4] +  * 第 2 天：[如何购买树莓派][5] +  * 第 3 天：[如何启动新的树莓派][6] +  * 第 4 天：[用树莓派学习 Linux][7] +  * 第 5 天：[5 种教孩子用树莓派编程的方法][8] +  * 第 6 天：[你可以用树莓派学习的 3 种流行编程语言][9] +  * 第 7 天：[如何更新树莓派][10] +  * 第 8 天：[如何使用树莓派娱乐][11] +  * 第 9 天：[在树莓派上玩游戏][12] +  * 第 10 天：[让我们实物化：如何在树莓派上使用 GPIO 引脚][13] +  * 第 11 天：[通过树莓派了解计算机安全][14] +  * 第 12 天：[在树莓派上使用 Mathematica 进行高级数学运算][15] +  * 第 13 天：[为树莓派社区做出贡献][16] + + + +![Pi Day illustration][18] + +我将结束本系列，感谢所有关注的人，尤其是那些在过去 14 天里从中学到了东西的人！我还想鼓励大家不断扩展他们对树莓派以及围绕它构建的所有开源（和闭源）技术的了解。 + +我还鼓励你了解其他文化、哲学、宗教和世界观。让我们成为人类的是这种惊人的 (有时是有趣的) 能力，我们不仅要适应外部环境，而且要适应智力环境。 + +不管你做什么，保持学习！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/happy-pi-day + +作者：[Anderson Silva (Red Hat)][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/raspberry-pi-juggle.png?itok=oTgGGSRA +[2]: https://www.piday.org/million/ +[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_format_by_country +[4]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/which-raspberry-pi-choose +[5]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/how-buy-raspberry-pi +[6]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/how-boot-new-raspberry-pi +[7]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/learn-linux-raspberry-pi +[8]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/teach-kids-program-raspberry-pi +[9]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/programming-languages-raspberry-pi +[10]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/how-raspberry-pi-update +[11]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/raspberry-pi-entertainment +[12]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/play-games-raspberry-pi +[13]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/gpio-pins-raspberry-pi +[14]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/learn-about-computer-security-raspberry-pi +[15]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/do-math-raspberry-pi +[16]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/contribute-raspberry-pi-community +[17]: /file/426561 +[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/raspberrypi_14_piday.jpg (Pi Day illustration) From 5264039a18aef3aa8c30f414b616b16a46a871c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 2 Apr 2019 08:55:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 080/143] translating --- ...An open source tool to help you decide on your dream home.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190315 Sweet Home 3D- An open source tool to help you decide on your dream home.md b/sources/tech/20190315 Sweet Home 3D- An open source tool to help you decide on your dream home.md index 63c9e5f282..8d1df5a7c5 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190315 Sweet Home 3D- An open source tool to help you decide on your dream home.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190315 Sweet Home 3D- An open source tool to help you decide on your dream home.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 25c7b580f1524139ab6a730be33f6b13266bca18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: LuMing <784315443@qq.com> Date: Tue, 2 Apr 2019 10:51:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 081/143] [Translated] My Google-free Android life --- .../20181108 My Google-free Android life.md | 191 --------------- .../20181108 My Google-free Android life.md | 217 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 217 insertions(+), 191 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20181108 My Google-free Android life.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20181108 My Google-free Android life.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20181108 My Google-free Android life.md b/sources/tech/20181108 My Google-free Android life.md deleted file mode 100644 index bdcec4ce12..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20181108 My Google-free Android life.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,191 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (LuuMing) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (My Google-free Android life) -[#]: via: (https://lushka.al/my-android-setup/) -[#]: author: (Anxhelo Lushka https://lushka.al/) - -My Google-free Android life -====== - -People have been asking me a lot lately about my phone, my Android setup and how I manage to use my smartphone without Google Services. Well, this is a post that aims to address precisely that. I would like to make this article really beginner-friendly so I’ll try to go slow, going through things one by one and including screenshots so you can have a better view on how things happen and work like. - -At first I’ll start with why Google Services are (imo) bad for your device. I could cut it short and guide you to this [post][1] by [Richard Stallman][2], but I’m grabbing a few main points from it and adding them here. - - * Nonfree software required - * In general, most Google services require running nonfree Javascript code. Nowadays, nothing whatsoever appears if Javascript is disabled, even making a Google account requires running nonfree software (Javascript sent by the site), same thing for logging in. - * Surveillance - * Google quietly combines its ad-tracking profiles with its browsing profiles and stores a huge amount of data on each user. - * Terms of Service - * Google cuts off accounts for users that resell Pixel phones. They lose access to all of their mail and documents stored in Google servers under that account. - * Censorship - * Amazon and Google have cut off domain-fronting, a feature used to enable people in tyrannical countries to reach communication systems that are banned there. - * Google has agreed to perform special censorship of Youtube for the government of Pakistan, deleting views that the state opposes. This will help the illiberal Pakistani state suppress dissent. - * Youtube’s “content ID” automatically deletes posted videos in a way copyright law does not require. - - - -These are just a few reasons, but you can read the post by RMS I linked above in which he tries to explain these points in detail. Although it may look like a tinfoil hat reaction to you, all these actions already happen everyday in real life. - -### Next on the list, my setup and a tutorial on how I achieved it - -I own a **[Xiaomi Redmi Note 5 Pro][3]** smartphone (codename **whyred** ), produced in China by [Xiaomi][4], which I bought for around 185 EUR 4 months ago (from the time of writing this post). - -Now you might be thinking, ‘but why did you buy a Chinese brand, they are not reliable’. Yes, it is not made from the usuals as you would expect, such as Samsung (which people often associate with Android, which is plain wrong), OnePlus, Nokia etc, but you should know almost every phone is produced in China. - -There were a few reasons I chose this phone, first one of course being the price. It is a quite **budget-friendly** device, so most people are able to afford it. Next one would be the specs, which on paper (not only) are pretty decents for the price tag. With a 6 inch screen (Full HD resolution), a **4000 mAh battery** (superb battery life), 4GB of RAM, 64GB of storage, dual back cameras (12MP + 5MP), a front camera with flash (13MP) and a decent efficient Snapdragon 636, it was probably the best choice at that moment. - -The issue with it was that it came with [MIUI][5], the Android skin that Xiaomi ships with most of its devices (except the Android One project devices). Yes, it is not that horrible, it has some extra features, but the problems lie deeper within. One of the reasons these devices from Xiaomi are so cheap (afaik they only have 5-10% win margin from sales) is that **they include data mining and ads in the system altogether with MIUI**. In this way, the system apps requires extra unnecessary permissions that mine your data and bombard you with ads, from which Xiaomi earns money. - -Funnily enough, the Weather app included wanted access to my contacts and to make calls, why would it need that if it would just show the weather? Another case was with the Recorder app, it also required contacts and internet permissions, probably to send those recordings back to Xiaomi. - -To fix this, I’d have to format the phone and get rid of MIUI. This has become increasingly difficult with the latest phones in the market. - -The concept of formatting a phone is simple, you remove the existing system and install a new one of your preference (Android-only in this case). To do that, you have to have your [bootloader][6] unlocked. - -> A bootloader is a computer program that loads an operating system (OS) or runtime environment for the computer after completion of the self-tests. — [Wikipedia][7] - -The problem here is that Xiaomi has a specific policy about the bootloader unlocking. A few months ago, the process was like this. You would have to [make a request][8] to Xiaomi to obtain an unlock code for your phone, by giving a valid reason, but this would not always work, as they could just refuse your request without reason and explanation. - -Now, that process has changed. You’ll have to download a specific software from Xiaomi, called [Mi Unlock][9], install it in your Windows PC, [activate Debugging Settings in Developer Options][10] on your phone, reboot to the bootloader mode (by holding the Volume Down + Power button while the phone is off) and connect the phone to your computer to start a process called “Approval”. This process starts a timer on the Xiaomi servers that will allow you to **unlock the phone only after a period of 15 days** (or a month in some rare cases, totally random) goes by. - -![Mi Unlock app][11] - -After this period of 15 days has passed, you have to re-connect your phone and do the same procedure as above, then by pressing the Unlock button your bootloader will be unlocked and this will allow you to install other ROM-s (systems). **Careful, make sure to backup your data because unlocking the bootloader deletes everything in the phone**. - -The next step would be finding a system ([ROM][12]) that works for your device. I searched through the [XDA Developers Forum][13], which is a place where Android developers and users exchange ideas, apps etc. Fortunately, my phone is quite popular so it had [its own forum category][14]. There, I skimmed through some popular ROM-s for my device and decided to use the [AOSiP ROM][15] (AOSiP standing for Android Open Source illusion Project). - -**EDIT** : Someone emailed me to say that my article is exactly what [/e/][16] does and is targeted to. I wanted to say thank you for reaching out but that is not true at all. The reasoning behind my opinion about /e/ can also be found in this [website][17], but I’ll list a few of the reasons here. - -eelo is a “foundation” that got over 200K € in funding from Kickstarter and IndieGoGo, promising to create a mobile OS and web services that are open and secure and protect your privacy. - - 1. Their OS is based on LineageOS 14.1 (Android 7.1) with microG and other open source apps with it, which already exists for a long time now and it’s called [Lineage for microG][18]. - 2. Instead of building all apps from the source code, they download the APKs from [APKPure][19] and put them in the ROM, without knowing if those APKs contain proprietary code/malware in them. - 3. At one point, they were literally just removing the Lineage copyright header from their code and adding theirs. - 4. They love to delete negative feedback and censor their users’ opinions in their Telegram group chat. - - - -In conclusion, I **don’t recommend using /e/** ROM-s (at least until now). - -Another thing you would likely want to do is have [root access][20] to your phone, to make it truly yours and modify files in the system, such as use a system-wide adblocker etc. To do this, I decided to use [Magisk][21], a godsend app developed by a student to help you gain root access on your device and install what are called [modules][22], basically software. - -After downloading the ROM and Magisk, I had to install them on my phone. To do that, I moved the files to my SD card on the phone. Now, to install the system, I had to use something called a [recovery system][23]. The one I use is called [TWRP][24] (standing for TeamWin Recovery Project), a popular solution. - -To install the recovery system (sounds hard, I know), I had to [flash][20] the file on the phone. To do that, I connected my phone with the computer (Fedora Linux system) and with something called [ADB Tools][25] I issued a command that overwrites the system recovery with the custom one I had. - -> fastboot flash recovery twrp.img - -After this was done, I turned off the phone and kept Volume Up + Power button pressed until I saw the TWRP screen show up. That meant I was good to go and it was ready to receive my commands. - -![TWRP screen][26] - -Next step was to **issue a Wipe command** , necessary when you first install a custom ROM on your phone. As you can see from the image above, the Wipe command clears the Data, Cache and Dalvik (there is also an advanced option that allows us to tick a box to delete the System one too, as we don’t need the old one anymore). - -This takes a few moments and after that, your phone is basically clean. Now it’s time to **install the system**. By pressing the Install button on the main screen, we select the zip file we added there before (the ROM file) and swipe the screen to install it. Next, we have to install Magisk, which gives us root access to the device. - -**EDIT** : As some more experienced/power Android users might have noticed until now, there is no [GApps][27] (Google Apps) included. This is what we call GApps-less in the Android world, not having those packages installed at all. - -Note that one of the downsides of not having Google Services installed is that some of your apps might not work, for example their notifications might take longer to arrive or might not even work at all (this is what happens with Mattermost app for me). This happens because these apps use [Google Cloud Messaging][28] (now called [Firebase][29]) to wake the phone and push notifications to your phone. - -You can solve this (partially) by installing and using [microG][30] which provides some features of Google Services but allows for more control on your side. I don’t recommend using this because it still helps Google Services and you don’t really give up on them, but it’s a good start if you want to quit Google slowly and not go cold turkey on it. - -After successfully installing both, now we reboot the phone and **tada** 🎉, we are in the main screen. - -### Next part, installing the apps and configuring everything - -This is where things start to get easier. To install the apps, I use [F-Droid][31], an alternative app store that includes **only free and open source apps**. If you need apps that are not available there, you can use [Aurora Store][32], a client to download apps from the Play Store without using your Google account or getting tracked. - -F-Droid has what are called repos, a “storehouse” that contains apps you can install. I use the default ones and have added another one from [IzzyOnDroid][33], that contains some more apps not available from the default F-Droid repo and is updated more often. - -![My repos][34] - -Below you will find a list of the apps I have installed, what they replace and their use. - -This is pretty much **my list of the most useful F-Droid apps** I use, but unfortunately these are NOT the only apps I use. The proprietary apps I use (I know, I might sound a hypocrite, but not everything is replaceable, not yet at least) are as below: - - * AliExpress - * Boost for Reddit - * Google Camera (coupled with Camera API 2, this app allows me to take wonderful pictures with a 185 EUR phone, it’s just too impressive) - * Instagram - * MediaBox HD (allows me to stream movies) - * Mi Fit (an app that pairs with my Mi Band 2) - * MyVodafoneAL (the carrier app) - * ProtonMail (email app) - * Shazam Encore (to find those songs you usually listen in coffee shops) - * Snapseed (photo editing app, really simple, powerful and quite good) - * Spotify (music streaming) - * Titanium Backup (to backup my app data, wifi passwords, calls log etc.) - * ViPER4Android FX (music equalizer) - * VSCO (photo editing, never use it really) - * WhatsApp (E2E proprietary messaging app, almost everyone I know has it) - * WiFi Map (mapped hotspots that are available, handy when abroad) - - - -This is pretty much it, all the apps I use on my phone. **The configs are then pretty simple and straightforward and I can give a few tips**. - - 1. Read and check the permissions of apps carefully, don’t click ‘Install’ mindlessly. - 2. Try to use as many open source apps as possible, they both respect your privacy and are free (as in both free beer and freedom). - 3. Use a VPN as much as you can, find a reputable one and don’t use free ones, otherwise you get to be the product and you’ll get your data harvested. - 4. Don’t keep your WiFi/mobile data/location on all the time, it might be a security risk. - 5. Try not to rely on fingerprint unlock only, or better yet use only PIN/password/pattern unlock, as biometric data can be cloned and used against you, for example to unlock your phone and steal your data. - - - -And as a bonus for reading far down here, **a screenshot of my home screen** right now. - -![Screenshot][35] - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://lushka.al/my-android-setup/ - -作者：[Anxhelo Lushka][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://lushka.al/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://stallman.org/google.html -[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman -[3]: https://www.gsmarena.com/xiaomi_redmi_note_5_pro-8893.php -[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaomi -[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIUI -[6]: https://forum.xda-developers.com/wiki/Bootloader -[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting -[8]: https://en.miui.com/unlock/ -[9]: http://www.miui.com/unlock/apply.php -[10]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zhEsJlivFA -[11]: https://lushka.al//assets/img/posts/mi-unlock.png -[12]: https://www.xda-developers.com/what-is-custom-rom-android/ -[13]: https://forum.xda-developers.com/ -[14]: https://forum.xda-developers.com/redmi-note-5-pro -[15]: https://forum.xda-developers.com/redmi-note-5-pro/development/rom-aosip-8-1-t3804473 -[16]: https://e.foundation -[17]: https://ewwlo.xyz/evil -[18]: https://lineage.microg.org/ -[19]: https://apkpure.com/ -[20]: https://lifehacker.com/5789397/the-always-up-to-date-guide-to-rooting-any-android-phone -[21]: https://forum.xda-developers.com/apps/magisk/official-magisk-v7-universal-systemless-t3473445 -[22]: https://forum.xda-developers.com/apps/magisk -[23]: http://www.smartmobilephonesolutions.com/content/android-system-recovery -[24]: https://dl.twrp.me/whyred/ -[25]: https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/adb -[26]: https://lushka.al//assets/img/posts/android-twrp.png -[27]: https://opengapps.org/ -[28]: https://developers.google.com/cloud-messaging/ -[29]: https://firebase.google.com/docs/cloud-messaging/ -[30]: https://microg.org/ -[31]: https://f-droid.org/ -[32]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.dragons.aurora/ -[33]: https://android.izzysoft.de/repo -[34]: https://lushka.al//assets/img/posts/android-fdroid-repos.jpg -[35]: https://lushka.al//assets/img/posts/android-screenshot.jpg -[36]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20181108 My Google-free Android life.md b/translated/tech/20181108 My Google-free Android life.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9292b6b62f --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20181108 My Google-free Android life.md @@ -0,0 +1,217 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (LuuMing) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (My Google-free Android life) +[#]: via: (https://lushka.al/my-android-setup/) +[#]: author: (Anxhelo Lushka https://lushka.al/) + +我的 Google-free 安卓之旅 +====== + +最近人们经常问我有关我手机的事情，比如安卓怎么安装，怎样绕过 Google Service 使用手机。好吧，这篇文章就来详细的解决那些问题。我尽可能让这篇文章适合初学者，因此我会说的很慢，一个一个来讲并且附上截图，你就能更好地看到它是怎样运作的。 + +首先我会告诉你为什么 Google Services（在我看来）对你的设备不好。我可以让你看 [Richard Stallman][2] 写的这篇[文章][1]并摘取一部分，但我决定抓住几个要点附在这。 + + * 需要非自由软件Nonfree software + * 大体上，许多 Google Services 需要运行在非自由的 Javascript 代码之上。现如今，如果禁用掉 Javascript，什么都没有了，甚至 Google 帐号都需要运行非自由软件（由站点发送的 JavaScript），对于登录也是。 + * 被监视 + * Google 悄悄地把他的广告跟踪配置文件ad-tracking profiles与浏览配置文件结合在一起，并为每个用户存储大量数据。 + * 服务条款 + * Google 会终止转售 Pixel 手机用户的账户。他们无法访问帐户下保存在 Google Services 中的所有邮件和文档。 + * 审查 + * Amazon 和 Google 切断了域前置domain-fronting，该技术能使身处专制国家的人们访问到那里禁止的通信系统。 + * Google 已经同意为巴基斯坦政府执行特殊的 Youtube 审查，删除反动内容。 + * Youtube 的“content ID”会自动删除已发布的视频，这并不包含在版权法中。 + +这只是几个原因，你可以阅读上面我提到的 RMS 的文章，他详细解释了这几点。尽管听起来骇人听闻，但这些行为在现实生活中已经每天在发生。 + +### 下一步， 我的搭建教程 + +我有一款[小米 Redmi Note 5 Pro][3] 智能手机（代号**whyred**），生产于中国的[小米][4]。它是 4 个月之前（写这篇文章的时候）我花了大约 185 欧元买的。 + +现在你也许会想，“但你为什么买中国品牌，他们不可靠”。是的，它不是通常你所期望的（品牌）所生产的，例如三星（人们通常会将它和安卓联系在一起，这显然是错的）、一加、诺基亚等。但你应当知道几乎所有的手机都生产于中国。 + +我选择这款手机有几个原因，首先当然是价格。它是一款相当高**性价比**budget-friendly的产品，大多数人都能买得起。下一个原因（不仅仅）是说明书上的规格，在这个价位price tag上相当合适。拥有 6 英尺屏幕（全高清分辨率Full HD resolution），**4000 毫安电池**（一流的电池寿命），4GB RAM，64GB 存储，双后摄像头（12 MP + 5 MP），一个带闪光灯的前摄像头（13 MP）和一个高性能的骁龙Snapdragon 636，它可能是那时候最好的选择。 + +随之而来的问题是 [MIUI][5]，大多数小米设备附带的安卓皮肤（除了 Android One 项目设备）。是的，它没有那么可怕，它有一些额外的功能，但问题在更深的地方。小米设备如此便宜（据我所知销售利润仅有 5-10%）的一个原因是**他们在系统里伴随 MIUI 添加了数据挖掘和广告**。这样的话，系统应用需要额外不必要的权限来获取你的数据并且进行广告轰炸，从中获取利润。 + +更有趣的是，包含在内的天气应用想要访问我的联系人并且打电话，如果它仅是显示天气的话为什么需要访问。另一个例子是录音机应用，它也需要联系人和网络权限，可能想把录音发送回小米。 + +为了解决它，我不得不格式化手机并且摆脱 MIUI。这在最近市场上的手机上就变得极为艰难。 + +格式化手机的想法很简单，删除掉现有的系统然后安装一个新的喜欢的系统（这次是原生安卓）。为了实现它，你先得解锁 [bootloader][6]。 + +> bootloader 是一个在计算机完成自检后为其加载操作系统或者运行环境的计算机程序。—[维基百科][7] + +问题是小米关于解锁 bootloader 有明确的政策。几个月之前，流程就像这样。你需向小米[申请][8]解锁代码，并提供真实的原因，但不是每次都成功，因为他们可以拒绝你的请求并且不提供理。 + +现在，流程变了。你要从小米那下载一个软件，叫做 [Mi Unlock][9]，在 Windows 电脑上安装它，在手机的[开发者模式中打开调试选项][10]，重启到 bootloader 模式（关机状态下长按音量下 + 电源键）并将手机连接到电脑上，开始一个叫做“同意”的流程。这个过程会在小米的服务器上启动一个定时器，允许你**在 15 天之后解锁手机**（在一些少数情况下或者一个月，完全随机）。 + +![Mi Unlock app][11] + +15 天过去后，重新连接手机并重复之前的步骤，这时候按下解锁键，你的 bootloader 就会解锁，并且能够安装其他 ROM（系统）。**注意，确保你已经备份好了数据，因为解锁 bootloader 会清空手机。** + +下一步就是找一个兼容的系统（[ROM][12]）。我在 [XDA 开发者论坛上][13]找了个遍，它是 Android 开发者和用户们交流想法、应用等东西的地方。幸运的是，我的手机相当流行，因此论坛上有它[专门的版块][14]。在那儿，我掠过一些流行的 ROM 并决定使用 [AOSiP ROM][15]。（AOSiP 代表安卓开源 illusion 项目Android Open Source illusion Project） + +**校订**：有人发邮件告诉我说文章里写的东西与目的就是[/e/][16]。我想说谢谢你的帮助，但完全不是这样。我关于 /e/ 的看法背后的原因可以见此[网站][17]，但我仍会在此列出一些原因。 + +eelo 是一个从 Kickstarter 和 IndieGoGo 上集资并超过 200K € 的“基金会”，承诺创造一个开放、安全且保护隐私的移动 OS 和网页服务器。 + + 1. 他们的 OS 基于 LineageOS 14.1 (Android 7.1) 且搭载 microG 和其他开源应用，此系统已经存在很长一段时间了并且现在叫做 [Lineage for microG][18]。 + 2. 所有的应用程序并非从源代码构建，而是从 [APKPure][19] 上下载安装包并推送进 ROM，不知道那些安装包中是否包含专有代码proprietary code或恶意软件malware。 + 3. 有一段时间，它们就那样随意地从代码中删除 Lineage 版权标头copyright header并加入自己的。 + 4. 他们喜欢删除负面反馈并且监视用户 Telegram 群聊中的舆论。 + +总而言之，我**不建议使用 /e/** ROM。（至少现在） + +另一件你有可能要做的事情是获取手机的 [root 权限][20]，让它真正的成为你的手机，并且修改系统中的文件，例如使用系统范围的 adblocker 等。为了实现它，我决定使用 [Magisk][21]，一个天赐的应用，它由一个学生开发，可以帮你获取设备的 root 权限并安装叫做[模块][22]的基础软件。 + +下载 ROM 和 Magisk 之后，我得在手机上安装它们。为了完成安装，我将文件移动到了 SD 卡上。现在，若要安装系统，我需要使用 [recovery system][23]。我用的是较为普遍的 [TWRP][24]（代表 TeamWin Recovery Project）。 + +要安装 recovery system（听起来有点难，我知道），我需要将文件[烧录][20]进手机。为了完成烧录，我将手机用一个叫做 [ADB 的工具][25]连接上电脑（Fedora Linux 系统）。使用命令让自己定制的 recovery 系统覆盖掉原先的。 + +> fastboot flash recovery twrp.img + +完成之后，我关掉手机并按住音量上和电源键，直到 TWRP 界面显示。这意味着我进行顺利，并且它已经准备好接收我的指令。 + +![TWRP screen][26] + +下一步是**发送擦除命令**，在你第一次为手机安装自定义 ROM 时是必要的。如上图所示，擦除命令会清除掉数据Data，缓存Cache和 Dalvik 。（这里也有高级选项让我们可以勾选上来删除掉系统，如果我们不再需要旧系统的话） + +这需要几分钟去完成，之后，你的手机基本上就干净了。现在是时候**安装系统了**。通过按下主屏幕上的安装按钮，我们选择之前添加进的 zip 文件（ROM 文件）并滑动屏幕安装它。下一步，我们需要安装 Magisk，它可以给我们访问设备的 root 权限。 + +**校订**：一些有经验的安卓用户或发烧友也许注意到了，手机上不包含 [GApps]（谷歌应用）。这在安卓世界里称之为 GApps-less，一个 GAps 应用也不安装。 + +注意有一个不好之处在于若不安装 Google Services 有的应用无法正常工作，例如它们的通知也许会花更长的时间到达或者根本不起作用。（对我来说这一点是最影响应用程序使用的）原因是这些应用使用了 [Google Cloud Messaging][28]（现在叫做 [Firebase][29]）唤醒手机并推送通知。 + +你可以通过安装使用 [microG][30]（部分地）解决它，microG 提供一些 Google Services 的特性且允许你拥有更多的控制。我不建议使用它，因为它仍然有助于 Google Services 并且你不一定信任它。但是，如果你没法立刻放弃使用go cold turkey on it，只想慢慢地退出谷歌，这便是一个好的开始。 + +都成功地安装之后，现在我们重启手机，就进入了主屏幕。 + +### 下一个部分，安装应用并配置一切 + +事情开始变得简单了。为了安装应用，我使用了 [F-Droid][31]，一个可替代的应用商店，里面**只包含免费和开源应用**。如果这里没有你要的应用，你可以使用 [Aurora Store][32]，一个从应用商店里下载应用且不需要使用谷歌帐号或被追踪的客户端。 + +F-Droid 里面有 repos，一个包含你可以安装应用的“仓库”。我使用默认的仓库，并从 [IzzyOnDroid][33] 添加了另一个，它有更多默认仓库中没有的应用，并且它更新地更频繁。 + +![My repos][34] + +从下面你可以发现我所安装的应用清单，它们替代的应用与用途。 + +AdAway > 系统广告拦截器，使用 hosts 文件拦截所有的广告 +AfWall+ > 一个防火墙，可以阻止不想要的连接 +Amaze > 替代系统的文件管理器，允许文件的 root 访问权限，并且拥有 zip/unzip 功能。 +Ameixa > 大多数应用的图标包 +andOTP > 替代谷歌验证/Authy，一个可以用来登录网站并报告哪里开启了双因子验证2FA的 TOTP 应用。 +AnySoftKeyboard/AOSP Keyboard > 开源键盘，它有许多主题和语言包，我也是其项目一员 +Battery Charge Limit > 当到 80% 时自动停止充电，降低电池磨损battery wear并增加寿命 +DAVx5 > 这是我最常用的应用之一，对我来说它基本上替代了谷歌联系人，谷歌日历和谷歌 Tasks，它连接着我的 Nextcloud 实例让我完全控制自己的数据 +Document Viewer > 一个可以打开数百种文件格式的查看器应用，快速、轻量 +Deezloader Remix （让我可以在 Deezer 上下载高质量 MP3 的应用） +Easy xkcd > xkcd 漫画阅读器，我喜欢这些 xkcd 漫画 +Etar > 日历应用，替代谷歌日历，与 DAVx5 一同工作 +FastHub-Libre > 一个 GitHub 客户端，完全 FOSS（自由及开源软件），非常实用如果你像我一样喜欢使用 Github 扩展。 +Fennec F-Droid > 替代谷歌 Chrome 和其他类似的应用，一个 F-Droid 品牌的火狐浏览器，不含专有二进制代码并允许安装扩展提升浏览体验 +Gadgetbridge > 替代小米运动，可以用来配对小米硬件的应用，追踪你的健康，步数，睡眠等。 +K-9 Mail > 邮件客户端，替代 GMail 应用，可定制并可以添加多个账户 +Lawnchair > 启动器，可以替代 Nova Launcher 或 Pixel Launcher，允许自定义并有各样的改变，也支持图标包 +Mattermost > 可以连接 Mattermost 服务器的应用，Mattermost 可替代 Slack +NewPipe > 最好的 YouTube 客户端 IMO，替代 YoubTube，它完全是 FOSS，免除 YouTube 广告，占用更少空间，允许背景播放，允许下载视频/音频等。试一试吧。 +Nextcloud SMS > 允许备份/同步 SMS 到我的 Nextcloud 实例 +Nextcloud Notes > 允许我创建，修改，删除，分享笔记并同步/备份到 Nextcloud 实例 +OpenTasks > 允许我创建，修改，删除任务并同步到 Nextcloud 实例 +OsmAnd~ > 一个地图应用，使用 OpenStreetMap，允许下载离线地图和导航 +QKSMS > 我最喜欢的 SMS 应用，替代 stock Messaging 应用，拥有漂亮的界面，拥有备份，个性化，延迟发送等特性。 +Resplash/Mysplash > 允许你无限地从 Unsplash 下载漂亮的壁纸，全部免费使用与修改。 +ScreenCam > 一个录屏工具，允许各样的自定义和录制模式，没有广告并且免费 +SecScanQR > QR 码识别应用，快速轻量 +Send Reduced Free > 这个应用可以在发送之前通过减少 PPI（个人识别信息personally identifiable information）让你立即分享大图 +Slide > 开源 Reddit 客户端 +Telegram FOSS > 没有追踪和 Google Services 的干净版本 Telegram 安卓客户端 +TrebleShot > 这个天才般的应用可以让你通过 WIFI 分享文件，真的非常快，且无需连接网络 +Tusky > Tusky 是 Mastodon 平台的客户端（Mastodon 替代 Twitter） +Unit Converter Ultimate > 这款应用可以在 200 种单位之间来回转换，非常快并且完全离线 +Vinyl Music Player > 我喜欢的音乐播放器，替代谷歌音乐播放器或任何其他音乐播放器，它有漂亮的界面和许多特性 +VPN Hotspot > 这款应用可以让我打开热点的时候分享 VPN，因此我可以不用做任何别的事情来安全地浏览网页，甚至是在笔记本上 + +这些差不多就是我列出的一张**最实用的 F-Droid 应用**清单，但不巧，这些并不是所有应用。我使用的专有应用如下（我知道，我也许听起来是一个伪君子，但并不是所有的应用都可以替代，至少现在不是）： + + * AliExpress + * Boost for Reddit + * Google Camera（与 Camera API 2 耦合，它可以让我用 185 欧元的手机拍一张非常棒的图片，真是太不可思议了） + * Instagram + * MediaBox HD （让我可以看流媒体电影） + * Mi Fit （与小米手环 2 配对的应用） + * MyVodafoneAL （运营商应用） + * ProtonMail （email 应用） + * Shazam Encore （识别咖啡店里你经常能听到的歌曲） + * Snapseed （图片编辑应用，非常简单，强大，相当棒） + * Spotify （在线音乐） + * Titanium Backup（备份应用数据，wifi 密码，通话记录等） + * ViPER4Android FX （音乐均衡器） + * VSCO （图片编辑，从没真正用过） + * WhatsApp （E2E 专有聊天应用，几乎我认识的所有人都有它） + * WiFi Map（地图标注可用的热点，在国外非常方便） + +差不多就是这样，我用的手机上所有的应用。**配置非常简单明了，我可以给几点提示**。 + + 1. 仔细阅读和检查应用的权限，不要无脑地点“安装”。 + 2. 尽可能多地使用开源应用，它们即尊重你的隐私又是免费的。（既“free beer软件好用下次请我喝一杯” 又自由） + 3. 尽可能地使用 VPN，找一个有名气的，别用免费的，否则你将被收割数据然后成为产品。 + 4. 不要一直打开 WIFI/移动数据/定位，有可能引起安全隐患。 + 5. 不要只依赖指纹解锁，或者尽可能只用 PIN/密码/模式解锁，因为生物数据可以被克隆后反对你，例如解锁你的手机盗取你的数据。 + +作为坚持读到这儿的奖励，**一张主屏幕的截图奉上** + +![Screenshot][35] +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://lushka.al/my-android-setup/ + +作者：[Anxhelo Lushka][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[LuuMing](https://github.com/luuming) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://lushka.al/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://stallman.org/google.html +[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman +[3]: https://www.gsmarena.com/xiaomi_redmi_note_5_pro-8893.php +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaomi +[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIUI +[6]: https://forum.xda-developers.com/wiki/Bootloader +[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting +[8]: https://en.miui.com/unlock/ +[9]: http://www.miui.com/unlock/apply.php +[10]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zhEsJlivFA +[11]: https://lushka.al//assets/img/posts/mi-unlock.png +[12]: https://www.xda-developers.com/what-is-custom-rom-android/ +[13]: https://forum.xda-developers.com/ +[14]: https://forum.xda-developers.com/redmi-note-5-pro +[15]: https://forum.xda-developers.com/redmi-note-5-pro/development/rom-aosip-8-1-t3804473 +[16]: https://e.foundation +[17]: https://ewwlo.xyz/evil +[18]: https://lineage.microg.org/ +[19]: https://apkpure.com/ +[20]: https://lifehacker.com/5789397/the-always-up-to-date-guide-to-rooting-any-android-phone +[21]: https://forum.xda-developers.com/apps/magisk/official-magisk-v7-universal-systemless-t3473445 +[22]: https://forum.xda-developers.com/apps/magisk +[23]: http://www.smartmobilephonesolutions.com/content/android-system-recovery +[24]: https://dl.twrp.me/whyred/ +[25]: https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/adb +[26]: https://lushka.al//assets/img/posts/android-twrp.png +[27]: https://opengapps.org/ +[28]: https://developers.google.com/cloud-messaging/ +[29]: https://firebase.google.com/docs/cloud-messaging/ +[30]: https://microg.org/ +[31]: https://f-droid.org/ +[32]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.dragons.aurora/ +[33]: https://android.izzysoft.de/repo +[34]: https://lushka.al//assets/img/posts/android-fdroid-repos.jpg +[35]: https://lushka.al//assets/img/posts/android-screenshot.jpg +[36]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ From b06fa52e776c95e8ecd9dd6bb04b34a272ef5997 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 2 Apr 2019 12:10:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 082/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190402=20Breaki?= =?UTF-8?q?ng=20News!=20Microsoft=20is=20Creating=20Linux-based=20Smartpho?= =?UTF-8?q?ne=20OS=20sources/talk/20190402=20Breaking=20News-=20Microsoft?= =?UTF-8?q?=20is=20Creating=20Linux-based=20Smartphone=20OS.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...t is Creating Linux-based Smartphone OS.md | 72 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 72 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190402 Breaking News- Microsoft is Creating Linux-based Smartphone OS.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190402 Breaking News- Microsoft is Creating Linux-based Smartphone OS.md b/sources/talk/20190402 Breaking News- Microsoft is Creating Linux-based Smartphone OS.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d2244b650e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190402 Breaking News- Microsoft is Creating Linux-based Smartphone OS.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Breaking News! Microsoft is Creating Linux-based Smartphone OS) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/microsoft-linux-mobile-os) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) + +Breaking News! Microsoft is Creating Linux-based Smartphone OS +====== + +Microsoft, the king of desktop operating systems, haven’t had much luck with the mobile operating systems. It’s Windows-based mobile operating systems [Windows Mobile][1] and [Windows Phone][2], both failed miserably and have been discontinued. + +But that hasn’t deterred Microsoft from trying its hands in the lucrative mobile market again. + +### Microsoft’s yet another attempt on mobile OS + +![][3] + +The unconfirmed news is that Microsoft is creating a Linux-based mobile operating system with a special focus on protecting users’ privacy. + +> We have put special attention on user privacy. There will be no data collection through Cortana. The OS will not be updated without user permission and above all, the updates won’t require you to restart your system several times. That itself is our biggest achievement till date. +> +> Don Jhoe, Microsoft Product Manager + +Reports are not confirmed but the project is internally called “Mazure”. The name could be changed as the project progresses. + +The Mazure OS will be completely open source. This shows the firm commitment to open source development from Microsoft. This is another effort from Microsoft to give back to the community by [open sourcing essential tools like Windows calculator app][4]. + +### Targeting 4 billion strong mobile OS market + +There are over 4 billion mobile devices in the world. A tech-giant like Microsoft cannot simply give up on this big a market. + +The world of mobile operating systems is dominated by Android and iOS and many experts think that it is saturated and a new player doesn’t stand a chance. + +But Linux-based [KaiOS][5] came into the market in 2017 and created a niche for itself in just one year. + +This moderate success of KaiOS perhaps gave Microsoft the idea to launch its own mobile operating system based on Linux. + +Lately, a number of [open source mobile operating system][6] projects have come up. Almost all of them use Linux kernel underneath. + +Linux-based smartphones are also a hot-topic in tech world. [Librem5][7] and [Necuno][8] have already announced Linux-based smartphones with focus on privacy. + +Microsoft has taken the same idea and started its own Linux-based mobile OS “Mazure” with a promise to protect user’s privacy. + +You can find more information about this project on its extremely confidential website below. + +[Microsoft’s Mazure OS Project Website][9] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/microsoft-linux-mobile-os + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobile +[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phone +[3]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/microsoft-linux-based-mobile-os.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[4]: https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/6/18253474/microsoft-windows-calculator-open-source-github +[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KaiOS +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/open-source-alternatives-android/ +[7]: https://itsfoss.com/librem-linux-phone/ +[8]: https://itsfoss.com/necunos-linux-smartphone/ +[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day From a71a9f45b2e20b72ccf5502db92f79f9935cfadc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Tue, 2 Apr 2019 12:24:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 083/143] PRF:20150616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 10 Input01.md @oska874 --- ...atory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 10 Input01.md | 414 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 195 insertions(+), 219 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20150616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 10 Input01.md b/translated/tech/20150616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 10 Input01.md index ca6d421a15..3dbfd432b0 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20150616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 10 Input01.md +++ b/translated/tech/20150616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 10 Input01.md @@ -1,144 +1,128 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (ezio ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: translator: (ezio) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Computer Laboratory – Raspberry Pi: Lesson 10 Input01) [#]: via: (https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/projects/raspberrypi/tutorials/os/input01.html) [#]: author: (Alex Chadwick https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk) - -计算机实验课 – 树莓派: 课程 10 输入01 +计算机实验室之树莓派：课程 10 输入01 ====== -欢迎进入输入课程系列。在本系列，你将会学会如何使用键盘接收输入给树莓派。我们将会从揭示输入开始本课，然后开始传统的文本命令。 +欢迎进入输入课程系列。在本系列，你将会学会如何使用键盘接收输入给树莓派。我们将会从揭示输入开始本课，然后转向更传统的文本提示符。 这是第一堂输入课，会教授一些关于驱动和链接的理论，同样也包含键盘的知识，最后以在屏幕上显示文本结束。 -### 1 开始 +### 1、开始 -希望你已经完成了 OK 系列课程， 这会对你完成屏幕系列课程很有帮助。很多 OK 课程上的文件会被使用而不会做解释。如果你没有这些文件，或者希望使用一个正确的实现， 可以从该堂课的[下载页][1]下载模板。如果你使用你自己的实现，请删除调用了 `SetGraphicsAddress` 之后全部的代码。 +希望你已经完成了 OK 系列课程，这会对你完成屏幕系列课程很有帮助。很多 OK 课程上的文件会被使用而不会做解释。如果你没有这些文件，或者希望使用一个正确的实现，可以从该堂课的[下载页][1]下载模板。如果你使用你自己的实现，请删除调用了 `SetGraphicsAddress` 之后全部的代码。 -### 2 USB +### 2、USB -``` -USB 标准的设计目的是通过复杂的硬件来简化硬件。 -``` +如你所知，树莓派 B 型有两个 USB 接口，通常用来连接一个鼠标和一个键盘。这是一个非常好的设计决策，USB 是一个非常通用的接口，很多种设备都可以使用它。这就很容易为它设计新外设，很容易为它编写设备驱动，而且通过 USB 集线器可以非常容易扩展。还能更好吗？当然是不能，实际上对一个操作系统开发者来说，这就是我们的噩梦。USB 标准太大了。我是说真的，在你思考如何连接设备之前，它的文档将近 700 页。 -如你所知，树莓派 B 型有两个 USB 接口，通常用来连接一个鼠标和一个键盘。这是一个非常好的设计决策，USB 是一个非常通用的接口， 很多种设备都可以使用它。这就很容易为它设计新外设，很容易为它编写设备驱动， 而且通过 USB 集线器可以非常容易扩展。还能更好吗？当然是不能，实际上对一个操作系统开发者来说，这就是我们的噩梦。USB 标准太大了。 我是真的，在你思考如何连接设备之前，它的文档将近 700 页。 +> USB 标准的设计目的是通过复杂的软件来简化硬件交互。 -我和很多爱好操作系统的开发者谈过这些，而他们全部都说几句话：不要抱怨。“实现这个需要花费很久时间”，“你不可能写出关于 USB 的教程”，“收益太小了”。在很多方面，他们是对的，我不可能写出一个关于 USB 标准的教程， 那得花费几周时间。我同样不能教授如何为全部所有的设备编写外设驱动，所以使用自己写的驱动是没什么用的。然而，我可以做仅次于最好的事情是获取一个正常工作的 USB 驱动，拿一个键盘驱动，然后教授如何在操作系统中使用它们。我开始寻找可以运行在一个甚至不知道文件是什么的操作系统的自由驱动，但是我一个都找不到。他们都太高层了。所以我尝试写一个。每个人都是对的，这耗费了我几周时间。然而我高兴的说我我做这些工作没有获取操作系统以外的帮助，并且可以和鼠标和键盘通信。这句不是完整的，高效的，或者正确的，但是它能工作。驱动是以 C 编写的，而且有兴趣的可以在下载页找到全部源代码。 +我和很多爱好操作系统的开发者谈过这些，而他们全部都说几句话：不要抱怨。“实现这个需要花费很久时间”，“你不可能写出关于 USB 的教程”，“收益太小了”。在很多方面，他们是对的，我不可能写出一个关于 USB 标准的教程，那得花费几周时间。我同样不能教授如何为全部所有的设备编写外设驱动，所以使用自己写的驱动是没什么用的。然而，即便不能做到最好，我仍然可以获取一个正常工作的 USB 驱动，拿一个键盘驱动，然后教授如何在操作系统中使用它们。我开始寻找可以运行在一个甚至不知道文件是什么的操作系统的自由驱动，但是我一个都找不到，它们都太高层了，所以我尝试写一个。大家说的都对，这耗费了我几周时间。然而我可以高兴的说我做的这些工作没有获取操作系统以外的帮助，并且可以和鼠标和键盘通信。这绝不是完整的、高效的，或者正确的，但是它能工作。驱动是以 C 编写的，而且有兴趣的可以在下载页找到全部源代码。 所以，这一个教程不会是 USB 标准的课程（一点也没有）。实际上我们将会看到如何使用其他人的代码。 -### 3 链接 +### 3、链接 -``` -链接允许我们制作可重用的代码库，所有人都可以在他们的程序中使用。 -``` +既然我们要引进外部代码到操作系统，我们就需要谈一谈链接linking。链接是一种过程，可以在程序或者操作系统中链接函数。这意味着当一个程序生成之后，我们不必要编写每一个函数（几乎可以肯定，实际上并非如此）。链接就是我们做的用来把我们程序和别人代码中的函数连结在一起。这个实际上已经在我们的操作系统进行了，因为链接器把所有不同的文件链接在一起，每个都是分开编译的。 -既然我们要引进外部代码到操作系统，我们就需要谈一谈链接。链接是一种过程，可以在程序或者操作系统中链接函数。这意味着当一个程序生成之后，我们不必要编写每一个函数（几乎可以肯定，实际上并非如此）。链接就是我们做的用来把我们程序和别人代码中的函数连结在一起。这个实际上已经在我们的操作系统进行了，因为链接器吧所有不同的文件链接在一起，每个都是分开编译的。 +> 链接允许我们制作可重用的代码库，所有人都可以在他们的程序中使用。 +有两种链接方式：静态和动态。静态链接就像我们在制作自己的操作系统时进行的。链接器找到全部函数的地址，然后在链接结束前，将这些地址都写入代码中。动态链接是在程序“完成”之后。当程序加载后，动态链接器检查程序，然后在操作系统的库找到所有不在程序里的函数。这就是我们的操作系统最终应该能够完成的一项工作，但是现在所有东西都将是静态链接的。 -``` -程序经常知识调用库，这些库会调用其它的库，知道最终调用了我们写的操作系统。 -``` +> 程序经常调用调用库，这些库会调用其它的库，直到最终调用了我们写的操作系统的库。 -有两种链接：静态和动态。静态链接就像我们在制作自己的操作系统时进行的。链接器找到全部函数的地址，然后在链接结束前，将这些地址都写入代码中。动态链接是在程序“完成”之后。当程序加载后，动态链接器检查程序，然后在操作系统的库找到所有不在程序里的函数。这就是我们的操作系统最终应该能够完成的一项工作，但是现在所有东西都将是静态链接的。 +我编写的 USB 驱动程序适合静态编译。这意味着我给你的是每个文件的编译后的代码，然后链接器找到你的代码中的那些没有实现的函数，就将这些函数链接到我的代码。在本课的 [下载页][1] 是一个 makefile 和我的 USB 驱动，这是接下来需要的。下载并使用这个 makefile 替换你的代码中的 makefile， 同事将驱动放在和这个 makefile 相同的文件夹。 -我编写的 USB 驱动程序适合静态编译。这意味着我给你我的每个文件的编译后的代码，然后链接器找到你的代码中的那些没有实现的函数，就将这些函数链接到我的代码。在本课的 [下载页][1] 是一个 makefile 和我的 USB 驱动，这是接下来需要的。下载并使用这 makefile 替换你的代码中的 makefile， 同事将驱动放在和这个 makefile 相同的文件夹。 +### 4、键盘 -### 4 键盘 +为了将输入传给我们的操作系统，我们需要在某种程度上理解键盘是如何实际工作的。键盘有两种按键：普通键和修饰键。普通按键是字母、数字、功能键，等等。它们构成了键盘上几乎全部按键。修饰键是多达 8 个的特殊键。它们是左 shift、右 shift、左 ctrl、右 ctrl、左 alt、右 alt、左 GUI 和右 GUI。键盘可以检测出所有的组合中那个修饰键被按下了，以及最多 6 个普通键。每次一个按钮变化了（例如，是按下了还是释放了），键盘就会报告给电脑。通常，键盘也会有 3 个 LED 灯，分别指示大写锁定，数字键锁定，和滚动锁定，这些都是由电脑控制的，而不是键盘自己。键盘也可能有更多的灯，比如电源、静音，等等。 -为了将输入传给我们的操作系统，我们需要在某种程度上理解键盘是如何实际工作的。键盘有两种按键：普通键和修饰键。普通按键是字母、数字、功能键，等等。他们构成了键盘上几乎每一个按键。修饰键是最多 8 个特殊键。他们是左 shift ， 右 shift， 左 ctrl，右 ctrl，左 alt， 右 alt，左 GUI 和右 GUI。键盘可以检测出所有的组合中那个修饰键被按下了，以及最多 6 个普通键。每次一个按钮变化了（i.e. 是按下了还是释放了），键盘就会报告给电脑。通常，键盘也会有 3 个 LED 灯，分别指示 Caps 锁定，Num 锁定，和 Scroll 锁定，这些都是由电脑控制的，而不是键盘自己。键盘也可能由更多的灯，比如电源、静音，等等。 +对于标准 USB 键盘，有一个按键值的表，每个键盘按键都一个唯一的数字，每个可能的 LED 也类似。下面的表格列出了前 126 个值。 -为了帮助标准 USB 键盘，产生了一个按键值的表，每个键盘按键都一个唯一的数字，每个可能的 LED 也类似。下面的表格列出了前 126 个值。 +表 4.1 USB 键盘值 -Table 4.1 USB 键盘值 +| 序号 | 描述 | 序号 | 描述 | 序号 | 描述 | 序号 | 描述 | +| ------ | ---------------------- | ------ | -------------------- | ----------- | ----------------------- | -------- | ---------------------- | +| 4 | `a` 和 `A` | 5 | `b` 和 `B` | 6 | `c` 和 `C` | 7 | `d` 和 `D` | +| 8 | `e` 和 `E` | 9 | `f` 和 `F` | 10 | `g` 和 `G` | 11 | `h` 和 `H` | +| 12 | `i` 和 `I` | 13 | `j` 和 `J` | 14 | `k` 和 `K` | 15 | `l` 和 `L` | +| 16 | `m` 和 `M` | 17 | `n` 和 `N` | 18 | `o` 和 `O` | 19 | `p` 和 `P` | +| 20 | `q` 和 `Q` | 21 | `r` 和 `R` | 22 | `s` 和 `S` | 23 | `t` 和 `T` | +| 24 | `u` 和 `U` | 25 | `v` 和 `V` | 26 | `w` 和 `W` | 27 | `x` 和 `X` | +| 28 | `y` 和 `Y` | 29 | `z` 和 `Z` | 30 | `1` 和 `!` | 31 | `2` 和 `@` | +| 32 | `3` 和 `#` | 33 | `4` 和 `$` | 34 | `5` 和 `%` | 35 | `6` 和 `^` | +| 36 | `7` 和 `&` | 37 | `8` 和 `*` | 38 | `9` 和 `(` | 39 | `0` 和 `)` | +| 40 | `Return`（`Enter`） | 41 | `Escape` | 42 | `Delete`（`Backspace`） | 43 | `Tab` | +| 44 | `Spacebar` | 45 | `-` 和 `_` | 46 | `=` 和 `+` | 47 | `[` 和 `{` | +| 48 | `]` 和 `}` | 49 | `\` 和 `|` | 50 | `#` 和 `~` | 51 | `;` 和 `:` | +| 52 | `'` 和 `"` | 53 | \` 和 `~` | 54 | `,` 和 `<` | 55 | `.` 和 `>` | +| 56 | `/` 和 `?` | 57 | `Caps Lock` | 58 | `F1` | 59 | `F2` | +| 60 | `F3` | 61 | `F4` | 62 | `F5` | 63 | `F6` | +| 64 | `F7` | 65 | `F8` | 66 | `F9` | 67 | `F10` | +| 68 | `F11` | 69 | `F12` | 70 | `Print Screen` | 71 | `Scroll Lock` | +| 72 | `Pause` | 73 | `Insert` | 74 | `Home` | 75 | `Page Up` | +| 76 | `Delete forward` | 77 | `End` | 78 | `Page Down` | 79 | `Right Arrow` | +| 80 | `Left Arrow` | 81 | `Down Arrow` | 82 | `Up Arrow` | 83 | `Num Lock` | +| 84 | 小键盘 `/` | 85 | 小键盘 `*` | 86 | 小键盘 `-` | 87 | 小键盘 `+` | +| 88 | 小键盘 `Enter` | 89 | 小键盘 `1` 和 `End` | 90 | 小键盘 `2` 和 `Down Arrow` | 91 | 小键盘 `3` 和 `Page Down` | +| 92 | 小键盘 `4` 和 `Left Arrow` | 93 | 小键盘 `5` | 94 | 小键盘 `6` 和 `Right Arrow` | 95 | 小键盘 `7` 和 `Home` | +| 96 | 小键盘 `8` 和 `Up Arrow` | 97 | 小键盘 `9` 和 `Page Up` | 98 | 小键盘 `0` 和 `Insert` | 99 | 小键盘 `.` 和 `Delete` | +| 100 | `\` 和 `|` | 101 | `Application` | 102 | `Power` | 103 | 小键盘 `=` | +| 104 | `F13` | 105 | `F14` | 106 | `F15` | 107 | `F16` | +| 108 | `F17` | 109 | `F18` | 110 | `F19` | 111 | `F20` | +| 112 | `F21` | 113 | `F22` | 114 | `F23` | 115 | `F24` | +| 116 | `Execute` | 117 | `Help` | 118 | `Menu` | 119 | `Select` | +| 120 | `Stop` | 121 | `Again` | 122 | `Undo` | 123 | `Cut` | +| 124 | `Copy` | 125 | `Paste` | 126 | `Find` | 127 | `Mute` | +| 128 | `Volume Up` | 129 | `Volume Down` | | | | | -| 序号 | 描述 | 序号 | 描述 | 序号 | 描述 | 序号 | 描述 | | -| ------ | ---------------- | ------- | ---------------------- | -------- | -------------- | --------------- | -------------------- |----| -| 4 | a and A | 5 | b and B | 6 | c and C | 7 | d and D | | -| 8 | e and E | 9 | f and F | 10 | g and G | 11 | h and H | | -| 12 | i and I | 13 | j and J | 14 | k and K | 15 | l and L | | -| 16 | m and M | 17 | n and N | 18 | o and O | 19 | p and P | | -| 20 | q and Q | 21 | r and R | 22 | s and S | 23 | t and T | | -| 24 | u and U | 25 | v and V | 26 | w and W | 27 | x and X | | -| 28 | y and Y | 29 | z and Z | 30 | 1 and ! | 31 | 2 and @ | | -| 32 | 3 and # | 33 | 4 and $ | 34 | 5 and % | 35 | 6 and ^ | | -| 36 | 7 and & | 37 | 8 and * | 38 | 9 and ( | 39 | 0 and ) | | -| 40 | Return (Enter) | 41 | Escape | 42 | Delete (Backspace) | 43 | Tab | | -| 44 | Spacebar | 45 | - and _ | 46 | = and + | 47 | [ and { | | -| 48 | ] and } | 49 | \ and | 50 | # and ~ | 51 | ; and : | -| 52 | ' and " | 53 | ` and ~ | 54 | , and < | 55 | . and > | | -| 56 | / and ? | 57 | Caps Lock | 58 | F1 | 59 | F2 | | -| 60 | F3 | 61 | F4 | 62 | F5 | 63 | F6 | | -| 64 | F7 | 65 | F8 | 66 | F9 | 67 | F10 | | -| 68 | F11 | 69 | F12 | 70 | Print Screen | 71 | Scroll Lock | | -| 72 | Pause | 73 | Insert | 74 | Home | 75 | Page Up | | -| 76 | Delete forward | 77 | End | 78 | Page Down | 79 | Right Arrow | | -| 80 | Left Arrow | 81 | Down Arrow | 82 | Up Arrow | 83 | Num Lock | | -| 84 | Keypad / | 85 | Keypad * | 86 | Keypad - | 87 | Keypad + | | -| 88 | Keypad Enter | 89 | Keypad 1 and End | 90 | Keypad 2 and Down Arrow | 91 | Keypad 3 and Page Down | | -| 92 | Keypad 4 and Left Arrow | 93 | Keypad 5 | 94 | Keypad 6 and Right Arrow | 95 | Keypad 7 and Home | | -| 96 | Keypad 8 and Up Arrow | 97 | Keypad 9 and Page Up | 98 | Keypad 0 and Insert | 99 | Keypad . and Delete | | -| 100 | \ and | 101 | Application | 102 | Power | 103 | Keypad = | -| 104 | F13 | 105 | F14 | 106 | F15 | 107 | F16 | | -| 108 | F17 | 109 | F18 | 110 | F19 | 111 | F20 | | -| 112 | F21 | 113 | F22 | 114 | F23 | 115 | F24 | | -| 116 | Execute | 117 | Help | 118 | Menu | 119 | Select | | -| 120 | Stop | 121 | Again | 122 | Undo | 123 | Cut | | -| 124 | Copy | 125 | Paste | 126 | Find | 127 | Mute | | -| 128 | Volume Up | 129 | Volume Down | | | | | | +完全列表可以在[HID 页表 1.12][2]的 53 页，第 10 节找到。 -完全列表可以在[HID 页表 1.12][2]的 53 页，第 10 节找到 - -### 5 车轮后的螺母 - -``` -这些总结和代码的描述组成了一个 API - 应用程序产品接口。 - -``` +### 5、车轮后的螺母 通常，当你使用其他人的代码，他们会提供一份自己代码的总结，描述代码都做了什么，粗略介绍了是如何工作的，以及什么情况下会出错。下面是一个使用我的 USB 驱动的相关步骤要求。 -Table 5.1 CSUD 中和键盘相关的函数 +> 这些总结和代码的描述组成了一个 API - 应用程序产品接口。 + +表 5.1 CSUD 中和键盘相关的函数 + | 函数 | 参数 | 返回值 | 描述 | | ----------------------- | ----------------------- | ----------------------- | -----------------------| -| UsbInitialise | None | r0 is result code | 这个方法是一个集多种功能于一身的方法，它加载USB驱动程序，枚举所有设备并尝试与它们通信。这种方法通常需要大约一秒钟的时间来执行，但是如果插入几个USB集线器，执行时间会明显更长。在此方法完成之后，键盘驱动程序中的方法就可用了，不管是否确实插入了键盘。返回代码如下解释。| -| UsbCheckForChange | None | None | 本质上提供与 `usbinitialization` 相同的效果，但不提供相同的一次初始化。该方法递归地检查每个连接的集线器上的每个端口，如果已经添加了新设备，则添加它们。如果没有更改，这应该是非常快的，但是如果连接了多个设备的集线器，则可能需要几秒钟的时间。| -| KeyboardCount | None | r0 is count | 返回当前连接并检测到的键盘数量。`UsbCheckForChange` 可能会对此进行更新。默认情况下最多支持4个键盘。多达这么多的键盘可以通过这个驱动程序访问。| -| KeyboardGetAddress | r0 is index | r0 is address | 检索给定键盘的地址。所有其他函数都需要一个键盘地址，以便知道要访问哪个键盘。因此，要与键盘通信，首先要检查计数，然后检索地址，然后使用其他方法。注意，在调用 `UsbCheckForChange` 之后，此方法返回的键盘顺序可能会改变。 -| -| KeyboardPoll | r0 is address | r0 is result code | 从键盘读取当前键状态。这是通过直接轮询设备来操作的，与最佳实践相反。这意味着，如果没有频繁地调用此方法，可能会错过一个按键。所有读取方法只返回上次轮询时的值。 -| -| KeyboardGetModifiers | r0 is address | r0 is modifier state | 检索上次轮询时修饰符键的状态。这是两边的 `shift` 键、`alt` 键和 `GUI` 键。这回作为一个位字段返回，这样，位0中的1表示左控件被保留，位1表示左 `shift`，位2表示左 `alt` ，位3表示左 `GUI`，位4到7表示前几位的右版本。如果有问题，`r0` 包含0。| -| KeyboardGetKeyDownCount | r0 is address | r0 is count | 检索当前按下键盘的键数。这排除了修饰键。这通常不能超过6次。如果有错误，这个方法返回0。| -| KeyboardGetKeyDown | r0 is address, r1 is key number | r0 is scan code | 检索特定下拉键的扫描代码(见表4.1)。通常，要计算出哪些键是关闭的，可以调用 `KeyboardGetKeyDownCount`，然后多次调用 `KeyboardGetKeyDown` ，将 `r1` 的值递增，以确定哪些键是关闭的。如果有问题，返回0。在不调用 `KeyboardGetKeyDownCount` 并将0解释为未持有的键的情况下调用此方法是安全的(但不建议这样做)。注意，顺序或扫描代码可以随机更改(有些键盘按数字排序，有些键盘按时间排序，没有任何保证)。| -| KeyboardGetKeyIsDown | r0 is address, r1 is scan code | r0 is status | 除了 `KeyboardGetKeyDown` 之外，还可以检查下拉键中是否有特定的扫描代码。如果不是，返回0;如果是，返回一个非零值。当检测特定的扫描代码(例如寻找ctrl+c)更快。出错时，返回0。 -| -| KeyboardGetLedSupport | r0 is address | r0 is LEDs | 检查特定键盘支持哪些led。第0位代表数字锁定，第1位代表大写锁定，第2位代表滚动锁定，第3位代表合成，第4位代表假名，第5位代表能量，第6位代表静音，第7位代表合成。根据USB标准，这些led都不是自动更新的(例如，当检测到大写锁定扫描代码时，必须手动设置大写锁定)。| -| KeyboardSetLeds | r0 is address, r1 is LEDs | r0 is result code | 试图打开/关闭键盘上指定的 LED 灯。查看下面的结果代码值。参见 `KeyboardGetLedSupport` 获取 LED 的值。 -| +| `UsbInitialise` | 无 | `r0` 是结果码 | 这个方法是一个集多种功能于一身的方法，它加载 USB 驱动程序，枚举所有设备并尝试与它们通信。这种方法通常需要大约一秒钟的时间来执行，但是如果插入几个 USB 集线器，执行时间会明显更长。在此方法完成之后，键盘驱动程序中的方法就可用了，不管是否确实插入了键盘。返回代码如下解释。| +| `UsbCheckForChange` | 无 | 无 | 本质上提供与 `UsbInitialise` 相同的效果，但不提供相同的一次初始化。该方法递归地检查每个连接的集线器上的每个端口，如果已经添加了新设备，则添加它们。如果没有更改，这应该是非常快的，但是如果连接了多个设备的集线器，则可能需要几秒钟的时间。| +| `KeyboardCount` | 无 | `r0` 是计数 | 返回当前连接并检测到的键盘数量。`UsbCheckForChange` 可能会对此进行更新。默认情况下最多支持 4 个键盘。可以通过这个驱动程序访问多达这么多的键盘。| +| `KeyboardGetAddress` | `r0` 是索引 | `r0` 是地址 | 检索给定键盘的地址。所有其他函数都需要一个键盘地址，以便知道要访问哪个键盘。因此，要与键盘通信，首先要检查计数，然后检索地址，然后使用其他方法。注意，在调用 `UsbCheckForChange` 之后，此方法返回的键盘顺序可能会改变。| +| `KeyboardPoll` | `r0` 是地址 | `r0` 是结果码 | 从键盘读取当前键状态。这是通过直接轮询设备来操作的，与最佳实践相反。这意味着，如果没有频繁地调用此方法，可能会错过一个按键。所有读取方法只返回上次轮询时的值。| +| `KeyboardGetModifiers` | `r0` 是地址 | `r0` 是修饰键状态 | 检索上次轮询时修饰键的状态。这是两边的 `shift` 键、`alt` 键和 `GUI` 键。这回作为一个位字段返回，这样，位 0 中的 1 表示左控件被保留，位 1 表示左 `shift`，位 2 表示左 `alt` ，位 3 表示左 `GUI`，位 4 到 7 表示前面几个键的右版本。如果有问题，`r0` 包含 0。| +| `KeyboardGetKeyDownCount` | `r0` 是地址 | `r0` 是计数 | 检索当前按下键盘的键数。这排除了修饰键。这通常不能超过 6。如果有错误，这个方法返回 0。| +| `KeyboardGetKeyDown` | `r0` 是地址，`r1` 键号 | `r0` 是扫描码 | 检索特定按下键的扫描码（见表 4.1）。通常，要计算出哪些键是按下的，可以调用 `KeyboardGetKeyDownCount`，然后多次调用 `KeyboardGetKeyDown` ，将 `r1` 的值递增，以确定哪些键是按下的。如果有问题，返回 0。可以（但不建议这样做）在不调用 `KeyboardGetKeyDownCount` 的情况下调用此方法将 0 解释为没有按下的键。注意，顺序或扫描代码可以随机更改（有些键盘按数字排序，有些键盘按时间排序，没有任何保证）。| +| `KeyboardGetKeyIsDown` | `r0` 是地址，`r1` 扫描码 | `r0` 是状态 | 除了 `KeyboardGetKeyDown` 之外，还可以检查按下的键中是否有特定的扫描码。如果没有，返回 0；如果有，返回一个非零值。当检测特定的扫描码（例如寻找 `ctrl+c`）时更快。出错时，返回 0。| +| `KeyboardGetLedSupport` | `r0` 是地址 | `r0` 是 LED | 检查特定键盘支持哪些 LED。第 0 位代表数字锁定，第 1 位代表大写锁定，第 2 位代表滚动锁定，第 3 位代表合成，第 4 位代表假名，第 5 位代表电源，第 6 位代表 Shift ，第 7 位代表静音。根据 USB 标准，这些 LED 都不是自动更新的（例如，当检测到大写锁定扫描代码时，必须手动设置大写锁定 LED）。| +| `KeyboardSetLeds` | `r0` 是地址， `r1` 是 LED | `r0` 是结果码 | 试图打开/关闭键盘上指定的 LED 灯。查看下面的结果代码值。参见 `KeyboardGetLedSupport` 获取 LED 的值。| -``` -返回值是一种处理错误的简单方法，但是通常更优雅的解决途径存在于更高层次的代码。 -``` +有几种方法返回“返回值”。这些都是 C 代码的老生常谈了，就是用数字代表函数调用发生了什么。通常情况， 0 总是代表操作成功。下面的是驱动用到的返回值。 -有几种方法返回 ‘返回值’。这些都是 C 代码的老生常谈了，就是用数字代表函数调用发生了什么。通常情况， 0 总是代表操作成功。下面的是驱动用到的返回值。 +> 返回值是一种处理错误的简单方法，但是通常更优雅的解决途径会出现于更高层次的代码。 -Table 5.2 - CSUD 返回值 +表 5.2 - CSUD 返回值 | 代码 | 描述 | | ---- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | | 0 | 方法成功完成。 | -| -2 | 参数: 函数调用了无效参数。 | -| -4 | 设备: 设备没有正确响应请求。 | -| -5 | 不匹配: 驱动不适用于这个请求或者设备。 | -| -6 | 编译器: 驱动没有正确编译，或者被破坏了。 | -| -7 | 内存: 驱动用尽了内存。 | -| -8 | 超时: 设备没有在预期的时间内响应请求。 | -| -9 | 断开连接: 被请求的设备断开连接，或者不能使用。 | +| -2 | 参数：函数调用了无效参数。 | +| -4 | 设备：设备没有正确响应请求。 | +| -5 | 不匹配：驱动不适用于这个请求或者设备。 | +| -6 | 编译器：驱动没有正确编译，或者被破坏了。 | +| -7 | 内存：驱动用尽了内存。 | +| -8 | 超时：设备没有在预期的时间内响应请求。 | +| -9 | 断开连接：被请求的设备断开连接，或者不能使用。 | 驱动的通常用法如下： @@ -146,35 +130,34 @@ Table 5.2 - CSUD 返回值 2. 调用 `UsbCheckForChange` 3. 调用 `KeyboardCount` 4. 如果返回 0，重复步骤 2。 - 5. 针对你支持的每种键盘: - 1. 调用 ·KeyboardGetAddress· - 2. 调用 ·KeybordGetKeyDownCount· - 3. 针对每个按下的按键: + 5. 针对你支持的每个键盘： + 1. 调用 `KeyboardGetAddress` + 2. 调用 `KeybordGetKeyDownCount` + 3. 针对每个按下的按键： 1. 检查它是否已经被按下了 2. 保存按下的按键 - 4. 针对每个保存的按键: + 4. 针对每个保存的按键： 3. 检查按键是否被释放了 4. 如果释放了就删除 6. 根据按下/释放的案件执行操作 - 7. 重复步骤 2. + 7. 重复步骤 2 +最后，你可以对键盘做所有你想做的任何事了，而这些方法应该允许你访问键盘的全部功能。在接下来的两节课，我们将会着眼于完成文本终端的输入部分，类似于大部分的命令行电脑，以及命令的解释。为了做这些，我们将需要在更有用的形式下得到一个键盘输入。你可能注意到我的驱动是（故意的）没有太大帮助，因为它并没有方法来判断是否一个按键刚刚按下或释放了，它只有方法来判断当前那个按键是按下的。这就意味着我们需要自己编写这些方法。 -最后，你可能做所有你想对键盘做的事，而这些方法应该允许你访问键盘的全部功能。在接下来的两节课，我们将会着眼于完成文本终端的输入部分，类似于大部分的命令行电脑，以及命令的解释。为了做这些，我们将需要在更有用的形式下得到一个键盘输入。你可能注意到我的驱动是（故意）没有太大帮助，因为它并没有方法来判断是否一个案件刚刚按下或释放了，它只有芳芳来判断当前那个按键是按下的。这就意味着我们需要自己编写这些方法。 - -### 6 可用更新 - -重复检查更新被称为 ‘轮询’。这是针对驱动 IO 中断而言的，这种情况下设备在准备好后会发一个信号。 +### 6、可用更新 首先，让我们实现一个 `KeyboardUpdate` 方法，检查第一个键盘，并使用轮询方法来获取当前的输入，以及保存最后一个输入来对比。然后我们可以使用这个数据和其它方法来将扫描码转换成按键。这个方法应该按照下面的说明准确操作： +> 重复检查更新被称为“轮询”。这是针对驱动 IO 中断而言的，这种情况下设备在准备好后会发一个信号。 + 1. 提取一个保存好的键盘地址（初始值为 0）。 - 2. 如果不是0 ，进入步骤9. + 2. 如果不是 0 ，进入步骤 9. 3. 调用 `UsbCheckForChange` 检测新键盘。 4. 调用 `KeyboardCount` 检测有几个键盘在线。 - 5. 如果返回0，意味着没有键盘可以让我们操作，只能退出了。 + 5. 如果返回 0，意味着没有键盘可以让我们操作，只能退出了。 6. 调用 `KeyboardGetAddress` 参数是 0，获取第一个键盘的地址。 7. 保存这个地址。 - 8. 如果这个值是0，那么退出，这里应该有些问题。 + 8. 如果这个值是 0，那么退出，这里应该有些问题。 9. 调用 `KeyboardGetKeyDown` 6 次，获取每次按键按下的值并保存。 10. 调用 `KeyboardPoll` 11. 如果返回值非 0，进入步骤 3。这里应该有些问题（比如键盘断开连接）。 @@ -202,7 +185,8 @@ KeyboardOldDown: 试着自己实现这个方法。对此，我的实现如下： -1. +1、我们加载键盘的地址。 + ``` .section .text .globl KeyboardUpdate @@ -213,60 +197,60 @@ kbd .req r4 ldr r0,=KeyboardAddress ldr kbd,[r0] ``` -我们加载键盘的地址。 -2. +2、如果地址非 0，就说明我们有一个键盘。调用 `UsbCheckForChanges` 慢，所以如果一切正常，我们要避免调用这个函数。 + ``` teq kbd,#0 bne haveKeyboard$ ``` -如果地址非0，就说明我们有一个键盘。调用 `UsbCheckForChanges` 慢，所以如果全部事情都起作用，我们要避免调用这个函数。 -3. +3、如果我们一个键盘都没有，我们就必须检查新设备。 + ``` getKeyboard$: bl UsbCheckForChange ``` -如果我们一个键盘都没有，我们就必须检查新设备。 -4. +4、如果有新键盘添加，我们就会看到这个。 + ``` bl KeyboardCount ``` -如果有心键盘添加，我们就会看到这个。 -5. +5、如果没有键盘，我们就没有键盘地址。 + ``` teq r0,#0 ldreq r1,=KeyboardAddress streq r0,[r1] beq return$ ``` -如果没有键盘，我们就没有键盘地址。 -6. +6、让我们获取第一个键盘的地址。你可能想要支持更多键盘。 + ``` mov r0,#0 bl KeyboardGetAddress ``` -让我们获取第一个键盘的地址。你可能想要更多。 -7. +7、保存键盘地址。 + ``` ldr r1,=KeyboardAddress str r0,[r1] ``` -保存键盘地址。 -8. +8、如果我们没有键盘地址，这里就没有其它活要做了。 + ``` teq r0,#0 beq return$ mov kbd,r0 ``` -如果我们没有地址，这里就没有其它活要做了。 -9. +9、循环查询全部按键，在 `KeyboardOldDown` 保存下来。如果我们询问的太多了，返回 0 也是正确的。 + ``` saveKeys$: mov r0,kbd @@ -280,17 +264,16 @@ saveKeys$: cmp r5,#6 blt saveKeys$ ``` -Loop through all the keys, storing them in KeyboardOldDown. If we ask for too many, this returns 0 which is fine. -查询遍全部按键，在 `KeyboardOldDown` 保存下来。如果我们询问的太多了，返回 0 也是正确的。 -10. +10、现在我们得到了新的按键。 + ``` mov r0,kbd bl KeyboardPoll ``` -现在哦我们得到了新的按键。 -11. +11、最后我们要检查 `KeyboardOldDown` 是否工作了。如果没工作，那么我们可能是断开连接了。 + ``` teq r0,#0 bne getKeyboard$ @@ -299,21 +282,18 @@ return$: pop {r4,r5,pc} .unreq kbd ``` -最后我们要检查 `KeyboardOldDown` 是否工作了。如果没工作，那么我们可能是断开连接了。 -有了我们新的 `KeyboardUpdate` 方法，检查输入变得简单到固定周期调用这个方法，而它甚至可以检查断开连接，等等。这是一个有用的方法，因为我们实际的按键处理会根据条件不同而有所差别，所以能够用一个函数调以它的原始方式获取当前的输入是可行的。下一个方法我们理想希望的是 `KeyboardGetChar`，简单的返回下一个按下的按钮的 ASCII 字符，或者如果没有按键按下就返回 0。这可以扩展到支持将一个按键多次按下，如果它保持了一个特定时间，也支持‘锁定’键和修饰键。 +有了我们新的 `KeyboardUpdate` 方法，检查输入变得简单，固定周期调用这个方法就行，而它甚至可以检查键盘是否断开连接，等等。这是一个有用的方法，因为我们实际的按键处理会根据条件不同而有所差别，所以能够用一个函数调以它的原始方式获取当前的输入是可行的。下一个方法我们希望它是 `KeyboardGetChar`，简单的返回下一个按下的按钮的 ASCII 字符，或者如果没有按键按下就返回 0。这可以扩展到支持如果它按下一个特定时间当做多次按下按键，也支持锁定键和修饰键。 -要使这个方法有用，如果我们有一个 `KeyWasDown` 方法，如果给定的扫描代码不在keyboard dolddown值中，它只返回0，否则返回一个非零值。你可以自己尝试一下。与往常一样，可以在下载页面找到解决方案。 +如果我们有一个 `KeyWasDown` 方法可以使这个方法有用起来，如果给定的扫描代码不在 `KeyboardOldDown` 值中，它只返回 0，否则返回一个非零值。你可以自己尝试一下。与往常一样，可以在下载页面找到解决方案。 -### 7 查找表 +### 7、查找表 -``` -在编程的许多领域，程序越大，速度越快。查找表很大，但是速度很快。有些问题可以通过查找表和普通函数的组合来解决。 -``` +`KeyboardGetChar` 方法如果写得不好，可能会非常复杂。有 100 多种扫描码，每种代码都有不同的效果，这取决于 shift 键或其他修饰符的存在与否。并不是所有的键都可以转换成一个字符。对于一些字符，多个键可以生成相同的字符。在有如此多可能性的情况下，一个有用的技巧是查找表。查找表与物理意义上的查找表非常相似，它是一个值及其结果的表。对于一些有限的函数，推导出答案的最简单方法就是预先计算每个答案，然后通过检索返回正确的答案。在这种情况下,我们可以在内存中建立一个序列的值，序列中第 n 个值就是扫描代码 n 的 ASCII 字符代码。这意味着如果一个键被按下，我们的方法只需要检测到，然后从表中检索它的值。此外，我们可以为当按住 shift 键时的值单独创建一个表，这样按下 shift 键就可以简单地换个我们用的表。 -`KeyboardGetChar`方法如果写得不好，可能会非常复杂。有 100 多种扫描代码，每种代码都有不同的效果，这取决于 shift 键或其他修饰符的存在与否。并不是所有的键都可以转换成一个字符。对于一些字符，多个键可以生成相同的字符。在有如此多可能性的情况下，一个有用的技巧是查找表。查找表与物理意义上的查找表非常相似，它是一个值及其结果的表。对于一些有限的函数，推导出答案的最简单方法就是预先计算每个答案，然后通过检索返回正确的答案。在这种情况下,我们可以建立一个序列的值在内存中,n值序列的ASCII字符代码扫描代码n。这意味着我们的方法只会发现如果一个键被按下,然后从表中检索它的值。此外，当按住shift键时，我们可以为值创建一个单独的表，这样shift键就可以简单地更改正在处理的表。 +> 在编程的许多领域，程序越大，速度越快。查找表很大，但是速度很快。有些问题可以通过查找表和普通函数的组合来解决。 -在 `.section` `.data` 命令之后，复制下面的表： +在 `.section .data` 命令之后，复制下面的表： ``` .align 3 @@ -349,33 +329,32 @@ KeysShift: .byte '8', '9', '0', '.', '|', 0x0, 0x0, '=' ``` -``` -.byte num 直接插入字节常量 num 到文件。 -``` +这些表直接将前 104 个扫描码映射到 ASCII 字符作为一个字节表。我们还有一个单独的表来描述 `shift` 键对这些扫描码的影响。我使用 ASCII `null` 字符（`0`）表示所有没有直接映射的 ASCII 键（例如功能键）。退格映射到 ASCII 退格字符（8 表示 `\b`），`enter` 映射到 ASCII 新行字符（10 表示 `\n`）， `tab` 映射到 ASCII 水平制表符（9 表示 `\t`）。 -``` -大部分的汇编器和编译器识别转义序列；插入特殊字符的字符序列，如\t。 -``` +> `.byte num` 直接插入字节常量 num 到文件。 -这些表直接将前 104 个扫描代码映射到 ASCII 字符，作为一个字节表。我们还有一个单独的表来描述 `shift` 键对这些扫描代码的影响。我使用 ASCII `null`字符(0)表示所有没有直接映射的 ASCII 键(例如函数键)。退格映射到ASCII退格字符(8表示 `\b` )， `enter` 映射到ASCII新行字符(10表示 `\n`)， `tab` 映射到ASCII水平制表符(9表示 `\t` )。 +. +> 大部分的汇编器和编译器识别转义序列；如 `\t` 这样的字符序列会插入该特殊字符。 -`KeyboardGetChar` 方法需要做以下工作: - 1. 检查 `KeyboardAddress` 是否返回 0。如果是，则返回0。 +`KeyboardGetChar` 方法需要做以下工作： + + 1. 检查 `KeyboardAddress` 是否返回 `0`。如果是，则返回 0。 2. 调用 `KeyboardGetKeyDown` 最多 6 次。每次： - 1. 如果按键时0，跳出循环。 + 1. 如果按键是 0，跳出循环。 2. 调用 `KeyWasDown`。 如果返回是，处理下一个按键。 3. 如果扫描码超过 103，进入下一个按键。 4. 调用 `KeyboardGetModifiers` - 5. 如果 `shift` 是被按着的，就加载 `KeysShift` 的地址。否则加载 `KeysNormal` 的地址。 + 5. 如果 `shift` 是被按着的，就加载 `KeysShift` 的地址，否则加载 `KeysNormal` 的地址。 6. 从表中读出 ASCII 码值。 7. 如果是 0，进行下一个按键，否则返回 ASCII 码值并退出。 - 3. 返回0。 + 3. 返回 0。 试着自己实现。我的实现展示在下面： -1. +1、简单的检查我们是否有键盘。 + ``` .globl KeyboardGetChar KeyboardGetChar: @@ -385,9 +364,9 @@ teq r1,#0 moveq r0,#0 moveq pc,lr ``` -简单的检查我们是否有键盘。 -2. +2、`r5` 将会保存按键的索引，`r4` 保存键盘的地址。 + ``` push {r4,r5,r6,lr} kbd .req r4 @@ -399,66 +378,66 @@ keyLoop$: mov r1,r5 bl KeyboardGetKeyDown ``` -r5 will hold the index of the key, r4 holds the keyboard address. -`r5` 将会保存按键的索引， `r4` 保存键盘的地址。 - 1. - ``` - teq r0,#0 - beq keyLoopBreak$ - ``` - 如果扫描码是0，它要么意味着有错，要么说明没有更多按键了。 +2.1、 如果扫描码是 0，它要么意味着有错，要么说明没有更多按键了。 - 2. - ``` - mov key,r0 - bl KeyWasDown - teq r0,#0 - bne keyLoopContinue$ - ``` - 如果按键已经按下了，那么他就没意思了，我们只想知道按下的按键。 +``` +teq r0,#0 +beq keyLoopBreak$ +``` - 3. - ``` - cmp key,#104 - bge keyLoopContinue$ - ``` - 如果一个按键有个超过 104 的扫描码，他将会超出我们的表，所以它是无关的按键。 +2.2、如果按键已经按下了，那么他就没意义了，我们只想知道按下的按键。 - 4. - ``` - mov r0,kbd - bl KeyboardGetModifiers - ``` - 我们需要知道修饰键来推断字符。 - - 5. - ``` - tst r0,#0b00100010 - ldreq r0,=KeysNormal - ldrne r0,=KeysShift - ``` - 当将字符更改为其移位变体时，我们要同时检测左 `shift` 键和右 `shift` 键。记住，`tst` 指令计算的是逻辑和，然后将其与 0 进行比较，所以当且仅当移位位都为 0 时，它才等于0。 +``` +mov key,r0 +bl KeyWasDown +teq r0,#0 +bne keyLoopContinue$ +``` - 1. - ``` - ldrb r0,[r0,key] - ``` - 现在我们可以从查找表加载按键了。 +2.3、如果一个按键有个超过 104 的扫描码，它将会超出我们的表，所以它是无关的按键。 + +``` +cmp key,#104 +bge keyLoopContinue$ +``` - 1. - ``` - teq r0,#0 - bne keyboardGetCharReturn$ - keyLoopContinue$: - add r5,#1 - cmp r5,#6 - blt keyLoop$ - ``` - 如果查找码包含一个 0，我们必须继续。为了继续，我们要增加索引，并检查是否到 6 次了。 +2.4、我们需要知道修饰键来推断字符。 + +``` +mov r0,kbd +bl KeyboardGetModifiers +``` + +5. 当将字符更改为其 shift 变体时，我们要同时检测左 `shift` 键和右 `shift` 键。记住，`tst` 指令计算的是逻辑和，然后将其与 0 进行比较，所以当且仅当移位位都为 0 时，它才等于 0。 + +``` +tst r0,#0b00100010 +ldreq r0,=KeysNormal +ldrne r0,=KeysShift +``` + +2.6、现在我们可以从查找表加载按键了。 + +``` +ldrb r0,[r0,key] +``` + +2.7、如果查找码包含一个 0，我们必须继续。为了继续，我们要增加索引，并检查是否到 6 次了。 + +``` +teq r0,#0 +bne keyboardGetCharReturn$ +keyLoopContinue$: +add r5,#1 +cmp r5,#6 +blt keyLoop$ +``` + + +3、在这里我们返回我们的按键，如果我们到达 `keyLoopBreak$` ，然后我们就知道这里没有按键被握住，所以返回 0。 -1. ``` keyLoopBreak$: mov r0,#0 @@ -467,26 +446,23 @@ pop {r4,r5,r6,pc} .unreq kbd .unreq key ``` -在这里我们返回我们的按键，如果我们到达 `keyLoopBreak$` ，然后我们就知道这里没有按键被握住，所以返回0。 -### 8 记事本操作系统 +### 8、记事本操作系统 -现在我们有了 `KeyboardGetChar` 方法，可以创建一个操作系统，只输入用户对着屏幕所写的内容。为了简单起见，我们将忽略所有不寻常的键。在 `main.s` ,删除`bl SetGraphicsAddress` 之后的所有代码。调用 `UsbInitialise`，将 `r4` 和 `r5` 设置为 0，然后循环执行以下命令: +现在我们有了 `KeyboardGetChar` 方法，可以创建一个操作系统，只打印出用户对着屏幕所写的内容。为了简单起见，我们将忽略所有非常规的键。在 `main.s`，删除 `bl SetGraphicsAddress` 之后的所有代码。调用 `UsbInitialise`，将 `r4` 和 `r5` 设置为 0，然后循环执行以下命令: 1. 调用 `KeyboardUpdate` 2. 调用 `KeyboardGetChar` - 3. 如果返回 0，跳转到步骤1 + 3. 如果返回 0，跳转到步骤 1 4. 复制 `r4` 和 `r5` 到 `r1` 和 `r2` ，然后调用 `DrawCharacter` 5. 把 `r0` 加到 `r4` 6. 如果 `r4` 是 1024，将 `r1` 加到 `r5`，然后设置 `r4` 为 0。 7. 如果 `r5` 是 768，设置 `r5` 为0 - 8. 跳转到步骤1 + 8. 跳转到步骤 1 +现在编译，然后在树莓派上测试。你几乎可以立即开始在屏幕上输入文本。如果没有工作，请参阅我们的故障排除页面。 - -现在编译这个，然后在 PI 上测试。您几乎可以立即开始在屏幕上输入文本。如果没有，请参阅我们的故障排除页面。 - -当它工作时，祝贺您，您已经实现了与计算机的接口。现在您应该开始意识到，您几乎已经拥有了一个原始的操作系统。现在，您可以与计算机交互，发出命令，并在屏幕上接收反馈。在下一篇教程[输入02][3]中，我们将研究如何生成一个全文本终端，用户在其中输入命令，然后计算机执行这些命令。 +当它工作时，祝贺你，你已经实现了与计算机的接口。现在你应该开始意识到，你几乎已经拥有了一个原始的操作系统。现在，你可以与计算机交互、发出命令，并在屏幕上接收反馈。在下一篇教程[输入02][3]中，我们将研究如何生成一个全文本终端，用户在其中输入命令，然后计算机执行这些命令。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -495,7 +471,7 @@ via: https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/projects/raspberrypi/tutorials/os/input01.html 作者：[Alex Chadwick][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[ezio](https://github.com/oska874) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From cdc481fbf0b98a82d3eb60ca5d6e1b958ed96586 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Tue, 2 Apr 2019 12:25:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 084/143] PUB:20150616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 10 Input01.md @oska874 https://linux.cn/article-10676-1.html --- ...6 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 10 Input01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20150616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 10 Input01.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20150616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 10 Input01.md b/published/20150616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 10 Input01.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20150616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 10 Input01.md rename to published/20150616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 10 Input01.md index 3dbfd432b0..78864f5145 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20150616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 10 Input01.md +++ b/published/20150616 Computer Laboratory - Raspberry Pi- Lesson 10 Input01.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (ezio) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10676-1.html) [#]: subject: (Computer Laboratory – Raspberry Pi: Lesson 10 Input01) [#]: via: (https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/projects/raspberrypi/tutorials/os/input01.html) [#]: author: (Alex Chadwick https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk) From 905914c8f50651a340a029064012c161f60d750a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 2 Apr 2019 12:52:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 085/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190329=209=20op?= =?UTF-8?q?en=20source=20tools=20for=20building=20a=20fault-tolerant=20sys?= =?UTF-8?q?tem=20sources/talk/20190329=209=20open=20source=20tools=20for?= =?UTF-8?q?=20building=20a=20fault-tolerant=20system.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ls for building a fault-tolerant system.md | 139 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 139 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md b/sources/talk/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..78282fb853 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/tools-fault-tolerant-system) +[#]: author: (Bryant Son (Red Hat, Community Moderator) https://opensource.com/users/brson) + +9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system +====== + +Maximize uptime and minimize problems with these open source tools. + +![magnifying glass on computer screen, finding a bug in the code][1] + +I've always been interested in web development and software architecture because I like to see the broader picture of a working system. Whether you are building a mobile app or a web application, it has to be connected to the internet to exchange data among different modules, which means you need a web service. + +If you use a cloud system as your application's backend, you can take advantage of greater computing power, as the backend service will scale horizontally and vertically and orchestrate different services. But whether or not you use a cloud backend, it's important to build a _fault-tolerant system_ —one that is resilient, stable, fast, and safe. + +To understand fault-tolerant systems, let's use Facebook, Amazon, Google, and Netflix as examples. Millions and billions of users access these platforms simultaneously while transmitting enormous amounts of data via peer-to-peer and user-to-server networks, and you can be sure there are also malicious users with bad intentions, like hacking or denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. Even so, these platforms can operate 24 hours a day and 365 days a year without downtime. + +Although machine learning and smart algorithms are the backbones of these systems, the fact that they achieve consistent service without a single minute of downtime is praiseworthy. Their expensive hardware and gigantic datacenters certainly matter, but the elegant software designs supporting the services are equally important. And the fault-tolerant system is one of the principles to build such an elegant system. + +### Two behaviors that cause problems in production + +Here's another way to think of a fault-tolerant system. When you run your application service locally, everything seems to be fine. Great! But when you promote your service to the production environment, all hell breaks loose. In a situation like this, a fault-tolerant system helps by addressing two problems: Fail-stop behavior and Byzantine behavior. + +#### Fail-stop behavior + +Fail-stop behavior is when a running system suddenly halts or a few parts of the system fail. Server downtime and database inaccessibility fall under this category. For example, in the diagram below, Service 1 can't communicate with Service 2 because Service 2 is inaccessible: + +![Fail-stop behavior due to Service 2 downtime][2] + +But the problem can also occur if there is a network problem between the services, like this: + +![Fail-stop behavior due to network failure][3] + +#### Byzantine behavior + +Byzantine behavior is when the system continuously runs but doesn't produce the expected behavior (e.g., wrong data or an invalid value). + +Byzantine failure can happen if Service 2 has corrupted data or values, even though the service looks to be operating just fine, like in this example: + +![Byzantine failure due to corrupted service][4] + +Or, there can be a malicious middleman intercepting between the services and injecting unwanted data: + +![Byzantine failure due to malicious middleman][5] + +Neither fail-stop nor Byzantine behavior is a desired situation, so we need ways to prevent or fix them. That's where fault-tolerant systems come into play. Following are eight open source tools that can help you address these problems. + +### Tools for building a fault-tolerant system + +Although building a truly practical fault-tolerant system touches upon in-depth _distributed computing theory_ and complex computer science principles, there are many software tools—many of them, like the following, open source—to alleviate undesirable results by building a fault-tolerant system. + +#### Circuit-breaker pattern: Hystrix and Resilience4j + +The [circuit-breaker pattern][6] is a technique that helps to return a prepared dummy response or a simple response when a service fails: + +![Circuit breaker pattern][7] + +Netflix's open source **[Hystrix][8]** is the most popular implementation of the circuit-breaker pattern. + +Many companies where I've worked previously are leveraging this wonderful tool. Surprisingly, Netflix announced that it will no longer update Hystrix. (Yeah, I know.) Instead, Netflix recommends using an alternative solution like [**Resilence4j**][9], which supports Java 8 and functional programming, or an alternative practice like [Adaptive Concurrency Limit][10]. + +#### Load balancing: Nginx and HaProxy + +Load balancing is one of the most fundamental concepts in a distributed system and must be present to have a production-quality environment. To understand load balancers, we first need to understand the concept of _redundancy_. Every production-quality web service has multiple servers that provide redundancy to take over and maintain services when servers go down. + +![Load balancer][11] + +Think about modern airplanes: their dual engines provide redundancy that allows them to land safely even if an engine catches fire. (It also helps that most commercial airplanes have state-of-art, automated systems.) But, having multiple engines (or servers) means that there must be some kind of scheduling mechanism to effectively route the system when something fails. + +A load balancer is a device or software that optimizes heavy traffic transactions by balancing multiple server nodes. For instance, when thousands of requests come in, the load balancer acts as the middle layer to route and evenly distribute traffic across different servers. If a server goes down, the load balancer forwards requests to the other servers that are running well. + +There are many load balancers available, but the two best-known ones are Nginx and HaProxy. + +[**Nginx**][12] is more than a load balancer. It is an HTTP and reverse proxy server, a mail proxy server, and a generic TCP/UDP proxy server. Companies like Groupon, Capital One, Adobe, and NASA use it. + +[**HaProxy**][13] is also popular, as it is a free, very fast and reliable solution offering high availability, load balancing, and proxying for TCP and HTTP-based applications. Many large internet companies, including GitHub, Reddit, Twitter, and Stack Overflow, use HaProxy. Oh and yes, Red Hat Enterprise Linux also supports HaProxy configuration. + +#### Actor model: Akka + +The [actor model][14] is a concurrency design pattern that delegates responsibility when an _actor_ , which is a primitive unit of computation, receives a message. An actor can create even more actors and delegate the message to them. + +[**Akka**][15] is one of the most well-known tools for the actor model implementation. The framework supports Java and Scala, which are both based on JVM. + +#### Asynchronous, non-blocking I/O using messaging queue: Kafka and RabbitMQ + +Multi-threaded development has been popular in the past, but this practice has been discouraged and replaced with asynchronous, non-blocking I/O patterns. For Java, this is explicitly stated in its [Enterprise Java Bean (EJB) specifications][16]: + +> "An enterprise bean must not use thread synchronization primitives to synchronize execution of multiple instances. +> +> "The enterprise bean must not attempt to manage threads. The enterprise bean must not attempt to start, stop, suspend, or resume a thread, or to change a thread's priority or name. The enterprise bean must not attempt to manage thread groups." + +Now, there are other practices like stream APIs and actor models. But messaging queues like [**Kafka**][17] and [**RabbitMQ**][18] offer the out-of-box support for asynchronous and non-blocking IO features, and they are powerful open source tools that can be replacements for threads by handling concurrent processes. + +#### Other options: Eureka and Chaos Monkey + +Other useful tools for fault-tolerant systems include monitoring tools, such as Netflix's **[Eureka][19]** , and stress-testing tools, like **[Chaos Monkey][20]**. They aim to discover potential issues earlier by testing in lower environments, like integration (INT), quality assurance (QA), and user acceptance testing (UAT), to prevent potential problems before moving to the production environment. + +* * * + +What open source tools are you using for building a fault-tolerant system? Please share your favorites in the comments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/tools-fault-tolerant-system + +作者：[Bryant Son (Red Hat, Community Moderator)][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/brson +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/mistake_bug_fix_find_error.png?itok=PZaz3dga (magnifying glass on computer screen, finding a bug in the code) +[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/1_errordowntimeservice.jpg (Fail-stop behavior due to Service 2 downtime) +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/2_errordowntimenetwork.jpg (Fail-stop behavior due to network failure) +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/3_byzantinefailuremalicious.jpg (Byzantine failure due to corrupted service) +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/4_byzantinefailuremiddleman.jpg (Byzantine failure due to malicious middleman) +[6]: https://martinfowler.com/bliki/CircuitBreaker.html +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/5_circuitbreakerpattern.jpg (Circuit breaker pattern) +[8]: https://github.com/Netflix/Hystrix/wiki +[9]: https://github.com/resilience4j/resilience4j +[10]: https://medium.com/@NetflixTechBlog/performance-under-load-3e6fa9a60581 +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/7_loadbalancer.jpg (Load balancer) +[12]: https://www.nginx.com +[13]: https://www.haproxy.org +[14]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor_model +[15]: https://akka.io +[16]: https://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr220/index.html +[17]: https://kafka.apache.org +[18]: https://www.rabbitmq.com +[19]: https://github.com/Netflix/eureka +[20]: https://github.com/Netflix/chaosmonkey From d72719c8e83d3efef915f3f703f088518ece4f4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Tue, 2 Apr 2019 13:35:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 086/143] PRF:20181108 My Google-free Android life.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @LuuMing 翻译的很好 --- .../20181108 My Google-free Android life.md | 169 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 82 insertions(+), 87 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20181108 My Google-free Android life.md b/translated/tech/20181108 My Google-free Android life.md index 9292b6b62f..6b62775f5c 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20181108 My Google-free Android life.md +++ b/translated/tech/20181108 My Google-free Android life.md @@ -1,171 +1,166 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (LuuMing) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (My Google-free Android life) [#]: via: (https://lushka.al/my-android-setup/) [#]: author: (Anxhelo Lushka https://lushka.al/) -我的 Google-free 安卓之旅 +我的去 Google 化的安卓之旅 ====== +> 一篇介绍如何在你的生活中和设备里去 Google 化的文章。 -最近人们经常问我有关我手机的事情，比如安卓怎么安装，怎样绕过 Google Service 使用手机。好吧，这篇文章就来详细的解决那些问题。我尽可能让这篇文章适合初学者，因此我会说的很慢，一个一个来讲并且附上截图，你就能更好地看到它是怎样运作的。 +最近人们经常问我有关我手机的事情，比如安卓怎么安装，怎样绕过 Google Service 使用手机。好吧，这篇文章就来详细的解决那些问题。我尽可能让这篇文章适合初学者，因此我会慢慢介绍，一个一个来讲并且附上截图，你就能更好地看到它是怎样运作的。 -首先我会告诉你为什么 Google Services（在我看来）对你的设备不好。我可以让你看 [Richard Stallman][2] 写的这篇[文章][1]并摘取一部分，但我决定抓住几个要点附在这。 +首先我会告诉你为什么 Google Services（在我看来）对你的设备不好。我可以一言以概之，并让你看 [Richard Stallman][2] 写的这篇[文章][1]，但我决定抓住几个要点附在这。 - * 需要非自由软件Nonfree software - * 大体上，许多 Google Services 需要运行在非自由的 Javascript 代码之上。现如今，如果禁用掉 Javascript，什么都没有了，甚至 Google 帐号都需要运行非自由软件（由站点发送的 JavaScript），对于登录也是。 + * 要用非自由软件Nonfree software + * 大体上，大多数 Google Services 需要运行在非自由的 Javascript 代码之上。现如今，如果禁用掉 Javascript，什么都没有了，甚至 Google 帐号都需要运行非自由软件（由站点发送的 JavaScript），对于登录也是。 * 被监视 - * Google 悄悄地把他的广告跟踪配置文件ad-tracking profiles与浏览配置文件结合在一起，并为每个用户存储大量数据。 + * Google 悄悄地把它的广告跟踪方式ad-tracking profiles与浏览方式结合在一起，并存储了每个用户的大量数据。 * 服务条款 - * Google 会终止转售 Pixel 手机用户的账户。他们无法访问帐户下保存在 Google Services 中的所有邮件和文档。 + * Google 会终止转卖了 Pixel 手机的用户账户。他们无法访问帐户下保存在 Google Services 中的所有邮件和文档。 * 审查 - * Amazon 和 Google 切断了域前置domain-fronting，该技术能使身处专制国家的人们访问到那里禁止的通信系统。 - * Google 已经同意为巴基斯坦政府执行特殊的 Youtube 审查，删除反动内容。 + * Amazon 和 Google 切断了域前置domain-fronting，该技术能使身处某些国家的人们访问到在那里禁止的通信系统。 + * Google 已经同意为巴基斯坦政府执行特殊的 Youtube 审查，删除对立观点。这将有助于压制异议。 * Youtube 的“content ID”会自动删除已发布的视频，这并不包含在版权法中。 这只是几个原因，你可以阅读上面我提到的 RMS 的文章，他详细解释了这几点。尽管听起来骇人听闻，但这些行为在现实生活中已经每天在发生。 -### 下一步， 我的搭建教程 +### 下一步，我的搭建教程 -我有一款[小米 Redmi Note 5 Pro][3] 智能手机（代号**whyred**），生产于中国的[小米][4]。它是 4 个月之前（写这篇文章的时候）我花了大约 185 欧元买的。 +我有一款[小米红米 Note 5 Pro][3] 智能手机（代号 whyred），生产于中国的[小米][4]。它是 4 个月之前（距写这篇文章的时候）我花了大约 185 欧元买的。 现在你也许会想，“但你为什么买中国品牌，他们不可靠”。是的，它不是通常你所期望的（品牌）所生产的，例如三星（人们通常会将它和安卓联系在一起，这显然是错的）、一加、诺基亚等。但你应当知道几乎所有的手机都生产于中国。 -我选择这款手机有几个原因，首先当然是价格。它是一款相当高**性价比**budget-friendly的产品，大多数人都能买得起。下一个原因（不仅仅）是说明书上的规格，在这个价位price tag上相当合适。拥有 6 英尺屏幕（全高清分辨率Full HD resolution），**4000 毫安电池**（一流的电池寿命），4GB RAM，64GB 存储，双后摄像头（12 MP + 5 MP），一个带闪光灯的前摄像头（13 MP）和一个高性能的骁龙Snapdragon 636，它可能是那时候最好的选择。 +我选择这款手机有几个原因，首先当然是价格。它是一款性价比budget-friendly相当高的产品，大多数人都能买得起。下一个原因是说明书上的规格（不仅仅是），在这个价位price tag上相当合适。拥有 6 英尺屏幕（全高清分辨率Full HD resolution），4000 毫安电池（一流的电池寿命），4GB RAM，64GB 存储，双后摄像头（12 MP + 5 MP），一个带闪光灯的前摄像头（13 MP）和一个高性能的骁龙Snapdragon 636，它可能是那时候最好的选择。 -随之而来的问题是 [MIUI][5]，大多数小米设备附带的安卓皮肤（除了 Android One 项目设备）。是的，它没有那么可怕，它有一些额外的功能，但问题在更深的地方。小米设备如此便宜（据我所知销售利润仅有 5-10%）的一个原因是**他们在系统里伴随 MIUI 添加了数据挖掘和广告**。这样的话，系统应用需要额外不必要的权限来获取你的数据并且进行广告轰炸，从中获取利润。 +随之而来的问题是 [MIUI][5]，大多数小米设备所附带的安卓外壳（除了 Android One 项目设备）。是的，它没有那么可怕，它有一些额外的功能，但问题在更深的地方。小米设备如此便宜（据我所知销售利润仅有 5-10%）的一个原因是**他们在系统里伴随 MIUI 添加了数据挖掘和广告**。这样的话，系统应用需要额外不必要的权限来获取你的数据并且进行广告轰炸，从中获取利润。 -更有趣的是，包含在内的天气应用想要访问我的联系人并且打电话，如果它仅是显示天气的话为什么需要访问。另一个例子是录音机应用，它也需要联系人和网络权限，可能想把录音发送回小米。 +更有趣的是，所包含的“天气”应用想要访问我的联系人并且拨打电话，如果它仅是显示天气的话为什么需要访问联系人呢。另一个例子是“录音机”应用，它也需要联系人和网络权限，可能想把录音发送回小米。 -为了解决它，我不得不格式化手机并且摆脱 MIUI。这在最近市场上的手机上就变得极为艰难。 +为了解决它，我不得不格式化手机并且摆脱 MIUI。在市场上近来的手机上这就变得极为艰难。 格式化手机的想法很简单，删除掉现有的系统然后安装一个新的喜欢的系统（这次是原生安卓）。为了实现它，你先得解锁 [bootloader][6]。 > bootloader 是一个在计算机完成自检后为其加载操作系统或者运行环境的计算机程序。—[维基百科][7] -问题是小米关于解锁 bootloader 有明确的政策。几个月之前，流程就像这样。你需向小米[申请][8]解锁代码，并提供真实的原因，但不是每次都成功，因为他们可以拒绝你的请求并且不提供理。 +问题是小米关于解锁 bootloader 有明确的政策。几个月之前，流程就像这样：你需向小米[申请][8]解锁代码，并提供真实的原因，但不是每次都成功，因为他们可以拒绝你的请求并且不提供理由。 -现在，流程变了。你要从小米那下载一个软件，叫做 [Mi Unlock][9]，在 Windows 电脑上安装它，在手机的[开发者模式中打开调试选项][10]，重启到 bootloader 模式（关机状态下长按音量下 + 电源键）并将手机连接到电脑上，开始一个叫做“同意”的流程。这个过程会在小米的服务器上启动一个定时器，允许你**在 15 天之后解锁手机**（在一些少数情况下或者一个月，完全随机）。 +现在，流程变了。你要从小米那下载一个软件，叫做 [Mi Unlock][9]，在 Windows 电脑上安装它，在手机的[开发者模式中打开调试选项][10]，重启到 bootloader 模式（关机状态下长按向下音量键 + 电源键）并将手机连接到电脑上，开始一个叫做“许可”的流程。这个过程会在小米的服务器上启动一个定时器，允许你**在 15 天之后解锁手机**（在一些少数情况下或者一个月，完全随机）。 ![Mi Unlock app][11] 15 天过去后，重新连接手机并重复之前的步骤，这时候按下解锁键，你的 bootloader 就会解锁，并且能够安装其他 ROM（系统）。**注意，确保你已经备份好了数据，因为解锁 bootloader 会清空手机。** -下一步就是找一个兼容的系统（[ROM][12]）。我在 [XDA 开发者论坛上][13]找了个遍，它是 Android 开发者和用户们交流想法、应用等东西的地方。幸运的是，我的手机相当流行，因此论坛上有它[专门的版块][14]。在那儿，我掠过一些流行的 ROM 并决定使用 [AOSiP ROM][15]。（AOSiP 代表安卓开源 illusion 项目Android Open Source illusion Project） +下一步就是找一个兼容的系统（[ROM][12]）。我在 [XDA 开发者论坛上][13]找了个遍，它是 Android 开发者和用户们交流想法、应用等东西的地方。幸运的是，我的手机相当流行，因此论坛上有它[专门的版块][14]。在那儿，我略过一些流行的 ROM 并决定使用 [AOSiP ROM][15]。（AOSiP 代表安卓开源 illusion 项目Android Open Source illusion Project） -**校订**：有人发邮件告诉我说文章里写的东西与目的就是[/e/][16]。我想说谢谢你的帮助，但完全不是这样。我关于 /e/ 的看法背后的原因可以见此[网站][17]，但我仍会在此列出一些原因。 +> **校订**：有人发邮件告诉我说文章里写的就是[/e/][16]的目的与所做的事情。我想说谢谢你的帮助，但完全不是这样。我关于 /e/ 的看法背后的原因可以见此[网站][17]，但我仍会在此列出一些原因。 -eelo 是一个从 Kickstarter 和 IndieGoGo 上集资并超过 200K € 的“基金会”，承诺创造一个开放、安全且保护隐私的移动 OS 和网页服务器。 +> eelo 是一个从 Kickstarter 和 IndieGoGo 上集资并超过 200K € 的“基金会”，承诺创造一个开放、安全且保护隐私的移动 OS 和网页服务器。 - 1. 他们的 OS 基于 LineageOS 14.1 (Android 7.1) 且搭载 microG 和其他开源应用，此系统已经存在很长一段时间了并且现在叫做 [Lineage for microG][18]。 - 2. 所有的应用程序并非从源代码构建，而是从 [APKPure][19] 上下载安装包并推送进 ROM，不知道那些安装包中是否包含专有代码proprietary code或恶意软件malware。 - 3. 有一段时间，它们就那样随意地从代码中删除 Lineage 版权标头copyright header并加入自己的。 - 4. 他们喜欢删除负面反馈并且监视用户 Telegram 群聊中的舆论。 +> 1. 他们的 OS 基于 LineageOS 14.1 (Android 7.1) 且搭载 microG 和其他开源应用，此系统已经存在很长一段时间了并且现在叫做 [Lineage for microG][18]。 +> 2. 所有的应用程序并非从源代码构建，而是从 [APKPure][19] 上下载安装包并推送进 ROM，不知道那些安装包中是否包含专有代码proprietary code或恶意软件malware。 +> 3. 有一段时间，它们就那样随意地从代码中删除 Lineage 的版权标头copyright header并加入自己的。 +> 4. 他们喜欢删除负面反馈并且监视用户 Telegram 群聊中的舆论。 -总而言之，我**不建议使用 /e/** ROM。（至少现在） +> 总而言之，我**不建议使用 /e/** ROM。（至少现在） -另一件你有可能要做的事情是获取手机的 [root 权限][20]，让它真正的成为你的手机，并且修改系统中的文件，例如使用系统范围的 adblocker 等。为了实现它，我决定使用 [Magisk][21]，一个天赐的应用，它由一个学生开发，可以帮你获取设备的 root 权限并安装叫做[模块][22]的基础软件。 +另一件你有可能要做的事情是获取手机的 [root 权限][20]，让它真正的成为你的手机，并且修改系统中的文件，例如使用系统范围的 adblocker 等。为了实现它，我决定使用 [Magisk][21]，一个天赐的应用，它由一个学生开发，可以帮你获取设备的 root 权限并安装一种叫做[模块][22]的东西，基本上是软件。 -下载 ROM 和 Magisk 之后，我得在手机上安装它们。为了完成安装，我将文件移动到了 SD 卡上。现在，若要安装系统，我需要使用 [recovery system][23]。我用的是较为普遍的 [TWRP][24]（代表 TeamWin Recovery Project）。 +下载 ROM 和 Magisk 之后，我得在手机上安装它们。为了完成安装，我将文件移动到了 SD 卡上。现在，若要安装系统，我需要使用 [恢复系统][23]。我用的是较为普遍的 [TWRP][24]（代表 TeamWin Recovery Project）。 -要安装 recovery system（听起来有点难，我知道），我需要将文件[烧录][20]进手机。为了完成烧录，我将手机用一个叫做 [ADB 的工具][25]连接上电脑（Fedora Linux 系统）。使用命令让自己定制的 recovery 系统覆盖掉原先的。 +要安装恢复系统（听起来有点难，我知道），我需要将文件[烧录][20]进手机。为了完成烧录，我将手机用一个叫做 [ADB 的工具][25]连接上电脑（Fedora Linux 系统）。使用命令让自己定制的恢复系统覆盖掉原先的。 -> fastboot flash recovery twrp.img +``` +fastboot flash recovery twrp.img +``` 完成之后，我关掉手机并按住音量上和电源键，直到 TWRP 界面显示。这意味着我进行顺利，并且它已经准备好接收我的指令。 ![TWRP screen][26] -下一步是**发送擦除命令**，在你第一次为手机安装自定义 ROM 时是必要的。如上图所示，擦除命令会清除掉数据Data，缓存Cache和 Dalvik 。（这里也有高级选项让我们可以勾选上来删除掉系统，如果我们不再需要旧系统的话） +下一步是**发送擦除命令**，在你第一次为手机安装自定义 ROM 时是必要的。如上图所示，擦除命令会清除掉数据Data，缓存Cache和 Dalvik 。（这里也有高级选项让我们可以勾选以删除掉系统，如果我们不再需要旧系统的话） 这需要几分钟去完成，之后，你的手机基本上就干净了。现在是时候**安装系统了**。通过按下主屏幕上的安装按钮，我们选择之前添加进的 zip 文件（ROM 文件）并滑动屏幕安装它。下一步，我们需要安装 Magisk，它可以给我们访问设备的 root 权限。 -**校订**：一些有经验的安卓用户或发烧友也许注意到了，手机上不包含 [GApps]（谷歌应用）。这在安卓世界里称之为 GApps-less，一个 GAps 应用也不安装。 +> **校订**：一些有经验的安卓用户或发烧友也许注意到了，手机上不包含 [GApps]（谷歌应用）。这在安卓世界里称之为 GApps-less，一个 GAps 应用也不安装。 -注意有一个不好之处在于若不安装 Google Services 有的应用无法正常工作，例如它们的通知也许会花更长的时间到达或者根本不起作用。（对我来说这一点是最影响应用程序使用的）原因是这些应用使用了 [Google Cloud Messaging][28]（现在叫做 [Firebase][29]）唤醒手机并推送通知。 +> 注意有一个不好之处在于若不安装 Google Services 有的应用无法正常工作，例如它们的通知也许会花更长的时间到达或者根本不起作用。（对我来说这一点是最影响应用程序使用的）原因是这些应用使用了 [Google Cloud Messaging][28]（现在叫做 [Firebase][29]）唤醒手机并推送通知。 -你可以通过安装使用 [microG][30]（部分地）解决它，microG 提供一些 Google Services 的特性且允许你拥有更多的控制。我不建议使用它，因为它仍然有助于 Google Services 并且你不一定信任它。但是，如果你没法立刻放弃使用go cold turkey on it，只想慢慢地退出谷歌，这便是一个好的开始。 +> 你可以通过安装使用 [microG][30]（部分地）解决它，microG 提供一些 Google Services 的特性且允许你拥有更多的控制。我不建议使用它，因为它仍然有助于 Google Services 并且你不一定信任它。但是，如果你没法立刻放弃使用go cold turkey on it，只想慢慢地退出谷歌，这便是一个好的开始。 都成功地安装之后，现在我们重启手机，就进入了主屏幕。 ### 下一个部分，安装应用并配置一切 -事情开始变得简单了。为了安装应用，我使用了 [F-Droid][31]，一个可替代的应用商店，里面**只包含免费和开源应用**。如果这里没有你要的应用，你可以使用 [Aurora Store][32]，一个从应用商店里下载应用且不需要使用谷歌帐号或被追踪的客户端。 +事情开始变得简单了。为了安装应用，我使用了 [F-Droid][31]，一个可替代的应用商店，里面**只包含自由及开源应用**。如果这里没有你要的应用，你可以使用 [Aurora Store][32]，一个从应用商店里下载应用且不需要使用谷歌帐号或被追踪的客户端。 -F-Droid 里面有 repos，一个包含你可以安装应用的“仓库”。我使用默认的仓库，并从 [IzzyOnDroid][33] 添加了另一个，它有更多默认仓库中没有的应用，并且它更新地更频繁。 +F-Droid 里面有名为 repos 的东西，它是一个包含你可以安装应用的“仓库”。我使用默认的仓库，并从 [IzzyOnDroid][33] 添加了另一个，它有更多默认仓库中没有的应用，并且它更新地更频繁。 ![My repos][34] 从下面你可以发现我所安装的应用清单，它们替代的应用与用途。 -AdAway > 系统广告拦截器，使用 hosts 文件拦截所有的广告 -AfWall+ > 一个防火墙，可以阻止不想要的连接 -Amaze > 替代系统的文件管理器，允许文件的 root 访问权限，并且拥有 zip/unzip 功能。 -Ameixa > 大多数应用的图标包 -andOTP > 替代谷歌验证/Authy，一个可以用来登录网站并报告哪里开启了双因子验证2FA的 TOTP 应用。 -AnySoftKeyboard/AOSP Keyboard > 开源键盘，它有许多主题和语言包，我也是其项目一员 -Battery Charge Limit > 当到 80% 时自动停止充电，降低电池磨损battery wear并增加寿命 -DAVx5 > 这是我最常用的应用之一，对我来说它基本上替代了谷歌联系人，谷歌日历和谷歌 Tasks，它连接着我的 Nextcloud 实例让我完全控制自己的数据 -Document Viewer > 一个可以打开数百种文件格式的查看器应用，快速、轻量 -Deezloader Remix （让我可以在 Deezer 上下载高质量 MP3 的应用） -Easy xkcd > xkcd 漫画阅读器，我喜欢这些 xkcd 漫画 -Etar > 日历应用，替代谷歌日历，与 DAVx5 一同工作 -FastHub-Libre > 一个 GitHub 客户端，完全 FOSS（自由及开源软件），非常实用如果你像我一样喜欢使用 Github 扩展。 -Fennec F-Droid > 替代谷歌 Chrome 和其他类似的应用，一个 F-Droid 品牌的火狐浏览器，不含专有二进制代码并允许安装扩展提升浏览体验 -Gadgetbridge > 替代小米运动，可以用来配对小米硬件的应用，追踪你的健康，步数，睡眠等。 -K-9 Mail > 邮件客户端，替代 GMail 应用，可定制并可以添加多个账户 -Lawnchair > 启动器，可以替代 Nova Launcher 或 Pixel Launcher，允许自定义并有各样的改变，也支持图标包 -Mattermost > 可以连接 Mattermost 服务器的应用，Mattermost 可替代 Slack -NewPipe > 最好的 YouTube 客户端 IMO，替代 YoubTube，它完全是 FOSS，免除 YouTube 广告，占用更少空间，允许背景播放，允许下载视频/音频等。试一试吧。 -Nextcloud SMS > 允许备份/同步 SMS 到我的 Nextcloud 实例 -Nextcloud Notes > 允许我创建，修改，删除，分享笔记并同步/备份到 Nextcloud 实例 -OpenTasks > 允许我创建，修改，删除任务并同步到 Nextcloud 实例 -OsmAnd~ > 一个地图应用，使用 OpenStreetMap，允许下载离线地图和导航 -QKSMS > 我最喜欢的 SMS 应用，替代 stock Messaging 应用，拥有漂亮的界面，拥有备份，个性化，延迟发送等特性。 -Resplash/Mysplash > 允许你无限地从 Unsplash 下载漂亮的壁纸，全部免费使用与修改。 -ScreenCam > 一个录屏工具，允许各样的自定义和录制模式，没有广告并且免费 -SecScanQR > QR 码识别应用，快速轻量 -Send Reduced Free > 这个应用可以在发送之前通过减少 PPI（个人识别信息personally identifiable information）让你立即分享大图 -Slide > 开源 Reddit 客户端 -Telegram FOSS > 没有追踪和 Google Services 的干净版本 Telegram 安卓客户端 -TrebleShot > 这个天才般的应用可以让你通过 WIFI 分享文件，真的非常快，且无需连接网络 -Tusky > Tusky 是 Mastodon 平台的客户端（Mastodon 替代 Twitter） -Unit Converter Ultimate > 这款应用可以在 200 种单位之间来回转换，非常快并且完全离线 -Vinyl Music Player > 我喜欢的音乐播放器，替代谷歌音乐播放器或任何其他音乐播放器，它有漂亮的界面和许多特性 -VPN Hotspot > 这款应用可以让我打开热点的时候分享 VPN，因此我可以不用做任何别的事情来安全地浏览网页，甚至是在笔记本上 +- [AdAway](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/org.adaway) > 系统广告拦截器，使用 hosts 文件拦截所有的广告 +- [AfWall+](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/dev.ukanth.ufirewall) > 一个防火墙，可以阻止不想要的连接 +- [Amaze](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.amaze.filemanager) > 替代系统的文件管理器，允许文件的 root 访问权限，并且拥有 zip/unzip 功能 +- [Ameixa](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/org.xphnx.ameixa) > 大多数应用的图标包 +- [andOTP](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/org.shadowice.flocke.andotp) > 替代谷歌验证器/Authy，一个可以用来登录启用了双因子验证2FA的网站账户的 TOTP 应用，可以使用 PIN 码备份和锁定 +- [AnySoftKeyboard/AOSP Keyboard](https://f-droid.org/packages/com.menny.android.anysoftkeyboard/) > 开源键盘，它有许多主题和语言包，我也是该[项目](https://anysoftkeyboard.github.io/)的一员 +- [Audio Recorder](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.github.axet.audiorecorder) > 如其名字，允许你从麦克风录制不同格式的音频文件 +- [Battery Charge Limit](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.slash.batterychargelimit) > 当到 80% 时自动停止充电，降低电池磨损battery wear并增加寿命 +- [DAVx5](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/at.bitfire.davdroid) > 这是我最常用的应用之一，对我来说它基本上替代了谷歌联系人、谷歌日历和谷歌 Tasks，它连接着我的 Nextcloud 环境可以让我完全控制自己的数据 +- [Document Viewer](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/org.sufficientlysecure.viewer) > 一个可以打开数百种文件格式的查看器应用，快速、轻量 +- [Deezloader Remix](https://gitlab.com/Nick80835/DeezLoader-Android/) > 让我可以在 Deezer 上下载高质量 MP3 的应用 +- [Easy xkcd](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/de.tap.easy_xkcd) > xkcd 漫画阅读器，我喜欢这些 xkcd 漫画 +- [Etar](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/ws.xsoh.etar) > 日历应用，替代谷歌日历，与 DAVx5 一同工作 +- [FastHub-Libre](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.fastaccess.github.libre) > 一个 GitHub 客户端，完全 FOSS（自由及开源软件），非常实用如果你像我一样喜欢使用 Github 的话 +- [Fennec F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/org.mozilla.fennec_fdroid) > 替代谷歌 Chrome 和其他类似的应用，一个为 F-Droid 打造的火狐浏览器，不含专有二进制代码并允许安装扩展提升浏览体验 +- [Gadgetbridge](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/nodomain.freeyourgadget.gadgetbridge) > 替代小米运动，可以用来配对小米硬件的应用，追踪你的健康、步数、睡眠等。 +- [K-9 Mail](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.fsck.k9) > 邮件客户端，替代 GMail 应用，可定制并可以添加多个账户 +- [Lawnchair](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/ch.deletescape.lawnchair.plah) > 启动器，可以替代 Nova Launcher 或 Pixel Launcher，允许自定义和各种改变，也支持图标包 +- [Mattermost](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.mattermost.mattermost) > 可以连接 Mattermost 服务器的应用。Mattermost 是一个 Slack 替代品 +- [NewPipe](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/org.schabi.newpipe) > 最好的 YouTube 客户端（我认为），可以替代 YoubTube，它完全是 FOSS，免除 YouTube 广告，占用更少空间，允许背景播放，允许下载视频/音频等。试一试吧 +- [Nextcloud SMS](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/fr.unix_experience.owncloud_sms) > 允许备份/同步 SMS 到我的 Nextcloud 环境 +- [Nextcloud Notes](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/it.niedermann.owncloud.notes) > 允许我创建，修改，删除，分享笔记并同步/备份到 Nextcloud 环境 +- [OpenTasks](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/org.dmfs.tasks) > 允许我创建、修改、删除任务并同步到我的 Nextcloud 环境 +- [OsmAnd~](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/net.osmand.plus) > 一个地图应用，使用 [OpenStreetMap](https://openstreetmap.org/)，允许下载离线地图和导航 +- [QKSMS](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.moez.QKSMS) > 我最喜欢的短信应用，可以替代原来的 Messaging 应用，拥有漂亮的界面，拥有备份、个性化、延迟发送等特性。 +- [Resplash/Mysplash](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.wangdaye.mysplash) > 允许你无限地从 [Unsplash](https://unsplash.com/) 下载无数的漂亮壁纸，全都可以免费使用和修改。 +- [ScreenCam](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.orpheusdroid.screenrecorder) > 一个录屏工具，允许各样的自定义和录制模式，没有广告并且免费 +- [SecScanQR](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/de.t_dankworth.secscanqr) > 二维码识别应用，快速轻量 +- [Send Reduced Free](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/mobi.omegacentauri.SendReduced) > 这个应用可以在发送之前通过移除 PII（个人识别信息personally identifiable information）和减小尺寸，让你立即分享大图 +- [Slide](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/me.ccrama.redditslide/) > 开源 Reddit 客户端 +- [Telegram FOSS](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/org.telegram.messenger) > 没有追踪和 Google Services 的纯净版 Telegram 安卓客户端 +- [TrebleShot](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.genonbeta.TrebleShot) > 这个天才般的应用可以让你通过 WIFI 分享文件给其它设备，真的超快，甚至无需连接网络 +- [Tusky](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.keylesspalace.tusky) > Tusky 是 [Mastodon](https://joinmastodon.org/) 平台的客户端（替代 Twitter） +- [Unit Converter Ultimate](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.physphil.android.unitconverterultimate) > 这款应用可以一键在 200 种单位之间来回转换，非常快并且完全离线 +- [Vinyl Music Player](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.poupa.vinylmusicplayer) > 我首选的音乐播放器，可以替代谷歌音乐播放器或其他你已经安装的音乐播放器，它有漂亮的界面和许多特性 +- [VPN Hotspot](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/be.mygod.vpnhotspot) > 这款应用可以让我打开热点的时候分享 VPN，因此我可以在笔记本上什么都不用做就可以安全地浏览网页 这些差不多就是我列出的一张**最实用的 F-Droid 应用**清单，但不巧，这些并不是所有应用。我使用的专有应用如下（我知道，我也许听起来是一个伪君子，但并不是所有的应用都可以替代，至少现在不是）： - * AliExpress - * Boost for Reddit - * Google Camera（与 Camera API 2 耦合，它可以让我用 185 欧元的手机拍一张非常棒的图片，真是太不可思议了） + * Google Camera（与 Camera API 2 结合起来，需要 F-Droid 的基本的 microG 才能工作） * Instagram - * MediaBox HD （让我可以看流媒体电影） - * Mi Fit （与小米手环 2 配对的应用） * MyVodafoneAL （运营商应用） * ProtonMail （email 应用） - * Shazam Encore （识别咖啡店里你经常能听到的歌曲） - * Snapseed （图片编辑应用，非常简单，强大，相当棒） - * Spotify （在线音乐） * Titanium Backup（备份应用数据，wifi 密码，通话记录等） - * ViPER4Android FX （音乐均衡器） - * VSCO （图片编辑，从没真正用过） - * WhatsApp （E2E 专有聊天应用，几乎我认识的所有人都有它） - * WiFi Map（地图标注可用的热点，在国外非常方便） + * WhatsApp （专有的端到端聊天应用，几乎我认识的所有人都有它） -差不多就是这样，我用的手机上所有的应用。**配置非常简单明了，我可以给几点提示**。 +差不多就是这样，这就是我用的手机上所有的应用。**配置非常简单明了，我可以给几点提示**。 1. 仔细阅读和检查应用的权限，不要无脑地点“安装”。 - 2. 尽可能多地使用开源应用，它们即尊重你的隐私又是免费的。（既“free beer软件好用下次请我喝一杯” 又自由） + 2. 尽可能多地使用开源应用，它们即尊重你的隐私又是免费的（且自由）。 3. 尽可能地使用 VPN，找一个有名气的，别用免费的，否则你将被收割数据然后成为产品。 4. 不要一直打开 WIFI/移动数据/定位，有可能引起安全隐患。 - 5. 不要只依赖指纹解锁，或者尽可能只用 PIN/密码/模式解锁，因为生物数据可以被克隆后反对你，例如解锁你的手机盗取你的数据。 + 5. 不要只依赖指纹解锁，或者尽可能只用 PIN/密码/模式解锁，因为生物数据可以被克隆后针对你，例如解锁你的手机盗取你的数据。 作为坚持读到这儿的奖励，**一张主屏幕的截图奉上** ![Screenshot][35] + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://lushka.al/my-android-setup/ @@ -173,7 +168,7 @@ via: https://lushka.al/my-android-setup/ 作者：[Anxhelo Lushka][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[LuuMing](https://github.com/luuming) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From e72c4812aef4c8ceb54998fb402724c396f0f384 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Tue, 2 Apr 2019 13:36:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 087/143] PUB:20181108 My Google-free Android life.md @LuuMing https://linux.cn/article-10677-1.html --- .../20181108 My Google-free Android life.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20181108 My Google-free Android life.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20181108 My Google-free Android life.md b/published/20181108 My Google-free Android life.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20181108 My Google-free Android life.md rename to published/20181108 My Google-free Android life.md index 6b62775f5c..782f03f454 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20181108 My Google-free Android life.md +++ b/published/20181108 My Google-free Android life.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (LuuMing) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10677-1.html) [#]: subject: (My Google-free Android life) [#]: via: (https://lushka.al/my-android-setup/) [#]: author: (Anxhelo Lushka https://lushka.al/) From 6d469b47e5a04fd33fe22cc92795e32e18080b4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 2 Apr 2019 16:54:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 088/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190327=20Standa?= =?UTF-8?q?rdizing=20WASI:=20A=20system=20interface=20to=20run=20WebAssemb?= =?UTF-8?q?ly=20outside=20the=20web=20sources/tech/20190327=20Standardizin?= =?UTF-8?q?g=20WASI-=20A=20system=20interface=20to=20run=20WebAssembly=20o?= =?UTF-8?q?utside=20the=20web.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...face to run WebAssembly outside the web.md | 347 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 347 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190327 Standardizing WASI- A system interface to run WebAssembly outside the web.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190327 Standardizing WASI- A system interface to run WebAssembly outside the web.md b/sources/tech/20190327 Standardizing WASI- A system interface to run WebAssembly outside the web.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c96c875947 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190327 Standardizing WASI- A system interface to run WebAssembly outside the web.md @@ -0,0 +1,347 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Standardizing WASI: A system interface to run WebAssembly outside the web) +[#]: via: (https://hacks.mozilla.org/2019/03/standardizing-wasi-a-webassembly-system-interface/) +[#]: author: (Lin Clark https://twitter.com/linclark) + +Standardizing WASI: A system interface to run WebAssembly outside the web +====== + +Today, we announce the start of a new standardization effort — WASI, the WebAssembly system interface. + +**Why:** Developers are starting to push WebAssembly beyond the browser, because it provides a fast, scalable, secure way to run the same code across all machines. + +But we don’t yet have a solid foundation to build upon. Code outside of a browser needs a way to talk to the system — a system interface. And the WebAssembly platform doesn’t have that yet. + +**What:** WebAssembly is an assembly language for a conceptual machine, not a physical one. This is why it can be run across a variety of different machine architectures. + +Just as WebAssembly is an assembly language for a conceptual machine, WebAssembly needs a system interface for a conceptual operating system, not any single operating system. This way, it can be run across all different OSs. + +This is what WASI is — a system interface for the WebAssembly platform. + +We aim to create a system interface that will be a true companion to WebAssembly and last the test of time. This means upholding the key principles of WebAssembly — portability and security. + +**Who:** We are chartering a WebAssembly subgroup to focus on standardizing [WASI][1]. We’ve already gathered interested partners, and are looking for more to join. + +Here are some of the reasons that we, our partners, and our supporters think this is important: + +### Sean White, Chief R&D Officer of Mozilla + +“WebAssembly is already transforming the way the web brings new kinds of compelling content to people and empowers developers and creators to do their best work on the web. Up to now that’s been through browsers, but with WASI we can deliver the benefits of WebAssembly and the web to more users, more places, on more devices, and as part of more experiences.” + +### Tyler McMullen, CTO of Fastly + +“We are taking WebAssembly beyond the browser, as a platform for fast, safe execution of code in our edge cloud. Despite the differences in environment between our edge and browsers, WASI means WebAssembly developers won’t have to port their code to each different platform.” + +### Myles Borins, Node Technical Steering committee director + +“WebAssembly could solve one of the biggest problems in Node — how to get close-to-native speeds and reuse code written in other languages like C and C++ like you can with native modules, while still remaining portable and secure. Standardizing this system interface is the first step towards making that happen.” + +### Laurie Voss, co-founder of npm + +“npm is tremendously excited by the potential WebAssembly holds to expand the capabilities of the npm ecosystem while hugely simplifying the process of getting native code to run in server-side JavaScript applications. We look forward to the results of this process.” + +So that’s the big news! 🎉 + +There are currently 3 implementations of WASI: + + ++ [wasmtime](https://github.com/CraneStation/wasmtime), Mozilla’s WebAssembly runtime ++ [Lucet](https://www.fastly.com/blog/announcing-lucet-fastly-native-webassembly-compiler-runtime), Fastly’s WebAssembly runtime ++ [a browser polyfill](https://wasi.dev/polyfill/) + + +You can see WASI in action in this video: + + + +And if you want to learn more about our proposal for how this system interface should work, keep reading. + +### What’s a system interface? + +Many people talk about languages like C giving you direct access to system resources. But that’s not quite true. + +These languages don’t have direct access to do things like open or create files on most systems. Why not? + +Because these system resources — such as files, memory, and network connections— are too important for stability and security. + +If one program unintentionally messes up the resources of another, then it could crash the program. Even worse, if a program (or user) intentionally messes with the resources of another, it could steal sensitive data. + +[![A frowning terminal window indicating a crash, and a file with a broken lock indicating a data leak][2]][3] + +So we need a way to control which programs and users can access which resources. People figured this out pretty early on, and came up with a way to provide this control: protection ring security. + +With protection ring security, the operating system basically puts a protective barrier around the system’s resources. This is the kernel. The kernel is the only thing that gets to do operations like creating a new file or opening a file or opening a network connection. + +The user’s programs run outside of this kernel in something called user mode. If a program wants to do anything like open a file, it has to ask the kernel to open the file for it. + +[![A file directory structure on the left, with a protective barrier in the middle containing the operating system kernel, and an application knocking for access on the right][4]][5] + +This is where the concept of the system call comes in. When a program needs to ask the kernel to do one of these things, it asks using a system call. This gives the kernel a chance to figure out which user is asking. Then it can see if that user has access to the file before opening it. + +On most devices, this is the only way that your code can access the system’s resources — through system calls. + +[![An application asking the operating system to put data into an open file][6]][7] + +The operating system makes the system calls available. But if each operating system has its own system calls, wouldn’t you need a different version of the code for each operating system? Fortunately, you don’t. + +How is this problem solved? Abstraction. + +Most languages provide a standard library. While coding, the programmer doesn’t need to know what system they are targeting. They just use the interface. + +Then, when compiling, your toolchain picks which implementation of the interface to use based on what system you’re targeting. This implementation uses functions from the operating system’s API, so it’s specific to the system. + +This is where the system interface comes in. For example, `printf` being compiled for a Windows machine could use the Windows API to interact with the machine. If it’s being compiled for Mac or Linux, it will use POSIX instead. + +[![The interface for putc being translated into two different implementations, one implemented using POSIX and one implemented using Windows APIs][8]][9] + +This poses a problem for WebAssembly, though. + +With WebAssembly, you don’t know what kind of operating system you’re targeting even when you’re compiling. So you can’t use any single OS’s system interface inside the WebAssembly implementation of the standard library. + +[![an empty implementation of putc][10]][11] + +I’ve talked before about how WebAssembly is [an assembly language for a conceptual machine][12], not a real machine. In the same way, WebAssembly needs a system interface for a conceptual operating system, not a real operating system. + +But there are already runtimes that can run WebAssembly outside the browser, even without having this system interface in place. How do they do it? Let’s take a look. + +### How is WebAssembly running outside the browser today? + +The first tool for producing WebAssembly was Emscripten. It emulates a particular OS system interface, POSIX, on the web. This means that the programmer can use functions from the C standard library (libc). + +To do this, Emscripten created its own implementation of libc. This implementation was split in two — part was compiled into the WebAssembly module, and the other part was implemented in JS glue code. This JS glue would then call into the browser, which would then talk to the OS. + +[![A Rube Goldberg machine showing how a call goes from a WebAssembly module, into Emscripten's JS glue code, into the browser, into the kernel][13]][14] + +Most of the early WebAssembly code was compiled with Emscripten. So when people started wanting to run WebAssembly without a browser, they started by making Emscripten-compiled code run. + +So these runtimes needed to create their own implementations for all of these functions that were in the JS glue code. + +There’s a problem here, though. The interface provided by this JS glue code wasn’t designed to be a standard, or even a public facing interface. That wasn’t the problem it was solving. + +For example, for a function that would be called something like `read` in an API that was designed to be a public interface, the JS glue code instead uses `_system3(which, varargs)`. + +[![A clean interface for read, vs a confusing one for system3][15]][16] + +The first parameter, `which`, is an integer which is always the same as the number in the name (so 3 in this case). + +The second parameter, `varargs`, are the arguments to use. It’s called `varargs` because you can have a variable number of them. But WebAssembly doesn’t provide a way to pass in a variable number of arguments to a function. So instead, the arguments are passed in via linear memory. This isn’t type safe, and it’s also slower than it would be if the arguments could be passed in using registers. + +That was fine for Emscripten running in the browser. But now runtimes are treating this as a de facto standard, implementing their own versions of the JS glue code. They are emulating an internal detail of an emulation layer of POSIX. + +This means they are re-implementing choices (like passing arguments in as heap values) that made sense based on Emscripten’s constraints, even though these constraints don’t apply in their environments. + +[![A more convoluted Rube Goldberg machine, with the JS glue and browser being emulated by a WebAssembly runtime][17]][18] + +If we’re going to build a WebAssembly ecosystem that lasts for decades, we need solid foundations. This means our de facto standard can’t be an emulation of an emulation. + +But what principles should we apply? + +### What principles does a WebAssembly system interface need to uphold? + +There are two important principles that are baked into WebAssembly : + + * portability + * security + + + +We need to maintain these key principles as we move to outside-the-browser use cases. + +As it is, POSIX and Unix’s Access Control approach to security don’t quite get us there. Let’s look at where they fall short. + +### Portability + +POSIX provides source code portability. You can compile the same source code with different versions of libc to target different machines. + +[![One C source file being compiled to multiple binaries][19]][20] + +But WebAssembly needs to go one step beyond this. We need to be able to compile once and run across a whole bunch of different machines. We need portable binaries. + +[![One C source file being compiled to a single binary][21]][22] + +This kind of portability makes it much easier to distribute code to users. + +For example, if Node’s native modules were written in WebAssembly, then users wouldn’t need to run node-gyp when they install apps with native modules, and developers wouldn’t need to configure and distribute dozens of binaries. + +### Security + +When a line of code asks the operating system to do some input or output, the OS needs to determine if it is safe to do what the code asks. + +Operating systems typically handle this with access control that is based on ownership and groups. + +For example, the program might ask the OS to open a file. A user has a certain set of files that they have access to. + +When the user starts the program, the program runs on behalf of that user. If the user has access to the file — either because they are the owner or because they are in a group with access — then the program has that same access, too. + +[![An application asking to open a file that is relevant to what it's doing][23]][24] + +This protects users from each other. That made a lot of sense when early operating systems were developed. Systems were often multi-user, and administrators controlled what software was installed. So the most prominent threat was other users taking a peek at your files. + +That has changed. Systems now are usually single user, but they are running code that pulls in lots of other, third party code of unknown trustworthiness. Now the biggest threat is that the code that you yourself are running will turn against you. + +For example, let’s say that the library you’re using in an application gets a new maintainer (as often happens in open source). That maintainer might have your interest at heart… or they might be one of the bad guys. And if they have access to do anything on your system — for example, open any of your files and send them over the network — then their code can do a lot of damage. + +[![An evil application asking for access to the users bitcoin wallet and opening up a network connection][25]][26] + +This is why using third-party libraries that can talk directly to the system can be dangerous. + +WebAssembly’s way of doing security is different. WebAssembly is sandboxed. + +This means that code can’t talk directly to the OS. But then how does it do anything with system resources? The host (which might be a browser, or might be a wasm runtime) puts functions in the sandbox that the code can use. + +This means that the host can limit what a program can do on a program-by-program basis. It doesn’t just let the program act on behalf of the user, calling any system call with the user’s full permissions. + +Just having a mechanism for sandboxing doesn’t make a system secure in and of itself — the host can still put all of the capabilities into the sandbox, in which case we’re no better off — but it at least gives hosts the option of creating a more secure system. + +[![A runtime placing safe functions into the sandbox with an application][27]][28] + +In any system interface we design, we need to uphold these two principles. Portability makes it easier to develop and distribute software, and providing the tools for hosts to secure themselves or their users is an absolute must., + +### What should this system interface look like? + +Given those two key principles, what should the design of the WebAssembly system interface be? + +That’s what we’ll figure out through the standardization process. We do have a proposal to start with, though: + + * Create a modular set of standard interfaces + * Start with standardizing the most fundamental module, wasi-core + + + +[![Multiple modules encased in the WASI standards effort][29]][30] + +What will be in wasi-core? + +wasi-core will contain the basics that all programs need. It will cover much of the same ground as POSIX, including things such as files, network connections, clocks, and random numbers. + +And it will take a very similar approach to POSIX for many of these things. For example, it will use POSIX’s file-oriented approach, where you have system calls such as open, close, read, and write and everything else basically provides augmentations on top. + +But wasi-core won’t cover everything that POSIX does. For example, the process concept does not map clearly onto WebAssembly. And beyond that, it doesn’t make sense to say that every WebAssembly engine needs to support process operations like `fork`. But we also want to make it possible to standardize `fork`. + +This is where the modular approach comes in. This way, we can get good standardization coverage while still allowing niche platforms to use only the parts of WASI that make sense for them. + +[![Modules filled in with possible areas for standardization, such as processes, sensors, 3D graphics, etc][31]][32] + +Languages like Rust will use wasi-core directly in their standard libraries. For example, Rust’s `open` is implemented by calling `__wasi_path_open` when it’s compiled to WebAssembly. + +For C and C++, we’ve created a [wasi-sysroot][33] that implements libc in terms of wasi-core functions. + +[![The Rust and C implementations of openat with WASI][34]][35] + +We expect compilers like Clang to be ready to interface with the WASI API, and complete toolchains like the Rust compiler and Emscripten to use WASI as part of their system implementations + +How does the user’s code call these WASI functions? + +The runtime that is running the code passes the wasi-core functions in as imports. + +[![A runtime placing an imports object into the sandbox][36]][37] + +This gives us portability, because each host can have their own implementation of wasi-core that is specifically written for their platform — from WebAssembly runtimes like Mozilla’s wasmtime and Fastly’s Lucet, to Node, or even the browser. + +It also gives us sandboxing because the host can choose which wasi-core functions to pass in — so, which system calls to allow — on a program-by-program basis. This preserves security. + +[ +][38][![Three runtimes—wastime, Node, and the browser—passing their own implementations of wasi_fd_open into the sandbox][39]][40] + +WASI gives us a way to extend this security even further. It brings in more concepts from capability-based security. + +Traditionally, if code needs to open a file, it calls `open` with a string, which is the path name. Then the OS does a check to see if the code has permission (based on the user who started the program). + +With WASI, if you’re calling a function that needs to access a file, you have to pass in a file descriptor, which has permissions attached to it. This could be for the file itself, or for a directory that contains the file. + +This way, you can’t have code that randomly asks to open `/etc/passwd`. Instead, the code can only operate on the directories that are passed in to it. + +[![Two evil apps in sandboxes. The one on the left is using POSIX and succeeds at opening a file it shouldn't have access to. The other is using WASI and can't open the file.][41]][42] + +This makes it possible to safely give sandboxed code more access to different system calls — because the capabilities of these system calls can be limited. + +And this happens on a module-by-module basis. By default, a module doesn’t have any access to file descriptors. But if code in one module has a file descriptor, it can choose to pass that file descriptor to functions it calls in other modules. Or it can create more limited versions of the file descriptor to pass to the other functions. + +So the runtime passes in the file descriptors that an app can use to the top level code, and then file descriptors get propagated through the rest of the system on an as-needed basis. + +[![The runtime passing a directory to the app, and then then app passing a file to a function][43]][44] + +This gets WebAssembly closer to the principle of least privilege, where a module can only access the exact resources it needs to do its job. + +These concepts come from capability-oriented systems, like CloudABI and Capsicum. One problem with capability-oriented systems is that it is often hard to port code to them. But we think this problem can be solved. + +If code already uses `openat` with relative file paths, compiling the code will just work. + +If code uses `open` and migrating to the `openat` style is too much up-front investment, WASI can provide an incremental solution. With [libpreopen][45], you can create a list of file paths that the application legitimately needs access to. Then you can use `open`, but only with those paths. + +### What’s next? + +We think wasi-core is a good start. It preserves WebAssembly’s portability and security, providing a solid foundation for an ecosystem. + +But there are still questions we’ll need to address after wasi-core is fully standardized. Those questions include: + + * asynchronous I/O + * file watching + * file locking + + + +This is just the beginning, so if you have ideas for how to solve these problems, [join us][1]! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://hacks.mozilla.org/2019/03/standardizing-wasi-a-webassembly-system-interface/ + +作者：[Samuel D. Crow;Olivier Mengué;Andy Jackson;Quentin Quaadgras;Roberto Malatesta][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://twitter.com/linclark +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://wasi.dev/ +[2]: https://2r4s9p1yi1fa2jd7j43zph8r-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/files/2019/03/01-01_crash-data-leak-1-500x220.png +[3]: https://2r4s9p1yi1fa2jd7j43zph8r-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/files/2019/03/01-01_crash-data-leak-1.png +[4]: https://2r4s9p1yi1fa2jd7j43zph8r-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/files/2019/03/01-02-protection-ring-sec-1-500x298.png +[5]: https://2r4s9p1yi1fa2jd7j43zph8r-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/files/2019/03/01-02-protection-ring-sec-1.png +[6]: https://2r4s9p1yi1fa2jd7j43zph8r-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/files/2019/03/01-03-syscall-1-500x227.png +[7]: 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beginning, so if you have ideas for how to solve these problems via: https://hacks.mozilla.org/2019/03/standardizing-wasi-a-webassembly-system-interface/ -作者：[Samuel D. Crow;Olivier Mengué;Andy Jackson;Quentin Quaadgras;Roberto Malatesta][a] +作者：[Lin Clark][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) From 83dcf451b0fea1e7f3798e7cd3f7d86c103c4f6a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 2 Apr 2019 17:09:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 090/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190327=20Settin?= =?UTF-8?q?g=20kernel=20command=20line=20arguments=20with=20Fedora=2030=20?= =?UTF-8?q?sources/tech/20190327=20Setting=20kernel=20command=20line=20arg?= =?UTF-8?q?uments=20with=20Fedora=2030.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...l command line arguments with Fedora 30.md | 85 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 85 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190327 Setting kernel command line arguments with Fedora 30.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190327 Setting kernel command line arguments with Fedora 30.md b/sources/tech/20190327 Setting kernel command line arguments with Fedora 30.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..481428b14a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190327 Setting kernel command line arguments with Fedora 30.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Setting kernel command line arguments with Fedora 30) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/setting-kernel-command-line-arguments-with-fedora-30/) +[#]: author: (Laura Abbott https://fedoramagazine.org/makes-fedora-kernel/) + +Setting kernel command line arguments with Fedora 30 +====== + +![][1] + +Adding options to the kernel command line is a common task when debugging or experimenting with the kernel. The upcoming Fedora 30 release made a change to use Bootloader Spec ([BLS][2]). Depending on how you are used to modifying kernel command line options, your workflow may now change. Read on for more information. + +To determine if your system is running with BLS or the older layout, look in the file + +``` +/etc/default/grub +``` + +If you see + +``` +GRUB_ENABLE_BLSCFG=true +``` + +in there, you are running with the BLS setup and you may need to change how you set kernel command line arguments. + +If you only want to modify a single kernel entry (for example, to temporarily work around a display problem) you can use a grubby command + +``` +$ grubby --update-kernel /boot/vmlinuz-5.0.1-300.fc30.x86_64 --args="amdgpu.dc=0" +``` + +To remove a kernel argument, you can use the + +``` +--remove-args +``` +argument to grubby + +``` +$ grubby --update-kernel /boot/vmlinuz-5.0.1-300.fc30.x86_64 --remove-args="amdgpu.dc=0" +``` + +If there is an option that should be added to every kernel command line (for example, you always want to disable the use of the rdrand instruction for random number generation) you can run a grubby command: + +``` +$ grubby --update-kernel=ALL --args="nordrand" +``` + +This will update the command line of all kernel entries and save the option to the saved kernel command line for future entries. + +If you later want to remove the option from all kernels, you can again use + +``` +--remove-args +``` +with + +``` +--update-kernel=ALL +``` + +``` +$ grubby --update-kernel=ALL --remove-args="nordrand" +``` + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/setting-kernel-command-line-arguments-with-fedora-30/ + +作者：[Laura Abbott][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/makes-fedora-kernel/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/f30-kernel-1-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/BootLoaderSpecByDefault From 3da14bb953eca74e44475f098b0c0be57f3c7944 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 2 Apr 2019 17:11:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 091/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190317=20How=20?= =?UTF-8?q?To=20Configure=20sudo=20Access=20In=20Linux=3F=20sources/tech/2?= =?UTF-8?q?0190317=20How=20To=20Configure=20sudo=20Access=20In=20Linux.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...7 How To Configure sudo Access In Linux.md | 301 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 301 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190317 How To Configure sudo Access In Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190317 How To Configure sudo Access In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190317 How To Configure sudo Access In Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f147c07d55 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190317 How To Configure sudo Access In Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,301 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How To Configure sudo Access In Linux?) +[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-configure-sudo-access-in-linux/) +[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) + +How To Configure sudo Access In Linux? +====== + +The root user has all the controls in Linux system. + +root user is the most powerful user in the Linux system and can perform any action in the system. + +If any users wants to perform some actions, don’t provide the root access to anybody because if he/she done anything wrong there is no option/way to rectify it. + +To fix this, what will be the solution? + +We can grant sudo permission to the corresponding user to overcome this situation. + +The sudo command offers a mechanism for providing trusted users with administrative access to a system without sharing the password of the root user. + +They can perform most of the administrative operations but not all operations like root. + +### What Is sudo? + +sudo is a program, which can be used by a normal users to execute a command as the super user or another user, as specified by the security policy. + +sudo users access is controlled by `/etc/sudoers` file. + +### What Is An Advantage Of sudo Users? + +sudo is a safe way to run a command in Linux system if you are not familiar on it. + + * The Linux system keeps a logs into the `/var/log/secure` and `/var/log/auth.log` file where you can verify what actions was made by the sudo user. + * Every time, it will prompt a password to perform the current action. So, you will be getting a time to verify the action, which you are going to perform. If you feel it’s not a correct action then you can safely exit there itself without perform the current action. + + + +It’s different for RHEL based systems such as Redhat (RHEL), CentOS and Oracle Enterprise Linux (OEL) and Debian based systems such as Debian, Ubuntu and LinuxMint. + +We will tech you, how to perform this on both the distributions in this article. + +It can be done in three ways in both the distributions. + + * Add a user into corresponding groups. For RHEL based system, we need to add a user into `wheel` group. For Debian based system, we need to add a user into `sudo` or `admin` groups. + * Add a user into `/etc/group` file manually. + * Add a user into `/etc/sudoers` file using visudo. + + + +### How To Configure sudo Access In RHEL/CentOS/OEL Systems? + +It can be done on RHEL based systems such as Redhat (RHEL), CentOS and Oracle Enterprise Linux (OEL) using following three methods. + +### Method-1: How To Grant The Super User Access To A Normal User In Linux Using wheel Group? + +Wheel is a special group in the RHEL based systems that provides additional privileges that empower a user to execute restricted commands as the super user. + +Make a note that the `wheel` group should be enabled in the `/etc/sudoers` file to gain this access. + +``` +# grep -i wheel /etc/sudoers + +## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands +%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL +# %wheel ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL +``` + +I assume that we had already created an user account to perform this. In my case, I’m going to use `daygeek` user account. + +Run the following command to add an user into wheel group. + +``` +# usermod -aG wheel daygeek +``` + +We can doube confirm this by running the following command. + +``` +# getent group wheel +wheel:x:10:daygeek +``` + +I’m going to check whether `daygeek` user can access a file which is owned by the root user. + +``` +$ tail -5 /var/log/secure +tail: cannot open _/var/log/secure_ for reading: Permission denied +``` + +I was getting an error when i try to access the `/var/log/secure` file as a normal user. I’m going to access the same file with sudo, let’s see the magic. + +``` +$ sudo tail -5 /var/log/secure +[sudo] password for daygeek: +Mar 17 07:01:56 CentOS7 sudo: daygeek : TTY=pts/0 ; PWD=/home/daygeek ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/tail -5 /var/log/secure +Mar 17 07:01:56 CentOS7 sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by daygeek(uid=0) +Mar 17 07:01:56 CentOS7 sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root +Mar 17 07:05:10 CentOS7 sudo: daygeek : TTY=pts/0 ; PWD=/home/daygeek ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/tail -5 /var/log/secure +Mar 17 07:05:10 CentOS7 sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by daygeek(uid=0) +``` + +### Method-2: How To Grant The Super User Access To A Normal User In RHEL/CentOS/OEL using /etc/group file? + +We can manually add an user into the wheel group by editing the `/etc/group` file. + +Just open the file then append the corresponding user in the appropriate group to achieve this. + +``` +$ grep -i wheel /etc/group +wheel:x:10:daygeek,user1 +``` + +In this example, I’m going to use `user1` user account. + +I’m going to check whether `user1` user has sudo access or not by restarting the `Apache` service in the system. let’s see the magic. + +``` +$ sudo systemctl restart httpd +[sudo] password for user1: + +$ sudo grep -i user1 /var/log/secure +[sudo] password for user1: +Mar 17 07:09:47 CentOS7 sudo: user1 : TTY=pts/0 ; PWD=/home/user1 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/systemctl restart httpd +Mar 17 07:10:40 CentOS7 sudo: user1 : TTY=pts/0 ; PWD=/home/user1 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/systemctl restart httpd +Mar 17 07:12:35 CentOS7 sudo: user1 : TTY=pts/0 ; PWD=/home/user1 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/grep -i httpd /var/log/secure +``` + +### Method-3: How To Grant The Super User Access To A Normal User In Linux Using /etc/sudoers file? + +sudo users access is controlled by `/etc/sudoers` file. So, simply add an user into the sudoers file under wheel group. + +Just append the desired user into /etc/suoders file by using visudo command. + +``` +# grep -i user2 /etc/sudoers +user2 ALL=(ALL) ALL +``` + +In this example, I’m going to use `user2` user account. + +I’m going to check whether `user2` user has sudo access or not by restarting the `MariaDB` service in the system. let’s see the magic. + +``` +$ sudo systemctl restart mariadb +[sudo] password for user2: + +$ sudo grep -i mariadb /var/log/secure +[sudo] password for user2: +Mar 17 07:23:10 CentOS7 sudo: user2 : TTY=pts/0 ; PWD=/home/user2 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/systemctl restart mariadb +Mar 17 07:26:52 CentOS7 sudo: user2 : TTY=pts/0 ; PWD=/home/user2 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/grep -i mariadb /var/log/secure +``` + +### How To Configure sudo Access In Debian/Ubuntu Systems? + +It can be done on Debian based systems such as Debian based systems such as Debian, Ubuntu and LinuxMint using following three methods. + +### Method-1: How To Grant The Super User Access To A Normal User In Linux Using sudo or admin Groups? + +sudo or admin is a special group in the Debian based systems that provides additional privileges that empower a user to execute restricted commands as the super user. + +Make a note that the `sudo` or `admin` group should be enabled in the `/etc/sudoers` file to gain this access. + +``` +# grep -i 'sudo\|admin' /etc/sudoers + +# Members of the admin group may gain root privileges +%admin ALL=(ALL) ALL + +# Allow members of group sudo to execute any command +%sudo ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL +``` + +I assume that we had already created an user account to perform this. In my case, I’m going to use `2gadmin` user account. + +Run the following command to add an user into sudo group. + +``` +# usermod -aG sudo 2gadmin +``` + +We can doube confirm this by running the following command. + +``` +# getent group sudo +sudo:x:27:2gadmin +``` + +I’m going to check whether `2gadmin` user can access a file which is owned by the root user. + +``` +$ less /var/log/auth.log +/var/log/auth.log: Permission denied +``` + +I was getting an error when i try to access the `/var/log/auth.log` file as a normal user. I’m going to access the same file with sudo, let’s see the magic. + +``` +$ sudo tail -5 /var/log/auth.log +[sudo] password for 2gadmin: +Mar 17 20:39:47 Ubuntu18 sudo: 2gadmin : TTY=pts/0 ; PWD=/home/2gadmin ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/bash +Mar 17 20:39:47 Ubuntu18 sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by 2gadmin(uid=0) +Mar 17 20:40:23 Ubuntu18 sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root +Mar 17 20:40:48 Ubuntu18 sudo: 2gadmin : TTY=pts/0 ; PWD=/home/2gadmin ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/usr/bin/tail -5 /var/log/auth.log +Mar 17 20:40:48 Ubuntu18 sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by 2gadmin(uid=0) +``` + +Alternatively we can perform the same by adding an user to `admin` group. + +Run the following command to add an user into sudo group. + +``` +# usermod -aG admin user1 +``` + +We can doube confirm this by running the following command. + +``` +# getent group admin +admin:x:1011:user1 +``` + +Let’s see the output. + +``` +$ sudo tail -2 /var/log/auth.log +[sudo] password for user1: +Mar 17 20:53:36 Ubuntu18 sudo: user1 : TTY=pts/0 ; PWD=/home/user1 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/usr/bin/tail -2 /var/log/auth.log +Mar 17 20:53:36 Ubuntu18 sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by user1(uid=0) +``` + +### Method-2: How To Grant The Super User Access To A Normal User In Debian/Ubuntu using /etc/group file? + +We can manually add an user into the sudo or admin group by editing the `/etc/group` file. + +Just open the file then append the corresponding user in the appropriate group to achieve this. + +``` +$ grep -i sudo /etc/group +sudo:x:27:2gadmin,user2 +``` + +In this example, I’m going to use `user2` user account. + +I’m going to check whether `user2` user has sudo access or not by restarting the `Apache` service in the system. let’s see the magic. + +``` +$ sudo systemctl restart apache2 +[sudo] password for user2: + +$ sudo tail -f /var/log/auth.log +[sudo] password for user2: +Mar 17 21:01:04 Ubuntu18 systemd-logind[559]: New session 22 of user user2. +Mar 17 21:01:04 Ubuntu18 systemd: pam_unix(systemd-user:session): session opened for user user2 by (uid=0) +Mar 17 21:01:33 Ubuntu18 sudo: user2 : TTY=pts/0 ; PWD=/home/user2 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/systemctl restart apache2 +``` + +### Method-3: How To Grant The Super User Access To A Normal User In Linux Using /etc/sudoers file? + +sudo users access is controlled by `/etc/sudoers` file. So, simply add an user into the sudoers file under sudo or admin group. + +Just append the desired user into /etc/suoders file by using visudo command. + +``` +# grep -i user3 /etc/sudoers +user3 ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL +``` + +In this example, I’m going to use `user3` user account. + +I’m going to check whether `user3` user has sudo access or not by restarting the `MariaDB` service in the system. let’s see the magic. + +``` +$ sudo systemctl restart mariadb +[sudo] password for user3: + +$ sudo tail -f /var/log/auth.log +[sudo] password for user3: +Mar 17 21:12:32 Ubuntu18 systemd-logind[559]: New session 24 of user user3. +Mar 17 21:12:49 Ubuntu18 sudo: user3 : TTY=pts/0 ; PWD=/home/user3 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/systemctl restart mariadb +Mar 17 21:12:49 Ubuntu18 sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by user3(uid=0) +Mar 17 21:12:53 Ubuntu18 sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root +Mar 17 21:13:08 Ubuntu18 sudo: user3 : TTY=pts/0 ; PWD=/home/user3 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/usr/bin/tail -f /var/log/auth.log +Mar 17 21:13:08 Ubuntu18 sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by user3(uid=0) +``` +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-configure-sudo-access-in-linux/ + +作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 From 4f743c87de23acc26faba2fbb6ac307f99edd29a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 2 Apr 2019 17:15:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 092/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190327=20How=20?= =?UTF-8?q?to=20make=20a=20Raspberry=20Pi=20gamepad=20sources/tech/2019032?= =?UTF-8?q?7=20How=20to=20make=20a=20Raspberry=20Pi=20gamepad.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0327 How to make a Raspberry Pi gamepad.md | 235 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 235 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190327 How to make a Raspberry Pi gamepad.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190327 How to make a Raspberry Pi gamepad.md b/sources/tech/20190327 How to make a Raspberry Pi gamepad.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..694c09d4c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190327 How to make a Raspberry Pi gamepad.md @@ -0,0 +1,235 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to make a Raspberry Pi gamepad) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/gamepad-raspberry-pi) +[#]: author: (Leon Anavi https://opensource.com/users/leon-anavi) + +How to make a Raspberry Pi gamepad +====== + +This DIY retro video game controller for the Raspberry Pi is fun and not difficult to build but requires some time. + +![Raspberry Pi Gamepad device][1] + +From time to time, I get nostalgic about the video games I played during my childhood in the late '80s and the '90s. Although most of my old computers and game consoles are long gone, my Raspberry Pi can fulfill my retro-gaming fix. I enjoy the simple games included in Raspbian, and the open source RetroPie project helped me turn my Raspberry Pi into an advanced retro-gaming machine. + +But, for a more authentic experience, like back in the "old days," I needed a gamepad. There are a lot of options on the market for USB gamepads and joysticks, but as an open source enthusiast, maker, and engineer, I prefer doing it the hard way. So, I made my own simple open source hardware gamepad, which I named the [ANAVI Play pHAT][2]. I designed it as an add-on board for Raspberry Pi using an [EEPROM][3] and a devicetree binary overlay I created for mapping the keys. + +### Get the gamepad buttons and EEPROM + +There are a huge variety of gamepads available for purchase, and some of them are really complex. However, it's not hard to make a gamepad similar to the iconic NES controller using the design I created. + +The gamepad uses eight "momentary" buttons (i.e., switches that are active only while they're pushed): four tactile (tact) switches for movement (Up, Down, Left, Right), two tact buttons for A and B, and two smaller tact buttons for Select and Start. I used [through-hole][4] tact switches: six 6x6x4.3mm switches for movement and the A and B buttons, and two 3x6x4.3mm switches for the Start and Select buttons. + +While the gamepad's primary purpose is to play retro games, the add-on board is large enough to include home-automation features, such as monitoring temperature, humidity, light, or barometric pressure, that you can use when you're not playing games. I added three slots for attaching [I2C][5] sensors to the primary I2C bus on physical pins 3 and 5. + +The most interesting and important part of the hardware design is the EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory). A through-hole mounted EEPROM is easier to flash on a breadboard and solder to the gamepad. An article in the [MagPi magazine][6] recommends CAT24C32 EEPROM; if that model isn't available, try to find a model with similar technical specifications. All Raspberry Pi models and versions released after 2014 (Raspberry Pi B+ and newer) have a secondary I2C bus on physical pins 27 and 28. + +Once you have this hardware, use a breadboard to check that it works. + +### Create the printed circuit board + +The next step is to create a printed circuit board (PCB) design and have it manufactured. As an open source enthusiast, I believe that free and open source software should be used for creating open source hardware. I rely on [KiCad][7], electronic design automation (EDA) software available under the GPLv3+ license. KiCad works on Windows, MacOS, and GNU/Linux. (I use KiCad version 5 on Ubuntu 18.04.) + +KiCad allows you to create PCBs with up to 32 copper layers plus 14 fixed-purpose technical layers. It also has an integrated 3D viewer. It's actively developed, including many contributions by CERN developers, and used for industrial applications; for example, Olimex uses KiCad to design complex PCBs with multiple layers, like the one in its [TERES-I][8] DIY open source hardware laptop. + +The KiCad workflow includes three major steps: + + * Designing the schematics in the schematic layout editor + * Drawing the edge cuts, placing the components, and routing the tracks in the PCB layout editor + * Exporting Gerber and drill files for manufacture + + + +If you haven't designed PCBs before, keep in mind there is a steep learning curve. Go through the [examples and user's guides][9] provided by KiCad to learn how to work with the schematic and the PCB layout editor. (If you are not in the mood to do everything from scratch, you can just clone the ANAVI Play pHAT project in my [GitHub repository][10].) + +![KiCad schematic][11] + +In KiCad's schematic layout editor, connect the Raspberry Pi's GPIOs to the buttons, the slots for sensors to the primary I2C, and the EEPROM to the secondary I2C. Assign an appropriate footprint to each component. Perform an electrical rule check and, if there are no errors, generate the [netlist][12], which describes an electronic circuit's connectivity. + +Open the PCB layout editor. It contains several layers. Read the netlist. All components and tracks must be on the front and bottom copper layers (F.Cu and B.Cu), and the board's form must be created in the Edge.Cuts layer. Any text, including button labels, must be on the silkscreen layers. + +![Printable circuit board design][13] + +Finally, export the Gerber and drill files that you'll send to the company that will produce your PCB. The Gerber format is the de facto industry standard for PCBs. It is an open ASCII vector format for 2D binary images; simply explained, it is like a PDF for PCB manufacturing. + +There are numerous companies that can make a simple two-layer board like the gamepad's. For a few prototypes, you can count on [OSHPark in the US][14] or [Aisler in Europe][15]. There are also a lot of Chinese manufacturers, such as JLCPCB, PCBWay, ALLPCB, Seeed Studio, and many more. Alternatively, if you prefer to skip the hassle of PCB manufacturing and sourcing components, you can order the [ANAVI Play pHAT maker kit from Crowd Supply][2] and solder all the through-hole components on your own. + +### Understanding devicetree + +[Devicetree][16] is a specification for a software data structure that describes the hardware components. Its purpose is to allow the compiled Linux kernel to handle a variety of different hardware configurations within a wider architecture family. The bootloader loads the devicetree into memory and passes it to the Linux kernel. + +The devicetree includes three components: + + * Devicetree source (DTS) + * Devicetree blob (DTB) and overlay (DTBO) + * Devicetree compiler (DTC) + + + +The DTC creates binaries from a textual source. Devicetree overlays allow a central DTB to be overlaid on the devicetree. Overlays include a number of fragments. + +For several years, a devicetree has been required for all new ARM systems on a chip (SoCs), including Broadcom SoCs in all Raspberry Pi models and versions. With the default bootloader in Raspberry Pi's popular Raspbian distribution, DTO can be set in the configuration file ( **config.txt** ) on the FAT partition of a bootable microSD card using the keyword **device_tree=**. + +Since 2014, the Raspberry Pi's pin header has been extended to 40 pins. Pins 27 and 28 are dedicated for a secondary I2C bus. This way, the DTBO can be automatically loaded from an EEPROM attached to these pins. Furthermore, additional system information can be saved in the EEPROM. This feature is among the Raspberry Pi Foundation's requirements for any Raspberry Pi HAT (hardware attached on top) add-on board. On Raspbian and other GNU/Linux distributions for Raspberry Pi, the information from the EEPROM can be seen from userspace at **/proc/device-tree/hat/** after booting. + +In my opinion, the devicetree is one of the most fascinating features added in the Linux ecosystem over the past decade. Creating devicetree blobs and overlays is an advanced task and requires some background knowledge. However, it's possible to create a devicetree binary overlay for the Raspberry Pi add-on board and flash it on an appropriate EEPROM. The device binary overlay defines the Linux key codes for each key of the gamepad. The result is a gamepad for Raspberry Pi with keys that work as soon as you boot Raspbian. + +#### Creating the DTBO + +There are three major steps to create a devicetree binary overlay for the gamepad: + + * Creating the devicetree source with mapping for the keys based on the Linux key codes + * Compiling the devicetree binary overlay using the devicetree compiles + * Creating an **.eep** file and flashing it on an EEPROM using the open source tools provided by the Raspberry Pi Foundation + + + +Linux key codes are defined in the file **/usr/include/linux/input-event-codes.h**. The device source file should describe which Raspberry Pi GPIO pin is connected to which hardware button and which Linux key code should be triggered when the button is pressed. In this gamepad, GPIO17 (pin 11) is connected to the tactile button for Right, GPIO4 (pin 7) to Left, GPIO22 (pin 15) to Up, GPIO27 (pin 13) to Down, GPIO5 (pin 29) to Start, GPIO6 (pin 31) to Select, GPIO19 (pin 35) to A, and GPIO26 (pin 37) to B. + +Please note there is a difference between the GPIO numbers and the physical position of the pin on the header. For convenience, all pins are located on the second row of the Raspberry Pi's 40-pin header. This approach makes it easier to route the printed circuit board in KiCad. + +The entire devicetree source for the gamepad is [available on GitHub][17]. As an example, the following is a short code snippet that demonstrates how GPIO17, corresponding to physical pin 11 on the Raspberry Pi, is mapped to the tact button for Right: + +``` +button@17 { +label = "right"; +linux,code = <106>; +gpios = <&gpio 17 1>; +}; +``` + +To compile the DTS directly on the Raspberry Pi, install the devicetree compiler on Raspbian by executing the following command in the terminal: +``` +sudo apt-get update +sudo apt-get install device-tree-compiler +``` +Run DTC and provide as arguments the name of the output DTBO and the path to the source file. For example: + +``` +dtc -I dts -O dtb -o anavi-play-phat.dtbo anavi-play-phat.dts +``` + +The Raspberry Pi Foundation provides a [GitHub repository with the mechanical, hardware, and software specifications for HATs][18]. It also includes three very convenient tools: + + * **eepmake:** Creates an **.eep** file from a text file with settings + * **eepdump:** Useful for debugging, as it dumps a binary **.eep** file as human-readable text + * **eepflash:** Writes or reads an **.eep** binary image to/from an EEPROM + + + +The **eeprom_settings.txt** file can be used as a template. [The Raspberry Pi Foundation][19] and [MagPi magazine][6] have helpful articles and tutorials, so I won't go into too many details. As I wrote above, the recommended EEPROM is CAT24C32, but it can be replaced with any other EEPROM with the same technical specifications. Using an EEPROM with an eight-pin, through-hole, dual in-line (DIP) package is easier for hobbyists to flash because it can be done with a breadboard. The following example command creates a file ready to be flashed on the EEPROM using the **eepmake** tool from the Raspberry Pi GitHub repository: + +``` +./eepmake settings.txt settings.eep anavi-play-phat.dtbo +``` + +Before proceeding with flashing, ensure that the EEPROM is connected properly to the primary I2C bus (pins 3 and 5) on the Raspberry Pi. (You can consult the MagPi magazine article linked above for a discussion on wiring schematics.) Then run the following command and follow the onscreen instructions to flash the **.eep** file on the EEPROM: + +``` +sudo ./eepflash.sh -w -f=settings.eep -t=24c32 +``` + +Before soldering the EEPROM to the printed circuit board, move it to the secondary I2C bus on the breadboard and test it to ensure it works as expected. If you detect any issues while testing the EEPROM on the breadboard, correct the settings files, move it back to the primary I2C bus, and flash it again. + +### Testing the gamepad + +Now comes the fun part! It is time to test the add-on board using Raspbian, which you can [download][20] from RaspberryPi.org. After booting, open a terminal and enter the following commands: + +``` +cat /proc/device-tree/hat/product +cat /proc/device-tree/hat/vendor +``` + +The output should be similar to this: + +![Testing output][21] + +If it is, congratulations! The data from the EEPROM has been read successfully. + +The next step is to verify that the keys on the Play pHAT are set properly and working. In a terminal or a text editor, press each of the eight buttons and verify they are acting as configured. + +Finally, it is time to play games! By default, Raspbian's desktop includes [Python Games][22]. Launch them from the application menu. Make an audio output selection and pick a game from the list. My favorite is Wormy, a Snake-like game. As a former Symbian mobile application developer, I find playing Wormy brings back memories of the glorious days of Nokia. + +### Retro gaming with RetroPie + +![RetroPie with the Play pHAT][23] + +Raspbian is amazing, but [RetroPie][24] offers so much more for retro games fans. It is a GNU/Linux distribution optimized for playing retro games and combines the open source projects RetroArch and Emulation Station. It's available for Raspberry Pi, the [Odroid][25] C1/C2, and personal computers running Debian or Ubuntu. It provides emulators for loading ROMs—the digital versions of game cartridges. Keep in mind that no ROMs are included in RetroPie due to copyright issues. You will have to [find appropriate ROMs and copy them][26] to the Raspberry Pi after booting RetroPie. + +The open source hardware gamepad works fine in RetroPie's menus, but I discovered that the keys fail after launching some games and emulators. After debugging, I found a solution to ensuring they work in the game emulators: add a Python script for additional software emulation of the keys. [The script is available on GitHub.][27] Here's how to get it and install Python on RetroPie: + +``` + +sudo apt-get update +sudo apt-get install -y python-pip +sudo pip install evdev +cd ~ +git clone +``` + +Finally, add the following line to **/etc/rc.local** so it will be executed automatically when RetroPie boots: + +``` +sudo python /home/pi/anavi-examples/anavi-play-phat/anavi-play-gamepad.py & +``` + +That's it! After following these steps, you can create an entirely open source hardware gamepad as an add-on board for any Raspberry Pi model with a 40-pin header and use it with Raspbian and RetroPie! + +### What's next? + +Combining free and open source software with open source hardware is fun and not difficult, but it requires a significant amount of time. After creating the open source hardware gamepad in my spare time, I ran a modest crowdfunding campaign at [Crowd Supply][2] for low-volume manufacturing in my hometown in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. [The Open Source Hardware Association][28] certified the ANAVI Play pHAT as an open source hardware project under [BG000007][29]. Even [the acrylic enclosures][30] that protect the board from dust are open source hardware created with the free and open source software OpenSCAD. + +![Game pad in acrylic enclosure][31] + +If you enjoyed reading this article, I encourage you to try creating your own open source hardware add-on board for Raspberry Pi with KiCad. If you don't have enough spare time, you can order an [ANAVI Play pHAT maker kit][2], grab your soldering iron, and assemble the through-hole components. If you're not comfortable with the soldering iron, you can just order a fully assembled version. + +Happy retro gaming everybody! Next time someone irritably asks what you can learn from playing vintage computer games, tell them about Raspberry Pi, open source hardware, Linux, and devicetree. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/gamepad-raspberry-pi + +作者：[Leon Anavi][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/leon-anavi +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/gamepad_raspberrypi_hardware.jpg?itok=W16gOnay (Raspberry Pi Gamepad device) +[2]: https://www.crowdsupply.com/anavi-technology/anavi-play-phat +[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROM +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through-hole_technology +[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2C +[6]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/magpi/make-your-own-hat/ +[7]: http://kicad-pcb.org/ +[8]: https://www.olimex.com/Products/DIY-Laptop/ +[9]: http://kicad-pcb.org/help/getting-started/ +[10]: https://github.com/AnaviTechnology/anavi-play-phat +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/kicad-schematic.png (KiCad schematic) +[12]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netlist +[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/circuitboard.png (Printable circuit board design) +[14]: https://oshpark.com/ +[15]: https://aisler.net/ +[16]: https://www.devicetree.org/ +[17]: https://github.com/AnaviTechnology/hats/blob/anavi/eepromutils/anavi-play-phat.dts +[18]: https://github.com/raspberrypi/hats +[19]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/introducing-raspberry-pi-hats/ +[20]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/ +[21]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/testing-output.png (Testing output) +[22]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/usage/python-games/ +[23]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/retropie.jpg (RetroPie with the Play pHAT) +[24]: https://retropie.org.uk/ +[25]: https://www.hardkernel.com/product-category/odroid-board/ +[26]: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/retropie +[27]: https://github.com/AnaviTechnology/anavi-examples/blob/master/anavi-play-phat/anavi-play-gamepad.py +[28]: https://www.oshwa.org/ +[29]: https://certification.oshwa.org/bg000007.html +[30]: https://github.com/AnaviTechnology/anavi-cases/tree/master/anavi-play-phat +[31]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/gamepad-acrylic.jpg (Game pad in acrylic enclosure) From 97d41f3f3811444c61f3686e87dada267dae0985 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 2 Apr 2019 17:23:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 093/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190326=20Using?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Square=20Brackets=20in=20Bash:=20Part=201=20sources/tech/201?= =?UTF-8?q?90326=20Using=20Square=20Brackets=20in=20Bash-=20Part=201.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...6 Using Square Brackets in Bash- Part 1.md | 154 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 154 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190326 Using Square Brackets in Bash- Part 1.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190326 Using Square Brackets in Bash- Part 1.md b/sources/tech/20190326 Using Square Brackets in Bash- Part 1.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..641679996c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190326 Using Square Brackets in Bash- Part 1.md @@ -0,0 +1,154 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Using Square Brackets in Bash: Part 1) +[#]: via: (https://www.linux.com/blog/2019/3/using-square-brackets-bash-part-1) +[#]: author: (Paul Brown https://www.linux.com/users/bro66) + +Using Square Brackets in Bash: Part 1 +====== + +![square brackets][1] + +This tutorial tackle square brackets and how they are used in different contexts at the command line. + +[Creative Commons Zero][2] + +After taking a look at [how curly braces (`{}`) work on the command line][3], now it’s time to tackle brackets (`[]`) and see how they are used in different contexts. + +### Globbing + +The first and easiest use of square brackets is in _globbing_. You have probably used globbing before without knowing it. Think of all the times you have listed files of a certain type, say, you wanted to list JPEGs, but not PNGs: + +``` +ls *.jpg +``` + +Using wildcards to get all the results that fit a certain pattern is precisely what we call globbing. + +In the example above, the asterisk means " _zero or more characters_ ". There is another globbing wildcard, `?`, which means " _exactly one character_ ", so, while + +``` +ls d*k* +``` + +will list files called _darkly_ and _ducky_ (and _dark_ and _duck_ \-- remember `*` can also be zero characters), + +``` +ls d*k? +``` + +will not list _darkly_ (or _dark_ or _duck_ ), but it will list _ducky_. + +Square brackets are used in globbing for sets of characters. To see what this means, make directory in which to carry out tests, `cd` into it and create a bunch of files like this: + +``` +touch file0{0..9}{0..9} +``` + +(If you don't know why that works, [take a look at the last installment that explains curly braces `{}`][3]). + +This will create files _file000_ , _file001_ , _file002_ , etc., through _file097_ , _file098_ and _file099_. + +Then, to list the files in the 70s and 80s, you can do this: + +``` +ls file0[78]? +``` + +To list _file022_ , _file027_ , _file028_ , _file052_ , _file057_ , _file058_ , _file092_ , _file097_ , and _file98_ you can do this: + +``` +ls file0[259][278] +``` + +Of course, you can use globbing (and square brackets for sets) for more than just `ls`. You can use globbing with any other tool for listing, removing, moving, or copying files, although the last two may require a bit of lateral thinking. + +Let's say you want to create duplicates of files _file010_ through _file029_ and call the copies _archive010_ , _archive011_ , _archive012_ , etc.. + +You can't do: + +``` +cp file0[12]? archive0[12]? +``` + +Because globbing is for matching against existing files and directories and the _archive..._ files don't exist yet. + +Doing this: + +``` +cp file0[12]? archive0[1..2][0..9] +``` + +won't work either, because `cp` doesn't let you copy many files to other many new files. Copying many files only works if you are copying them to a directory, so this: + +``` +mkdir archive + +cp file0[12]? archive +``` + +would work, but it would copy the files, using their same names, into a directory called _archive/_. This is not what you set out to do. + +However, if you look back at [the article on curly braces (`{}`)][3], you will remember how you can use `%` to lop off the end of a string contained in a variable. + +Of course, there is a way you can also lop of the beginning of string contained in a variable. Instead of `%`, you use `#`. + +For practice, you can try this: + +``` +myvar="Hello World" + +echo Goodbye Cruel ${myvar#Hello} +``` + +It prints " _Goodbye Cruel World_ " because `#Hello` gets rid of the _Hello_ part at the beginning of the string stored in `myvar`. + +You can use this feature alongside your globbing tools to make your _archive_ duplicates: + +``` +for i in file0[12]?;\ + +do\ + +cp $i archive${i#file};\ + +done +``` + +The first line tells the Bash interpreter that you want to loop through all the files that contain the string _file0_ followed by the digits _1_ or _2_ , and then one other character, which can be anything. The second line `do` indicates that what follows is the instruction or list of instructions you want the interpreter to loop through. + +Line 3 is where the actually copying happens, and you use the contents of the loop variable _`i`_ **twice: First, straight out, as the first parameter of the `cp` command, and then you add _archive_ to its contents, while at the same time cutting of _file_. So, if _`i`_ contains, say, _file019_... + +``` +"archive" + "file019" - "file" = "archive019" +``` + +the `cp` line is expanded to this: + +``` +cp file019 archive019 +``` + +Finally, notice how you can use the backslash `\` to split a chain of commands over several lines for clarity. + +In part two, we’ll look at more ways to use square brackets. Stay tuned. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linux.com/blog/2019/3/using-square-brackets-bash-part-1 + +作者：[Paul Brown][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.linux.com/users/bro66 +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/square-gabriele-diwald-475007-unsplash.jpg?itok=cKmysLfd (square brackets) +[2]: https://www.linux.com/LICENSES/CATEGORY/CREATIVE-COMMONS-ZERO +[3]: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/2/all-about-curly-braces-bash From 6949ae7715e77ed08ef0b865b7c4ab0adcbaab28 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 2 Apr 2019 17:25:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 094/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190326=20How=20?= =?UTF-8?q?to=20use=20NetBSD=20on=20a=20Raspberry=20Pi=20sources/tech/2019?= =?UTF-8?q?0326=20How=20to=20use=20NetBSD=20on=20a=20Raspberry=20Pi.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...326 How to use NetBSD on a Raspberry Pi.md | 229 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 229 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190326 How to use NetBSD on a Raspberry Pi.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190326 How to use NetBSD on a Raspberry Pi.md b/sources/tech/20190326 How to use NetBSD on a Raspberry Pi.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e3bd5f5e26 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190326 How to use NetBSD on a Raspberry Pi.md @@ -0,0 +1,229 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to use NetBSD on a Raspberry Pi) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/netbsd-raspberry-pi) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon (Red Hat, Community Moderator) https://opensource.com/users/seth) + +How to use NetBSD on a Raspberry Pi +====== + +Experiment with NetBSD, an open source OS with direct lineage back to the original UNIX source code, on your Raspberry Pi. + +![][1] + +Do you have an old Raspberry Pi lying around gathering dust, maybe after a recent Pi upgrade? Are you curious about [BSD Unix][2]? If you answered "yes" to both of these questions, you'll be pleased to know that the first is the solution to the second, because you can run [NetBSD][3], as far back as the very first release, on a Raspberry Pi. + +BSD is the Berkley Software Distribution of [Unix][4]. In fact, it's the only open source Unix with direct lineage back to the original source code written by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson at Bell Labs. Other modern versions are either proprietary (such as AIX and Solaris) or clever re-implementations (such as Minix and GNU/Linux). If you're used to Linux, you'll feel mostly right at home with BSD, but there are plenty of new commands and conventions to discover. If you're still relatively new to open source, trying BSD is a good way to experience a traditional Unix. + +Admittedly, NetBSD isn't an operating system that's perfectly suited for the Pi. It's a minimal install compared to many Linux distributions designed specifically for the Pi, and not all components of recent Pi models are functional under NetBSD yet. However, it's arguably an ideal OS for the older Pi models, since it's lightweight and lovingly maintained. And if nothing else, it's a lot of fun for any die-hard Unix geek to experience another side of the [POSIX][5] world. + +### Download NetBSD + +There are different versions of BSD. NetBSD has cultivated a reputation for being lightweight and versatile (its website features the tagline "Of course it runs NetBSD"). It offers an image of the latest version of the OS for every version of the Raspberry Pi since the original. To download a version for your Pi, you must first [determine what variant of the ARM architecture your Pi uses][6]. Some information about this is available on the NetBSD site, but for a comprehensive overview, you can also refer to [RPi Hardware History][7]. + +The Pi I used for this article is, as far as I can tell, a Raspberry Pi Model B Rev 2.0 (with two USB ports and no mounting holes). According to the [Raspberry Pi FAQ][8], this means the architecture is ARMv6, which translates to **earmv6hf** in NetBSD's architecture notation. + +![NetBSD on Raspberry Pi][9] + +If you're not sure what kind of Pi you have, the good news is that there are only two Pi images, so try **earmv7hf** first; if it doesn't work, fall back to **earmv6hf**. + +For the easiest and quickest install, use the binary image instead of an installer. Using the image is the most common method of getting an OS onto your Pi: you copy the image to your SD card and boot it up. There's no install necessary, because the image is a generic installation of the OS, and you've just copied it, bit for bit, onto the media that the Pi uses as its boot drive. + +The image files are found in the **binary > gzimg** directories of the NetBSD installation media server, which you can reach from the [front page][3] of NetBSD.org. The image is **rpi.img.gz** , a compressed **.img** file. Download it to your hard drive. + +Once you have downloaded the entire image, extract it. If you're running Linux, BSD, or MacOS, you can use the **gunzip** command: + +``` +$ gunzip ~/Downloads/rpi.img.gz +``` + +If you're working on Windows, you can install the open source [7-Zip][10] archive utility. + +### Copy the image to your SD card + +Once the image file is uncompressed, you must copy it to your Pi's SD card. There are two ways to do this, so use the one that works best for you. + +#### 1\. Using Etcher + +Etcher is a cross-platform application specifically designed to copy OS images to USB drives and SD cards. Download it from [Etcher.io][11] and launch it. + +In the Etcher interface, select the image file on your hard drive and the SD card you want to flash, then click the Flash button. + +![Etcher][12] + +That's it. + +#### 2\. Using the dd command + +On Linux, BSD, or MacOS, you can use the **dd** command to copy the image to your SD card. + + 1. First, insert your SD card into a card reader. Don't mount the card to your system because **dd** needs the device to be disengaged to copy data onto it. + + 2. Run **dmesg | tail** to find out where the card is located without it being mounted. On MacOS, use **diskutil list**. + + 3. Copy the image file to the SD card: + +``` +$ sudo dd if=~/Downloads/rpi.img of=/dev/mmcblk0 bs=2M status=progress +``` + +Before doing this, you _must be sure_ you have the correct location of the SD card. If you copy the image file to the incorrect device, you could lose data. If you are at all unsure about this, use Etcher instead! + + + + +When either **dd** or Etcher has written the image to the SD card, place the card in your Pi and power it on. + +### First boot + +The first time it's booted, NetBSD detects that the SD card's filesystem does not occupy all the free space available and resizes the filesystem accordingly. + +![Booting NetBSD on Raspberry Pi][13] + +Once that's finished, the Pi reboots and presents a login prompt. Log into your NetBSD system using **root** as the user name. No password is required. + +### Set up a user account + +First, set a password for the root user: + +``` +# passwd +``` + +Then create a user account for yourself with the **-m** option to prompt NetBSD to create a home directory and the **-G wheel** option to add your account to the wheel group so that you can become the administrative user (root) as needed: + +``` +# useradd -m -G wheel seth +``` + +Use the **passwd** command again to set a password for your user account: + +``` +# passwd seth +``` + +Log out, and then log back in with your new credentials. + +### Add software to NetBSD + +If you've ever used a Pi, you probably know that the way to add more software to your system is with a special command like **apt** or **dnf** (depending on whether you prefer to run [Raspbian][14] or [FedBerry][15] on your Pi). On NetBSD, use the **pkg_add** command. But some setup is required before the command knows where to go to get the packages you want to install. + +There are ready-made (pre-compiled) packages for NetBSD on NetBSD's servers using the scheme **<[ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/[PORT]/[VERSION]/All>][16]**. Replace PORT with the architecture you are using, either **earmv6hf** or **earmv7hf**. Replace VERSION with the NetBSD release you are using; at the time of this writing, that's **8.0**. + +Place this value in a file called **/etc/pkg_install.conf**. Since that's a system file outside your user folder, you must invoke root privileges to create it: + +``` +$ su - + +# echo "PKG_PATH=" >> /etc/pkg_install.conf +``` + +Now you can install packages from the NetBSD software distribution. A good first candidate is Bash, commonly the default shell on a Linux (and Mac) system. Also, if you're not already a Vi text editor user, you may want to try something more intuitive such as [Jove][17] or [Nano][18]: + +``` +# pkg_add -v bash jove nano +# exit +$ +``` + +Unlike many Linux distributions ([Slackware][19] being a notable exception), NetBSD does very little configuration on your behalf, and this is considered a feature. So, to use Bash, Jove, or Nano as your default toolset, you must set the configuration yourself. + +You can set many of your preferences dynamically using environment variables, which are special variables that your whole system can access. For instance, most applications in Unix know that if there is a **VISUAL** or **EDITOR** variable set, the value of those variables should be used as the default text editor. You can set these two variables temporarily, just for your current login session: + +``` +$ export EDITOR=nano +# export VISUAL=nano +``` + +Or you can make them permanent by adding them to the default NetBSD **.profile** file: + +``` +$ sed -i 's/EDITOR=vi/EDITOR=nano/' ~/.profile +``` + +Load your new settings: + +``` +$ . ~/.profile +``` + +To make Bash your default shell, use the **chsh** (change shell) command, which now loads into your preferred editor. Before running **chsh** , though, make sure you know where Bash is located: + +``` +$ which bash +/usr/pkg/bin/bash +``` + +Set the value for **shell** in the **chsh** entry to **/usr/pkg/bin/bash** , then save the document. + +### Add sudo + +The **pkg_add** command is a privileged command, which means to use it, you must become the root user with the **su** command. If you prefer, you can also set up the **sudo** command, which allows certain users to use their own password to execute administrative tasks. + +First, install it: + +``` +# pkg_add -v sudo +``` + +And then use the **visudo** command to edit its configuration file. You must use the **visudo** command to edit the **sudo** configuration, and it must be run as root: + +``` +$ su +# SUDO_EDITOR=nano visudo +``` + +Once you are in the editor, find the line allowing members of the wheel group to execute any command, and uncomment it (by removing **#** from the beginning of the line): + +``` +### Uncomment to allow members of group wheel to execute any command +%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL +``` + +Save the document as described in Nano's bottom menu panel and exit the root shell. + +Now you can use **pkg_add** with **sudo** instead of becoming root: + +``` +$ sudo pkg_add -v fluxbox +``` + +### Net gain + +NetBSD is a full-featured Unix operating system, and now that you have it set up on your Pi, you can explore every nook and cranny. It happens to be a pretty lightweight OS, so even an old Pi with a 700mHz processor and 256MB of RAM can run it with ease. If this article has sparked your interest and you have an old Pi sitting in a drawer somewhere, try it out! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/netbsd-raspberry-pi + +作者：[Seth Kenlon (Red Hat, Community Moderator)][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/code_computer_development_programming.png?itok=4OM29-82 +[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution +[3]: http://netbsd.org/ +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix +[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX +[6]: http://wiki.netbsd.org/ports/evbarm/raspberry_pi +[7]: https://elinux.org/RPi_HardwareHistory +[8]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/faqs/ +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pi.jpg (NetBSD on Raspberry Pi) +[10]: https://www.7-zip.org/ +[11]: https://www.balena.io/etcher/ +[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/etcher_0.png (Etcher) +[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/boot.png (Booting NetBSD on Raspberry Pi) +[14]: http://raspbian.org/ +[15]: http://fedberry.org/ +[16]: ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/%5BPORT%5D/%5BVERSION%5D/All%3E +[17]: https://opensource.com/article/17/1/jove-lightweight-alternative-vim +[18]: https://www.nano-editor.org/ +[19]: http://www.slackware.com/ From 9c16f60c7eef8a3091a0e5e0e73068bfb33538ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 2 Apr 2019 17:30:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 095/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190325=20Reduci?= =?UTF-8?q?ng=20sysadmin=20toil=20with=20Kubernetes=20controllers=20source?= =?UTF-8?q?s/tech/20190325=20Reducing=20sysadmin=20toil=20with=20Kubernete?= =?UTF-8?q?s=20controllers.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...sadmin toil with Kubernetes controllers.md | 166 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 166 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190325 Reducing sysadmin toil with Kubernetes controllers.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190325 Reducing sysadmin toil with Kubernetes controllers.md b/sources/tech/20190325 Reducing sysadmin toil with Kubernetes controllers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..80ddb77264 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190325 Reducing sysadmin toil with Kubernetes controllers.md @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Reducing sysadmin toil with Kubernetes controllers) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/reducing-sysadmin-toil-kubernetes-controllers) +[#]: author: (Paul Czarkowski https://opensource.com/users/paulczar) + +Reducing sysadmin toil with Kubernetes controllers +====== + +Controllers can ease a sysadmin's workload by handling things like creating and managing DNS addresses and SSL certificates. + +![][1] + +Kubernetes is a platform for reducing toil cunningly disguised as a platform for running containers. The element that allows for both running containers and reducing toil is the Kubernetes concept of a **Controller**. + +Most resources in Kubernetes are managed by **kube-controller-manager** , or "controller" for short. A [controller][2] is defined as "a control loop that watches the shared state of a cluster … and makes changes attempting to move the current state toward the desired state." Think of it like this: A Kubernetes controller is to a microservice as a Chef recipe (or an Ansible playbook) is to a monolith. + +Each Kubernetes resource is controlled by its own control loop. This is a step forward from previous systems like Chef or Puppet, which both have control loops at the server level, but not the resource level. A controller is a fairly simple piece of code that creates a control loop over a single resource to ensure the resource is behaving correctly. These control loops can stack together to create complex functionality with simple interfaces. + +The canonical example of this in action is in how we manage Pods in Kubernetes. A Pod is effectively a running copy of an application that a specific worker node is asked to run. If that application crashes, the kubelet running on that node will start it again. However, if that node crashes, the Pod is not recovered, as the control loop (via the kubelet process) responsible for the resource no longer exists. To make applications more resilient, Kubernetes has the ReplicaSet controller. + +The ReplicaSet controller is bundled inside the Kubernetes **controller-manager** , which runs on the Kubernetes master node and contains the controllers for these more advanced resources. The ReplicaSet controller is responsible for ensuring that a set number of copies of your application is always running. To do this, the ReplicaSet controller requests that a given number of Pods is created. It then routinely checks that the correct number of Pods is still running and will request more Pods or destroy existing Pods to do so. + +By requesting a ReplicaSet from Kubernetes, you get a self-healing deployment of your application. You can further add lifecycle management to your workload by requesting [a Deployment][3], which is a controller that manages ReplicaSets and provides rolling upgrades by managing multiple versions of your application's ReplicaSets. + +These controllers are great for managing Kubernetes resources and fantastic for managing resources outside of Kubernetes. The [Cloud Controller Manager][4] is a grouping of Kubernetes controllers that acts on resources external to Kubernetes, specifically resources that provide functionality to Kubernetes on the underlying cloud infrastructure. This is what drives Kubernetes' ability to do things like having a **LoadBalancer** [Service][5] type create and manage a cloud-specific load-balancer (e.g., an Elastic Load Balancer on AWS). + +Furthermore, you can extend Kubernetes by writing a controller that watches for events and annotations and performs extra work, acting on Kubernetes resources or external resources that have some form of programmable API. + +To review: + + * Controllers are a fundamental building block of Kubernetes' functionality. + * A controller forms a control loop to ensure that the state of a given resource matches the requested state. + * Kubernetes provides controllers via Controller Manager and Cloud Controller Manager processes that provide additional resilience and functionality. + * The ReplicaSet controller adds resiliency to pods by ensuring the correct number of replicas is running. + * A Deployment controller adds rolling upgrade capabilities to ReplicaSets. + * You can extend Kubernetes' functionality by writing your own controllers. + + + +### Controllers reduce sysadmin toil + +Some of the most common tickets in a sysadmin's queue are for fairly simple tasks that should be automated, but for various reasons are not. For example, creating or updating a DNS record generally requires updating a [zone file][6], but one bad entry and you can take down your entire DNS infrastructure. Or how about those tickets that look like _[SYSAD-42214] Expired SSL Certificate - Production is down_? + +[![DNS Haiku][7]][8] + +DNS haiku, image by HasturHasturHamster + +What if I told you that Kubernetes could manage these things for you by running some additional controllers? + +Imagine a world where asking Kubernetes to run applications for you would automatically create and manage DNS addresses and SSL certificates. What a world we live in! + +#### Example: External DNS controller + +The **[external-dns][9]** controller is a perfect example of Kubernetes treating operations as a microservice. You configure it with your DNS provider, and it will watch resources including Services and Ingress controllers. When one of those resources changes, it will inspect them for annotations that will tell it when it needs to perform an action. + +With the **external-dns** controller running in your cluster, you can add the following annotation to a service, and it will go out and create a matching [DNS A record][10] for that resource: +``` +kubectl annotate service nginx \ +"external-dns.alpha.kubernetes.io/hostname=nginx.example.org." +``` +You can change other characteristics, such as the DNS record's TTL value: +``` +kubectl annotate service nginx \ +"external-dns.alpha.kubernetes.io/ttl=10" +``` +Just like that, you now have automatic DNS management for your applications and services in Kubernetes that reacts to any changes in your cluster to ensure your DNS is correct. + +#### Example: Certificate manager operator + +Like the **external-dns** controller, the [**cert-manager**][11] will react to changes in resources, but it also comes with a custom resource definition (CRD) that will allow you to request certificates as a resource on their own, not just as a byproduct of an annotation. + +**cert-manager** works with [Let's Encrypt][12] and other sources of certificates to request valid, signed Transport Layer Security (TLS) certificates. You can even use it in combination with **external-dns** , like in the following example, which registers **web.example.com** , retrieves a TLS certificate from Let's Encrypt, and stores it in a Secret. + +``` +apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1 +kind: Ingress +metadata: + annotations: + certmanager.k8s.io/acme-http01-edit-in-place: "true" + certmanager.k8s.io/cluster-issuer: letsencrypt-prod + kubernetes.io/tls-acme: "true" + name: example +spec: + rules: + - host: web.example.com + http: + paths: + - backend: + serviceName: example + servicePort: 80 + path: /* + tls: + - hosts: + - web.example.com + secretName: example-tls +``` + +You can also request a certificate directly from the **cert-manager** CRD, like in the following example. As in the above, it will result in a certificate key pair stored in a Kubernetes Secret: +``` +apiVersion: certmanager.k8s.io/v1alpha1 +kind: Certificate +metadata: + name: example-com + namespace: default +spec: + secretName: example-com-tls + issuerRef: + name: letsencrypt-staging + commonName: example.com + dnsNames: + - www.example.com + acme: + config: + - http01: + ingressClass: nginx + domains: + - example.com + - http01: + ingress: my-ingress + domains: + - www.example.com +``` + +### Conclusion + +This was a quick look at one way Kubernetes is helping enable a new wave of changes in how we operate software. This is one of my favorite topics, and I look forward to sharing more on [Opensource.com][14] and my [blog][15]. I'd also like to hear how you use controllers—message me on Twitter [@pczarkowski][16]. + +* * * + +_This article is based on[Cloud Native Operations - Kubernetes Controllers][17] originally published on Paul Czarkowski's blog._ + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/reducing-sysadmin-toil-kubernetes-controllers + +作者：[Paul Czarkowski][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/paulczar +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/ship_wheel_gear_devops_kubernetes.png?itok=xm4a74Kv +[2]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kube-controller-manager/ +[3]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/ +[4]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/running-cloud-controller/ +[5]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#publishing-services-service-types +[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_file +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/dns_haiku.png (DNS Haiku) +[8]: https://www.reddit.com/r/sysadmin/comments/4oj7pv/network_solutions_haiku/ +[9]: https://github.com/kubernetes-incubator/external-dns +[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DNS_record_types#Resource_records +[11]: http://docs.cert-manager.io/en/latest/ +[12]: https://letsencrypt.org/ +[13]: http://www.example.com +[14]: http://Opensource.com +[15]: https://tech.paulcz.net/blog/ +[16]: https://twitter.com/pczarkowski +[17]: https://tech.paulcz.net/blog/cloud-native-operations-k8s-controllers/ From 427af45559326adbde683c0a2d333732afd38c20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 2 Apr 2019 18:05:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 096/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190402=20What?= =?UTF-8?q?=20are=20Ubuntu=20Repositories=3F=20How=20to=20enable=20or=20di?= =?UTF-8?q?sable=20them=3F=20sources/tech/20190402=20What=20are=20Ubuntu?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Repositories-=20How=20to=20enable=20or=20disable=20them.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...sitories- How to enable or disable them.md | 189 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 189 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190402 What are Ubuntu Repositories- How to enable or disable them.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190402 What are Ubuntu Repositories- How to enable or disable them.md b/sources/tech/20190402 What are Ubuntu Repositories- How to enable or disable them.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dc0961a66d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190402 What are Ubuntu Repositories- How to enable or disable them.md @@ -0,0 +1,189 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (What are Ubuntu Repositories? How to enable or disable them?) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-repositories) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) + +What are Ubuntu Repositories? How to enable or disable them? +====== + +_**This detailed article tells you about various repositories like universe, multiverse in Ubuntu and how to enable or disable them.**_ + +So, you are trying to follow a tutorial from the web and installing a software using apt-get command and it throws you an error: + +``` +E: Unable to locate package xyz +``` + +You are surprised because others the package should be available. You search on the internet and come across a solution that you have to enable universe or multiverse repository to install that package. + +**You can enable universe and multiverse repositories in Ubuntu using the commands below:** + +``` +sudo add-apt-repository universe multiverse +sudo apt update +``` + +You installed the universe and multiverse repository but do you know what are these repositories? How do they play a role in installing packages? Why there are several repositories? + +I’ll explain all these questions in detail here. + +### The concept of repositories in Ubuntu + +Okay, so you already know that to [install software in Ubuntu][1], you can use the [apt command][2]. This is the same [APT package manager][3] that Ubuntu Software Center utilizes underneath. So all the software (except Snap packages) that you see in the Software Center are basically from APT. + +Have you ever wondered where does the apt program install the programs from? How does it know which packages are available and which are not? + +Apt basically works on the repository. A repository is nothing but a server that contains a set of software. Ubuntu provides a set of repositories so that you won’t have to search on the internet for the installation file of various software of your need. This centralized way of providing software is one of the main strong points of using Linux. + +The APT package manager gets the repository information from the /etc/apt/sources.list file and files listed in /etc/apt/sources.list.d directory. Repository information is usually in the following format: + +``` +deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic main +``` + +In fact, you can [go to the above server address][4] and see how the repository is structured. + +When you [update Ubuntu using the apt update command][5], the apt package manager gets the information about the available packages (and their version info) from the repositories and stores them in local cache. You can see this in /var/lib/apt/lists directory. + +Keeping this information locally speeds up the search process because you don’t have to go through the network and search the database of available packages just to check if a certain package is available or not. + +Now you know how repositories play an important role, let’s see why there are several repositories provided by Ubuntu. + +### Ubuntu Repositories: Main, Universe, Multiverse, Restricted and Partner + +![][6] + +Software in Ubuntu repository are divided into five categories: main, universe, multiverse, restricted and partner. + +Why Ubuntu does that? Why not put all the software into one single repository? To answer this question, let’s see what are these repositories: + +#### **Main** + +When you install Ubuntu, this is the repository enabled by default. The main repository consists of only FOSS (free and open source software) that can be distributed freely without any restrictions. + +Software in this repository are fully supported by the Ubuntu developers. This is what Ubuntu will provide with security updates until your system reaches end of life. + +#### **Universe** + +This repository also consists free and open source software but Ubuntu doesn’t guarantee of regular security updates to software in this category. + +Software in this category are packaged and maintained by the community. The Universe repository has a vast amount of open source software and thus it enables you to have access to a huge number of software via apt package manager. + +#### **Multiverse** + +Multiverse contains the software that are not FOSS. Due to licensing and legal issues, Ubuntu cannot enable this repository by default and cannot provide fix and updates. + +It’s up to you to decide if you want to use Multiverse repository and check if you have the right to use the software. + +#### **Restricted** + +Ubuntu tries to provide only free and open source software but that’s not always possible specially when it comes to supporting hardware. + +The restricted repositories consists of proprietary drivers. + +#### **Partner** + +This repository consist of proprietary software packaged by Ubuntu for their partners. Earlier, Ubuntu used to provide Skype trough this repository. + +#### Third party repositories and PPA (Not provided by Ubuntu) + +The above five repositories are provided by Ubuntu. You can also add third party repositories (it’s up to you if you want to do it) to access more software or to access newer version of a software (as Ubuntu might provide old version of the same software). + +For example, if you add the repository provided by [VirtualBox][7], you can get the latest version of VurtualBox. It will add a new entry in your sources.list. + +You can also install additional application using PPA (Personal Package Archive). I have written about [what is PPA and how it works][8] in detail so please read that article. + +Tip + +Try NOT adding anything other than Ubuntu’s repositories in your sources.list file. You should keep this file in pristine condition because if you mess it up, you won’t be able to update your system or (at times) even install new packages. + +### Add universe, multiverse and other repositories + +As I had mentioned earlier, only the Main repository is enabled by default when you install Ubuntu. To access more software, you can add the additional repositories. + +Let me show you how to do it in command line first and then I’ll show you the GUI ways as well. + +To enable Universe repository, use: + +``` +sudo add-apt-repository universe +``` + +To enable Restricted repository, use: + +``` +sudo add-apt-repository restricted +``` + +To enable Multiverse repository, use this command: + +``` +sudo add-apt-repository multiverse +``` + +You must use sudo apt update command after adding the repository so that you system creates the local cache with package information. + +If you want to **remove a repository** , simply add -r like **sudo add-apt-repository -r universe**. + +Graphically, go to Software & Updates and you can enable the repositories here: + +![Adding Universe, Restricted and Multiverse repositories][9] + +You’ll find the option to enable partner repository in the Other Software tab. + +![Adding Partner repository][10] + +To disable a repository, simply uncheck the box. + +### Bonus Tip: How to know which repository a package belongs to? + +Ubuntu has a dedicated website that provides you with information about all the packages available in the Ubuntu archive. Go to Ubuntu Packages website. + +[Ubuntu Packages][11] + +You can search for a package name in the search field. You can select if you are looking for a particular Ubuntu release or a particular repository. I prefer using ‘any’ option in both fields. + +![][12] + +It will show you all the matching packages, Ubuntu releases and the repository information. + +![][13] + +As you can see above the package tor is available in the Universe repository for various Ubuntu releases. + +**Conclusion** + +I hope this article helped you in understanding the concept of repositories in Ubuntu. + +If you have any questions or suggestions, please feel free to leave a comment below. If you liked the article, please share it on social media sites like Reddit and Hacker News. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-repositories + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/remove-install-software-ubuntu/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/apt-command-guide/ +[3]: https://wiki.debian.org/Apt +[4]: http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ +[5]: https://itsfoss.com/update-ubuntu/ +[6]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/ubuntu-repositories.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[7]: https://itsfoss.com/install-virtualbox-ubuntu/ +[8]: https://itsfoss.com/ppa-guide/ +[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/enable-repositories-ubuntu.png?resize=800%2C490&ssl=1 +[10]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/enable-partner-repository-ubuntu.png?resize=800%2C490&ssl=1 +[11]: https://packages.ubuntu.com +[12]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/search-packages-ubuntu-archive.png?ssl=1 +[13]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/search-packages-ubuntu-archive-1.png?resize=800%2C454&ssl=1 From 4edcc3a48c09d8a5e6261c35f2747156cbaaca60 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 2 Apr 2019 18:09:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 097/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190325=20Gettin?= =?UTF-8?q?g=20started=20with=20Vim:=20The=20basics=20sources/tech/2019032?= =?UTF-8?q?5=20Getting=20started=20with=20Vim-=20The=20basics.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...25 Getting started with Vim- The basics.md | 222 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 222 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190325 Getting started with Vim- The basics.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190325 Getting started with Vim- The basics.md b/sources/tech/20190325 Getting started with Vim- The basics.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..545a60ce94 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190325 Getting started with Vim- The basics.md @@ -0,0 +1,222 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Getting started with Vim: The basics) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/getting-started-vim) +[#]: author: (Bryant Son (Red Hat, Community Moderator) https://opensource.com/users/brson) + +Getting started with Vim: The basics +====== + +Learn to use Vim enough to get by at work or for a new project. + +![Person standing in front of a giant computer screen with numbers, data][1] + +I remember the very first time I encountered Vim. I was a university student, and the computers in the computer science department's lab were installed with Ubuntu Linux. While I had been exposed to different Linux variations (like RHEL) even before my college years (Red Hat sold its CDs at Best Buy!), this was the first time I needed to use the Linux operating system regularly, because my classes required me to do so. Once I started using Linux, like many others before and after me, I began to feel like a "real programmer." + +![Real Programmers comic][2] + +Real Programmers, by [xkcd][3] + +Students could use a graphical text editor like [Kate][4], which was installed on the lab computers by default. For students who could use the shell but weren't used to the console-based editor, the popular choice was [Nano][5], which provided good interactive menus and an experience similar to Windows' graphical text editor. + +I used Nano sometimes, but I heard awesome things about [Vi/Vim][6] and [Emacs][7] and really wanted to give them a try (mainly because they looked cool, and I was also curious to see what was so great about them). Using Vim for the first time scared me—I did not want to mess anything up! But once I got the hang of it, things became much easier and I could appreciate the editor's powerful capabilities. As for Emacs, well, I sort of gave up, but I'm happy I stuck with Vim. + +In this article, I will walk through Vim (based on my personal experience) just enough so you can get by with it as an editor on a Linux system. This will neither make you an expert nor even scratch the surface of many of Vim's powerful capabilities. But the starting point always matters, and I want to make the beginning experience as easy as possible, and you can explore the rest on your own. + +### Step 0: Open a console window + +Before jumping into Vim, you need to do a little preparation. Open a console terminal from your Linux operating system. (Since Vim is also available on MacOS, Mac users can use these instructions, also.) + +Once a terminal window is up, type the **ls** command to list the current directory. Then, type **mkdir Tutorial** to create a new directory called **Tutorial**. Go inside the directory by typing **cd Tutorial**. + +![Create a folder][8] + +That's it for preparation. Now it's time to move on to the fun part—starting to use Vim. + +### Step 1: Create and close a Vim file without saving + +Remember when I said I was scared to use Vim at first? Well, the scary part was thinking, "what if I change an existing file and mess things up?" After all, several computer science assignments required me to work on existing files by modifying them. I wanted to know: _How can I open and close a file without saving my changes?_ + +The good news is you can use the same command to create or open a file in Vim: **vim , where **< FILE_NAME>** represents the target file name you want to create or modify. Let's create a file named **HelloWorld.java** by typing **vim HelloWorld.java**. + +Hello, Vim! Now, here is a very important concept in Vim, possibly the most important to remember: Vim has multiple modes. Here are three you need to know to do Vim basics: + +Mode | Description +---|--- +Normal | Default; for navigation and simple editing +Insert | For explicitly inserting and modifying text +Command Line | For operations like saving, exiting, etc. + +Vim has other modes, like Visual, Select, and Ex-Mode, but Normal, Insert, and Command Line modes are good enough for us. + +You are now in Normal mode. If you have text, you can move around with your arrow keys or other navigation keystrokes (which you will see later). To make sure you are in Normal mode, simply hit the **Esc** (Escape) key. + +> **Tip:** **Esc** switches to Normal mode. Even though you are already in Normal mode, hit **Esc** just for practice's sake. + +Now, this will be interesting. Press **:** (the colon key) followed by **q!** (i.e., **:q!** ). Your screen will look like this: + +![Editing Vim][9] + +Pressing the colon in Normal mode switches Vim to Command Line mode, and the **:q!** command quits the Vim editor without saving. In other words, you are abandoning all changes. You can also use **ZQ** ; choose whichever option is more convenient. + +Once you hit **Enter** , you should no longer be in Vim. Repeat the exercise a few times, just to get the hang of it. Once you've done that, move on to the next section to learn how to make a change to this file. + +### Step 2: Make and save modifications in Vim + +Reopen the file by typing **vim HelloWorld.java** and pressing the **Enter** key. Insert mode is where you can make changes to a file. First, hit **Esc** to make sure you are in Normal mode, then press **i** to go into Insert mode. (Yes, that is the letter **i**.) + +In the lower-left, you should see **\-- INSERT --**. This means you are in Insert mode. + +![Vim insert mode][10] + +Type some Java code. You can type anything you want, but here is an example for you to follow. Your screen will look like this: + + +``` +public class HelloWorld { + public static void main([String][11][] args) { + } +} +``` +Very pretty! Notice how the text is highlighted in Java syntax highlight colors. Because you started the file in Java, Vim will detect the syntax color. + +Save the file. Hit **Esc** to leave Insert mode and enter Command Line mode. Type **:** and follow that with **x!** (i.e., a colon followed by x and !). Hit **Enter** to save the file. You can also type **wq** to perform the same operation. + +Now you know how to enter text using Insert mode and save the file using **:x!** or **:wq**. + +### Step 3: Basic navigation in Vim + +While you can always use your friendly Up, Down, Left, and Right arrow buttons to move around a file, that would be very difficult in a large file with almost countless lines. It's also helpful to be able to be able to jump around within a line. Although Vim has a ton of awesome navigation features, the first one I want to show you is how to go to a specific line. + +Press the **Esc** key to make sure you are in Normal mode, then type **:set number** and hit **Enter** . + +Voila! You see line numbers on the left side of each line. + +![Showing Line Numbers][12] + +OK, you may say, "that's cool, but how do I jump to a line?" Again, make sure you are in Normal mode, then press **: **, where **< LINE_NUMBER>** is the number of the line you want to go to, and press **Enter**. Try moving to line 2. + +``` +:2 +``` + +Now move to line 3. + +![Jump to line 3][13] + +But imagine a scenario where you are dealing with a file that is 1,000 lines long and you want to go to the end of the file. How do you get there? Make sure you are in Normal mode, then type **:$** and press **Enter**. + +You will be on the last line! + +Now that you know how to jump among the lines, as a bonus, let's learn how to move to the end of a line. Make sure you are on a line with some text, like line 3, and type **$**. + +![Go to the last character][14] + +You're now at the last character on the line. In this example, the open curly brace is highlighted to show where your cursor moved to, and the closing curly brace is highlighted because it is the opening curly brace's matching character. + +That's it for basic navigation in Vim. Wait, don't exit the file, though. Let's move to basic editing in Vim. Feel free to grab a cup of coffee or tea, though. + +### Step 4: Basic editing in Vim + +Now that you know how to navigate around a file by hopping onto the line you want, you can use that skill to do some basic editing in Vim. Switch to Insert mode. (Remember how to do that, by hitting the **i** key?) Sure, you can edit by using the keyboard to delete or insert characters, but Vim offers much quicker ways to edit files. + +Move to line 3, where it shows **public static void main(String[] args) {**. Quickly hit the **d** key twice in succession. Yes, that is **dd**. If you did it successfully, you will see a screen like this, where line 3 is gone, and every following line moved up by one (i.e., line 4 became line 3). + +![Deleting A Line][15] + +That's the _delete_ command. Don't fear! Hit **u** and you will see the deleted line recovered. Whew. This is the _undo_ command. + +![Undoing a change in Vim][16] + +The next lesson is learning how to copy and paste text, but first, you need to learn how to highlight text in Vim. Press **v** and move your Left and Right arrow buttons to select and deselect text. This feature is also very useful when you are showing code to others and want to identify the code you want them to see. + +![Highlighting text in Vim][17] + +Move to line 4, where it says **System.out.println("Hello, Opensource");**. Highlight all of line 4. Done? OK, while line 4 is still highlighted, press **y**. This is called _yank_ mode, and it will copy the text to the clipboard. Next, create a new line underneath by entering **o**. Note that this will put you into Insert mode. Get out of Insert mode by pressing **Esc** , then hit **p** , which stands for _paste_. This will paste the copied text from line 3 to line 4. + +![Pasting in Vim][18] + +As an exercise, repeat these steps but also modify the text on your newly created lines. Also, make sure the lines are aligned well. + +> **Hint:** You need to switch back and forth between Insert mode and Command Line mode to accomplish this task. + +Once you are finished, save the file with the **x!** command. That's all for basic editing in Vim. + +### Step 5: Basic searching in Vim + +Imagine your team lead wants you to change a text string in a project. How can you do that quickly? You might want to search for the line using a certain keyword. + +Vim's search functionality can be very useful. Go into the Command Line mode by (1) pressing **Esc** key, then (2) pressing colon **:** ****key. We can search a keyword by entering : **/ **, where **< SEARCH_KEYWORD>** is the text string you want to find. Here we are searching for the keyword string "Hello." In the image below, the colon is missing but required. + +![Searching in Vim][19] + +However, a keyword can appear more than once, and this may not be the one you want. So, how do you navigate around to find the next match? You simply press the **n** key, which stands for _next_. Make sure that you aren't in Insert mode when you do this! + +### Bonus step: Use split mode in Vim + +That pretty much covers all the Vim basics. But, as a bonus, I want to show you a cool Vim feature called _split mode_. + +Get out of _HelloWorld.java_ and create a new file. In a terminal window, type **vim GoodBye.java** and hit **Enter** to create a new file named _GoodBye.java_. + +Enter any text you want; I decided to type "Goodbye." Save the file. (Remember you can use **:x!** or **:wq** in Command Line mode.) + +In Command Line mode, type **:split HelloWorld.java** , and see what happens. + +![Split mode in Vim][20] + +Wow! Look at that! The **split** command created horizontally divided windows with _HelloWorld.java_ above and _GoodBye.java_ below. How can you switch between the windows? Hold **Control** (on a Mac) or **CTRL** (on a PC) then hit **ww** (i.e., **w** twice in succession). + +As a final exercise, try to edit _GoodBye.java_ to match the screen below by copying and pasting from _HelloWorld.java_. + +![Modify GoodBye.java file in Split Mode][21] + +Save both files, and you are done! + +> **TIP 1:** If you want to arrange the files vertically, use the command **:vsplit ** (instead of **:split **, where **< FILE_NAME>** is the name of the file you want to open in Split mode. +> +> **TIP 2:** You can open more than two files by calling as many additional **split** or **vsplit** commands as you want. Try it and see how it looks. + +### Vim cheat sheet + +In this article, you learned how to use Vim just enough to get by for work or a project. But this is just the beginning of your journey to unlock Vim's powerful capabilities. Be sure to check out other great tutorials and tips on Opensource.com. + +To make things a little easier, I've summarized everything you've learned into [a handy cheat sheet][22]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/getting-started-vim + +作者：[Bryant Son (Red Hat, Community Moderator)][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/brson +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/data_metrics_analytics_desktop_laptop.png?itok=9QXd7AUr (Person standing in front of a giant computer screen with numbers, data) +[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/1_xkcdcartoon.jpg (Real Programmers comic) +[3]: https://xkcd.com/378/ +[4]: https://kate-editor.org +[5]: https://www.nano-editor.org +[6]: https://www.vim.org +[7]: https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/2_createtestfolder.jpg (Create a folder) +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/4_existingvim.jpg (Editing Vim) +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/6_insertionmode.jpg (Vim insert mode) +[11]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+string +[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/10_setnumberresult_0.jpg (Showing Line Numbers) +[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/12_jumpintoline3.jpg (Jump to line 3) +[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/14_gotolastcharacter.jpg (Go to the last character) +[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/15_deletinglines.jpg (Deleting A Line) +[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/16_undoingtheline.jpg (Undoing a change in Vim) +[17]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/17_highlighting.jpg (Highlighting text in Vim) +[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/19_pasting.jpg (Pasting in Vim) +[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/22_searchmode.jpg (Searching in Vim) +[20]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/26_copytonewfiles.jpg (Split mode in Vim) +[21]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/27_exercise.jpg (Modify GoodBye.java file in Split Mode) +[22]: https://opensource.com/downloads/cheat-sheet-vim From e9271690ad0cc7f4d0fe7a442c3cbdb157060308 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 2 Apr 2019 18:10:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 098/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190321=204=20wa?= =?UTF-8?q?ys=20to=20jumpstart=20productivity=20at=20work=20sources/tech/2?= =?UTF-8?q?0190321=204=20ways=20to=20jumpstart=20productivity=20at=20work.?= =?UTF-8?q?md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... ways to jumpstart productivity at work.md | 96 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 96 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190321 4 ways to jumpstart productivity at work.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190321 4 ways to jumpstart productivity at work.md b/sources/tech/20190321 4 ways to jumpstart productivity at work.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..679fa75607 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190321 4 ways to jumpstart productivity at work.md @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (4 ways to jumpstart productivity at work) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/guide-being-more-productive) +[#]: author: (Sarah Wall https://opensource.com/users/sarahwall) + +4 ways to jumpstart productivity at work +====== + +This article includes six open source productivity tools. + +![][1] + +Time poverty—the idea that there's not enough time to do all the work we need to do—is it a perception or a reality? + +The truth is you'll never get more than 24 hours out of any day. Working longer hours doesn't help. Your productivity actually decreases the longer you work in a given day. Your perception, or intuitive understanding of your time, is what matters. One key to managing productivity is how you use the time you've got. + +You have lots of time that you can use more efficiently, including time lost to ineffective meetings, distractions, and context switching between tasks. By spending your time more wisely, you can get more done and achieve higher overall job performance. You will also have a higher level of job satisfaction and feel lower levels of stress. + +### Jumpstart your productivity + +#### 1\. Eliminate distractions + +When you have too many things vying for your attention, it slows you down and decreases your productivity. Do your best to remove every distraction that pulls you off tasks. + +Cellphones, email, and messaging apps are the most common drains on productivity. Set the ringer on your phone to vibrate, set specific times for checking email, and close irrelevant browser tabs. With this approach, your work will be interrupted less throughout the day. + +#### 2\. Make your to-do list _verb-oriented_ + +To-do lists are a great way to help you focus on exactly what you need to accomplish each day. Some people do best with a physical list, like a notebook, and others do better with digital tools. Check out these suggestions for [open source productivity tools][2] to help you manage your workflow. Or check these six open source tools to stay organized: + + * [Joplin, a note-taking app][3] + * [Wekan, an open source kanban board][4] + * [TaskBoard, a lightweight kanban board][5] + * [Go For It, a flexible to-do list application][6] + * [Org mode without Emacs][7] + * [Freeplane, an open source mind-mapping application][8] + + + +Your list can be as sophisticated or as simple as you like, but just making a list is not enough. What goes on your list makes all the difference. Every item that goes on your list should be actionable. The trick is to make sure there's a verb. For example, "Smith project" is not actionable enough. "Outline key deliverables on Smith project" gives you a more concrete task to complete. + +#### 3\. Stick to the 10-minute rule + +Overwhelmed by an unclear or unwieldy task? Break it into 10-minute mini-tasks instead. This can be a great way to take something unmanageable and turn it into something achievable. + +The beauty of 10-minute tasks is they can be fit into many parts of your day. When you get into the office in the morning and are feeling fresh, kick off your day with a burst of productivity with a few 10-minute tasks. Losing momentum in the afternoon? A 10-minute job can help you regain speed. + +Ten-minute tasks are also a good way to identify tasks that can be delegated to others. The ability to delegate work is often one of the most effective management techniques. By finding a simple task that can be accomplished by another member of your team, you can make short work of a big job. + +#### 4\. Take a break + +Another drain on productivity is the urge to keep pressing ahead on a task to complete it without taking a break. Suddenly you feel really fatigued or hungry, and you realize you haven't gone to the bathroom in hours! Your concentration is affected, and therefore your productivity decreases. + +Set benchmarks for taking breaks and stick to them. For example, commit to once per hour to get up and move around for five minutes. If you're pressed for time, stand up and stretch for two minutes. Changing your body position and focusing on the present moment will help relieve any mental tension that has built up. + +Hydrate your mind with a glass of water. When your body is not properly hydrated, it can put increased stress on your brain. As little as a one to three percent decrease in hydration can negatively affect your memory, concentration, and decision-making. + +### Don't fall into the time-poverty trap + +Time is limited and time poverty is just an idea. How you choose to spend the time you have each day is what's important. When you develop new, healthy habits, you can increase your productivity and direct your time in the ways that give the most value. + +* * * + +_This article was adapted from "[The Keys to Productivity][9]" on ImageX's blog._ + +_Sarah Wall will present_ [_Mindless multitasking: a dummy's guide to productivity_][10], _at_ [_DrupalCon_][11] _in Seattle, April 8-12, 2019._ + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/guide-being-more-productive + +作者：[Sarah Wall][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/sarahwall +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rh_commun_4604_02_mech_connections_rhcz0.5x.png?itok=YPPU4dMj +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/16/11/open-source-productivity-hacks +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/productivity-tool-joplin +[4]: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/productivity-tool-wekan +[5]: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/productivity-tool-taskboard +[6]: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/productivity-tool-go-for-it +[7]: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/productivity-tool-org-mode +[8]: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/productivity-tool-freeplane +[9]: https://imagexmedia.com/managing-productivity +[10]: https://events.drupal.org/seattle2019/sessions/mindless-multitasking-dummy%E2%80%99s-guide-productivity +[11]: https://events.drupal.org/seattle2019 From 9ac63365d0a08e5b7be9c247268512afe02e220a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 2 Apr 2019 18:16:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 099/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190325=20Backup?= =?UTF-8?q?=20on=20Fedora=20Silverblue=20with=20Borg=20sources/tech/201903?= =?UTF-8?q?25=20Backup=20on=20Fedora=20Silverblue=20with=20Borg.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...5 Backup on Fedora Silverblue with Borg.md | 314 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 314 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190325 Backup on Fedora Silverblue with Borg.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190325 Backup on Fedora Silverblue with Borg.md b/sources/tech/20190325 Backup on Fedora Silverblue with Borg.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8aa5c65139 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190325 Backup on Fedora Silverblue with Borg.md @@ -0,0 +1,314 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Backup on Fedora Silverblue with Borg) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/backup-on-fedora-silverblue-with-borg/) +[#]: author: (Steven Snow https://fedoramagazine.org/author/jakfrost/) + +Backup on Fedora Silverblue with Borg +====== + +![][1] + +When it comes to backing up a Fedora Silverblue system, some of the traditional tools may not function as expected. BorgBackup (Borg) is an alternative available that can provide backup capability for your Silverblue based systems. This how-to explains the steps for using BorgBackup 1.1.8 as a layered package to back up Fedora Silverblue 29 system. + +On a normal Fedora Workstation system, _dnf_ is used to install a package. However, on Fedora Silverblue, _rpm-ostree install_ is used to install new software. This is termed layering on the Silverblue system, since the core ostree is an immutable image and the rpm package is layered onto the core system during the install process resulting in a new local image with the layered package. + +> “BorgBackup (short: Borg) is a deduplicating backup program. Optionally, it supports compression and authenticated encryption.” +> +> From the Borg website + +Additionally, the main way to interact with Borg is via the command line. Reading the Quick Start guide it becomes apparent that Borg is well suited to scripting. In fact, it is pretty much necessary to use some form of shell script when performing repeated thorough backup’s of a system. A basic script is provided in the [Borg Quick Start guide][2] , as a point to get started. + +### Installing Borg + +In a terminal, type the following command to install BorgBackup as a layered package: + +``` +$rpm-ostree install borgbackup +``` +This installs BorgBackup to the Fedora Silverblue system. To use it, reboot into the new ostree with: + +``` +$systemctl reboot +``` + +Now Borg is installed, and ready to use. + +### Some notes about Silverblue and its file system, layered packages and flatpaks + +#### The file system + +Silverblue is an immutable operating system based on ostree, with support for layering rpm’s through the use of rpm-ostree. At the user level, this means the path that appears as _/home_ in a flatpak, will actually be _/var/home_ to the system. For programs like Borg, and other backup tools this is important to remember since they often require the actual path, so in this example that would be _/var/home_ instead of just _/home_. + +Before starting a backup it’s a good idea to understand where potential data could be stored, and then if that data should be backed up. Silverblue’s file system layout is very specific with respect to what is writable and what is not. On Silverblue _/etc_ and _/var_ are the only places that are not immutable, therefore writable. On a single user system, typically the user home directory would be a likely choice for data backup. Normally excluding Downloads, but including Documents and more. Also, _/etc_ is a logical choice for some configuration options you don’t want to go through again. Take notes of what to exclude from your home directory and from _/etc_. Some files and subdirectories of /etc you need root or sudo privileges to access. + +#### Flatpaks + +Flatpak applications store data in your home directory under _$HOME/.var/app/flatpakapp_ , regardless of whether they were installed as user or system. If installed at a user level, there is also data found in _$HOME/.local/share/flatpak/app/_ , or if installed at a system level it will be found in _/var/lib/flatpak/app_ For the purposes of this article, it was enough to list the flatpak’s installed and redirect the output to a file for backing up. Reasoning that if there is a need to reinstall them (flatpaks) the list file could be used to do it from. For a more robust approach, examining the flatpak file system layouts can be done [here.][3] + +#### Layering and rpm-ostree + +There is no easy way for a user to retrieve the layered package information aside from the + +$rpm-ostree status + +command. Which shows the current and previous ostree commit’s layered packages, and if any commits are pinned they would be listed too. Below is the output on my system, note the LayeredPackages label at the end of each commit listing. + +![][4] + +The command + +$ostree log + +is useful to retrieve a history of commits for the system. Type it in your terminal to see the output. + +### Preparing the backup repo + +In order to use Borg to back up a system, you need to first initialize a Borg repo. Before initializing, the decision must be made to use encryption (or not) and if so, what mode. + +With Borg the data can be protected using 256-bit AES encryption. The integrity and authenticity of the data, which is encrypted on the clientside, is verified using HMAC-SHA256. The encryption modes are listed below. + +#### Encryption modes + +Hash/MAC | Not encrypted no auth | Not encrypted, but authenticated | Encrypted (AEAD w/ AES) and authenticated +---|---|---|--- +SHA-256 | none | authenticated | repokey keyfile +BLAKE2b | n/a | authenticated-blake2 | repokey-blake2 keyfile-blake2 + +The encryption mode decided on was keyfile-blake2, which requires a passphrase to be entered as well as the keyfile being needed. + +Borg can use the following compression types which you can specify at backup creation time. + + * lz4 (super fast, low compression) + * zstd (wide range from high speed and low compression to high compression and lower speed) + * zlib (medium speed and compression) + * lzma (low speed, high compression) + + + +For compression lzma was chosen at setting 6, the highest sensible compression level. The initial backup took 4 minutes 59.98 seconds to complete, while subsequent ones have taken less than 20 seconds as a rule. + +#### Borg init + +To be able to perform backups with Borg, first, create a directory for your Borg repo: + +``` +$mkdir borg_testdir +``` + +and then change to it. + +``` +$cd borg_testdir +``` + +Next, initialize the Borg repo with the borg init command: + +``` +$borg init -e=keyfile-blake2 . +``` + +Borg will prompt for your passphrase, which is case sensitive, and at creation must be entered twice. A suitable passphrase of alpha-numeric characters and symbols, and of a reasonable length should be created. It can be changed later on if needed without affecting the keyfile, or your encrypted data. The keyfile can be exported and should be for backup purposes, along with the passphrase, and stored somewhere secure. + +#### Creating a backup + +Next, create a test backup of the Documents directory, remember on Silverblue the actual path to the user Documents directory is _/var/home/username/Documents_. In practice on Silverblue, it is suitable to use _~/_ or _$HOME_ to indicate your home directory. The distinction between the actual path and environment variables being the real path does not change whereas the environment variable can be changed. From within the Borg repo, type the following command + +``` +$borg create .::borgtest /var/home/username/Documents +``` + +and that will create a backup of the Documents directory named **borgtest**. To break down the command a bit; **create** requires a **repo location** , in this case **.** since we are in the **top level** of the **repo**. That makes the path **.::borgtest** for the backup name. Finally **/var/home/username/Documents** is the location of the data we are backing up. + +The following command + +``` +$borg list +``` + +returns a listing of your backups, after a few days it look similar to this: + +![Output of borg list command in my backup repo.][5] + +To delete the test backup, type the following in the terminal + +``` +$borg delete .::borgtest +``` + +at this time Borg will prompt for the encryption passphrase in order to delete the backup. + +### Pulling it together into a shell script + +As mentioned Borg is an eminently script friendly tool. The Borg documentation links provided are great places to find out more about BorgBackup, and there is more. The example script provided by Borg was modified to suit this article. Below is a version with the basic parts that others could use as a starting point if desired. It tries to capture the three information pieces of the system and apps mentioned earlier. The output of _flatpak list_ , _rpm-ostree status_ , and _ostree log_ as human readable files given the same names each time so overwritten each time. The repo setup had to be changed since the original example is for a remote server login with ssh, and this was intended to be used locally. The other changes mostly involved correcting directory paths, tailoring the excluded content to suit this systems home directory, and choosing the compression. +``` +#!/bin/sh + + + +# This gets the ostree commit data, this file is overwritten each time + +sudo ostree log fedora-workstation:fedora/29/x86_64/silverblue > ostree.log + + + +rpm-ostree status > rpm-ostree-status.lst + + + +# Flatpaks get listed too + +flatpak list > flatpak.lst + + + +# Setting this, so the repo does not need to be given on the commandline: + +export BORG_REPO=/var/home/usernamehere/borg_testdir + + + +# Setting this, so you won't be asked for your repository passphrase:(Caution advised!) + +export BORG_PASSPHRASE='usercomplexpassphrasehere' + + + +# some helpers and error handling: + +info() { printf "\n%s %s\n\n" "$( date )" "$*" >&2; } + +trap 'echo $( date ) Backup interrupted >&2; exit 2' INT TERM + + + +info "Starting backup" + + + +# Backup the most important directories into an archive named after + +# the machine this script is currently running on: + +borg create \ + + --verbose \ + + --filter AME \ + + --list \ + + --stats \ + + --show-rc \ + + --compression auto,lzma,6 \ + + --exclude-caches \ + + --exclude '/var/home/*/borg_testdir'\ + + --exclude '/var/home/*/Downloads/'\ + + --exclude '/var/home/*/.var/' \ + + --exclude '/var/home/*/Desktop/'\ + + --exclude '/var/home/*/bin/' \ + + \ + + ::'{hostname}-{now}' \ + + /etc \ + + /var/home/ssnow \ + + + + backup_exit=$? + + + + info "Pruning repository" + + + + # Use the `prune` subcommand to maintain 7 daily, 4 weekly and 6 monthly + + # archives of THIS machine. The '{hostname}-' prefix is very important to + + # limit prune's operation to this machine's archives and not apply to + + # other machines' archives also: + + + + borg prune \ + + --list \ + + --prefix '{hostname}-' \ + + --show-rc \ + + --keep-daily 7 \ + + --keep-weekly 4 \ + + --keep-monthly 6 \ + + + + prune_exit=$? + + + + # use highest exit code as global exit code + + global_exit=$(( backup_exit > prune_exit ? backup_exit : prune_exit )) + + + + if [ ${global_exit} -eq 0 ]; then + + info "Backup and Prune finished successfully" + + elif [ ${global_exit} -eq 1 ]; then + + info "Backup and/or Prune finished with warnings" + + else + + info "Backup and/or Prune finished with errors" + + fi + + + + exit ${global_exit} +``` + +This listing is missing some more excludes that were specific to the test system setup and backup intentions, and is very basic with room for customization and improvement. For this test to write an article it wasn’t a problem having the passphrase inside of a shell script file. Under normal use it is better to enter the passphrase each time when performing the backup. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/backup-on-fedora-silverblue-with-borg/ + +作者：[Steven Snow][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/jakfrost/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/borg-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/stable/quickstart.html +[3]: https://github.com/flatpak/flatpak/wiki/Filesystem +[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Screenshot-from-2019-03-18-17-11-21-1024x285.png +[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Screenshot-from-2019-03-18-18-56-03.png From 983ba69d4040ed00185812fc468131a85ef13891 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 2 Apr 2019 18:40:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 100/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190402=20How=20?= =?UTF-8?q?to=20Install=20and=20Configure=20Plex=20on=20Ubuntu=20Linux=20s?= =?UTF-8?q?ources/tech/20190402=20How=20to=20Install=20and=20Configure=20P?= =?UTF-8?q?lex=20on=20Ubuntu=20Linux.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...tall and Configure Plex on Ubuntu Linux.md | 202 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 202 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190402 How to Install and Configure Plex on Ubuntu Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190402 How to Install and Configure Plex on Ubuntu Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190402 How to Install and Configure Plex on Ubuntu Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8b5010a2ec --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190402 How to Install and Configure Plex on Ubuntu Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,202 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to Install and Configure Plex on Ubuntu Linux) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/install-plex-ubuntu) +[#]: author: (Chinmay https://itsfoss.com/author/chinmay/) + +How to Install and Configure Plex on Ubuntu Linux +====== + +When you are a media hog and have a big collection of movies, photos or music, the below capabilities would be very handy. + + * Share media with family and other people. + * Access media from different devices and platforms. + + + +Plex ticks all of those boxes and more. Plex is a client-server media player system with additional features. Plex supports a wide array of platforms, both for the server and the player. No wonder it is considered one of the [best media servers for Linux][1]. + +Note: Plex is not a completely open source media player. We have covered it because this is one of the frequently [requested tutorial][2]. + +### Install Plex on Ubuntu + +For this guide I am installing Plex on Elementary OS, an Ubuntu based distribution. You can still follow along if you are installing it on a headless Linux machine. + +Go to the Plex [downloads][3] page, select Ubuntu 64-bit (I would not recommend installing it on a 32-bit CPU) and download the .deb file. + +![][4] + +[Download Plex][3] + +You can [install the .deb file][5] by just clicking on the package. If it does not work, you can use an installer like **Eddy** or **[GDebi][6].** + +You can also install it via the terminal using dpkg as shown below. + +Install Plex on a headless Linux system + +For a [headless system][7], you can use **wget** to download the .deb package. This example uses the current link for Ubuntu, at the time of writing. Be sure to use the up-to-date version supplied on the Plex website. + +``` +wget https://downloads.plex.tv/plex-media-server-new/1.15.1.791-8bec0f76c/debian/plexmediaserver_1.15.1.791-8bec0f76c_amd64.deb +``` + +The above command downloads the 64-bit .deb package. Once downloaded install the package using the following command. + +``` +dpkg -i plexmediaserver*.deb +``` + +Enable version upgrades for Plex + +The .deb installation does create an entry in sources.d, but [repository updates][8] are not enabled by default and the contents of _plexmediaserver.list_ are commented out. This means that if there is a new Plex version available, your system will not be able to update your Plex install. + +To enable repository updates you can either remove the # from the line starting with deb or run the following commands. + +``` +echo deb https://downloads.plex.tv/repo/deb public main | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/plexmediaserver.list +``` + +The above command updates the entry in sources.d directory. + +We also need to add Plex’s public key to facilitate secure and safe downloads. You can try running the command below, unfortunately this **did not work for me** and the [GPG][9] key was not added. + +``` +curl https://downloads.plex.tv/plex-keys/PlexSign.key | sudo apt-key add - +``` + +To fix this issue I found out the key hash for from the error message after running _sudo apt-get update._ + +![][10] + +``` +97203C7B3ADCA79D +``` + +The above hash can be used to add the key from the key-server. Run the below commands to add the key. + +``` +gpg --keyserver https://downloads.plex.tv/plex-keys/PlexSign.key --recv-keys 97203C7B3ADCA79D +``` + +``` +gpg --export --armor 97203C7B3ADCA79D|sudo apt-key add - +``` + +You should see an **OK** once the key is added. + +Run the below command to verify that the repository is added to the sources list successfully. + +``` +sudo apt update +``` + +To update Plex to the newest version available on the repository, run the below [apt-get command][11]. + +``` +sudo apt-get --only-upgrade install plexmediaserver +``` + +Once installed the Plex service automatically starts running. You can check if its running by running the this command in a terminal. + +``` +systemctl status plexmediaserver +``` + +If the service is running properly you should see something like this. + +![Check the status of Plex Server][12] + +### Configuring Plex as a Media Server + +The Plex server is accessible on the ports 32400 and 32401. Navigate to **localhost:32400** or **localhost:32401** using a browser. You should replace the ‘localhost’ with the IP address of the machine running Plex server if you are going headless. + +The first time you are required to sign up or log in to your Plex account. + +![Plex Login Page][13] + +Now you can go ahead and give a friendly name to your Plex Server. This name will be used to identify the server over the network. You can also have multiple Plex servers identified by different names on the same network. + +![Plex Server Setup][14] + +Now it is finally time to add all your collections to the Plex library. Here your collections will be automatically get indexed and organized. + +You can click the add library button to add all your collections. + +![Add Media Library][15] + +![][16] + +Navigate to the location of the media you want to add to Plex . + +![][17] + +You can add multiple folders and different types of media. + +When you are done, you are taken to a very slick looking Plex UI. You can already see the contents of your libraries showing up on the home screen. It also automatically selects a thumbnail and also fills the metadata. + +![][18] + +You can head over to the settings and configure some of the settings. You can create new users( **only with Plex Pass** ), adjust the transcoding settings set scheduled library updates and more. + +If you have a public IP assigned to your router by the ISP you can also enable Remote Access. This means that you can be traveling and still access your libraries at home, considering you have your Plex server running all the time. + +Now you are all set up and ready, but how do you access your media? Yes you can access through your browser but Plex has a presence in almost all platforms you can think of including Android Auto. + +### Accessing Your Media and Plex Pass + +You can access you media either by using the web browser (the same address you used earlier) or Plex’s suite of apps. The web browser experience is pretty good on computers and can be better on phones. + +Plex apps provide a much better experience. But, the iOS and Android apps need to be activated with a [Plex Pass][19]. Without activation you are limited to 1 minute of video playback and images are watermarked. + +Plex Pass is a premium subscription service which activates the mobile apps and enables more features. You can also individually activate your apps tied to a particular phone for a cheaper price. You can also create multiple users and set permissions with the Plex Pass which is a very handy feature. + +You can check out all the benefits of Plex Pass [here][19]. + +_Note: Plex Meida Player is free on all platforms other than Android and iOS App._ + +**Conclusion** + +That’s about all things you need to know for the first time configuration, go ahead and explore the Plex UI, it also gives you access to free online content like podcasts and music through Tidal. + +There are alternatives to Plex like [Jellyfin][20] which is free but native apps are in beta and on road to be published on the App stores.You can also use a NAS with any of the freely available media centers like Kodi, OpenELEC or even VLC media player. + +Here is an article listing the [best Linux media servers.][1] + +Let us know your experience with Plex and what you use for your media sharing needs. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/install-plex-ubuntu + +作者：[Chinmay][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/chinmay/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-media-server/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/request-tutorial/ +[3]: https://www.plex.tv/media-server-downloads/ +[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/downloads-plex.png?ssl=1 +[5]: https://itsfoss.com/install-deb-files-ubuntu/ +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/gdebi-default-ubuntu-software-center/ +[7]: https://www.lions-wing.net/lessons/servers/home-server.html +[8]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-repositories/ +[9]: https://www.gnupg.org/ +[10]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Screenshot-from-2019-03-26-07-21-05-1.png?ssl=1 +[11]: https://itsfoss.com/apt-get-linux-guide/ +[12]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/check-plex-service.png?ssl=1 +[13]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/plex-home-page.png?ssl=1 +[14]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Plex-server-setup.png?ssl=1 +[15]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/add-library.png?ssl=1 +[16]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/add-plex-library.png?ssl=1 +[17]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/add-plex-folder.png?ssl=1 +[18]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Screenshot-from-2019-03-17-22-27-56.png?ssl=1 +[19]: https://www.plex.tv/plex-pass/ +[20]: https://jellyfin.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ From 50a09e03301ebb9d031ed66f23395605861879c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 08:52:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 101/143] translated --- ... Service Tutanota Has a Desktop App Now.md | 119 ----------------- ... Service Tutanota Has a Desktop App Now.md | 120 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 120 insertions(+), 119 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190118 Secure Email Service Tutanota Has a Desktop App Now.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190118 Secure Email Service Tutanota Has a Desktop App Now.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190118 Secure Email Service Tutanota Has a Desktop App Now.md b/sources/tech/20190118 Secure Email Service Tutanota Has a Desktop App Now.md deleted file mode 100644 index 97d43f515e..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190118 Secure Email Service Tutanota Has a Desktop App Now.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,119 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Secure Email Service Tutanota Has a Desktop App Now) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/tutanota-desktop) -[#]: author: (John Paul https://itsfoss.com/author/john/) - -Secure Email Service Tutanota Has a Desktop App Now -====== - -[Tutanota][1] recently [announced][2] the release of a desktop app for their email service. The beta is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. - -### What is Tutanota? - -There are plenty of free, ad-supported email services available online. However, the majority of those email services are not exactly secure or privacy-minded. In this post-[Snowden][3] world, [Tutanota][4] offers a free, secure email service with a focus on privacy. - -Tutanota has a number of eye-catching features, such as: - - * End-to-end encrypted mailbox - * End-to-end encrypted address book - * Automatic end-to-end encrypted emails between users - * End-to-end encrypted emails to any email address with a shared password - * Secure password reset that gives Tutanota absolutely no access - * Strips IP addresses from emails sent and received - * The code that runs Tutanota is [open source][5] - * Two-factor authentication - * Focus on privacy - * Passwords are salted and hashed locally with Bcrypt - * Secure servers located in Germany - * TLS with support for PFS, DMARC, DKIM, DNSSEC, and DANE - * Full-text search of encrypted data executed locally - - - -![][6] -Tutanota on the web - -You can [sign up for an account for free][7]. You can also upgrade your account to get extra features, such as custom domains, custom domain login, domain rules, extra storage, and aliases. They also have accounts available for businesses. - -Tutanota is also available on mobile devices. In fact, it’s [Android app is open source as well][8]. - -This German company is planning to expand beyond email. They hope to offer an encrypted calendar and cloud storage. You can help them reach their goals by [donating][9] via PayPal and cryptocurrency. - -### The New Desktop App from Tutanota - -Tutanota announced the [beta release][2] of the desktop app right before Christmas. They based this app on [Electron][10]. - -![][11] -Tutanota desktop app - -They went the Electron route: - - * to support all three major operating systems with minimum effort. - * to quickly adapt the new desktop clients so that they match new features added to the webmail client. - * to allocate development time to particular desktop features, e.g. offline availability, email import, that will simultaneously be available in all three desktop clients. - - - -Because this is a beta, there are several features missing from the app. The development team at Tutanota is working to add the following features: - - * Email import and synchronization with external mailboxes. This will “enable Tutanota to import emails from external mailboxes and encrypt the data locally on your device before storing it on the Tutanota servers.” - * Offline availability of emails - * Two-factor authentication - - - -### How to Install the Tutanota desktop client? - -![][12]Composing email in Tutanota - -You can [download][2] the beta app directly from Tutanota’s website. They have an [AppImage file for Linux][13], a .exe file for Windows, and a .app file for macOS. You can post any bugs that you encounter to the Tutanota [GitHub account][14]. - -To prove the security of the app, Tutanota signed each version. “The signatures make sure that the desktop clients as well as any updates come directly from us and have not been tampered with.” You can verify the signature using from Tutanota’s [GitHub page][15]. - -Remember, you will need to create a Tutanota account before you can use it. This is email client is designed to work solely with Tutanota. - -### Wrapping up - -I tested out the Tutanota email app on Linux Mint MATE. As to be expected, it was a mirror image of the web app. At this point in time, I don’t see any difference between the desktop app and the web app. The only use case that I can see to use the app now is to have Tutanota in its own window. - -Have you ever used [Tutanota][16]? If not, what is your favorite privacy conscience email service? Let us know in the comments below. - -If you found this article interesting, please take a minute to share it on social media, Hacker News or [Reddit][17]. - -![][18] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/tutanota-desktop - -作者：[John Paul][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/john/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://itsfoss.com/tutanota-review/ -[2]: https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/desktop-clients/ -[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden -[4]: https://tutanota.com/ -[5]: https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/open-source-email -[6]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/tutanota2.jpg?resize=800%2C490&ssl=1 -[7]: https://tutanota.com/pricing -[8]: https://itsfoss.com/tutanota-fdroid-release/ -[9]: https://tutanota.com/community -[10]: https://electronjs.org/ -[11]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/tutanota-app1.png?fit=800%2C486&ssl=1 -[12]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/tutanota1.jpg?resize=800%2C405&ssl=1 -[13]: https://itsfoss.com/use-appimage-linux/ -[14]: https://github.com/tutao/tutanota -[15]: https://github.com/tutao/tutanota/blob/master/buildSrc/installerSigner.js -[16]: https://tutanota.com/polo/ -[17]: http://reddit.com/r/linuxusersgroup -[18]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/tutanota-featured.png?fit=800%2C450&ssl=1 diff --git a/translated/tech/20190118 Secure Email Service Tutanota Has a Desktop App Now.md b/translated/tech/20190118 Secure Email Service Tutanota Has a Desktop App Now.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b7f354a2bc --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190118 Secure Email Service Tutanota Has a Desktop App Now.md @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Secure Email Service Tutanota Has a Desktop App Now) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/tutanota-desktop) +[#]: author: (John Paul https://itsfoss.com/author/john/) + +加密邮件服务 Tutanota 现在有桌面应用了 +====== + +[Tutanota][1] 最近[宣布][2]发布针对其电子邮件服务的桌面应用。该 Beta 版适用于 Linux、Windows 和 macOS。 + +### 什么是 Tutanota？ + +网上有大量免费的、带有广告的电子邮件服务。但是，大多数电子邮件服务并不完全安全或在意隐私。在这个后[[斯诺登][3]世界中，[Tutanota][4] 提供了免费、安全的电子邮件服务，它专注于隐私。 + +Tutanota 有许多引人注目的功能，例如： + + * 端到端加密邮箱 +  * 端到端加密地址簿 +  * 用户之间自动端到端加密邮件 +  * 使用共享密码将端到端加密电子邮件发送到任何电子邮件地址 +  * 安全密码重置，使 Tutanota 完全无法访问 +  * 从发送和接收的电子邮件中去除 IP 地址 +  * 运行Tutanota 的代码是[开源][5]的 +  * 双重身份验证 +  * 专注于隐私 +  * 密码加盐，并本地使用 Bcrypt 哈希 +  * 位于德国的安全服务器 +  * 支持PFS、DMARC、DKIM、DNSSEC 和 DANE 的 TLS +  * 本地执行加密数据的全文搜索 + + + +![][6] +web 中的 Tutanota + +你可以[免费注册一个帐户][7]。你还可以升级帐户获取其他功能，例如自定义域、自定义域登录、域规则、额外的存储和别名。他们还提供企业帐户。 + +Tutanota 也可以在移动设备上使用。事实上，它的 [Android 应用也是开源的][8]。 + +这家德国公司计划扩展邮件之外的其他业务。他们希望提供加密的日历和云存储。你可以通过 PayPal 和加密货币[捐赠][9]帮助他们实现目标。 + +### Tutanota 的新桌面应用 + +Tutanota 在圣诞节前宣布了桌面应用的 [Beta 版][2]。该应用基于 [Electron][10]。 + +![][11] +Tutanota 桌面应用 + +他们选择 Electron 的原因： + + * 以最小的成本支持三个主流操作系统。 +  * 快速调整新桌面客户端，使其与添加到网页客户端的新功能一致。 +  * 将开发时间留给桌面功能，例如离线可用、电子邮件导入，将同时在所有三个桌面客户端中提供。 + + + +由于这是 Beta 版，因此应用中缺少一些功能。Tutanota 的开发团队正在努力添加以下功能： + + * 电子邮件导入和与外部邮箱同步。这将“使 Tutanota 能够从外部邮箱导入电子邮件，并在将数据存储在 Tutanota 服务器上之前在设备本地加密数据。” +  * 电子邮件的离线可用 +  * 双重身份验证 + + + +### 如何安装 Tutanota 桌面客户端？ + +![][12] +在 Tutanota 中写邮件 + +你可以直接从 Tutanota 的网站[下载][2] Beta 版应用。它们有[适用于 Linux 的 AppImage 文件][13]、适用于 Windows 的 .exe 文件和适用于 macOS 的 .app 文件。你可以将你遇到的任何 bug 发布到 Tutanota 的 [GitHub 帐号中][14]。 + +为了证明应用的安全性，Tutanota 签名了每个版本。 “签名确保桌面客户端以及任何更新直接来自我们且未被篡改。”你可以使用 Tutanota 的 [GitHub 页面][15]来验证签名。 + +请记住，你需要先创建一个 Tutanota 帐户才能使用它。该邮件客户端设计上只能用在 Tutanota。 + +### 总结 + +我在 Linux Mint MATE 上测试了 Tutanota 的邮件应用。正如所料，它是网络应用的镜像。同时，我发现桌面应用和 Web 应用程序之间没有任何区别。我目前觉得使用该应用的唯一场景是在自己的窗口中使用。 + +你曾经使用过 [Tutanota][16] 么？如果没有，你最喜欢的关心隐私的邮件服务是什么？请在下面的评论中告诉我们。 + +如果你觉得这篇文章很有趣，请花些时间在社交媒体、Hacker News 或 [Reddit][17] 上分享。 + +![][18] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/tutanota-desktop + +作者：[John Paul][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/john/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/tutanota-review/ +[2]: https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/desktop-clients/ +[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden +[4]: https://tutanota.com/ +[5]: https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/open-source-email +[6]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/tutanota2.jpg?resize=800%2C490&ssl=1 +[7]: https://tutanota.com/pricing +[8]: https://itsfoss.com/tutanota-fdroid-release/ +[9]: https://tutanota.com/community +[10]: https://electronjs.org/ +[11]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/tutanota-app1.png?fit=800%2C486&ssl=1 +[12]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/tutanota1.jpg?resize=800%2C405&ssl=1 +[13]: https://itsfoss.com/use-appimage-linux/ +[14]: https://github.com/tutao/tutanota +[15]: https://github.com/tutao/tutanota/blob/master/buildSrc/installerSigner.js +[16]: https://tutanota.com/polo/ +[17]: http://reddit.com/r/linuxusersgroup +[18]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/tutanota-featured.png?fit=800%2C450&ssl=1 From d57d567e6441709aa34b152ff95012d81e665bd7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 08:57:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 102/143] translating --- .../tech/20190104 Take to the virtual skies with FlightGear.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190104 Take to the virtual skies with FlightGear.md b/sources/tech/20190104 Take to the virtual skies with FlightGear.md index c3793e4128..b6122e8aff 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190104 Take to the virtual skies with FlightGear.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190104 Take to the virtual skies with FlightGear.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From e6dd5dcd06f39283453c0752c42992cf7491aac4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 09:48:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 103/143] =?UTF-8?q?Revert=20"=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=202019040?= =?UTF-8?q?2=20Breaking=20News!=20Microsoft=20is=20Creating=20Linux-based?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Smartph=E2=80=A6"?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...t is Creating Linux-based Smartphone OS.md | 72 ------------------- 1 file changed, 72 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20190402 Breaking News- Microsoft is Creating Linux-based Smartphone OS.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190402 Breaking News- Microsoft is Creating Linux-based Smartphone OS.md b/sources/talk/20190402 Breaking News- Microsoft is Creating Linux-based Smartphone OS.md deleted file mode 100644 index d2244b650e..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20190402 Breaking News- Microsoft is Creating Linux-based Smartphone OS.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,72 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Breaking News! Microsoft is Creating Linux-based Smartphone OS) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/microsoft-linux-mobile-os) -[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) - -Breaking News! Microsoft is Creating Linux-based Smartphone OS -====== - -Microsoft, the king of desktop operating systems, haven’t had much luck with the mobile operating systems. It’s Windows-based mobile operating systems [Windows Mobile][1] and [Windows Phone][2], both failed miserably and have been discontinued. - -But that hasn’t deterred Microsoft from trying its hands in the lucrative mobile market again. - -### Microsoft’s yet another attempt on mobile OS - -![][3] - -The unconfirmed news is that Microsoft is creating a Linux-based mobile operating system with a special focus on protecting users’ privacy. - -> We have put special attention on user privacy. There will be no data collection through Cortana. The OS will not be updated without user permission and above all, the updates won’t require you to restart your system several times. That itself is our biggest achievement till date. -> -> Don Jhoe, Microsoft Product Manager - -Reports are not confirmed but the project is internally called “Mazure”. The name could be changed as the project progresses. - -The Mazure OS will be completely open source. This shows the firm commitment to open source development from Microsoft. This is another effort from Microsoft to give back to the community by [open sourcing essential tools like Windows calculator app][4]. - -### Targeting 4 billion strong mobile OS market - -There are over 4 billion mobile devices in the world. A tech-giant like Microsoft cannot simply give up on this big a market. - -The world of mobile operating systems is dominated by Android and iOS and many experts think that it is saturated and a new player doesn’t stand a chance. - -But Linux-based [KaiOS][5] came into the market in 2017 and created a niche for itself in just one year. - -This moderate success of KaiOS perhaps gave Microsoft the idea to launch its own mobile operating system based on Linux. - -Lately, a number of [open source mobile operating system][6] projects have come up. Almost all of them use Linux kernel underneath. - -Linux-based smartphones are also a hot-topic in tech world. [Librem5][7] and [Necuno][8] have already announced Linux-based smartphones with focus on privacy. - -Microsoft has taken the same idea and started its own Linux-based mobile OS “Mazure” with a promise to protect user’s privacy. - -You can find more information about this project on its extremely confidential website below. - -[Microsoft’s Mazure OS Project Website][9] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/microsoft-linux-mobile-os - -作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobile -[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phone -[3]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/microsoft-linux-based-mobile-os.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 -[4]: https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/6/18253474/microsoft-windows-calculator-open-source-github -[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KaiOS -[6]: https://itsfoss.com/open-source-alternatives-android/ -[7]: https://itsfoss.com/librem-linux-phone/ -[8]: https://itsfoss.com/necunos-linux-smartphone/ -[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day From 907d966715f61e172e683e7bbf711601deed9f60 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MjSeven Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 10:49:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 104/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...er File Sharing Commandline Application.md | 203 ------------------ ...er File Sharing Commandline Application.md | 194 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 194 insertions(+), 203 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20170710 iWant - The Decentralized Peer To Peer File Sharing Commandline Application.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20170710 iWant - The Decentralized Peer To Peer File Sharing Commandline Application.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20170710 iWant - The Decentralized Peer To Peer File Sharing Commandline Application.md b/sources/tech/20170710 iWant - The Decentralized Peer To Peer File Sharing Commandline Application.md deleted file mode 100644 index cb6e35da76..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20170710 iWant - The Decentralized Peer To Peer File Sharing Commandline Application.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,203 +0,0 @@ -Translating by MjSeven - - -iWant – The Decentralized Peer To Peer File Sharing Commandline Application -====== - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/p2p-720x340.jpg) - -A while ago, we have written a guide about two file sharing utilities named [**transfer.sh**][1], a free web service that allows you to share files over Internet easily and quickly, and [**PSiTransfer**][2], a simple open source self-hosted file sharing solution. Today, we will see yet another file sharing utility called **“iWant”**. It is a free and open source CLI-based decentralized peer to peer file sharing application. - -What’s makes it different from other file sharing applications? You might wonder. Here are some prominent features of iWant. - - * It’s commandline application. You don’t need any memory consuming GUI utilities. You need only the Terminal. - * It is decentralized. That means your data will not be stored in any central location. So, there is no central point of failure. - * iWant allows you to pause the download and you can resume it later when you want. You don’t need to download it from beginning, it just resumes the downloads from where you left off. - * Any changes made in the files in the shared directory (such as deletion, addition, modification) will be reflected instantly in the network. - * Just like torrents, iWant downloads the files from multiple peers. If any seeder left the group or failed to respond, it will continue the download from another seeder. - * It is cross-platform, so, you can use it in GNU/Linux, MS Windows, and Mac OS X. - - - -### iWant – A CLI-based Decentralized Peer To Peer File Sharing Solution - -#### Install iWant - -iWant can be easily installed using PIP package manager. Make sure you have pip installed in your Linux distribution. if it is not installed yet, refer the following guide. - -[How To Manage Python Packages Using Pip](https://www.ostechnix.com/manage-python-packages-using-pip/) - -After installing PIP, make sure you have installed the the following dependencies: - - * libffi-dev - * libssl-dev - - - -Say for example, on Ubuntu, you can install these dependencies using command: -``` -$ sudo apt-get install libffi-dev libssl-dev - -``` - -Once all dependencies installed, install iWant using the following command: -``` -$ sudo pip install iwant - -``` - -We have now iWant in our system. Let us go ahead and see how to use it to transfer files over network. - -#### Usage - -First, start iWant server using command: -``` -$ iwanto start - -``` - -At the first time, iWant will ask the Shared and Download folder’s location. Enter the actual location of both folders. Then, choose which interface you want to use: - -Sample output would be: -``` -Shared/Download folder details looks empty.. -Note: Shared and Download folder cannot be the same -SHARED FOLDER(absolute path):/home/sk/myshare -DOWNLOAD FOLDER(absolute path):/home/sk/mydownloads -Network interface available -1. lo => 127.0.0.1 -2. enp0s3 => 192.168.43.2 -Enter index of the interface:2 -now scanning /home/sk/myshare -[Adding] /home/sk/myshare 0.0 -Updating Leader 56f6d5e8-654e-11e7-93c8-08002712f8c1 -[Adding] /home/sk/myshare 0.0 -connecting to 192.168.43.2:1235 for hashdump - -``` - -If you see an output something like above, you can start using iWant right away. - -Similarly, start iWant service on all systems in the network, assign valid Shared and Downloads folder’s location, and select the network interface card. - -The iWant service will keep running in the current Terminal window until you press **CTRL+C** to quit it. You need to open a new tab or new Terminal window to use iWant. - -iWant usage is very simple. It has few commands as listed below. - - * **iwanto start** – Starts iWant server. - * **iwanto search ** – Search for files. - * **iwanto download ** – Download a file. - * **iwanto share ** – Change the Shared folder’s location. - * **iwanto download to ** – Change the Download folder’s location. - * **iwanto view config** – View Shared and Download folders. - * **iwanto –version** – Displays the iWant version. - * **iwanto -h** – Displays the help section. - - - -Allow me to show you some examples. - -**Search files** - -To search for a file, run: -``` -$ iwanto search - -``` - -Please note that you don’t need to specify the accurate name. - -Example: -``` -$ iwanto search command - -``` - -The above command will search for any files that contains the string “command”. - -Sample output from my Ubuntu system: -``` -Filename Size Checksum -------------------------------------------- ------- -------------------------------- -/home/sk/myshare/THE LINUX COMMAND LINE.pdf 3.85757 efded6cc6f34a3d107c67c2300459911 - -``` - -**Download files** - -You can download the files from any system on your network. To download a file, just mention the hash (checksum) of the file as shown below. You can get hash value of a share using “iwanto search” command. -``` -$ iwanto download efded6cc6f34a3d107c67c2300459911 - -``` - -The file will be saved in your Download location (/home/sk/mydownloads/ in my case). -``` -Filename: /home/sk/mydownloads/THE LINUX COMMAND LINE.pdf -Size: 3.857569 MB - -``` - -**View configuration** - -To view the configuration i.e the Shared and Download folders, run: -``` -$ iwanto view config - -``` - -Sample output: -``` -Shared folder:/home/sk/myshare -Download folder:/home/sk/mydownloads - -``` - -**Change Shared and Download folder’s location** - -You can change the Shared folder and Download folder location to some other path like below. -``` -$ iwanto share /home/sk/ostechnix - -``` - -Now, the Shared location has been changed to /home/sk/ostechnix location. - -Also, you can change the Downloads location using command: -``` -$ iwanto download to /home/sk/Downloads - -``` - -To view the changes made, run the config command: -``` -$ iwanto view config - -``` - -**Stop iWant** - -Once you done with iWant, you can quit it by pressing **CTRL+C**. - -If it is not working by any chance, it might be due to Firewall or your router doesn’t support multicast. You can view all logs in** ~/.iwant/.iwant.log** file. For more details, refer the project’s GitHub page provided at the end. - -And, that’s all. Hope this tool helps. I will be here again with another interesting guide. Till then, stay tuned with OSTechNix! - -Cheers! - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/iwant-decentralized-peer-peer-file-sharing-commandline-application/ - -作者：[SK][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[1]:https://www.ostechnix.com/easy-fast-way-share-files-internet-command-line/ -[2]:https://www.ostechnix.com/psitransfer-simple-open-source-self-hosted-file-sharing-solution/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20170710 iWant - The Decentralized Peer To Peer File Sharing Commandline Application.md b/translated/tech/20170710 iWant - The Decentralized Peer To Peer File Sharing Commandline Application.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f46feda94f --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20170710 iWant - The Decentralized Peer To Peer File Sharing Commandline Application.md @@ -0,0 +1,194 @@ +iWant – 一个分散的点对点共享文件的命令行应用程序 +====== + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/p2p-720x340.jpg) + +不久之前，我们编写了一个指南，内容是一个文件共享实用程序，名为 [**transfer.sh**][1]，它是一个免费的 Web 服务，允许你在 Internet 上轻松快速地共享文件，还有 [**PSiTransfer**][2]，一个简单的开源自托管文件共享解决方案。今天，我们将看到另一个名为 **"iWant"** 的文件共享实用程序。它是一个免费的，基于 CLI 的开源分散式点对点文件共享应用程序。 + +你可能想知道，它与其它文件共享应用程序有什么不同？以下是 iWant 的一些突出特点。 + + * 它是一个命令行应用程序。这意味着你不需要消耗内存来加载 GUI 实用程序。你只需要一个终端。 + * 它是分散的。这意味着你的数据不会在任何中心位置存储。因此，不会因为中心失败而失败。 + * iWant 允许中断下载，你可以在以后随时恢复。你不需要从头开始下载，它会从你停止的位置恢复下载。 + * 共享目录中文件所作的任何更改（如删除、添加、修改）都会立即反映在网络中。 + * 就像种子一样，iWant 从多个节点下载文件。如果任何节点离开群组或未能响应，它将继续从另一个节点下载。 + * 它是跨平台的，因此你可以在 GNU/Linux, MS Windows 或者 Mac OS X 中使用它。 + +### iWant – 一个基于 CLI 的分散点对点文件共享解决方案 + +#### 安装 iWant + +iWant 可以使用 PIP 包管理器轻松安装。确保你在 Linux 发行版中安装了 pip。如果尚未安装，参考以下指南。 + +[如何使用 Pip 管理 Python 包](https://www.ostechnix.com/manage-python-packages-using-pip/) + +安装 PIP 后，确保你有以下依赖项： + + * libffi-dev + * libssl-dev + +比如说，在 Ubuntu 上，你可以使用以下命令安装这些依赖项： +``` +$ sudo apt-get install libffi-dev libssl-dev + +``` + +安装完所有依赖项后，使用以下命令安装 iWant： +``` +$ sudo pip install iwant + +``` + +现在我们的系统中已经有了 iWant，让我们来看看如何使用它来通过网络传输文件。 + +#### 用法 + +首先，使用以下命令启动 iWant 服务器： +``` +$ iwanto start + +``` + +第一次启动时，iWant 会询问想要分享和下载文件夹的位置，所以需要输入两个文件夹的位置。然后，选择要使用的网卡。 + +示例输出： +``` +Shared/Download folder details looks empty.. +Note: Shared and Download folder cannot be the same +SHARED FOLDER(absolute path):/home/sk/myshare +DOWNLOAD FOLDER(absolute path):/home/sk/mydownloads +Network interface available +1. lo => 127.0.0.1 +2. enp0s3 => 192.168.43.2 +Enter index of the interface:2 +now scanning /home/sk/myshare +[Adding] /home/sk/myshare 0.0 +Updating Leader 56f6d5e8-654e-11e7-93c8-08002712f8c1 +[Adding] /home/sk/myshare 0.0 +connecting to 192.168.43.2:1235 for hashdump + +``` + +如果你看到类似上面的输出，你可以立即开始使用 iWant。 + +同样，在网络种的所有系统上启动 iWant 服务，指定有效的分享和下载文件夹的位置，并选择合适的网卡。 + +iWant 服务将继续在当前终端窗口中运行，直到你按下 **CTRL+C** 退出为止。你需要打开一个新选项卡或新的终端窗口来使用 iWant。 + +iWant 的用法非常简单，它的命令很少，如下所示。 + + * **iwanto start** – 启动 iWant 服务。 + * **iwanto search ** – 查找文件。 + * **iwanto download ** – 下载一个文件。 + * **iwanto share ** – 更改共享文件夹的位置。 + * **iwanto download to ** – 更改下载文件夹位置。 + * **iwanto view config** – 查看共享和下载文件夹。 + * **iwanto –version** – 显示 iWant 版本。 + * **iwanto -h** – 显示帮助信息。 + +让我向你展示一些例子。 + +**查找文件** + +要查找一个文件，运行： +``` +$ iwanto search + +``` + +请注意，你无需指定确切的名称。 + +示例： +``` +$ iwanto search command + +``` + +上面的命令将搜索包含 "command" 字符串的所有文件。 + +我的 Ubuntu 系统会输出： +``` +Filename Size Checksum +------------------------------------------- ------- -------------------------------- +/home/sk/myshare/THE LINUX COMMAND LINE.pdf 3.85757 efded6cc6f34a3d107c67c2300459911 + +``` + +**下载文件** + +你可以在你的网络上的任何系统下载文件。要下载文件，只需提供文件的哈希（校验和），如下所示。你可以使用 "iwanto search" 命令获取共享的哈希值。 +``` +$ iwanto download efded6cc6f34a3d107c67c2300459911 + +``` + +文件将保存在你的下载位置，在本文中是 `/home/sk/mydownloads/` 位置。 +``` +Filename: /home/sk/mydownloads/THE LINUX COMMAND LINE.pdf +Size: 3.857569 MB + +``` + +**查看配置** + +要查看配置，例如共享和下载文件夹的位置，运行： +``` +$ iwanto view config + +``` + +示例输出： +``` +Shared folder:/home/sk/myshare +Download folder:/home/sk/mydownloads + +``` + +**更改共享和下载文件夹的位置** + +你可以更改共享文件夹和下载文件夹。 +``` +$ iwanto share /home/sk/ostechnix + +``` + +现在，共享位置已更改为 `/home/sk/ostechnix`。 + +同样，你可以使用以下命令更改下载位置： +``` +$ iwanto download to /home/sk/Downloads + +``` + +要查看所做的更改，运行 `config` 命令： +``` +$ iwanto view config + +``` + +**停止 iWant** + +一旦你不想用 iWant 了，可以按下 **CTRL+C** 退出。 + +如果它不起作用，那可能是由于防火墙或你的路由器不支持多播。你可以在 ** ~/.iwant/.iwant.log** 文件中查看所有日志。有关更多详细信息，参阅最后提供的项目的 GitHub 页面。 + +差不多就是全部了。希望这个工具有所帮助。下次我会带着另一个有趣的指南再次来到这里。在那之前，请继续关注 OSTechNix！ + +干杯！ + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/iwant-decentralized-peer-peer-file-sharing-commandline-application/ + +作者：[SK][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[1]:https://www.ostechnix.com/easy-fast-way-share-files-internet-command-line/ +[2]:https://www.ostechnix.com/psitransfer-simple-open-source-self-hosted-file-sharing-solution/ From 6418e4386a3c2710cbf0d81c46b70323960397e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 11:39:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 105/143] PRF:20190318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @HankChow 翻译很用心！ --- ...0318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md | 69 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md b/translated/tech/20190318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md index fc9653f4c7..664f83fe72 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (HankChow) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (10 Python image manipulation tools) @@ -10,19 +10,19 @@ 10 个 Python 图像编辑工具 ====== -以下提到的这些 Python 工具在编辑图像、操作图像底层数据方面都提供了简单直接的方法。 +> 以下提到的这些 Python 工具在编辑图像、操作图像底层数据方面都提供了简单直接的方法。 ![][1] -当今的世界充满了可以被利用的数据，而图像数据就是其中很重要的一部分。但只有经过处理和分析，提高图像的质量，从中提取出有效地信息，才能利用到这些图像数据。 +当今的世界充满了数据，而图像数据就是其中很重要的一部分。但只有经过处理和分析，提高图像的质量，从中提取出有效地信息，才能利用到这些图像数据。 -常见的图像处理操作包括显示图像，图像的裁剪、翻转、旋转，图像的分割、分类、特征提取，图像识别，以及图像识别等等。Python 作为一种日益风靡的科学编程语言，是这些图像处理操作的最佳选择。同时，在 Python 生态当中也有很多优秀的图像处理工具可以被免费使用。 +常见的图像处理操作包括显示图像，基本的图像操作，如裁剪、翻转、旋转；图像的分割、分类、特征提取；图像恢复；以及图像识别等等。Python 作为一种日益风靡的科学编程语言，是这些图像处理操作的最佳选择。同时，在 Python 生态当中也有很多可以免费使用的优秀的图像处理工具。 -下文将介绍 10 个可以用于图像处理任务的 Python 工具，它们在编辑图像、查看图像底层数据方面都提供了简单直接的方法。 +下文将介绍 10 个可以用于图像处理任务的 Python 库，它们在编辑图像、查看图像底层数据方面都提供了简单直接的方法。 -### 1\. scikit-image +### 1、scikit-image -[scikit-image][2] 是一个结合 [NumPy][3] 数组使用的开源 Python 工具，它实现了可用于研究、教育、工业应用的算法和应用程序。即使是对于刚刚接触 Python 生态圈的新手来说，它也是一个在使用上足够简单的库。同时它的代码质量也足够高，因为它是由一个活跃的志愿者社区开发的，并且通过了同行评审peer review。 +[scikit-image][2] 是一个结合 [NumPy][3] 数组使用的开源 Python 工具，它实现了可用于研究、教育、工业应用的算法和应用程序。即使是对于刚刚接触 Python 生态圈的新手来说，它也是一个在使用上足够简单的库。同时它的代码质量也很高，因为它是由一个活跃的志愿者社区开发的，并且通过了同行评审peer review。 #### 资源 @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ scikit-image 的[文档][4]非常完善，其中包含了丰富的用例。 #### 示例 -通过 `import skimage` 就可以导入 scikit-image，大部分的功能都可以在它的子模块中找到。 +可以通过导入 `skimage` 使用，大部分的功能都可以在它的子模块中找到。 图像滤波image filtering： @@ -53,9 +53,9 @@ plt.imshow(edges, cmap='gray') 在[展示页面][10]可以看到更多相关的例子。 -### 2\. NumPy +### 2、NumPy -[NumPy][11] 提供了对数组的支持，是 Python 编程的一个核心库。图像的本质其实也是一个包含数据点像素的标准 NumPy 数组，因此可以通过一些基本的 NumPy 操作（例如切片、掩码、花式索引等），就可以从像素级别对图像进行编辑。通过 NumPy 数组存储的图像也可以被 skimage 加载并使用 matplotlib 显示。 +[NumPy][11] 提供了对数组的支持，是 Python 编程的一个核心库。图像的本质其实也是一个包含像素数据点的标准 NumPy 数组，因此可以通过一些基本的 NumPy 操作（例如切片、掩膜mask、花式索引fancy indexing等），就可以从像素级别对图像进行编辑。通过 NumPy 数组存储的图像也可以被 skimage 加载并使用 matplotlib 显示。 #### 资源 @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ plt.imshow(edges, cmap='gray') #### 示例 -使用 NumPy 对图像进行掩码操作： +使用 NumPy 对图像进行掩膜mask操作： ``` import numpy as np @@ -82,17 +82,18 @@ plt.imshow(image, cmap='gray') ![NumPy][13] -### 3\. SciPy +### 3、SciPy -[SciPy][14] 是 Python 的一个核心科学计算模块，也可以用于图像的基本操作和处理。尤其是 SciPy v1.1.0 中的 [scipy.ndimage][15] 子模块，它提供了在 n 维 NumPy 数组上的运行的函数。SciPy 目前还提供了线性和非线性滤波linear and non-linear filtering、二值形态学binary morphology、B 样条插值B-spline interpolation、对象测量object measurements等方面的函数。 +像 NumPy 一样，[SciPy][14] 是 Python 的一个核心科学计算模块，也可以用于图像的基本操作和处理。尤其是 SciPy v1.1.0 中的 [scipy.ndimage][15] 子模块，它提供了在 n 维 NumPy 数组上的运行的函数。SciPy 目前还提供了线性和非线性滤波linear and non-linear filtering、二值形态学binary morphology、B 样条插值B-spline interpolation、对象测量object measurements等方面的函数。 #### 资源 -在[官方文档][16]中可以查阅到 scipy.ndimage 的完整函数列表。 +在[官方文档][16]中可以查阅到 `scipy.ndimage` 的完整函数列表。 #### 示例 使用 SciPy 的[高斯滤波][17]对图像进行模糊处理： + ``` from scipy import misc,ndimage @@ -106,9 +107,9 @@ plt.imshow() ![Using a Gaussian filter in SciPy][19] -### 4\. PIL/Pillow +### 4、PIL/Pillow -PIL (Python Imaging Library) 是一个自由的 Python 编程库，它提供了对多种格式图像文件的打开、编辑、保存的支持。但在 2009 年之后 PIL 就停止发布新版本了。幸运的是，还有一个 PIL 的积极开发的分支 [Pillow][20]，它的安装过程比 PIL 更加简单，支持大部分主流的操作系统，并且还支持 Python 3。Pillow 包含了图像的基础处理功能，包括像素点操作、使用内置卷积内核进行滤波、颜色空间转换等等。 +PIL (Python Imaging Library) 是一个免费 Python 编程库，它提供了对多种格式图像文件的打开、编辑、保存的支持。但在 2009 年之后 PIL 就停止发布新版本了。幸运的是，还有一个 PIL 的积极开发的分支 [Pillow][20]，它的安装过程比 PIL 更加简单，支持大部分主流的操作系统，并且还支持 Python 3。Pillow 包含了图像的基础处理功能，包括像素点操作、使用内置卷积内核进行滤波、颜色空间转换等等。 #### 资源 @@ -132,9 +133,9 @@ enh.enhance(1.8).show("30% more contrast") ![Enhancing an image in Pillow using ImageFilter][23] -[源码][24] +- [源码][24] -### 5\. OpenCV-Python +### 5、OpenCV-Python OpenCV（Open Source Computer Vision 库）是计算机视觉领域最广泛使用的库之一，[OpenCV-Python][25] 则是 OpenCV 的 Python API。OpenCV-Python 的运行速度很快，这归功于它使用 C/C++ 编写的后台代码，同时由于它使用了 Python 进行封装，因此调用和部署的难度也不大。这些优点让 OpenCV-Python 成为了计算密集型计算机视觉应用程序的一个不错的选择。 @@ -149,9 +150,9 @@ OpenCV（Open Source Computer Vision 库）是计算机视觉领域最广泛使 ![Image blending using Pyramids in OpenCV-Python][28] -[源码][29] +- [源码][29] -### 6\. SimpleCV +### 6、SimpleCV [SimpleCV][30] 是一个开源的计算机视觉框架。它支持包括 OpenCV 在内的一些高性能计算机视觉库，同时不需要去了解位深度bit depth、文件格式、色彩空间color space之类的概念，因此 SimpleCV 的学习曲线要比 OpenCV 平缓得多，正如它的口号所说，“将计算机视觉变得更简单”。SimpleCV 的优点还有： @@ -164,13 +165,11 @@ OpenCV（Open Source Computer Vision 库）是计算机视觉领域最广泛使 #### 示例 -### [7-_simplecv.png][32] - ![SimpleCV][33] -### 7\. Mahotas +### 7、Mahotas -[Mahotas][34] 是一个 Python 图像处理和计算机视觉库。在图像处理方面，它支持滤波和形态学相关的操作；在计算机视觉方面，它也支持特征计算feature computation、兴趣点检测interest point detection、局部描述符local descriptors等功能。Mahotas 的接口使用了 Python 进行编写，因此适合快速开发，而算法使用 C++ 实现，并针对速度进行了优化。Mahotas 尽可能做到代码量少和依赖项少，因此它的运算速度非常快。可以参考[官方文档][35]了解更多详细信息。 +[Mahotas][34] 是另一个 Python 图像处理和计算机视觉库。在图像处理方面，它支持滤波和形态学相关的操作；在计算机视觉方面，它也支持特征计算feature computation、兴趣点检测interest point detection、局部描述符local descriptors等功能。Mahotas 的接口使用了 Python 进行编写，因此适合快速开发，而算法使用 C++ 实现，并针对速度进行了优化。Mahotas 尽可能做到代码量少和依赖项少，因此它的运算速度非常快。可以参考[官方文档][35]了解更多详细信息。 #### 资源 @@ -182,15 +181,13 @@ Mahotas 力求使用少量的代码来实现功能。例如这个 [Finding Wally ![Finding Wally problem in Mahotas][39] -[源码][40] - ![Finding Wally problem in Mahotas][42] -[源码][40] +- [源码][40] -### 8\. SimpleITK +### 8、SimpleITK -[ITK][43]（Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit）是一个为开发者提供普适性图像分析功能的开源、跨平台工具，[SimpleITK][44] 则是基于 ITK 构建出来的一个简化层，旨在促进 ITK 在快速原型设计、教育、解释语言中的应用。SimpleITK 作为一个图像分析工具包，它也带有[大量的组件][45]，可以支持常规的滤波、图像分割、图像配准registration功能。尽管 SimpleITK 使用 C++ 编写，但它也支持包括 Python 在内的大部分编程语言。 +[ITK][43]（Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit）是一个为开发者提供普适性图像分析功能的开源、跨平台工具套件，[SimpleITK][44] 则是基于 ITK 构建出来的一个简化层，旨在促进 ITK 在快速原型设计、教育、解释语言中的应用。SimpleITK 作为一个图像分析工具包，它也带有[大量的组件][45]，可以支持常规的滤波、图像分割、图像配准registration功能。尽管 SimpleITK 使用 C++ 编写，但它也支持包括 Python 在内的大部分编程语言。 #### 资源 @@ -202,9 +199,9 @@ Mahotas 力求使用少量的代码来实现功能。例如这个 [Finding Wally ![SimpleITK animation][48] -[源码][49] +- [源码][49] -### 9\. pgmagick +### 9、pgmagick [pgmagick][50] 是使用 Python 封装的 GraphicsMagick 库。[GraphicsMagick][51] 通常被认为是图像处理界的瑞士军刀，因为它强大而又高效的工具包支持对多达 88 种主流格式图像文件的读写操作，包括 DPX、GIF、JPEG、JPEG-2000、PNG、PDF、PNM、TIFF 等等。 @@ -218,15 +215,15 @@ pgmagick 的 [GitHub 仓库][52]中有相关的安装说明、依赖列表，以 ![Image scaling in pgmagick][55] -[源码][56] +- [源码][56] 边缘提取： ![Edge extraction in pgmagick][58] -[源码][59] +- [源码][59] -### 10\. Pycairo +### 10、Pycairo [Cairo][61] 是一个用于绘制矢量图的二维图形库，而 [Pycairo][60] 是用于 Cairo 的一组 Python 绑定。矢量图的优点在于做大小缩放的过程中不会丢失图像的清晰度。使用 Pycairo 可以在 Python 中调用 Cairo 的相关命令。 @@ -240,7 +237,7 @@ Pycairo 的 [GitHub 仓库][62]提供了关于安装和使用的详细说明， ![Pycairo][65] -[源码][66] +- [源码][66] ### 总结 @@ -253,7 +250,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/python-image-manipulation-tools 作者：[Parul Pandey][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[HankChow](https://github.com/HankChow) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 224f11512a45ab2717707781d7673906dafca9d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 11:43:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 106/143] PUB:20190318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md @HankChow https://linux.cn/article-10679-1.html --- .../20190318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md b/published/20190318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md rename to published/20190318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md index 664f83fe72..529d07c898 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md +++ b/published/20190318 10 Python image manipulation tools.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (HankChow) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10679-1.html) [#]: subject: (10 Python image manipulation tools) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/python-image-manipulation-tools) [#]: author: (Parul Pandey https://opensource.com/users/parul-pandey) From 9a012d4391f48f697ec5952b709231c3fccb3c08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 13:01:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 107/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190321=20How=20?= =?UTF-8?q?To=20Check=20If=20A=20Port=20Is=20Open=20On=20Multiple=20Remote?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Linux=20System=20Using=20Shell=20Script=20With=20nc=20Comman?= =?UTF-8?q?d=3F=20sources/tech/20190321=20How=20To=20Check=20If=20A=20Port?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Is=20Open=20On=20Multiple=20Remote=20Linux=20System=20Using?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Shell=20Script=20With=20nc=20Command.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...stem Using Shell Script With nc Command.md | 188 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 188 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190321 How To Check If A Port Is Open On Multiple Remote Linux System Using Shell Script With nc Command.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190321 How To Check If A Port Is Open On Multiple Remote Linux System Using Shell Script With nc Command.md b/sources/tech/20190321 How To Check If A Port Is Open On Multiple Remote Linux System Using Shell Script With nc Command.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6277e85bdc --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190321 How To Check If A Port Is Open On Multiple Remote Linux System Using Shell Script With nc Command.md @@ -0,0 +1,188 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How To Check If A Port Is Open On Multiple Remote Linux System Using Shell Script With nc Command?) +[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/check-a-open-port-on-multiple-remote-linux-server-using-nc-command/) +[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) + +How To Check If A Port Is Open On Multiple Remote Linux System Using Shell Script With nc Command? +====== + +We had recently written an article to check if a port is open on the remote Linux server. It will help you to check for single server. + +If you want to check for five servers then no issues, you can use any of the one following command such as nc (netcat), nmap and telnet. + +If you would like to check for 50+ servers then what will be the solution? + +It’s not easy to check all servers, if you do the same then there is no point and you will be wasting a lots of time unnecessarily. + +To overcome this situation, i had coded a small shell script using nc command that will allow us to scan any number of servers with given port. + +If you are looking for a single server scan then you have multiple options, to know more about it. Simply navigate to the following URL to **[Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System?][1]** + +There are two scripts available in this tutorial and both the scripts are useful. + +Both scripts are used for different purpose, which you can easily understand by reading a head line. + +I will ask you few questions before you are reading this article, just answer yourself if you know or you can get it by reading this article. + +How to check, if a port is open on the remote Linux server? + +How to check, if a port is open on the multiple remote Linux server? + +How to check, if multiple ports are open on the multiple remote Linux server? + +### What Is nc (netcat) Command? + +nc stands for netcat. Netcat is a simple Unix utility which reads and writes data across network connections, using TCP or UDP protocol. + +It is designed to be a reliable “back-end” tool that can be used directly or easily driven by other programs and scripts. + +At the same time, it is a feature-rich network debugging and exploration tool, since it can create almost any kind of connection you would need and has several interesting built-in capabilities. + +Netcat has three main modes of functionality. These are the connect mode, the listen mode, and the tunnel mode. + +**Common Syntax for nc (netcat):** + +``` +$ nc [-options] [HostName or IP] [PortNumber] +``` + +### How To Check If A Port Is Open On Multiple Remote Linux Server? + +Use the following shell script if you would like to check the given port is open on multiple remote Linux servers or not. + +In my case, we are going to check whether the port 22 is open in the following remote servers or not? Make sure you have to update your servers list in the file instead of us. + +Make sure you have to update the servers list into `server-list.txt file`. Each server should be in separate line. + +``` +# cat server-list.txt +192.168.1.2 +192.168.1.3 +192.168.1.4 +192.168.1.5 +192.168.1.6 +192.168.1.7 +``` + +Use the following script to achieve this. + +``` +# vi port_scan.sh + +#!/bin/sh +for server in `more server-list.txt` +do +#echo $i +nc -zvw3 $server 22 +done +``` + +Set an executable permission to `port_scan.sh` file. + +``` +$ chmod +x port_scan.sh +``` + +Finally run the script to achieve this. + +``` +# sh port_scan.sh + +Connection to 192.168.1.2 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded! +Connection to 192.168.1.3 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded! +Connection to 192.168.1.4 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded! +Connection to 192.168.1.5 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded! +Connection to 192.168.1.6 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded! +Connection to 192.168.1.7 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded! +``` + +### How To Check If Multiple Ports Are Open On Multiple Remote Linux Server? + +Use the following script if you want to check the multiple ports in multiple servers. + +In my case, we are going to check whether the port 22 and 80 is open or not in the given servers. Make sure you have to replace your required ports and servers name instead of us. + +Make sure you have to update the port lists into `port-list.txt` file. Each port should be in a separate line. + +``` +# cat port-list.txt +22 +80 +``` + +Make sure you have to update the servers list into `server-list.txt` file. Each server should be in separate line. + +``` +# cat server-list.txt +192.168.1.2 +192.168.1.3 +192.168.1.4 +192.168.1.5 +192.168.1.6 +192.168.1.7 +``` + +Use the following script to achieve this. + +``` +# vi multiple_port_scan.sh + +#!/bin/sh +for server in `more server-list.txt` +do +for port in `more port-list.txt` +do +#echo $server +nc -zvw3 $server $port +echo "" +done +done +``` + +Set an executable permission to `multiple_port_scan.sh` file. + +``` +$ chmod +x multiple_port_scan.sh +``` + +Finally run the script to achieve this. + +``` +# sh multiple_port_scan.sh +Connection to 192.168.1.2 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded! +Connection to 192.168.1.2 80 port [tcp/http] succeeded! + +Connection to 192.168.1.3 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded! +Connection to 192.168.1.3 80 port [tcp/http] succeeded! + +Connection to 192.168.1.4 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded! +Connection to 192.168.1.4 80 port [tcp/http] succeeded! + +Connection to 192.168.1.5 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded! +Connection to 192.168.1.5 80 port [tcp/http] succeeded! + +Connection to 192.168.1.6 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded! +Connection to 192.168.1.6 80 port [tcp/http] succeeded! + +Connection to 192.168.1.7 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded! +Connection to 192.168.1.7 80 port [tcp/http] succeeded! +``` + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/check-a-open-port-on-multiple-remote-linux-server-using-nc-command/ + +作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-whether-a-port-is-open-on-the-remote-linux-system-server/ From 1a43a970e06e5decaee2fd2639de7ea3a13a676d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MjSeven Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 14:15:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 108/143] Translating by MjSeven --- ...o A Specific Parent Directory Using bd Command In Linux.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190320 Quickly Go Back To A Specific Parent Directory Using bd Command In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190320 Quickly Go Back To A Specific Parent Directory Using bd Command In Linux.md index e2d1b9d4e1..cdb6115bc3 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190320 Quickly Go Back To A Specific Parent Directory Using bd Command In Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190320 Quickly Go Back To A Specific Parent Directory Using bd Command In Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (MjSeven) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) @@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/bd-quickly-go-back-to-a-specific-parent-directory- 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 3faa065e363887cf8f3ee69fc352dde6adebb303 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E9=83=91?= Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 15:14:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 109/143] translating by robsean (#12990) translating by robsean --- ... Best GTK Themes for Ubuntu and other Linux Distributions.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180407 12 Best GTK Themes for Ubuntu and other Linux Distributions.md b/sources/tech/20180407 12 Best GTK Themes for Ubuntu and other Linux Distributions.md index 1bd3f8d0d7..ef91a88431 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180407 12 Best GTK Themes for Ubuntu and other Linux Distributions.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180407 12 Best GTK Themes for Ubuntu and other Linux Distributions.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translating by robsean + 12 Best GTK Themes for Ubuntu and other Linux Distributions ====== **Brief: Let’s have a look at some of the beautiful GTK themes that you can use not only in Ubuntu but other Linux distributions that use GNOME.** From 2314f54127a83f3b13719e1a01c47bf208575221 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 15:15:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 110/143] PRF&PUB:20170710 iWant The Decentralized Peer To Peer File Sharing Commandline Application (#12991) * PRF:20170710 iWant - The Decentralized Peer To Peer File Sharing Commandline Application.md @MjSeven * PUB:20170710 iWant - The Decentralized Peer To Peer File Sharing Commandline Application.md @MjSeven https://linux.cn/article-10680-1.html --- ...er File Sharing Commandline Application.md | 93 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 48 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20170710 iWant - The Decentralized Peer To Peer File Sharing Commandline Application.md (67%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20170710 iWant - The Decentralized Peer To Peer File Sharing Commandline Application.md b/published/20170710 iWant - The Decentralized Peer To Peer File Sharing Commandline Application.md similarity index 67% rename from translated/tech/20170710 iWant - The Decentralized Peer To Peer File Sharing Commandline Application.md rename to published/20170710 iWant - The Decentralized Peer To Peer File Sharing Commandline Application.md index f46feda94f..2da3ae9a1a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20170710 iWant - The Decentralized Peer To Peer File Sharing Commandline Application.md +++ b/published/20170710 iWant - The Decentralized Peer To Peer File Sharing Commandline Application.md @@ -1,57 +1,58 @@ -iWant – 一个分散的点对点共享文件的命令行应用程序 +iWant：一个去中心化的点对点共享文件的命令行工具 ====== ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/p2p-720x340.jpg) -不久之前，我们编写了一个指南，内容是一个文件共享实用程序，名为 [**transfer.sh**][1]，它是一个免费的 Web 服务，允许你在 Internet 上轻松快速地共享文件，还有 [**PSiTransfer**][2]，一个简单的开源自托管文件共享解决方案。今天，我们将看到另一个名为 **"iWant"** 的文件共享实用程序。它是一个免费的，基于 CLI 的开源分散式点对点文件共享应用程序。 +不久之前，我们编写了一个指南，内容是一个文件共享实用程序，名为 [transfer.sh][1]，它是一个免费的 Web 服务，允许你在 Internet 上轻松快速地共享文件，还有 [PSiTransfer][2]，一个简单的开源自托管文件共享解决方案。今天，我们将看到另一个名为 “iWant” 的文件共享实用程序。它是一个基于命令行的自由开源的去中心化点对点文件共享应用程序。 你可能想知道，它与其它文件共享应用程序有什么不同？以下是 iWant 的一些突出特点。 * 它是一个命令行应用程序。这意味着你不需要消耗内存来加载 GUI 实用程序。你只需要一个终端。 - * 它是分散的。这意味着你的数据不会在任何中心位置存储。因此，不会因为中心失败而失败。 + * 它是去中心化的。这意味着你的数据不会在任何中心位置存储。因此，不会因为中心点失败而失败。 * iWant 允许中断下载，你可以在以后随时恢复。你不需要从头开始下载，它会从你停止的位置恢复下载。 * 共享目录中文件所作的任何更改（如删除、添加、修改）都会立即反映在网络中。 * 就像种子一样，iWant 从多个节点下载文件。如果任何节点离开群组或未能响应，它将继续从另一个节点下载。 - * 它是跨平台的，因此你可以在 GNU/Linux, MS Windows 或者 Mac OS X 中使用它。 + * 它是跨平台的，因此你可以在 GNU/Linux、MS Windows 或者 Mac OS X 中使用它。 -### iWant – 一个基于 CLI 的分散点对点文件共享解决方案 - -#### 安装 iWant +### 安装 iWant iWant 可以使用 PIP 包管理器轻松安装。确保你在 Linux 发行版中安装了 pip。如果尚未安装，参考以下指南。 [如何使用 Pip 管理 Python 包](https://www.ostechnix.com/manage-python-packages-using-pip/) -安装 PIP 后，确保你有以下依赖项： +安装 pip 后，确保你有以下依赖项： * libffi-dev * libssl-dev 比如说，在 Ubuntu 上，你可以使用以下命令安装这些依赖项： + ``` $ sudo apt-get install libffi-dev libssl-dev - ``` 安装完所有依赖项后，使用以下命令安装 iWant： + ``` $ sudo pip install iwant - ``` 现在我们的系统中已经有了 iWant，让我们来看看如何使用它来通过网络传输文件。 -#### 用法 +### 用法 首先，使用以下命令启动 iWant 服务器： + +（LCTT 译注：虽然这个软件是叫 iWant，但是其命令名为 `iwanto`，另外这个软件至少一年没有更新了。） + ``` $ iwanto start - ``` 第一次启动时，iWant 会询问想要分享和下载文件夹的位置，所以需要输入两个文件夹的位置。然后，选择要使用的网卡。 示例输出： + ``` Shared/Download folder details looks empty.. Note: Shared and Download folder cannot be the same @@ -66,31 +67,31 @@ now scanning /home/sk/myshare Updating Leader 56f6d5e8-654e-11e7-93c8-08002712f8c1 [Adding] /home/sk/myshare 0.0 connecting to 192.168.43.2:1235 for hashdump - ``` -如果你看到类似上面的输出，你可以立即开始使用 iWant。 +如果你看到类似上面的输出，你可以立即开始使用 iWant 了。 -同样，在网络种的所有系统上启动 iWant 服务，指定有效的分享和下载文件夹的位置，并选择合适的网卡。 +同样，在网络中的所有系统上启动 iWant 服务，指定有效的分享和下载文件夹的位置，并选择合适的网卡。 -iWant 服务将继续在当前终端窗口中运行，直到你按下 **CTRL+C** 退出为止。你需要打开一个新选项卡或新的终端窗口来使用 iWant。 +iWant 服务将继续在当前终端窗口中运行，直到你按下 `CTRL+C` 退出为止。你需要打开一个新选项卡或新的终端窗口来使用 iWant。 iWant 的用法非常简单，它的命令很少，如下所示。 - * **iwanto start** – 启动 iWant 服务。 - * **iwanto search ** – 查找文件。 - * **iwanto download ** – 下载一个文件。 - * **iwanto share ** – 更改共享文件夹的位置。 - * **iwanto download to ** – 更改下载文件夹位置。 - * **iwanto view config** – 查看共享和下载文件夹。 - * **iwanto –version** – 显示 iWant 版本。 - * **iwanto -h** – 显示帮助信息。 + * `iwanto start` – 启动 iWant 服务。 + * `iwanto search ` – 查找文件。 + * `iwanto download ` – 下载一个文件。 + * `iwanto share ` – 更改共享文件夹的位置。 + * `iwanto download to ` – 更改下载文件夹位置。 + * `iwanto view config` – 查看共享和下载文件夹。 + * `iwanto –version` – 显示 iWant 版本。 + * `iwanto -h` – 显示帮助信息。 让我向你展示一些例子。 -**查找文件** +#### 查找文件 要查找一个文件，运行： + ``` $ iwanto search @@ -99,84 +100,86 @@ $ iwanto search 请注意，你无需指定确切的名称。 示例： + ``` $ iwanto search command - ``` -上面的命令将搜索包含 "command" 字符串的所有文件。 +上面的命令将搜索包含 “command” 字符串的所有文件。 我的 Ubuntu 系统会输出： + ``` Filename Size Checksum ------------------------------------------- ------- -------------------------------- /home/sk/myshare/THE LINUX COMMAND LINE.pdf 3.85757 efded6cc6f34a3d107c67c2300459911 - ``` -**下载文件** +#### 下载文件 + +你可以在你的网络上的任何系统下载文件。要下载文件，只需提供文件的哈希（校验和），如下所示。你可以使用 `iwanto search` 命令获取共享的哈希值。 -你可以在你的网络上的任何系统下载文件。要下载文件，只需提供文件的哈希（校验和），如下所示。你可以使用 "iwanto search" 命令获取共享的哈希值。 ``` $ iwanto download efded6cc6f34a3d107c67c2300459911 - ``` 文件将保存在你的下载位置，在本文中是 `/home/sk/mydownloads/` 位置。 + ``` Filename: /home/sk/mydownloads/THE LINUX COMMAND LINE.pdf Size: 3.857569 MB - ``` -**查看配置** +#### 查看配置 要查看配置，例如共享和下载文件夹的位置，运行： + ``` $ iwanto view config - ``` 示例输出： + ``` Shared folder:/home/sk/myshare Download folder:/home/sk/mydownloads - ``` -**更改共享和下载文件夹的位置** +#### 更改共享和下载文件夹的位置 你可以更改共享文件夹和下载文件夹。 + ``` $ iwanto share /home/sk/ostechnix - ``` 现在，共享位置已更改为 `/home/sk/ostechnix`。 同样，你可以使用以下命令更改下载位置： + ``` $ iwanto download to /home/sk/Downloads - ``` -要查看所做的更改，运行 `config` 命令： +要查看所做的更改，运行命令： + ``` $ iwanto view config - ``` -**停止 iWant** +#### 停止 iWant -一旦你不想用 iWant 了，可以按下 **CTRL+C** 退出。 +一旦你不想用 iWant 了，可以按下 `CTRL+C` 退出。 -如果它不起作用，那可能是由于防火墙或你的路由器不支持多播。你可以在 ** ~/.iwant/.iwant.log** 文件中查看所有日志。有关更多详细信息，参阅最后提供的项目的 GitHub 页面。 +如果它不起作用，那可能是由于防火墙或你的路由器不支持多播。你可以在 `~/.iwant/.iwant.log` 文件中查看所有日志。有关更多详细信息，参阅最后提供的项目的 GitHub 页面。 -差不多就是全部了。希望这个工具有所帮助。下次我会带着另一个有趣的指南再次来到这里。在那之前，请继续关注 OSTechNix！ +差不多就是全部了。希望这个工具有所帮助。下次我会带着另一个有趣的指南再次来到这里。 干杯！ +### 资源 +-[iWant GitHub](https://github.com/nirvik/iWant) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -185,7 +188,7 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/iwant-decentralized-peer-peer-file-sharing-comman 作者：[SK][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From c22434a3aa8dccda628471bfdf64746de6684daa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 15:59:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 111/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190403=20Use=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Git=20as=20the=20backend=20for=20chat=20sources/tech/20190403?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Use=20Git=20as=20the=20backend=20for=20chat.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0190403 Use Git as the backend for chat.md | 141 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 141 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190403 Use Git as the backend for chat.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190403 Use Git as the backend for chat.md b/sources/tech/20190403 Use Git as the backend for chat.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2a7ac6d28a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190403 Use Git as the backend for chat.md @@ -0,0 +1,141 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Use Git as the backend for chat) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/git-based-chat) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon (Red Hat, Community Moderator) https://opensource.com/users/seth) + +Use Git as the backend for chat +====== +GIC is a prototype chat application that showcases a novel way to use Git. +![Team communication, chat][1] + +[Git][2] is one of those rare applications that has managed to encapsulate so much of modern computing into one program that it ends up serving as the computational engine for many other applications. While it's best-known for tracking source code changes in software development, it has many other uses that can make your life easier and more organized. In this series leading up to Git's 14th anniversary on April 7, we'll share seven little-known ways to use Git. Today, we'll look at GIC, a Git-based chat application + +### Meet GIC + +While the authors of Git probably expected frontends to be created for Git, they undoubtedly never expected Git would become the backend for, say, a chat client. Yet, that's exactly what developer Ephi Gabay did with his experimental proof-of-concept [GIC][3]: a chat client written in [Node.js][4] using Git as its backend database. + +GIC is by no means intended for production use. It's purely a programming exercise, but it's one that demonstrates the flexibility of open source technology. What's astonishing is that the client consists of just 300 lines of code, excluding the Node libraries and Git itself. And that's one of the best things about the chat client and about open source; the ability to build upon existing work. Seeing is believing, so you should give GIC a look for yourself. + +### Get set up + +GIC uses Git as its engine, so you need an empty Git repository to serve as its chatroom and logger. The repository can be hosted anywhere, as long as you and anyone who needs access to the chat service has access to it. For instance, you can set up a Git repository on a free Git hosting service like GitLab and grant chat users contributor access to the Git repository. (They must be able to make commits to the repository, because each chat message is a literal commit.) + +If you're hosting it yourself, create a centrally located bare repository. Each user in the chat must have an account on the server where the bare repository is located. You can create accounts specific to Git with Git hosting software like [Gitolite][5] or [Gitea][6], or you can give them individual user accounts on your server, possibly using **git-shell** to restrict their access to Git. + +Performance is best on a self-hosted instance. Whether you host your own or you use a hosting service, the Git repository you create must have an active branch, or GIC won't be able to make commits as users chat because there is no Git HEAD. The easiest way to ensure that a branch is initialized and active is to commit a README or license file upon creation. If you don't do that, you can create and commit one after the fact: + +``` +$ echo "chat logs" > README +$ git add README +$ git commit -m 'just creating a HEAD ref' +$ git push -u origin HEAD +``` + +### Install GIC + +Since GIC is based on Git and written in Node.js, you must first install Git, Node.js, and the Node package manager, npm (which should be bundled with Node). The command to install these differs depending on your Linux or BSD distribution, but here's an example command on Fedora: + +``` +$ sudo dnf install git nodejs +``` + +If you're not running Linux or BSD, follow the installation instructions on [git-scm.com][7] and [nodejs.org][8]. + +There's no install process, as such, for GIC. Each user (Alice and Bob, in this example) must clone the repository to their hard drive: + +``` +$ git cone https://github.com/ephigabay/GIC GIC +``` + +Change directory into the GIC directory and install the Node.js dependencies with **npm** : + +``` +$ cd GIC +$ npm install +``` + +Wait for the Node modules to download and install. + +### Configure GIC + +The only configuration GIC requires is the location of your Git chat repository. Edit the **config.js** file: + +``` +module.exports = { +gitRepo: '[seth@example.com][9]:/home/gitchat/chatdemo.git', +messageCheckInterval: 500, +branchesCheckInterval: 5000 +}; +``` + + +Test your connection to the Git repository before trying GIC, just to make sure your configuration is sane: + +``` +$ git clone --quiet seth@example.com:/home/gitchat/chatdemo.git > /dev/null +``` + +Assuming you receive no errors, you're ready to start chatting. + +### Chat with Git + +From within the GIC directory, start the chat client: + +``` +$ npm start +``` + +When the client first launches, it must clone the chat repository. Since it's nearly an empty repository, it won't take long. Type your message and press Enter to send a message. + +![GIC][10] + +A Git-based chat client. What will they think of next? + +As the greeting message says, a branch in Git serves as a chatroom or channel in GIC. There's no way to create a new branch from within the GIC UI, but if you create one in another terminal session or in a web UI, it shows up immediately in GIC. It wouldn't take much to patch some IRC-style commands into GIC. + +After chatting for a while, take a look at your Git repository. Since the chat happens in Git, the repository itself is also a chat log: + +``` +$ git log --pretty=format:"%p %cn %s" +4387984 Seth Kenlon Hey Chani, did you submit a talk for All Things Open this year? +36369bb Chani No I didn't get a chance. Did you? +[...] +``` + +### Exit GIC + +Not since Vim has there been an application as difficult to stop as GIC. You see, there is no way to stop GIC. It will continue to run until it is killed. When you're ready to stop GIC, open another terminal tab or window and issue this command: + +``` +$ kill `pgrep npm` +``` + +GIC is a novelty. It's a great example of how an open source ecosystem encourages and enables creativity and exploration and challenges us to look at applications from different angles. Try GIC out. Maybe it will give you ideas. At the very least, it's a great excuse to spend an afternoon with Git. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/git-based-chat + +作者：[Seth Kenlon (Red Hat, Community Moderator)][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/talk_chat_team_mobile_desktop.png?itok=d7sRtKfQ (Team communication, chat) +[2]: https://git-scm.com/ +[3]: https://github.com/ephigabay/GIC +[4]: https://nodejs.org/en/ +[5]: http://gitolite.com +[6]: http://gitea.io +[7]: http://git-scm.com +[8]: http://nodejs.org +[9]: mailto:seth@example.com +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/gic.jpg (GIC) From 17043219edec6b0a716e29d79d8f1a5669bfde7b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 16:03:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 112/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190403=205=20us?= =?UTF-8?q?eful=20open=20source=20log=20analysis=20tools=20sources/tech/20?= =?UTF-8?q?190403=205=20useful=20open=20source=20log=20analysis=20tools.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...5 useful open source log analysis tools.md | 124 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 124 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190403 5 useful open source log analysis tools.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190403 5 useful open source log analysis tools.md b/sources/tech/20190403 5 useful open source log analysis tools.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..72522edd3d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190403 5 useful open source log analysis tools.md @@ -0,0 +1,124 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (5 useful open source log analysis tools) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/log-analysis-tools) +[#]: author: (Sam Bocetta https://opensource.com/users/sambocetta) + +5 useful open source log analysis tools +====== +Monitoring network activity is as important as it is tedious. These +tools can make it easier. +![People work on a computer server][1] + +Monitoring network activity can be a tedious job, but there are good reasons to do it. For one, it allows you to find and investigate suspicious logins on workstations, devices connected to networks, and servers while identifying sources of administrator abuse. You can also trace software installations and data transfers to identify potential issues in real time rather than after the damage is done. + +Those logs also go a long way towards keeping your company in compliance with the [General Data Protection Regulation][2] (GDPR) that applies to any entity operating within the European Union. If you have a website that is viewable in the EU, you qualify. + +Logging—both tracking and analysis—should be a fundamental process in any monitoring infrastructure. A transaction log file is necessary to recover a SQL server database from disaster. Further, by tracking log files, DevOps teams and database administrators (DBAs) can maintain optimum database performance or find evidence of unauthorized activity in the case of a cyber attack. For this reason, it's important to regularly monitor and analyze system logs. It's a reliable way to re-create the chain of events that led up to whatever problem has arisen. + +There are quite a few open source log trackers and analysis tools available today, making choosing the right resources for activity logs easier than you think. The free and open source software community offers log designs that work with all sorts of sites and just about any operating system. Here are five of the best I've used, in no particular order. + +### Graylog + +[Graylog][3] started in Germany in 2011 and is now offered as either an open source tool or a commercial solution. It is designed to be a centralized log management system that receives data streams from various servers or endpoints and allows you to browse or analyze that information quickly. + +![Graylog screenshot][4] + +Graylog has built a positive reputation among system administrators because of its ease in scalability. Most web projects start small but can grow exponentially. Graylog can balance loads across a network of backend servers and handle several terabytes of log data each day. + +IT administrators will find Graylog's frontend interface to be easy to use and robust in its functionality. Graylog is built around the concept of dashboards, which allows you to choose which metrics or data sources you find most valuable and quickly see trends over time. + +When a security or performance incident occurs, IT administrators want to be able to trace the symptoms to a root cause as fast as possible. Search functionality in Graylog makes this easy. It has built-in fault tolerance that can run multi-threaded searches so you can analyze several potential threats together. + +### Nagios + +[Nagios][5] started with a single developer back in 1999 and has since evolved into one of the most reliable open source tools for managing log data. The current version of Nagios can integrate with servers running Microsoft Windows, Linux, or Unix. + +![Nagios Core][6] + +Its primary product is a log server, which aims to simplify data collection and make information more accessible to system administrators. The Nagios log server engine will capture data in real-time and feed it into a powerful search tool. Integrating with a new endpoint or application is easy thanks to the built-in setup wizard. + +Nagios is most often used in organizations that need to monitor the security of their local network. It can audit a range of network-related events and help automate the distribution of alerts. Nagios can even be configured to run predefined scripts if a certain condition is met, allowing you to resolve issues before a human has to get involved. + +As part of network auditing, Nagios will filter log data based on the geographic location where it originates. That means you can build comprehensive dashboards with mapping technology to understand how your web traffic is flowing. + +### Elastic Stack (the "ELK Stack") + +[Elastic Stack][7], often called the ELK Stack, is one of the most popular open source tools among organizations that need to sift through large sets of data and make sense of their system logs (and it's a personal favorite, too). + +![ELK Stack][8] + +Its primary offering is made up of three separate products: Elasticsearch, Kibana, and Logstash: + + * As its name suggests, _**Elasticsearch**_ is designed to help users find matches within datasets using a wide range of query languages and types. Speed is this tool's number one advantage. It can be expanded into clusters of hundreds of server nodes to handle petabytes of data with ease. + + * _**Kibana**_ is a visualization tool that runs alongside Elasticsearch to allow users to analyze their data and build powerful reports. When you first install the Kibana engine on your server cluster, you will gain access to an interface that shows statistics, graphs, and even animations of your data. + + * The final piece of ELK Stack is _**Logstash**_ , which acts as a purely server-side pipeline into the Elasticsearch database. You can integrate Logstash with a variety of coding languages and APIs so that information from your websites and mobile applications will be fed directly into your powerful Elastic Stalk search engine. + + + + +A unique feature of ELK Stack is that it allows you to monitor applications built on open source installations of WordPress. In contrast to most out-of-the-box security audit log tools that [track admin and PHP logs][9] but little else, ELK Stack can sift through web server and database logs. + +Poor log tracking and database management are one of the [most common causes of poor website performance][10]. Failure to regularly check, optimize, and empty database logs can not only slow down a site but could lead to a complete crash as well. Thus, the ELK Stack is an excellent tool for every WordPress developer's toolkit. + +### LOGalyze + +[LOGalyze][11] is an organization based in Hungary that builds open source tools for system administrators and security experts to help them manage server logs and turn them into useful data points. Its primary product is available as a free download for either personal or commercial use. + +![LOGalyze][12] + +LOGalyze is designed to work as a massive pipeline in which multiple servers, applications, and network devices can feed information using the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) method. It provides a frontend interface where administrators can log in to monitor the collection of data and start analyzing it. + +From within the LOGalyze web interface, you can run dynamic reports and export them into Excel files, PDFs, or other formats. These reports can be based on multi-dimensional statistics managed by the LOGalyze backend. It can even combine data fields across servers or applications to help you spot trends in performance. + +LOGalyze is designed to be installed and configured in less than an hour. It has prebuilt functionality that allows it to gather audit data in formats required by regulatory acts. For example, LOGalyze can easily run different HIPAA reports to ensure your organization is adhering to health regulations and remaining compliant. + +### Fluentd + +If your organization has data sources living in many different locations and environments, your goal should be to centralize them as much as possible. Otherwise, you will struggle to monitor performance and protect against security threats. + +[Fluentd][13] is a robust solution for data collection and is entirely open source. It does not offer a full frontend interface but instead acts as a collection layer to help organize different pipelines. Fluentd is used by some of the largest companies worldwide but can be implemented in smaller organizations as well. + +![Fluentd architecture][14] + +The biggest benefit of Fluentd is its compatibility with the most common technology tools available today. For example, you can use Fluentd to gather data from web servers like Apache, sensors from smart devices, and dynamic records from MongoDB. What you do with that data is entirely up to you. + +Fluentd is based around the JSON data format and can be used in conjunction with [more than 500 plugins][15] created by reputable developers. This allows you to extend your logging data into other applications and drive better analysis from it with minimal manual effort. + +### The bottom line + +If you aren't already using activity logs for security reasons, governmental compliance, and measuring productivity, commit to changing that. There are plenty of plugins on the market that are designed to work with multiple environments and platforms, even on your internal network. Don't wait for a serious incident to justify taking a proactive approach to logs maintenance and oversight. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/log-analysis-tools + +作者：[Sam Bocetta][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/sambocetta +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rh_003499_01_linux11x_cc.png?itok=XMDOouJR (People work on a computer server) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/4/gdpr-impact +[3]: https://www.graylog.org/products/open-source +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/graylog-data.png (Graylog screenshot) +[5]: https://www.nagios.org/downloads/ +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/nagios_core_4.0.8.png (Nagios Core) +[7]: https://www.elastic.co/products +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/elk-stack.png (ELK Stack) +[9]: https://www.wpsecurityauditlog.com/benefits-wordpress-activity-log/ +[10]: https://websitesetup.org/how-to-speed-up-wordpress/ +[11]: http://www.logalyze.com/ +[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/logalyze.jpg (LOGalyze) +[13]: https://www.fluentd.org/ +[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/fluentd-architecture.png (Fluentd architecture) +[15]: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/open-source-log-aggregation-tools From 32be471034d485f25c341b0d26d614aabe1a7c97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 16:06:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 113/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190402=20Manage?= =?UTF-8?q?=20your=20daily=20schedule=20with=20Git=20sources/tech/20190402?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Manage=20your=20daily=20schedule=20with=20Git.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...402 Manage your daily schedule with Git.md | 240 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 240 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190402 Manage your daily schedule with Git.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190402 Manage your daily schedule with Git.md b/sources/tech/20190402 Manage your daily schedule with Git.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5d3b7a195e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190402 Manage your daily schedule with Git.md @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Manage your daily schedule with Git) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/calendar-git) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon (Red Hat, Community Moderator) https://opensource.com/users/seth) + +Manage your daily schedule with Git +====== +Treat time like source code and maintain your calendar with the help of +Git. +![website design image][1] + +[Git][2] is one of those rare applications that has managed to encapsulate so much of modern computing into one program that it ends up serving as the computational engine for many other applications. While it's best-known for tracking source code changes in software development, it has many other uses that can make your life easier and more organized. In this series leading up to Git's 14th anniversary on April 7, we'll share seven little-known ways to use Git. Today, we'll look at using Git to keep track of your calendar. + +### Keep track of your schedule with Git + +What if time itself was but source code that could be managed and version controlled? While proving or disproving such a theory is probably beyond the scope of this article, it happens that you can treat time like source code and manage your daily schedule with the help of Git. + +The reigning champion for calendaring is the [CalDAV][3] protocol, which drives popular open source calendaring applications like [NextCloud][4] as well as popular closed source ones. There's nothing wrong with CalDAV (commenters, take heed). But it's not for everyone, and besides there's nothing less inspiring than a mono-culture. + +Because I have no interest in becoming invested in largely GUI-dependent CalDAV clients (although if you're looking for a good terminal CalDAV viewer, see [khal][5]), I started investigating text-based alternatives. Text-based calendaring has all the usual benefits of working in [plaintext][6]. It's lightweight, it's highly portable, and as long as it's structured, it's easy to parse and beautify (whatever _beauty_ means to you). + +And best of all, it's exactly what Git was designed to manage. + +### Org mode not in a scary way + +If you don't impose structure on your plaintext, it quickly falls into a pandemonium of off-the-cuff thoughts and devil-may-care notation. Luckily, a markup syntax exists for calendaring, and it's contained in the venerable productivity Emacs mode, [Org mode][7] (which, admit it, you've been meaning to start using anyway). + +The amazing thing about Org mode that many people don't realize is [you don't need to know or even use Emacs][8] to take advantage of conventions established by Org mode. You get a lot of great features if you _do_ use Emacs, but if Emacs intimidates you, then you can implement a Git-based Org-mode calendaring system without so much as installing Emacs. + +The only part of Org mode that you need to know is its syntax. Org-mode syntax is low-maintenance and fairly intuitive. The biggest difference in calendaring with Org mode instead of a GUI calendaring app is the workflow: instead of going to a calendar and finding the day you want to schedule a task, you create a list of tasks and then assign each one a day and time. + +Lists in Org mode use asterisks (*) as bullets. Here's my gaming task list: **** + +``` +* Gaming +** Build Stardrifter character +** Read Stardrifter rules +** Stardrifter playtest + +** Blue Planet @ Mike's + +** Run Rappan Athuk +*** Purchase hard copy +*** Skim Rappan Athuk +*** Build Rappan Athuk maps in maptool +*** Sort Rappan Athuk tokens +``` + +If you're familiar with [CommonMark][9] or Markdown, you'll notice that instead of using whitespace to create a subtask, Org mode favors the more explicit use of additional bullets. Whatever your background with lists, this is an intuitive and easy way to build a list, and it obviously is not inherently tied to Emacs (although using Emacs provides you with shortcuts so you can rearrange your list quickly). + +To turn your list into scheduled tasks or events in a calendar, go back through and add the keywords **SCHEDULED** and, optionally, **:CATEGORY:**. + +``` +* Gaming +:CATEGORY: Game +** Build Stardrifter character +SCHEDULED: <2019-03-22 18:00-19:00> +** Read Stardrifter rules +SCHEDULED: <2019-03-22 19:00-21:00> +** Stardrifter playtest +SCHEDULED: <2019-03-25 0900-1300> +** Blue Planet @ Mike's +SCHEDULED: <2019-03-18 18:00-23:00 +1w> + +and so on... +``` + +The **SCHEDULED** keyword marks the entry as an event that you expect to be notified about and the optional **:CATEGORY:** keyword is an arbitrary tagging system for your own use (and in Emacs, you can color-code entries according to category). + +For a repeating event, you can use notation such as **+1w** to create a weekly event or **+2w** for a fortnightly event, and so on. + +All the fancy markup available for Org mode is [documented][10], so don't hesitate to find more tricks to help it fit your needs. + +### Put it into Git + +Without Git, your Org-mode appointments are just a file on your local machine. It's the 21st century, though, so you at least need your calendar on your mobile phone, if not on all of your personal computers. You can use Git to publish your calendar for yourself and others. + +First, create a directory for your **.org** files. I store mine in **~/cal**. + +``` +$ mkdir ~/cal +``` + +Change into your directory and make it a Git repository: + +``` +$ cd cal +$ git init +``` + +Move your **.org** file to your local Git repo. In practice, I maintain one **.org** file per category. + +``` +$ mv ~/*.org ~/cal +$ ls +Game.org Meal.org Seth.org Work.org +``` + +Stage and commit your files: + +``` +$ git add *.org +$ git commit -m 'cal init' +``` + +### Create a Git remote + +To make your calendar available from anywhere, you must have a Git repository on the internet. Your calendar is plaintext, so any Git repository will do. You can put your calendar on [GitLab][11] or any other public Git hosting service (even proprietary ones), and as long as your host allows it, you can even mark the repository as private. If you don't want to post your calendar to a server you don't control, it's easy to host a Git repository yourself, either using a bare repository for a single user or using a frontend service like [Gitolite][12] or [Gitea][13]. + +In the interest of simplicity, I'll assume a self-hosted bare Git repository. You can create a bare remote repository on any server you have SSH access to with one Git command: +``` +$ ssh -p 22122 [seth@example.com][14] +[remote]$ mkdir cal.git +[remote]$ cd cal.git +[remote]$ git init --bare +[remote]$ exit +``` + +This bare repository can serve as your calendar's home on the internet. + +Set it as the remote source for your local (on your computer, not your server) Git repository: + +``` +$ git remote add origin seth@example.com:/home/seth/cal.git +``` + +And then push your calendar data to the server: + +``` +$ git push -u origin HEAD +``` + +With your calendar in a Git repository, it's available to you on any device running Git. That means you can make updates and changes to your schedule and push your changes upstream so it updates everywhere. + +I use this method to keep my calendar in sync between my work laptop and my home workstation. Since I use Emacs every day for most of the day, being able to view and edit my calendar in Emacs is a major convenience. The same is true for most people with a mobile device, so the next step is to set up an Org-mode calendaring system on a mobile. + +### Mobile Git + +Since your calendar data is in plaintext, strictly speaking, you can "use" it on any device that can read a text file. That's part of the beauty of this system; you're never without, at the very least, your raw data. But to integrate your calendar on a mobile device the way you'd expect a modern calendar to work, you need two components: a mobile Git client and a mobile Org-mode viewer. + +#### Git client for mobile + +[MGit][15] is a good Git client for Android. There are Git clients for iOS, as well. + +Once you've installed MGit (or a similar Git client), you must clone your calendar repository so your phone has a copy. To access your server from your mobile device, you must set up an SSH key for authentication. MGit can generate and store a key for you, which you must add to your server's **~/.ssh/authorized_keys** file or to your SSH keys in the settings of your hosted Git account. + +You must do this manually. MGit does not have an interface to log into your server or hosted Git account. If you do not do this, your mobile device cannot access your server to access your calendar data. + +I did it by copying the key file I generated in MGit to my laptop over [KDE Connect][16] (but you can do the same over Bluetooth, or with an SD card reader, or a USB cable, depending on your preferred method of accessing data on your phone). I copied the key (a file called **calkey** to my server with this command: + +``` +$ cat calkey | ssh seth@example.com "cat >> /home/seth/.ssh/authorized_keys" +``` + +You may have a different way of doing it, but if you ever set your server up for passwordless login, this is exactly the same process. If you're using a hosted Git service like GitLab, you must copy and paste the contents of your key file into your user account's SSH Key panel. + +![Adding key file data to GitLab][17] + +Once that's done, your mobile device can authorize to your server, but it still needs to know where to go to find your calendar data. Different apps may use different notation, but MGit uses plain old Git-over-SSH. That means if you're using a non-standard SSH port, you must specify the SSH port to use: + +``` +$ git clone ssh://seth@example.com:22122//home/seth/git/cal.git +``` + +![Specifying SSH port in MGit][18] + +If you use a different app, it may use a different syntax that allows you to provide a port in a special field or drop the **ssh://** prefix. Refer to the app documentation if you experience issues. + +Clone the repository to your phone. + +![Cloned repositories][19] + +Few Git apps are set to automatically update the repository. There are a few apps you can use to automate pulls, or you can set up Git hooks to push updates from your server—but I won't get into that here. For now, after you make an update to your calendar, be sure to pull new changes manually in MGit (or if you change events on your phone, push the changes to your server). + +![MGit push/pull settings][20] + +#### Mobile calendar + +There are a few different apps that provide frontends for Org mode on a mobile device. [Orgzly][21] is a great open source Android app that provides an interface for Org mode's greatest features, from the Agenda mode to the TODO lists. Install and launch it. + +From the Main menu, choose Setting Sync Repositories and select the directory containing your calendar files (i.e., the Git repository you cloned from your server). + +Give Orgzly a moment to import the data, then use Orgzly's [hamburger][22] menu to select the Agenda view. + +![Orgzly's agenda view][23] + +In Orgzly's Settings Reminders menu, you can choose which event types trigger a notification on your phone. You can get notifications for **SCHEDULED** tasks, **DEADLINE** tasks, or anything with an event time assigned to it. If you use your phone as your taskmaster, you'll never miss an event with Org mode and Orgzly. + +![Orgzly notification][24] + +Orgzly isn't just a parser. You can edit and update events, and even mark events **DONE**. + +![Orgzly to-do list][25] + +### Designed for and by you + +The important thing to understand about using Org mode and Git is that both applications are highly flexible, and it's expected that you'll customize how and what they do so they will adapt to your needs. If something in this article is an affront to how you organize your life or manage your weekly schedule, but you like other parts of what this proposal offers, then throw out the part you don't like. You can use Org mode in Emacs if you want, or you can just use it as calendar markup. You can set your phone to pull Git data right off your computer at the end of the day instead of a server on the internet, or you can configure your computer to sync calendars whenever your phone is plugged in, or you can manage it daily as you load up your phone with all the stuff you need for the workday. It's up to you, and that's the most significant thing about Git, about Org mode, and about open source. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/calendar-git + +作者：[Seth Kenlon (Red Hat, Community Moderator)][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/web-design-monitor-website.png?itok=yUK7_qR0 (website design image) +[2]: https://git-scm.com/ +[3]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4791 +[4]: http://nextcloud.com +[5]: https://github.com/pimutils/khal +[6]: https://plaintextproject.online/ +[7]: https://orgmode.org +[8]: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/productivity-tool-org-mode +[9]: https://commonmark.org/ +[10]: https://orgmode.org/manual/ +[11]: http://gitlab.com +[12]: http://gitolite.com/gitolite/index.html +[13]: https://gitea.io/en-us/ +[14]: mailto:seth@example.com +[15]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.manichord.mgit +[16]: https://community.kde.org/KDEConnect +[17]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/gitlab-add-key.jpg (Adding key file data to GitLab) +[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/mgit-0.jpg (Specifying SSH port in MGit) +[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/mgit-1.jpg (Cloned repositories) +[20]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/mgit-2.jpg (MGit push/pull settings) +[21]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.orgzly/ +[22]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_button +[23]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/orgzly-agenda.jpg (Orgzly's agenda view) +[24]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/orgzly-cal-notify.jpg (Orgzly notification) +[25]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/orgzly-cal-todo.jpg (Orgzly to-do list) From 7902a77c1542bbaf7ddd55fb3c1597e0192f1a94 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 16:11:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 114/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190401=20How=20?= =?UTF-8?q?to=20create=20a=20filesystem=20on=20a=20Linux=20partition=20or?= =?UTF-8?q?=20logical=20volume=20sources/tech/20190401=20How=20to=20create?= =?UTF-8?q?=20a=20filesystem=20on=20a=20Linux=20partition=20or=20logical?= =?UTF-8?q?=20volume.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... on a Linux partition or logical volume.md | 168 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 168 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190401 How to create a filesystem on a Linux partition or logical volume.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190401 How to create a filesystem on a Linux partition or logical volume.md b/sources/tech/20190401 How to create a filesystem on a Linux partition or logical volume.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b654244537 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190401 How to create a filesystem on a Linux partition or logical volume.md @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to create a filesystem on a Linux partition or logical volume) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/create-filesystem-linux-partition) +[#]: author: (Kedar Vijay Kulkarni (Red Hat) https://opensource.com/users/kkulkarn) + +How to create a filesystem on a Linux partition or logical volume +====== +Learn to create a filesystem and mount it persistently or +non-persistently in your system. +![Filing papers and documents][1] + +In computing, a filesystem controls how data is stored and retrieved and helps organize the files on the storage media. Without a filesystem, information in storage would be one large block of data, and you couldn't tell where one piece of information stopped and the next began. A filesystem helps manage all of this by providing names to files that store data and maintaining a table of files and directories—along with their start/end location, total size, etc.—on disks within the filesystem. + +In Linux, when you create a hard disk partition or a logical volume, the next step is usually to create a filesystem by formatting the partition or logical volume. This how-to assumes you know how to create a partition or a logical volume, and you just want to format it to contain a filesystem and mount it. + +### Create a filesystem + +Imagine you just added a new disk to your system and created a partition named **/dev/sda1** on it. + + 1. To verify that the Linux kernel can see the partition, you can **cat** out **/proc/partitions** like this: + +``` +[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions +major minor #blocks name + + 253 0 10485760 vda + 253 1 8192000 vda1 + 11 0 1048575 sr0 + 11 1 374 sr1 + 8 0 10485760 sda + 8 1 10484736 sda1 + 252 0 3145728 dm-0 + 252 1 2097152 dm-1 + 252 2 1048576 dm-2 + 8 16 1048576 sdb +``` + + + 2. Decide what kind of filesystem you want to create, such as ext4, XFS, or anything else. Here are a few options: + +``` +[root@localhost ~]# mkfs. +mkfs.btrfs mkfs.cramfs mkfs.ext2 mkfs.ext3 mkfs.ext4 mkfs.minix mkfs.xfs +``` + + + 3. For the purposes of this exercise, choose ext4. (I like ext4 because it allows you to shrink the filesystem if you need to, a thing that isn't as straightforward with XFS.) Here's how it can be done (the output may differ based on device name/sizes): + +``` +[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1 +mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) +Filesystem label= +OS type: Linux +Block size=4096 (log=2) +Fragment size=4096 (log=2) +Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=8191 blocks +194688 inodes, 778241 blocks +38912 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user +First data block=0 +Maximum filesystem blocks=799014912 +24 block groups +32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group +8112 inodes per group +Superblock backups stored on blocks: + 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912 + +Allocating group tables: done +Writing inode tables: done +Creating journal (16384 blocks): done +Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done +``` + + 4. In the previous step, if you want to create a different kind of filesystem, use a different **mkfs** command variation. + + + +### Mount a filesystem + +After you create your filesystem, you can mount it in your operating system. + + 1. First, identify the UUID of your new filesystem. Issue the **blkid** command to list all known block storage devices and look for **sda1** in the output: + +``` + [root@localhost ~]# blkid +/dev/vda1: UUID="716e713d-4e91-4186-81fd-c6cfa1b0974d" TYPE="xfs" +/dev/sr1: UUID="2019-03-08-16-17-02-00" LABEL="config-2" TYPE="iso9660" +/dev/sda1: UUID="wow9N8-dX2d-ETN4-zK09-Gr1k-qCVF-eCerbF" TYPE="LVM2_member" +/dev/mapper/test-test1: PTTYPE="dos" +/dev/sda1: UUID="ac96b366-0cdd-4e4c-9493-bb93531be644" TYPE="ext4" +[root@localhost ~]# +``` + + + 2. Run the following command to mount the **/dev/sd1** device : + +``` + [root@localhost ~]# mkdir /mnt/mount_point_for_dev_sda1 +[root@localhost ~]# ls /mnt/ +mount_point_for_dev_sda1 +[root@localhost ~]# mount -t ext4 /dev/sda1 /mnt/mount_point_for_dev_sda1/ +[root@localhost ~]# df -h +Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on +/dev/vda1 7.9G 920M 7.0G 12% / +devtmpfs 443M 0 443M 0% /dev +tmpfs 463M 0 463M 0% /dev/shm +tmpfs 463M 30M 434M 7% /run +tmpfs 463M 0 463M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup +tmpfs 93M 0 93M 0% /run/user/0 +/dev/sda1 2.9G 9.0M 2.7G 1% /mnt/mount_point_for_dev_sda1 +[root@localhost ~]# +``` + The **df -h** command shows which filesystem is mounted on which mount point. Look for **/dev/sd1**. The mount command above used the device name **/dev/sda1**. Substitute it with the UUID identified in the **blkid** command. Also, note that a new directory was created to mount **/dev/sda1** under **/mnt**. + + + + 3. A problem with using the mount command directly on the command line (as in the previous step) is that the mount won't persist across reboots. To mount the filesystem persistently, edit the **/etc/fstab** file to include your mount information: + +``` +UUID=ac96b366-0cdd-4e4c-9493-bb93531be644 /mnt/mount_point_for_dev_sda1/ ext4 defaults 0 0 +``` + + + + 4. After you edit **/etc/fstab** , you can **umount /mnt/mount_point_for_dev_sda1** and run the command **mount -a** to mount everything listed in **/etc/fstab**. If everything went right, you can still list **df -h** and see your filesystem mounted: + +``` +root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt/mount_point_for_dev_sda1/ +[root@localhost ~]# mount -a +[root@localhost ~]# df -h +Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on +/dev/vda1 7.9G 920M 7.0G 12% / +devtmpfs 443M 0 443M 0% /dev +tmpfs 463M 0 463M 0% /dev/shm +tmpfs 463M 30M 434M 7% /run +tmpfs 463M 0 463M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup +tmpfs 93M 0 93M 0% /run/user/0 +/dev/sda1 2.9G 9.0M 2.7G 1% /mnt/mount_point_for_dev_sda1 +``` + + 5. You can also check whether the filesystem was mounted: + +``` +[root@localhost ~]# mount | grep ^/dev/sd +/dev/sda1 on /mnt/mount_point_for_dev_sda1 type ext4 (rw,relatime,seclabel,stripe=8191,data=ordered) +``` + + + +Now you know how to create a filesystem and mount it persistently or non-persistently within your system. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/create-filesystem-linux-partition + +作者：[Kedar Vijay Kulkarni (Red Hat)][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/kkulkarn +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/documents_papers_file_storage_work.png?itok=YlXpAqAJ (Filing papers and documents) From d6b68c9f179b842f06b6153ebce351558ad29334 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 16:12:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 115/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190402=20Making?= =?UTF-8?q?=20computer=20science=20curricula=20as=20adaptable=20as=20our?= =?UTF-8?q?=20code=20sources/talk/20190402=20Making=20computer=20science?= =?UTF-8?q?=20curricula=20as=20adaptable=20as=20our=20code.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ence curricula as adaptable as our code.md | 72 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 72 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190402 Making computer science curricula as adaptable as our code.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190402 Making computer science curricula as adaptable as our code.md b/sources/talk/20190402 Making computer science curricula as adaptable as our code.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..150034a20b --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190402 Making computer science curricula as adaptable as our code.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Making computer science curricula as adaptable as our code) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/4/adaptable-curricula-computer-science) +[#]: author: (Amarachi Achonu https://opensource.com/users/amarach1/users/johnsontanner3) + +Making computer science curricula as adaptable as our code +====== +No two computer science students are alike—so teachers need curricula +that are open and adaptable. +![][1] + +Educators in elementary computer science face a lack of adaptable curricula. Calls for more modifiable, non-rigid curricula are therefore enticing—assuming that such curricula could benefit teachers by increasing their ability to mold resources for individual classrooms and, ultimately, produce better teaching experiences and learning outcomes. + +Our team at [CSbyUs][2] noticed this scarcity, and we've created an open source web platform to facilitate more flexible, adaptable, and tested curricula for computer science educators. The mission of the CSbyUs team has always been utilizing open source technology to improve pedagogy in computer science, which includes increasing support for teachers. Therefore, this project primarily seeks to use open source principles—and the benefits inherent in them—to expand the possibilities of modern curriculum-making and support teachers by increasing access to more adaptable curricula. + +### Rigid, monotonous, mundane + +Why is the lack of adaptable curricula a problem for computer science education? Rigid curricula dominates most classrooms today, primarily through monotonous and routinely distributed lesson plans. Many of these plans are developed without the capacity for dynamic use and application to different classroom atmospheres. In contrast, an _adaptable_ curriculum is one that would _account_ for dynamic and changing classroom environments. + +An adaptable curriculum means freedom and more options for educators. This is especially important in elementary-level classrooms, where instructors are introducing students to computer science for the first time, and in classrooms with higher populations of groups typically underrepresented in the field of computer science. Here especially, it's advantageous for instructors to have access to curricula that explicitly consider diverse classroom landscapes and grants the freedom necessary to adapt to specific student populations. + +### Making it adaptable + +This kind of adaptability is certainly at work at CSbyUs. Hayley Barton—a member of both the organization's curriculum-making team and its teaching team, and a senior at Duke University majoring in Economics and minoring in Computer Science and Spanish—recently demonstrated the benefits of adaptable curricula during an engagement in the field. Reflecting on her teaching experiences, Barton describes a major reason why curriculum adaptation is necessary in computer science classrooms. "We are seeing the range of students that we work with," she says, "and trying to make the curriculum something that can be tailored to different students." + +An adaptable curriculum means freedom and more options for educators. + +A more adaptable curriculum is necessary for truly challenging students, Barton continues. + +The need for change became most evident to Barton when working students to make their own preliminary apps. Barton collaborated with students who appeared to be at different levels of focus and attention. On the one hand, a group of more advanced students took well to the style of a demonstrative curriculum and remained attentive and engaged to the task. On the other hand, another group of students seemed to have more trouble focusing in the classroom or even being motivated to engage with topics of computer science skills. Witnessing this difference among students, it became important that curriculum would need to be adaptable in multiple ways to be able to engage more students at their level. + +"We want to challenge every student without making it too challenging for any individual student," Barton says. "Thinking about those things definitely feeds into how I'm thinking about the curriculum in terms of making it accessible for all the students." + +As a curriculum-maker, she subsequently uses experiences like this to make changes to the original curriculum. + +"If those other students have one-on-one time themselves, they could be doing even more amazing things with their apps," says Barton. + +Taking this advice, Barton would potentially incorporate into the curriculum more emphasis on cultivating students' sense of ownership in computer science, since this is important to their focus and productivity. For this, students may be afforded that sense of one-on-one time. The result will affect the next round of teachers who use the curriculum. + +For these changes to be effective, the onus is on teachers to notice the dynamics of the classroom. In the future, curriculum adaptation may depend on paying particular attention to and identifying these subtle differences of style of curriculum. Identifying and commenting about these subtleties allows the possibility of applying a different strategy, and these are the changes that are applied to the curriculum. + +Curriculum adaptation should be iterative, as it involves learning from experience, returning to the drawing board, making changes, and finally, utilizing the curriculum again. + +"We've gone through a lot of stages of development," Barton says. "The goal is to have this kind of back and forth, where the curriculum is something that's been tested, where we've used our feedback, and also used other research that we've done, to make it something that's actually impactful." + +Hayley's "back and forth" process is an iterative process of curriculum-making. Between utilizing curricula and modifying curricula, instructors like Hayley can take a once-rigid curriculum and mold it to any degree that the user sees fit—again and again. This iterative process depends on tests performed first in the classroom, and it depends on the teacher's rationale and reflection on how curricula uniquely pans out for them. + +Adaptability of curriculum is the most important principle on which the CSbyUs platform is built. Much like Hayley's process of curriculum-making, curriculum adaptation should be _iterative_ , as it involves learning from experience, returning to the drawing board, making changes, and finally, utilizing the curriculum again. Once launched, the CSbyUS website will document this iterative process. + +The open-focused pedagogy behind the CSByUs platform, then, brings to life the flexibility inherent in the process of curriculum adaptation. First, it invites and collects the valuable first-hand perspectives of real educators working with real curricula to produce real learning. Next, it capitalizes on an iterative processes of development—one familiar to open source programmers—to enable modifications to curriculum (and the documentation of those modifications). Finally, it transforms the way teachers encounter curricula by helping them make selections from different versions of both modified curriculum and "the original." Our platform's open source strategy is crucial to cultivating a hub of flexible curricula for educators. + +Open source practices can be a key difference in making rigid curricula more moldable for educators. Furthermore, since this approach effectively melds open source technologies with open-focused pedagogy, open pedagogy can potentially provide flexibility for educators teaching various curriculum across disciplines. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/4/adaptable-curricula-computer-science + +作者：[Amarachi Achonu][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/amarach1/users/johnsontanner3 +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rh_003588_01_rd3os.combacktoschoolserieshe_rh_051x_0.png?itok=gIzbmxuI +[2]: https://csbyus.herokuapp.com/ From f402e52b412a44bf829e5b8725e392f1abce51bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 16:14:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 116/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190401=20Build?= =?UTF-8?q?=20and=20host=20a=20website=20with=20Git=20sources/tech/2019040?= =?UTF-8?q?1=20Build=20and=20host=20a=20website=20with=20Git.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...90401 Build and host a website with Git.md | 226 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 226 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190401 Build and host a website with Git.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190401 Build and host a website with Git.md b/sources/tech/20190401 Build and host a website with Git.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0878047c1d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190401 Build and host a website with Git.md @@ -0,0 +1,226 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Build and host a website with Git) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/building-hosting-website-git) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon (Red Hat, Community Moderator) https://opensource.com/users/seth) + +Build and host a website with Git +====== +Publishing your own website is easy if you let Git help you out. Learn +how in the first article in our series about little-known Git uses. +![web development and design, desktop and browser][1] + +[Git][2] is one of those rare applications that has managed to encapsulate so much of modern computing into one program that it ends up serving as the computational engine for many other applications. While it's best-known for tracking source code changes in software development, it has many other uses that can make your life easier and more organized. In this series leading up to Git's 14th anniversary on April 7, we'll share seven little-known ways to use Git. + +Creating a website used to be both sublimely simple and a form of black magic all at once. Back in the old days of Web 1.0 (that's not what anyone actually called it), you could just open up any website, view its source code, and reverse engineer the HTML—with all its inline styling and table-based layout—and you felt like a programmer after an afternoon or two. But there was still the matter of getting the page you created on the internet, which meant dealing with servers and FTP and webroot directories and file permissions. While the modern web has become far more complex since then, self-publication can be just as easy (or easier!) if you let Git help you out. + +### Create a website with Hugo + +[Hugo][3] is an open source static site generator. Static sites are what the web used to be built on (if you go back far enough, it was _all_ the web was). There are several advantages to static sites: they're relatively easy to write because you don't have to code them, they're relatively secure because there's no code executed on the pages, and they can be quite fast because there's no processing aside from transferring whatever you have on the page. + +Hugo isn't the only static site generator out there. [Grav][4], [Pico][5], [Jekyll][6], [Podwrite][7], and many others provide an easy way to create a full-featured website with minimal maintenance. Hugo happens to be one with GitLab integration built in, which means you can generate and host your website with a free GitLab account. + +Hugo has some pretty big fans, too. For instance, if you've ever gone to the Let's Encrypt website, then you've used a site built with Hugo. + +![Let's Encrypt website][8] + +#### Install Hugo + +Hugo is cross-platform, and you can find installation instructions for MacOS, Windows, Linux, OpenBSD, and FreeBSD in [Hugo's getting started resources][9]. + +If you're on Linux or BSD, it's easiest to install Hugo from a software repository or ports tree. The exact command varies depending on what your distribution provides, but on Fedora you would enter: + +``` +$ sudo dnf install hugo +``` + +Confirm you have installed it correctly by opening a terminal and typing: + +``` +$ hugo help +``` + +This prints all the options available for the **hugo** command. If you don't see that, you may have installed Hugo incorrectly or need to [add the command to your path][10]. + +#### Create your site + +To build a Hugo site, you must have a specific directory structure, which Hugo will generate for you by entering: + +``` +$ hugo new site mysite +``` + +You now have a directory called **mysite** , and it contains the default directories you need to build a Hugo website. + +Git is your interface to get your site on the internet, so change directory to your new **mysite** folder and initialize it as a Git repository: + +``` +$ cd mysite +$ git init . +``` + +Hugo is pretty Git-friendly, so you can even use Git to install a theme for your site. Unless you plan on developing the theme you're installing, you can use the **\--depth** option to clone the latest state of the theme's source: + +``` +$ git clone --depth 1 \ + +themes/mero +``` + + +Now create some content for your site: + +``` +$ hugo new posts/hello.md +``` + +Use your favorite text editor to edit the **hello.md** file in the **content/posts** directory. Hugo accepts Markdown files and converts them to themed HTML files at publication, so your content must be in [Markdown format][11]. + +If you want to include images in your post, create a folder called **images** in the **static** directory. Place your images into this folder and reference them in your markup using the absolute path starting with **/images**. For example: + +``` +![A picture of a thing](/images/thing.jpeg) +``` + +#### Choose a theme + +You can find more themes at [themes.gohugo.io][12], but it's best to stay with a basic theme while testing. The canonical Hugo test theme is [Ananke][13]. Some themes have complex dependencies, and others don't render pages the way you might expect without complex configuration. The Mero theme used in this example comes bundled with a detailed **config.toml** configuration file, but (for the sake of simplicity) I'll provide just the basics here. Open the file called **config.toml** in a text editor and add three configuration parameters: + +``` + +languageCode = "en-us" +title = "My website on the web" +theme = "mero" + +[params] + author = "Seth Kenlon" + description = "My hugo demo" +``` + +#### Preview your site + +You don't have to put anything on the internet until you're ready to publish it. While you work, you can preview your site by launching the local-only web server that ships with Hugo. + +``` +$ hugo server --buildDrafts --disableFastRender +``` + +Open a web browser and navigate to **** to see your work in progress. + +### Publish with Git to GitLab + +To publish and host your site on GitLab, create a repository for the contents of your site. + +To create a repository in GitLab, click on the **New Project** button in your GitLab Projects page. Create an empty repository called **yourGitLabUsername.gitlab.io** , replacing **yourGitLabUsername** with your GitLab user name or group name. You must use this scheme as the name of your project. If you want to add a custom domain later, you can. + +Do not include a license or a README file (because you've started a project locally, adding these now would make pushing your data to GitLab more complex, and you can always add them later). + +Once you've created the empty repository on GitLab, add it as the remote location for the local copy of your Hugo site, which is already a Git repository: + +``` +$ git remote add origin git@gitlab.com:skenlon/mysite.git +``` + +Create a GitLab site configuration file called **.gitlab-ci.yml** and enter these options: + +``` +image: monachus/hugo + +variables: + GIT_SUBMODULE_STRATEGY: recursive + +pages: + script: + - hugo + artifacts: + paths: + - public + only: + - master +``` + +The **image** parameter defines a containerized image that will serve your site. The other parameters are instructions telling GitLab's servers what actions to execute when you push new code to your remote repository. For more information on GitLab's CI/CD (Continuous Integration and Delivery) options, see the [CI/CD section of GitLab's docs][14]. + +#### Set the excludes + +Your Git repository is configured, the commands to build your site on GitLab's servers are set, and your site ready to publish. For your first Git commit, you must take a few extra precautions so you're not version-controlling files you don't intend to version-control. + +First, add the **/public** directory that Hugo creates when building your site to your **.gitignore** file. You don't need to manage the finished site in Git; all you need to track are your source Hugo files. + +``` +$ echo "/public" >> .gitignore +``` + +You can't maintain a Git repository within a Git repository without creating a Git submodule. For the sake of keeping this simple, move the embedded **.git** directory so that the theme is just a theme. + +Note that you _must_ add your theme files to your Git repository so GitLab will have access to the theme. Without committing your theme files, your site cannot successfully build. + +``` +$ mv themes/mero/.git ~/.local/share/Trash/files/ +``` + +Alternately, use a **trash** command such as [Trashy][15]: + +``` +$ trash themes/mero/.git +``` + +Now you can add all the contents of your local project directory to Git and push it to GitLab: + +``` +$ git add . +$ git commit -m 'hugo init' +$ git push -u origin HEAD +``` + +### Go live with GitLab + +Once your code has been pushed to GitLab, take a look at your project page. An icon indicates GitLab is processing your build. It might take several minutes the first time you push your code, so be patient. However, don't be _too_ patient, because the icon doesn't always update reliably. + +![GitLab processing your build][16] + +While you're waiting for GitLab to assemble your site, go to your project settings and find the **Pages** panel. Once your site is ready, its URL will be provided for you. The URL is **yourGitLabUsername.gitlab.io/yourProjectName**. Navigate to that address to view the fruits of your labor. + +![Previewing Hugo site][17] + +If your site fails to assemble correctly, GitLab provides insight into the CI/CD pipeline logs. Review the error message for an indication of what went wrong. + +### Git and the web + +Hugo (or Jekyll or similar tools) is just one way to leverage Git as your web publishing tool. With server-side Git hooks, you can design your own Git-to-web pipeline with minimal scripting. With the community edition of GitLab, you can self-host your own GitLab instance or you can use an alternative like [Gitolite][18] or [Gitea][19] and use this article as inspiration for a custom solution. Have fun! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/building-hosting-website-git + +作者：[Seth Kenlon (Red Hat, Community Moderator)][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/web_browser_desktop_devlopment_design_system_computer.jpg?itok=pfqRrJgh (web development and design, desktop and browser) +[2]: https://git-scm.com/ +[3]: http://gohugo.io +[4]: http://getgrav.org +[5]: http://picocms.org/ +[6]: https://jekyllrb.com +[7]: http://slackermedia.info/podwrite/ +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/letsencrypt-site.jpg (Let's Encrypt website) +[9]: https://gohugo.io/getting-started/installing +[10]: https://opensource.com/article/17/6/set-path-linux +[11]: https://commonmark.org/help/ +[12]: https://themes.gohugo.io/ +[13]: https://themes.gohugo.io/gohugo-theme-ananke/ +[14]: https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/#overview +[15]: http://slackermedia.info/trashy +[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/hugo-gitlab-cicd.jpg (GitLab processing your build) +[17]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/hugo-demo-site.jpg (Previewing Hugo site) +[18]: http://gitolite.com +[19]: http://gitea.io From 480a3d01a84e6a00deccee89ef914f10809e1972 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 16:14:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 117/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190402=20Automa?= =?UTF-8?q?te=20password=20resets=20with=20PWM=20sources/tech/20190402=20A?= =?UTF-8?q?utomate=20password=20resets=20with=20PWM.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...90402 Automate password resets with PWM.md | 94 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 94 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190402 Automate password resets with PWM.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190402 Automate password resets with PWM.md b/sources/tech/20190402 Automate password resets with PWM.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0bc7012c21 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190402 Automate password resets with PWM.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Automate password resets with PWM) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/automate-password-resets-pwm) +[#]: author: (James Mawson https://opensource.com/users/dxmjames) + +Automate password resets with PWM +====== +PWM puts responsibility for password resets in users' hands, freeing IT +for more pressing tasks. +![Password][1] + +One of the things that can be "death by a thousand cuts" for any IT team's sanity and patience is constantly being asked to reset passwords. + +The best way we've found to handle this is to ditch your hashing algorithms and store your passwords in plaintext so that your users can retrieve them at any time. + +Ha! I am, of course, kidding. That's a terrible idea. + +When your users forget their passwords, you'll still need to reset them. But is there a way to break free from the monotonous, repetitive task of doing it manually? + +### PWM puts password resets in users' hands + +[PWM][2] is an open source ([GPLv2][3]) [JavaServer Pages][4] application that provides a webpage where users can submit their own password resets. If certain conditions are met—which you can configure—PWM will send a password reset instruction to whichever directory service you've connected it to. + +![PWM password reset screen][5] + +One thing that's great about PWM is it's very easy to add it to an existing network. If you're largely happy with what you've already built—just sick of processing password requests manually—you can just throw PWM into the mix. + +PWM works with any implementation of [LDAP][6] and written to run on [Apache Tomcat][7]. Once you get it up and running, you can administer it through a browser-based dashboard. + +### Why PWM is better than Microsoft SSPR + +As much as our team prefers open source, we still have to deal with Windows networks. Of course, Microsoft has its own password-reset tool, called Self Service Password Reset (SSPR). But I prefer PWM, and not just because of a general preference for open source. I believe PWM is better for my use case for the following reasons: + + * **SSPR has a very complex licensing system**. You need different products depending on what servers you're running and whose metal they're running on. This is a constraint on your flexibility and a whole extra pain in the neck when it's time to move to new architecture. For [the busy admin who wants to go home on time][8], it's extra bureaucracy to get the purchase approved. PWM just works on what it's configured to work on at no cost. + + * **PWM is not just for Windows**. It works with any kind of LDAP server. So, it's one less part you need to worry about if you ever stop using Windows for a certain role. It also means that, once you've gotten the hang of it, you have something in your bag of tricks that you can use in many different environments. + + * **PWM is easy to install**. If you know how to install Linux as a virtual machine—and, let's face it, if you're running a network, you probably do—then you're already most of the way there. + + + + +PWM can run on Windows, but we prefer to include it in a Windows network by running it on a Linux virtual machine, [for example, Ubuntu Server 16.04][9]. + +### Risks and rewards of automation + +Password resets are an attack vector, so be thoughtful about where and how you use PWM. Automating your password resets can mean an attacker is potentially just one unencrypted email connection away from resetting a password. + +To some extent, automating your password resets trades a bit of security for some convenience. So maybe this isn't the right way to handle C-suite user accounts that approve large payments. + +On the other hand, manual resets are not 100% secure either—they can be gamed with targeted attacks like spear phishing and social engineering. It's much easier to fall for these scams if your team gets frequent reset requests and is sick of dealing with them. You may benefit from automating the bulk of lower-risk requests so you can focus on protecting the higher-risk accounts manually; this is possible given the time you can save using PWM. + +Some of the risks associated with shifting resets to users can be mitigated with PWM's built-in features, such as insisting users verify their password reset request by email or SMS. You can also make PWM accessible only on the intranet. + +![PWM configuration options][10] + +PWM doesn't store any passwords, so that's one less headache. It does, however, store answers to users' secret questions in a MySQL database that can be configured to be stored locally or on a separate server, depending on your preference. + +There are a ton of ways to make PWM look and feel like a polished part of your team's infrastructure. With a little bit of CSS know-how, you can customize the user interface for your business' branding. There are also more options for implementation than you can shake a stick at. + +### Wrapping up + +PWM is a great open source project, it's actively developed, and it has a helpful online community. It's a great alternative to Microsoft's Azure SSPR solution for small to midsized businesses that have to keep a tight grip on the purse strings, and it slots in neatly to any existing Active Directory infrastructure. It also saves IT's time by outsourcing this mundane task to users. + +I advise every network admin to dive in and have a look at the cool stuff PWM offers. Check out the [getting started resources][11] and reach out to the community if you have any questions. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/automate-password-resets-pwm + +作者：[James Mawson][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/dxmjames +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/password.jpg?itok=ec6z6YgZ (Password) +[2]: https://github.com/pwm-project/pwm +[3]: https://github.com/pwm-project/pwm/blob/master/LICENSE +[4]: https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/index-jsp-138231.html +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pwm_password-reset.png (PWM password reset screen) +[6]: https://opensource.com/business/14/5/top-4-open-source-ldap-implementations +[7]: http://tomcat.apache.org/ +[8]: https://opensource.com/article/18/7/tools-admin +[9]: https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/adding-pwm-password-reset-tool-to-windows-network/ +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pwm-configuration.png (PWM configuration options) +[11]: https://github.com/pwm-project/pwm#links From e8e724254529a5ad07ff940143d4235383134ae0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 16:17:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 118/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190328=20Why=20?= =?UTF-8?q?do=20organizations=20have=20open=20secrets=3F=20sources/talk/20?= =?UTF-8?q?190328=20Why=20do=20organizations=20have=20open=20secrets.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Why do organizations have open secrets.md | 77 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 77 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190328 Why do organizations have open secrets.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190328 Why do organizations have open secrets.md b/sources/talk/20190328 Why do organizations have open secrets.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8a4c8c0017 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190328 Why do organizations have open secrets.md @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Why do organizations have open secrets?) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/3/open-secrets-bystander-effect) +[#]: author: (Laura Hilliger https://opensource.com/users/laurahilliger/users/maryjo) + +Why do organizations have open secrets? +====== +Everyone sees something, but no one says anything—that's the bystander +effect. And it's damaging your organizational culture. +![][1] + +[The five characteristics of an open organization][2] must work together to ensure healthy and happy communities inside our organizations. Even the most transparent teams, departments, and organizations require equal doses of additional open principles—like inclusivity and collaboration—to avoid dysfunction. + +The "open secrets" phenomenon illustrates the limitations of transparency when unaccompanied by additional open values. [A recent article in Harvard Business Review][3] explored the way certain organizational issues—widely apparent but seemingly impossible to solve—lead to discomfort in the workforce. Authors Insiya Hussain and Subra Tangirala performed a number of studies, and found that the more people in an organization who knew about a particular "secret," be it a software bug or a personnel issue, the less likely any one person would be to report the issue or otherwise _do_ something about it. + +Hussain and Tangirala explain that so-called "open secrets" are the result of a [bystander effect][4], which comes into play when people think, "Well, if _everyone_ knows, surely _I_ don't need to be the one to point it out." The authors mention several causes of this behavior, but let's take a closer look at why open secrets might be circulating in your organization—with an eye on what an open leader might do to [create a safe space for whistleblowing][5]. + +### 1\. Fear + +People don't want to complain about a known problem only to have their complaint be the one that initiates the quality assurance, integrity, or redress process. What if new information emerges that makes their report irrelevant? What if they are simply _wrong_? + +At the root of all bystander behavior is fear—fear of repercussions, fear of losing reputation or face, or fear that the very thing you've stood up against turns out to be a non-issue for everyone else. Going on record as "the one who reported" carries with it a reputational risk that is very intimidating. + +The first step to ensuring that your colleagues report malicious behavior, code, or _whatever_ needs reporting is to create a fear-free workplace. We're inundated with the idea that making a mistake is bad or wrong. We're taught that we have to "protect" our reputations. However, the qualities of a good and moral character are _always_ subjective. + +_Tip for leaders_ : Reward courage and strength every time you see it, regardless of whether you deem it "necessary." For example, if in a meeting where everyone except one person agrees on something, spend time on that person's concerns. Be patient and kind in helping that person change their mind, and be open minded about that person being able to change yours. Brains work in different ways; never forget that one person might have a perspective that changes the lay of the land. + +### 2\. Policies + +Usually, complaint procedures and policies are designed to ensure fairness towards all parties involved in the complaint. Discouraging false reporting and ensuring such fairness in situations like these is certainly a good idea. But policies might actually deter people from standing up—because a victim might be discouraged from reporting an experience if the formal policy for reporting doesn't make them feel protected. Standing up to someone in a position of power and saying "Your behavior is horrid, and I'm not going to take it" isn't easy for anyone, but it's particularly difficult for marginalized groups. + +The "open secrets" phenomenon illustrates the limitations of transparency when unaccompanied by additional open values. + +To ensure fairness to all parties, we need to adjust for victims. As part of making the decision to file a report, a victim will be dealing with a variety of internal fears. They'll wonder what might happen to their self-worth if they're put in a situation where they have to talk to someone about their experience. They'll wonder if they'll be treated differently if they're the one who stands up, and how that will affect their future working environments and relationships. Especially in a situation involving an open secret, asking a victim to be strong is asking them to have to trust that numerous other people will back them up. This fear shouldn't be part of their workplace experience; it's just not fair. + +Remember that if one feels responsible for a problem (e.g., "Crap, that's _my code_ that's bringing down the whole server!"), then that person might feel fear at pointing out the mistake. _The important thing is dealing with the situation, not finding someone to blame._ Policies that make people feel personally protected—no matter what the situation—are absolutely integral to ensuring the organization deals with open secrets. + +_Tip for leaders_ : Make sure your team's or organization's policy regarding complaints makes anonymous reporting possible. Asking a victim to "go on record" puts them in the position of having to defend their perspective. If they feel they're the victim of harassment, they're feeling as if they are harassed _and_ being asked to defend their experience. This means they're doing double the work of the perpetrator, who only has to defend themselves. + +### 3\. Marginalization + +Women, LGBTQ people, racial minorities, people with physical disabilities, people who are neuro-atypical, and other marginalized groups often find themselves in positions that them feel routinely dismissed, disempowered, disrespected—and generally dissed. These feelings are valid (and shouldn't be too surprising to anyone who has spent some time looking at issues of diversity and inclusion). Our emotional safety matters, and we tend to be quite protective of it—even if it means letting open secrets go unaddressed. + +Marginalized groups have enough worries weighing on them, even when they're _not_ running the risk of damaging their relationships with others at work. Being seen and respected in both an organization and society more broadly is difficult enough _without_ drawing potentially negative attention. + +Policies that make people feel personally protected—no matter what the situation—are absolutely integral to ensuring the organization deals with open secrets. + +Luckily, in recent years attitudes towards marginalized groups have become visible, and we as a society have begun to talk about our experiences as "outliers." We've also come to realize that marginalized groups aren't actually "outliers" at all; we can thank the colorful, beautiful internet for that. + +_Tip for leaders_ : Diversity and inclusion plays a role in dispelling open secrets. Make sure your diversity and inclusion practices and policies truly encourage a diverse workplace. + +### Model the behavior + +The best way to create a safe workplace and give people the ability to call attention to pervasive problems found within it is to _model the behaviors that you want other people to display_. Dysfunction occurs in cultures that don't pay attention to and value the principles upon which they are built. In order to discourage bystander behavior, transparent, inclusive, adaptable and collaborative communities must create policies that support calling attention to open secrets and then empathetically dealing with whatever the issue may be. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/3/open-secrets-bystander-effect + +作者：[Laura Hilliger][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/laurahilliger/users/maryjo +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/OSDC_secret_ingredient_520x292.png?itok=QbKzJq-N +[2]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/resources/open-org-definition +[3]: https://hbr.org/2019/01/why-open-secrets-exist-in-organizations +[4]: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/bystander-effect +[5]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/2/open-leaders-whistleblowers From 4dce1e832d3e8cb5c2ff744da00d6640a8f191f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 16:18:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 119/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190329=20Shadow?= =?UTF-8?q?Reader:=20Serverless=20load=20tests=20for=20replaying=20product?= =?UTF-8?q?ion=20traffic=20sources/tech/20190329=20ShadowReader-=20Serverl?= =?UTF-8?q?ess=20load=20tests=20for=20replaying=20production=20traffic.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... tests for replaying production traffic.md | 176 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 176 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190329 ShadowReader- Serverless load tests for replaying production traffic.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190329 ShadowReader- Serverless load tests for replaying production traffic.md b/sources/tech/20190329 ShadowReader- Serverless load tests for replaying production traffic.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3d7f7eaf0c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190329 ShadowReader- Serverless load tests for replaying production traffic.md @@ -0,0 +1,176 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (ShadowReader: Serverless load tests for replaying production traffic) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/shadowreader-serverless) +[#]: author: (Yuki Sawa https://opensource.com/users/yukisawa1/users/yongsanchez) + +ShadowReader: Serverless load tests for replaying production traffic +====== +This open source tool recreates serverless production conditions to +pinpoint causes of memory leaks and other errors that aren't visible in +the QA environment. +![Traffic lights at night][1] + +While load testing has become more accessible, configuring load tests that faithfully re-create production conditions can be difficult. A good load test must use a set of URLs that are representative of production traffic and achieve request rates that mimic real users. Even performing distributed load tests requires the upkeep of a fleet of servers. + +[ShadowReader][2] aims to solve these problems. It gathers URLs and request rates straight from production logs and replays them using AWS Lambda. Being serverless, it is more cost-efficient and performant than traditional distributed load tests; in practice, it has scaled beyond 50,000 requests per minute. + +At Edmunds, we have been able to utilize these capabilities to solve problems, such as Node.js memory leaks that were happening only in production, by recreating the same conditions in our QA environment. We're also using it daily to generate load for pre-production canary deployments. + +The memory leak problem we faced in our Node.js application confounded our engineering team; as it was only occurring in our production environment; we could not reproduce it in QA until we introduced ShadowReader to replay production traffic into QA. + +### The incident + +On Christmas Eve 2017, we suffered an incident where there was a jump in response time across the board with error rates tripling and impacting many users of our website. + +![Christmas Eve 2017 incident][3] + +![Christmas Eve 2017 incident][4] + +Monitoring during the incident helped identify and resolve the issue quickly, but we still needed to understand the root cause. + +At Edmunds, we leverage a robust continuous delivery (CD) pipeline that releases new updates to production multiple times a day. We also dynamically scale up our applications to accommodate peak traffic and scale down to save costs. Unfortunately, this had the side effect of masking a memory leak. + +In our investigation, we saw that the memory leak had existed for weeks, since early December. Memory usage would climb to 60%, along with a slow increase in 99th percentile response time. + +Between our CD pipeline and autoscaling events, long-running containers were frequently being shut down and replaced by newer ones. This inadvertently masked the memory leak until December, when we decided to stop releasing software to ensure stability during the holidays. + +![Slow increase in 99th percentile response time][5] + +### Our CD pipeline + +At a glance, Edmunds' CD pipeline looks like this: + + 1. Unit test + 2. Build a Docker image for the application + 3. Integration test + 4. Load test/performance test + 5. Canary release + + + +The solution is fully automated and requires no manual cutover. The final step is a canary deployment directly into the live website, allowing us to release multiple times a day. + +For our load testing, we leveraged custom tooling built on top of JMeter. It takes random samples of production URLs and can simulate various percentages of traffic. Unfortunately, however, our load tests were not able to reproduce the memory leak in any of our pre-production environments. + +### Solving the memory leak + +When looking at the memory patterns in QA, we noticed there was a very healthy pattern. Our initial hypothesis was that our JMeter load testing in QA was unable to simulate production traffic in a way that allows us to predict how our applications will perform. + +While the load test takes samples from production URLs, it can't precisely simulate the URLs customers use and the exact frequency of calls (i.e., the burst rate). + +Our first step was to re-create the problem in QA. We used a new tool called ShadowReader, a project that evolved out of our hackathons. While many projects we considered were product-focused, this was the only operations-centric one. It is a load-testing tool that runs on AWS Lambda and can replay production traffic and usage patterns against our QA environment. + +The results it returned were immediate: + +![QA results in ShadowReader][6] + +Knowing that we could re-create the problem in QA, we took the additional step to point ShadowReader to our local environment, as this allowed us to trigger Node.js heap dumps. After analyzing the contents of the dumps, it was obvious the memory leak was coming from two excessively large objects containing only strings. At the time the snapshot dumped, these objects contained 373MB and 63MB of strings! + +![Heap dumps show source of memory leak][7] + +We found that both objects were temporary lookup caches containing metadata to be used on the client side. Neither of these caches was ever intended to be persisted on the server side. The user's browser cached only its own metadata, but on the server side, it cached the metadata for all users. This is why we were unable to reproduce the leak with synthetic testing. Synthetic tests always resulted in the same fixed set of metadata in the server-side caches. The leak surfaced only when we had a sufficient amount of unique metadata being generated from a variety of users. + +Once we identified the problem, we were able to remove the large caches that we observed in the heap dumps. We've since instrumented the application to start collecting metrics that can help detect issues like this faster. + +![Collecting metrics][8] + +After making the fix in QA, we saw that the memory usage was constant and the leak was plugged. + +![Graph showing memory leak fixed][9] + +### What is ShadowReader? + +ShadowReader is a serverless load-testing framework powered by AWS Lambda and S3 to replay production traffic. It mimics real user traffic by replaying URLs from production at the same rate as the live website. We are happy to announce that after months of internal usage, we have released it as open source! + +#### Features + + * ShadowReader mimics real user traffic by replaying user requests (URLs). It can also replay certain headers, such as True-Client-IP and User-Agent, along with the URL. + + + * It is more efficient cost- and performance-wise than traditional distributed load tests that run on a fleet of servers. Managing a fleet of servers for distributed load testing can cost $1,000 or more per month; with a serverless stack, it can be reduced to $100 per month by provisioning compute resources on demand. + + + * We've scaled it up to 50,000 requests per minute, but it should be able to handle more than 100,000 reqs/min. + + + * New load tests can be spun up and stopped instantly, unlike traditional load-testing tools, which can take many minutes to generate the test plan and distribute the test data to the load-testing servers. + + + * It can ramp traffic up or down by a percentage value to function as a more traditional load test. + + + * Its plugin system enables you to switch out plugins to change its behavior. For instance, you can switch from past replay (i.e., replays past requests) to live replay (i.e., replays requests as they come in). + + + * Currently, it can replay logs from the [Application Load Balancer][10] and [Classic Load Balancer][11] Elastic Load Balancers (ELBs), and support for other load balancers is coming soon. + + + +### How it works + +ShadowReader is composed of four different Lambdas: a Parser, an Orchestrator, a Master, and a Worker. + +![ShadowReader architecture][12] + +When a user visits a website, a load balancer (in this case, an ELB) typically routes the request. As the ELB routes the request, it will log the event and ship it to S3. + +Next, ShadowReader triggers a Parser Lambda every minute via a CloudWatch event, which parses the latest access (ELB) logs on S3 for that minute, then ships the parsed URLs into another S3 bucket. + +On the other side of the system, ShadowReader also triggers an Orchestrator lambda every minute. This Lambda holds the configurations and state of the system. + +The Orchestrator then invokes a Master Lambda function. From the Orchestrator, the Master receives information on which time slice to replay and downloads the respective data from the S3 bucket of parsed URLs (deposited there by the Parser). + +The Master Lambda divides the load-test URLs into smaller batches, then invokes and passes each batch into a Worker Lambda. If 800 requests must be sent out, then eight Worker Lambdas will be invoked, each one handling 100 URLs. + +Finally, the Worker receives the URLs passed from the Master and starts load-testing the chosen test environment. + +### The bigger picture + +The challenge of reproducibility in load testing serverless infrastructure becomes increasingly important as we move from steady-state application sizing to on-demand models. While ShadowReader is designed and used with Edmunds' infrastructure in mind, any application leveraging ELBs can take full advantage of it. Soon, it will have support to replay the traffic of any service that generates traffic logs. + +As the project moves forward, we would love to see it evolve to be compatible with next-generation serverless runtimes such as Knative. We also hope to see other open source communities build similar toolchains for their infrastructure as serverless becomes more prevalent. + +### Getting started + +If you would like to test drive ShadowReader, check out the [GitHub repo][2]. The README contains how-to guides and a batteries-included [demo][13] that will deploy all the necessary resources to try out live replay in your AWS account. + +We would love to hear what you think and welcome contributions. See the [contributing guide][14] to get started! + +* * * + +_This article is based on "[How we fixed a Node.js memory leak by using ShadowReader to replay production traffic into QA][15]," published on the_ _Edmunds Tech Blog_ _with the help of Carlos Macasaet, Sharath Gowda, and Joey Davis._ _Yuki_ _Sawa_ _also presented this_ as* [ShadowReader—Serverless load tests for replaying production traffic][16] at ([SCaLE 17x][17]) March 7-10 in Pasadena, Calif.* + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/shadowreader-serverless + +作者：[Yuki Sawa][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/yukisawa1/users/yongsanchez +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/traffic-light-go.png?itok=nC_851ys (Traffic lights at night) +[2]: https://github.com/edmunds/shadowreader +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/shadowreader_incident1_0.png (Christmas Eve 2017 incident) +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/shadowreader_incident2.png (Christmas Eve 2017 incident) +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/shadowreader_99thpercentile.png (Slow increase in 99th percentile response time) +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/shadowreader_qa.png (QA results in ShadowReader) +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/shadowreader_heapdumps.png (Heap dumps show source of memory leak) +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/shadowreader_code.png (Collecting metrics) +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/shadowreader_leakplugged.png (Graph showing memory leak fixed) +[10]: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/elasticloadbalancing/latest/application/introduction.html +[11]: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/elasticloadbalancing/latest/classic/introduction.html +[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/shadowreader_architecture.png (ShadowReader architecture) +[13]: https://github.com/edmunds/shadowreader#live-replay +[14]: https://github.com/edmunds/shadowreader/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md +[15]: https://technology.edmunds.com/2018/08/25/Investigating-a-Memory-Leak-and-Introducing-ShadowReader/ +[16]: https://www.socallinuxexpo.org/scale/17x/speakers/yuki-sawa +[17]: https://www.socallinuxexpo.org/ From e2700c841e1815a83d0b5b8933e762b73366d1dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 16:19:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 120/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190401=20How=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Kubeflow=20is=20evolving=20without=20ksonnet=20sources/talk/201?= =?UTF-8?q?90401=20How=20Kubeflow=20is=20evolving=20without=20ksonnet.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ow Kubeflow is evolving without ksonnet.md | 62 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 62 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190401 How Kubeflow is evolving without ksonnet.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190401 How Kubeflow is evolving without ksonnet.md b/sources/talk/20190401 How Kubeflow is evolving without ksonnet.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bad5611f3d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190401 How Kubeflow is evolving without ksonnet.md @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How Kubeflow is evolving without ksonnet) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/kubeflow-evolution) +[#]: author: (Jonathan Gershater (Red Hat) https://opensource.com/users/jgershat/users/jgershat) + +How Kubeflow is evolving without ksonnet +====== +There are big differences in how open source communities handle change compared to closed source vendors. +![Chat bubbles][1] + +Many software projects depend on modules that are run as separate open source projects. When one of those modules loses support (as is inevitable), the community around the main project must determine how to proceed. + +This situation is happening right now in the [Kubeflow][2] community. Kubeflow is an evolving open source platform for developing, orchestrating, deploying, and running scalable and portable machine learning workloads on [Kubernetes][3]. Recently, the primary supporter of the Kubeflow component [ksonnet][4] announced that it would [no longer support][5] the software. + +When a piece of software loses support, the decision-making process (and the outcome) differs greatly depending on whether the software is open source or closed source. + +### A cellphone analogy + +To illustrate the differences in how an open source community and a closed source/single software vendor proceed when a component loses support, let's use an example from hardware design. + +Suppose you buy cellphone Model A and it stops working. When you try to get it repaired, you discover the manufacturer is out of business and no longer offering support. Since the cellphone's design is proprietary and closed, no other manufacturers can support it. + +Now, suppose you buy cellphone Model B, it stops working, and its manufacturer is also out of business and no longer offering support. However, Model B's design is open, and another company is in business manufacturing, repairing and upgrading Model B cellphones. + +This illustrates one difference between software written using closed and open source principles. If the vendor of a closed source software solution goes out of business, support disappears with the vendor, unless the vendor sells the software's design and intellectual property. But, if the vendor of an open source solution goes out of business, there is no intellectual property to sell. By the principles of open source, the source code is available for anyone to use and modify, under license, so another vendor can continue to maintain the software. + +### How Kubeflow is evolving without ksonnet + +The ramification of ksonnet's backers' decision to cease development illustrates Kubeflow's open and collaborative design process. Kubeflow's designers have several options, such as replacing ksonnet, adopting and developing ksonnet, etc. Because Kubeflow is an open source project, all options are discussed in the open on the Kubeflow mailing list. Some of the community's suggestions include: + +> * Should we look at projects that are CNCF/Apache projects e.g. [helm][6] +> * I would opt for back to the basics. KISS. How about plain old jsonnet + kubectl + makefile/scripts ? Thats how e.g. the coreos [prometheus operator][7] does it. It would also lower the entry barrier (no new tooling) and let vendors of k8s (gke, openshift, etc) easily build on top of that. +> * I vote for using a simple, _programmatic_ context, be it manual jsonnet + kubectl, or simple Python scripts + Python K8s client, or any tool be can build on top of these. +> + + +The members of the mailing list are discussing and debating alternatives to ksonnet and will arrive at a decision to continue development. What I love about the open source way of adapting is that it's done communally. Unlike closed source software, which is often designed by one vendor, the organizations that are members of an open source project can collaboratively steer the project in the direction they best see fit. As Kubeflow evolves, it will benefit from an open, collaborative decision-making framework. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/kubeflow-evolution + +作者：[Jonathan Gershater (Red Hat)][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jgershat/users/jgershat +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/talk_chat_communication_team.png?itok=CYfZ_gE7 (Chat bubbles) +[2]: https://www.kubeflow.org/ +[3]: https://github.com/kubernetes +[4]: https://ksonnet.io/ +[5]: https://blogs.vmware.com/cloudnative/2019/02/05/welcoming-heptio-open-source-projects-to-vmware/ +[6]: https://landscape.cncf.io +[7]: https://github.com/coreos/prometheus-operator/tree/master/contrib/kube-prometheus From 65423df3ea6fd6d61db7d4e634c6dcc53200b762 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 16:20:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 121/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190328=20Contin?= =?UTF-8?q?uous=20response:=20The=20essential=20process=20we're=20ignoring?= =?UTF-8?q?=20in=20DevOps=20sources/talk/20190328=20Continuous=20response-?= =?UTF-8?q?=20The=20essential=20process=20we-re=20ignoring=20in=20DevOps.m?= =?UTF-8?q?d?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ential process we-re ignoring in DevOps.md | 115 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 115 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190328 Continuous response- The essential process we-re ignoring in DevOps.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190328 Continuous response- The essential process we-re ignoring in DevOps.md b/sources/talk/20190328 Continuous response- The essential process we-re ignoring in DevOps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f0f0190742 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190328 Continuous response- The essential process we-re ignoring in DevOps.md @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Continuous response: The essential process we're ignoring in DevOps) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/continuous-response-devops) +[#]: author: (Randy Bias https://opensource.com/users/randybias) + +Continuous response: The essential process we're ignoring in DevOps +====== +You probably practice CI and CD, but if you aren't thinking about +continuous response, you aren't really doing DevOps. +![CICD with gears][1] + +Continuous response (CR) is an overlooked link in the DevOps process chain. The two other major links—[continuous integration (CI) and continuous delivery (CD)][2]—are well understood, but CR is not. Yet, CR is the essential element of follow-through required to make customers happy and fulfill the promise of greater speed and agility. At the heart of the DevOps movement is the need for greater velocity and agility to bring businesses into our new digital age. CR plays a pivotal role in enabling this. + +### Defining CR + +We need a crisp definition of CR to move forward with breaking it down. To put it into context, let's revisit the definitions of continuous integration (CI) and continuous delivery (CD). Here are Gartner's definitions when I wrote this them down in 2017: + +> [Continuous integration][3] is the practice of integrating, building, testing, and delivering functional software on a scheduled, repeatable, and automated basis. +> +> Continuous delivery is a software engineering approach where teams keep producing valuable software in short cycles while ensuring that the software can be reliably released at any time. + +I propose the following definition for CR: + +> Continuous response is a practice where developers and operators instrument, measure, observe, and manage their deployed software looking for changes in performance, resiliency, end-user behavior, and security posture and take corrective actions as necessary. + +We can argue about whether these definitions are 100% correct. They are good enough for our purposes, which is framing the definition of CR in rough context so we can understand it is really just the last link in the chain of a holistic cycle. + +![The holistic DevOps cycle][4] + +What is this multi-colored ring, you ask? It's the famous [OODA Loop][5]. Before continuing, let's touch on what the OODA Loop is and why it's relevant to DevOps. We'll keep it brief though, as there is already a long history between the OODA Loop and DevOps. + +#### A brief aside: The OODA Loop + +At the heart of core DevOps thinking is using the OODA Loop to create a proactive process for evolving and responding to changing environments. A quick [web search][6] makes it easy to learn the long history between the OODA Loop and DevOps, but if you want the deep dive, I highly recommend [The Tao of Boyd: How to Master the OODA Loop][7]. + +Here is the "evolved OODA Loop" presented by John Boyd: + +![OODA Loop][8] + +The most important thing to understand about the OODA Loop is that it's a cognitive process for adapting to and handling changing circumstances. + +The second most important thing to understand about the OODA Loop is, since it is a thought process that is meant to evolve, it depends on driving feedback back into the earlier parts of the cycle as you iterate. + +As you can see in the diagram above, CI, CD, and CR are all their own isolated OODA Loops within the overall DevOps OODA Loop. The key here is that each OODA Loop is an evolving thought process for how test, release, and success are measured. Simply put, those who can execute on the OODA Loop fastest will win. + +Put differently, DevOps wants to drive speed (executing the OODA Loop faster) combined with agility (taking feedback and using it to constantly adjust the OODA Loop). This is why CR is a vital piece of the DevOps process. We must drive production feedback into the DevOps maturation process. The DevOps notion of Culture, Automation, Measurement, and Sharing ([CAMS][9]) partially but inadequately captures this, whereas CR provides a much cleaner continuation of CI/CD in my mind. + +### Breaking CR down + +CR has more depth and breadth than CI or CD. This is natural, given that what we're categorizing is the post-deployment process by which our software is taking a variety of actions from autonomic responses to analytics of customer experience. I think, when it's broken down, there are three key buckets that CR components fall into. Each of these three areas forms a complete OODA Loop; however, the level of automation throughout the OODA Loop varies significantly. + +The following table will help clarify the three areas of CR: + +CR Type | Purpose | Examples +---|---|--- +Real-time | Autonomics for availability and resiliency | Auto-scaling, auto-healing, developer-in-the-loop automated responses to real-time failures, automated root-cause analysis +Analytic | Feature/fix pipeline | A/B testing, service response times, customer interaction models +Predictive | History-based planning | Capacity planning, hardware failure prediction models, cost-basis analysis + +_Real-time CR_ is probably the best understood of the three. This kind of CR is where our software has been instrumented for known issues and can take an immediate, automated response (autonomics). Examples of known issues include responding to high or low demand (e.g., elastic auto-scaling), responding to expected infrastructure resource failures (e.g., auto-healing), and responding to expected distributed application failures (e.g., circuit breaker pattern). In the future, we will see machine learning (ML) and similar technologies applied to automated root-cause analysis and event correlation, which will then provide a path towards "no ops" or "zero ops" operational models. + +_Analytic CR_ is still the most manual of the CR processes. This kind of CR is focused primarily on observing end-user experience and providing feedback to the product development cycle to add features or fix existing functionality. Examples of this include traditional A/B website testing, measuring page-load times or service-response times, post-mortems of service failures, and so on. + +_Predictive CR_ , due to the resurgence of AI and ML, is one of the innovation areas in CR. It uses historical data to predict future needs. ML techniques are allowing this area to become more fully automated. Examples include automated and predictive capacity planning (primarily for the infrastructure layer), automated cost-basis analysis of service delivery, and real-time reallocation of infrastructure resources to resolve capacity and hardware failure issues before they impact the end-user experience. + +### Diving deeper on CR + +CR, like CI or CD, is a DevOps process supported by a set of underlying tools. CI and CD are not Jenkins, unit tests, or automated deployments alone. They are a process flow. Similarly, CR is a process flow that begins with the delivery of new code via CD, which open source tools like [Spinnaker][10] give us. CR is not monitoring, machine learning, or auto-scaling, but a diverse set of processes that occur after code deployment, supported by a variety of tools. CR is also different in two specific ways. + +First, it is different because, by its nature, it is broader. The general software development lifecycle (SDLC) process means that most [CI/CD processes][11] are similar. However, code running in production differs from app to app or service to service. This means that CR differs as well. + +Second, CR is different because it is nascent. Like CI and CD before it, the process and tools existed before they had a name. Over time, CI/CD became more normalized and easier to scope. CR is new, hence there is lots of room to discuss what's in or out. I welcome your comments in this regard and hope you will run with these ideas. + +### CR: Closing the loop on DevOps + +DevOps arose because of the need for greater service delivery velocity and agility. Essentially, DevOps is an extension of agile software development practices to an operational mindset. It's a direct response to the flexibility and automation possibilities that cloud computing affords. However, much of the thinking on DevOps to date has focused on deploying the code to production and ends there. But our jobs don't end there. As professionals, we must also make certain our code is behaving as expected, we are learning as it runs in production, and we are taking that learning back into the product development process. + +This is where CR lives and breathes. DevOps without CR is the same as saying there is no OODA Loop around the DevOps process itself. It's like saying that operators' and developers' jobs end with the code being deployed. We all know this isn't true. Customer experience is the ultimate measurement of our success. Can people use the software or service without hiccups or undue friction? If not, we need to fix it. CR is the final link in the DevOps chain that enables delivering the truest customer experience. + +If you aren't thinking about continuous response, you aren't doing DevOps. Share your thoughts on CR, and tell me what you think about the concept and the definition. + +* * * + +_This article is based on[The Essential DevOps Process We're Ignoring: Continuous Response][12], which originally appeared on the Cloudscaling blog under a [CC BY 4.0][13] license and is republished with permission._ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/continuous-response-devops + +作者：[Randy Bias][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/randybias +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/cicd_continuous_delivery_deployment_gears.png?itok=kVlhiEkc (CICD with gears) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/8/what-cicd +[3]: https://www.gartner.com/doc/3187420/guidance-framework-continuous-integration-continuous +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/holistic-devops-cycle-smaller.jpeg (The holistic DevOps cycle) +[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OODA_loop +[6]: https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Ablog.b3k.us+ooda+loop&rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS730US730&oq=site%3Ablog.b3k.us+ooda+loop&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i58.8660j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#q=devops+ooda+loop&* +[7]: http://www.artofmanliness.com/2014/09/15/ooda-loop/ +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/ooda-loop-2-1.jpg (OODA Loop) +[9]: https://itrevolution.com/devops-culture-part-1/ +[10]: https://www.spinnaker.io +[11]: https://opensource.com/article/18/12/cicd-tools-sysadmins +[12]: http://cloudscaling.com/blog/devops/the-essential-devops-process-were-ignoring-continuous-response/ +[13]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ From e92505069e415716c1fcefb62a0661833e0c978b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 16:21:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 122/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190328=20How=20?= =?UTF-8?q?to=20run=20PostgreSQL=20on=20Kubernetes=20sources/tech/20190328?= =?UTF-8?q?=20How=20to=20run=20PostgreSQL=20on=20Kubernetes.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...328 How to run PostgreSQL on Kubernetes.md | 108 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 108 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190328 How to run PostgreSQL on Kubernetes.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190328 How to run PostgreSQL on Kubernetes.md b/sources/tech/20190328 How to run PostgreSQL on Kubernetes.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..58435f2e6e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190328 How to run PostgreSQL on Kubernetes.md @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to run PostgreSQL on Kubernetes) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/how-run-postgresql-kubernetes) +[#]: author: (Jonathan S. Katz https://opensource.com/users/jkatz05) + +How to run PostgreSQL on Kubernetes +====== +Create uniformly managed, cloud-native production deployments with the +flexibility to deploy a personalized database-as-a-service. +![cubes coming together to create a larger cube][1] + +By running a [PostgreSQL][2] database on [Kubernetes][3], you can create uniformly managed, cloud-native production deployments with the flexibility to deploy a personalized database-as-a-service tailored to your specific needs. + +Using an Operator allows you to provide additional context to Kubernetes to [manage a stateful application][4]. An Operator is also helpful when using an open source database like PostgreSQL to help with actions including provisioning, scaling, high availability, and user management. + +Let's explore how to get PostgreSQL up and running on Kubernetes. + +### Set up the PostgreSQL operator + +The first step to using PostgreSQL with Kubernetes is installing an Operator. You can get up and running with the open source [Crunchy PostgreSQL Operator][5] on any Kubernetes-based environment with the help of Crunchy's [quickstart script][6] for Linux. + +The quickstart script has a few prerequisites: + + * The [Wget][7] utility installed + * [kubectl][8] installed + * A [StorageClass][9] defined on your Kubernetes cluster + * Access to a Kubernetes user account with cluster-admin privileges. This is required to install the Operator [RBAC][10] rules + * A [namespace][11] to hold the PostgreSQL Operator + + + +Executing the script will give you a default PostgreSQL Operator deployment that assumes [dynamic storage][12] and a StorageClass named **standard**. User-provided values are allowed by the script to override these defaults. + +You can download the quickstart script and set it to be executable with the following commands: + +``` +wget +chmod +x ./quickstart.sh +``` + +Then you can execute the quickstart script: + +``` +./examples/quickstart.sh +``` + +After the script prompts you for some basic information about your Kubernetes cluster, it performs the following operations: + + * Downloads the Operator configuration files + * Sets the **$HOME/.pgouser** file to default settings + * Deploys the Operator as a Kubernetes [Deployment][13] + * Sets your **.bashrc** to include the Operator environmental variables + * Sets your **$HOME/.bash_completion** file to be the **pgo bash_completion** file + + + +During the quickstart's execution, you'll be prompted to set up the RBAC rules for your Kubernetes cluster. In a separate terminal, execute the command the quickstart command tells you to use. + +Once the script completes, you'll get information on setting up a port forward to the PostgreSQL Operator pod. In a separate terminal, execute the port forward; this will allow you to begin executing commands to the PostgreSQL Operator! Try creating a cluster by entering: + +``` +pgo create cluster mynewcluster +``` + +You can test that your cluster is up and running with by entering: + +``` +pgo test mynewcluster +``` + +You can now manage your PostgreSQL databases in your Kubernetes environment! You can find a full reference to commands, including those for scaling, high availability, backups, and more, in the [documentation][14]. + +* * * + +_Parts of this article are based on[Get Started Running PostgreSQL on Kubernetes][15] that the author wrote for the Crunchy blog._ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/how-run-postgresql-kubernetes + +作者：[Jonathan S. Katz][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jkatz05 +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/cube_innovation_process_block_container.png?itok=vkPYmSRQ (cubes coming together to create a larger cube) +[2]: https://www.postgresql.org/ +[3]: https://kubernetes.io/ +[4]: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/scaling-postgresql-kubernetes-operators +[5]: https://github.com/CrunchyData/postgres-operator +[6]: https://crunchydata.github.io/postgres-operator/stable/installation/#quickstart-script +[7]: https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/ +[8]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/tools/install-kubectl/ +[9]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/storage-classes/ +[10]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/ +[11]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/namespaces/ +[12]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/dynamic-provisioning/ +[13]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/ +[14]: https://crunchydata.github.io/postgres-operator/stable/#documentation +[15]: https://info.crunchydata.com/blog/get-started-runnning-postgresql-on-kubernetes From cbcd6d1756fa0fc78c4864db703830e8f9d9c382 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 16:22:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 123/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190327=20Why=20?= =?UTF-8?q?DevOps=20is=20the=20most=20important=20tech=20strategy=20today?= =?UTF-8?q?=20sources/talk/20190327=20Why=20DevOps=20is=20the=20most=20imp?= =?UTF-8?q?ortant=20tech=20strategy=20today.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... the most important tech strategy today.md | 130 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 130 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190327 Why DevOps is the most important tech strategy today.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190327 Why DevOps is the most important tech strategy today.md b/sources/talk/20190327 Why DevOps is the most important tech strategy today.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..288977e789 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190327 Why DevOps is the most important tech strategy today.md @@ -0,0 +1,130 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Why DevOps is the most important tech strategy today) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/devops-most-important-tech-strategy) +[#]: author: (Kelly AlbrechtWilly-Peter Schaub https://opensource.com/users/ksalbrecht/users/brentaaronreed/users/wpschaub/users/wpschaub/users/ksalbrecht) + +Why DevOps is the most important tech strategy today +====== +Clearing up some of the confusion about DevOps. +![CICD with gears][1] + +Many people first learn about [DevOps][2] when they see one of its outcomes and ask how it happened. It's not necessary to understand why something is part of DevOps to implement it, but knowing that—and why a DevOps strategy is important—can mean the difference between being a leader or a follower in an industry. + +Maybe you've heard some the incredible outcomes attributed to DevOps, such as production environments that are so resilient they can handle thousands of releases per day while a "[Chaos Monkey][3]" is running around randomly unplugging things. This is impressive, but on its own, it's a weak business case, essentially burdened with [proving a negative][4]: The DevOps environment is resilient because a serious failure hasn't been observed… yet. + +There is a lot of confusion about DevOps and many people are still trying to make sense of it. Here's an example from someone in my LinkedIn feed: + +> Recently attended few #DevOps sessions where some speakers seemed to suggest #Agile is a subset of DevOps. Somehow, my understanding was just the opposite. +> +> Would like to hear your thoughts. What do you think is the relationship between Agile and DevOps? +> +> 1. DevOps is a subset of Agile +> 2. Agile is a subset of DevOps +> 3. DevOps is an extension of Agile, starts where Agile ends +> 4. DevOps is the new version of Agile +> + + +Tech industry professionals have been weighing in on the LinkedIn post with a wide range of answers. How would you respond? + +### DevOps' roots in lean and agile + +DevOps makes a lot more sense if we start with the strategies of Henry Ford and the Toyota Production System's refinements of Ford's model. Within this history is the birthplace of lean manufacturing, which has been well studied. In [_Lean Thinking_][5], James P. Womack and Daniel T. Jones distill it into five principles: + + 1. Specify the value desired by the customer + 2. Identify the value stream for each product providing that value and challenge all of the wasted steps currently necessary to provide it + 3. Make the product flow continuously through the remaining value-added steps + 4. Introduce pull between all steps where continuous flow is possible + 5. Manage toward perfection so that the number of steps and the amount of time and information needed to serve the customer continually falls + + + +Lean seeks to continuously remove waste and increase the flow of value to the customer. This is easily recognizable and understood through a core tenet of lean: single piece flow. We can do a number of activities to learn why moving single pieces at a time is magnitudes faster than batches of many pieces; the [Penny Game][6] and the [Airplane Game][7] are two of them. In the Penny Game, if a batch of 20 pennies takes two minutes to get to the customer, they get the whole batch after waiting two minutes. If you move one penny at a time, the customer gets the first penny in about five seconds and continues getting pennies until the 20th penny arrives approximately 25 seconds later. + +This is a huge difference, but not everything in life is as simple and predictable as the penny in the Penny Game. This is where agile comes in. We certainly see lean principles on high-performing agile teams, but these teams need more than lean to do what they do. + +To be able to handle the unpredictability and variance of typical software development tasks, agile methodology focuses on awareness, deliberation, decision, and action to adjust course in the face of a constantly changing reality. For example, agile frameworks (like scrum) increase awareness with ceremonies like the daily standup and the sprint review. If the scrum team becomes aware of a new reality, the framework allows and encourages them to adjust course if necessary. + +For teams to make these types of decisions, they need to be self-organizing in a high-trust environment. High-performing agile teams working this way achieve a fast flow of value while continuously adjusting course, removing the waste of going in the wrong direction. + +### Optimal batch size + +To understand the power of DevOps in software development, it helps to understand the economics of batch size. Consider the following U-curve optimization illustration from Donald Reinertsen's _[Principles of Product Development Flow][8]:_ + +![U-curve optimization illustration of optimal batch size][9] + +This can be explained with an analogy about grocery shopping. Suppose you need to buy some eggs and you live 30 minutes from the store. Buying one egg (far left on the illustration) at a time would mean a 30-minute trip each time. This is your _transaction cost_. The _holding cost_ might represent the eggs spoiling and taking up space in your refrigerator over time. The _total cost_ is the _transaction cost_ plus your _holding cost_. This U-curve explains why, for most people, buying a dozen eggs at a time is their _optimal batch size_. If you lived next door to the store, it'd cost you next to nothing to walk there, and you'd probably buy a smaller carton each time to save room in your refrigerator and enjoy fresher eggs. + +This U-curve optimization illustration can shed some light on why productivity increases significantly in successful agile transformations. Consider the effect of agile transformation on decision making in an organization. In traditional hierarchical organizations, decision-making authority is centralized. This leads to larger decisions made less frequently by fewer people. An agile methodology will effectively reduce an organization's transaction cost for making decisions by decentralizing the decisions to where the awareness and information is the best known: across the high-trust, self-organizing agile teams. + +The following animation shows how reducing transaction cost shifts the optimal batch size to the left. You can't understate the value to an organization in making faster decisions more frequently. + +![U-curve optimization illustration][10] + +### Where does DevOps fit in? + +Automation is one of the things DevOps is most known for. The previous illustration shows the value of automation in great detail. Through automation, we reduce our transaction costs to nearly zero, essentially getting our testing and deployments for free. This lets us take advantage of smaller and smaller batch sizes of work. Smaller batches of work are easier to understand, commit to, test, review, and know when they are done. These smaller batch sizes also contain less variance and risk, making them easier to deploy and, if something goes wrong, to troubleshoot and recover from. With automation combined with a solid agile practice, we can get our feature development very close to single piece flow, providing value to customers quickly and continuously. + +More traditionally, DevOps is understood as a way to knock down the walls of confusion between the dev and ops teams. In this model, development teams develop new features, while operations teams keep the system stable and running smoothly. Friction occurs because new features from development introduce change into the system, increasing the risk of an outage, which the operations team doesn't feel responsible for—but has to deal with anyway. DevOps is not just trying to get people working together, it's more about trying to make more frequent changes safely in a complex environment. + +We can look to [Ron Westrum][11] for research about achieving safety in complex organizations. In researching why some organizations are safer than others, he found that an organization's culture is predictive of its safety. He identified three types of culture: Pathological, Bureaucratic, and Generative. He found that the Pathological culture was predictive of less safety and the Generative culture was predictive of more safety (e.g., far fewer plane crashes or accidental hospital deaths in his main areas of research). + +![Three types of culture identified by Ron Westrum][12] + +Effective DevOps teams achieve a Generative culture with lean and agile practices, showing that speed and safety are complementary, or two sides of the same coin. By reducing the optimal batch sizes of decisions and features to become very small, DevOps achieves a faster flow of information and value while removing waste and reducing risk. + +In line with Westrum's research, change can happen easily with safety and reliability improving at the same time. When an agile DevOps team is trusted to make its own decisions, we get the tools and techniques DevOps is most known for today: automation and continuous delivery. Through this automation, transaction costs are reduced further than ever, and a near single piece lean flow is achieved, creating the potential for thousands of decisions and releases per day, as we've seen happen in high-performing DevOps organizations. + +### Flow, feedback, learning + +DevOps doesn't stop there. We've mainly been talking about DevOps achieving a revolutionary flow, but lean and agile practices are further amplified through similar efforts that achieve faster feedback loops and faster learning. In the [_DevOps Handbook_][13], the authors explain in detail how, beyond its fast flow, DevOps achieves telemetry across its entire value stream for fast and continuous feedback. Further, leveraging the [kaizen][14] bursts of lean and the [retrospectives][15] of scrum, high-performing DevOps teams will continuously drive learning and continuous improvement deep into the foundations of their organizations, achieving a lean manufacturing revolution in the software product development industry. + +### Start with a DevOps assessment + +The first step in leveraging DevOps is, either after much study or with the help of a DevOps consultant and coach, to conduct an assessment across a suite of dimensions consistently found in high-performing DevOps teams. The assessment should identify weak or non-existent team norms that need improvement. Evaluate the assessment's results to find quick wins—focus areas with high chances for success that will produce high-impact improvement. Quick wins are important for gaining the momentum needed to tackle more challenging areas. The teams should generate ideas that can be tried quickly and start to move the needle on the DevOps transformation. + +After some time, the team should reassess on the same dimensions to measure improvements and identify new high-impact focus areas, again with fresh ideas from the team. A good coach will consult, train, mentor, and support as needed until the team owns its own continuous improvement and achieves near consistency on all dimensions by continually reassessing, experimenting, and learning. + +In the [second part][16] of this article, we'll look at results from a DevOps survey in the Drupal community and see where the quick wins are most likely to be found. + +* * * + +_Rob_ _Bayliss and Kelly Albrecht will present[DevOps: Why, How, and What][17] and host a follow-up [Birds of a][18]_ [_Feather_][18] _[discussion][18] at [DrupalCon 2019][19] in Seattle, April 8-12._ + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/devops-most-important-tech-strategy + +作者：[Kelly AlbrechtWilly-Peter Schaub][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ksalbrecht/users/brentaaronreed/users/wpschaub/users/wpschaub/users/ksalbrecht +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/cicd_continuous_delivery_deployment_gears.png?itok=kVlhiEkc (CICD with gears) +[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/devops +[3]: https://github.com/Netflix/chaosmonkey +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_proof_(philosophy)#Proving_a_negative +[5]: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0048WQDIO/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1 +[6]: https://youtu.be/5t6GhcvKB8o?t=54 +[7]: https://www.shmula.com/paper-airplane-game-pull-systems-push-systems/8280/ +[8]: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00K7OWG7O/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1 +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/batch_size_optimal_650.gif (U-curve optimization illustration of optimal batch size) +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/batch_size_650.gif (U-curve optimization illustration) +[11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Westrum +[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/information_flow.png (Three types of culture identified by Ron Westrum) +[13]: https://www.amazon.com/DevOps-Handbook-World-Class-Reliability-Organizations/dp/1942788002/ref=sr_1_3?keywords=DevOps+handbook&qid=1553197361&s=books&sr=1-3 +[14]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaizen +[15]: https://www.scrum.org/resources/what-is-a-sprint-retrospective +[16]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/where-drupal-community-stands-devops-adoption +[17]: https://events.drupal.org/seattle2019/sessions/devops-why-how-and-what +[18]: https://events.drupal.org/seattle2019/bofs/devops-getting-started +[19]: https://events.drupal.org/seattle2019 From 32636ddabf24eb0cb7ad8326cbb55c5b2605d383 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 16:22:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 124/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190326=20Bringi?= =?UTF-8?q?ng=20Kubernetes=20to=20the=20bare-metal=20edge=20sources/tech/2?= =?UTF-8?q?0190326=20Bringing=20Kubernetes=20to=20the=20bare-metal=20edge.?= =?UTF-8?q?md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...nging Kubernetes to the bare-metal edge.md | 72 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 72 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190326 Bringing Kubernetes to the bare-metal edge.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190326 Bringing Kubernetes to the bare-metal edge.md b/sources/tech/20190326 Bringing Kubernetes to the bare-metal edge.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..836eac23be --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190326 Bringing Kubernetes to the bare-metal edge.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Bringing Kubernetes to the bare-metal edge) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/bringing-kubernetes-bare-metal-edge) +[#]: author: (John Studarus https://opensource.com/users/studarus) + +Bringing Kubernetes to the bare-metal edge +====== +New Kubespray features enable Kubernetes clusters to be deployed across +next-generation edge locations. +![cubes coming together to create a larger cube][1] + +[Kubespray][2], a community project that provides Ansible playbooks for the deployment and management of Kubernetes clusters, recently added support for the bare-metal cloud [Packet][3]. This allows Kubernetes clusters to be deployed across next-generation edge locations, including [cell-tower based micro datacenters][4]. + +Packet, which is unique in its bare-metal focus, expands Kubespray's support beyond the usual clouds—Amazon Web Services, Google Compute Engine, Azure, OpenStack, vSphere, and Oracle Cloud Infrastructure. Kubespray removes the complexities of standing up a Kubernetes cluster through automation using Terraform and Ansible. Terraform provisions the infrastructure and installs the prerequisites for the Ansible installation. Terraform provider plugins enable support for a variety of different cloud providers. The Ansible playbook then deploys and configures Kubernetes. + +Since there are already [detailed instructions online][5] for deploying with Kubespray on Packet, I'll focus on why bare-metal support is important for Kubernetes and what's required to make it happen. + +### Why bare metal? + +Historically, Kubernetes deployments relied upon the "creature comforts" of a public cloud or a fully managed private cloud to provide virtual machines and networking infrastructure for running Kubernetes. This adds a layer of abstraction (e.g., a hypervisor with virtual machines) that Kubernetes doesn't necessarily need. In fact, Kubernetes began its life on bare metal as Google's Borg. + +As we move workloads closer to the end user (in the form of edge computing) and deploy to more diverse environments (including hybrid and on-premises infrastructure of different architectures and sizes), relying on a homogenous public cloud substrate isn't always possible or ideal. For instance, with edge locations being resource constrained, it is more efficient and practical to run Kubernetes directly on bare metal. + +### Mind the gaps + +Without a full-featured public cloud underneath a bare-metal cluster, some traditional capabilities, such as load balancing and storage orchestration, will need to be managed directly within the Kubernetes cluster. Luckily there are projects, such as [MetalLB][6] and [Rook][7], that provide this support for Kubernetes. + +MetalLB, a Layer 2 and Layer 3 load balancer, is integrated into Kubespray, and it's easy to install support for Rook, which orchestrates Ceph to provide distributed and replicated storage for a Kubernetes cluster, on a bare-metal cluster. In addition to enabling full functionality, this "bring your own" approach to storage and load balancing removes reliance upon specific cloud services, helping you avoid lock-in with an approach that can be installed anywhere. + +Kubespray has support for ARM64 processors. The ARM architecture (which is starting to show up regularly in datacenter-grade hardware, SmartNICs, and other custom accelerators) has a long history in mobile and embedded devices, making it well-suited for edge deployments. + +Going forward, I hope to see deeper integration with MetalLB and Rook as well as bare-metal continuous integration (CI) of daily builds atop a number of different hardware configurations. Access to automated bare metal at Packet enables testing and maintaining support across various processor types, storage options, and networking setups. This will help ensure that Kubespray-powered Kubernetes can be deployed and managed confidently across public clouds, bare metal, and edge environments. + +### It takes a village + +Kubespray is an open source project driven by the community, indebted to its core developers and contributors as well as the folks that assisted with the Packet integration. Contributors include [Maxime Guyot][8] and [Aivars Sterns][9] for the initial commits and code reviews, [Rong Zhang][10] and [Ed Vielmetti][11] for document reviews, as well as [Tomáš Karásek][12] (who maintains the Packet Go library and Terraform provider). + +* * * + +_John Studarus will present[The Open Micro Edge Data Center][13] at the [Open Infrastructure Summit][14], April 29-May 1 in Denver._ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/bringing-kubernetes-bare-metal-edge + +作者：[John Studarus][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/studarus +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/cube_innovation_process_block_container.png?itok=vkPYmSRQ (cubes coming together to create a larger cube) +[2]: https://kubespray.io/ +[3]: https://www.packet.com/ +[4]: https://twitter.com/packethost/status/1062147355108085760 +[5]: https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kubespray/blob/master/docs/packet.md +[6]: https://metallb.universe.tf/ +[7]: https://rook.io/ +[8]: https://twitter.com/Miouge +[9]: https://github.com/Atoms +[10]: https://github.com/riverzhang +[11]: https://twitter.com/vielmetti +[12]: https://t0mk.github.io/ +[13]: https://www.openstack.org/summit/denver-2019/summit-schedule/events/23153/the-open-micro-edge-data-center +[14]: https://openstack.org/summit From d81b153798acbb64dc172a9fd567c4667180e8ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Joseph.L.Meng" Date: Thu, 4 Apr 2019 01:15:35 +1100 Subject: [PATCH 125/143] Saved 20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md with Dillinger.io --- .../20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md | 38 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md b/sources/tech/20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md index 5916e330d6..ab0d1e8bc6 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md @@ -7,58 +7,60 @@ [#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/7-best-opensource-vpn-services-for-2019/) [#]: author: (Editor https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) -7 Best VPN Services For 2019 +2019 年最好的 7 款 VPN 服务 ====== -At least 67 percent of global businesses in the past three years have faced data breaching. The breaching has been reported to expose hundreds of millions of customers. Studies show that an estimated 93 percent of these breaches would have been avoided had data security fundamentals been considered beforehand. +在过去三年中，全球至少有 67％ 的企业面临着数据泄露，亿万用户受到影响。研究表明，如果事先对数据安全采取最基本的保护措施，那么预计有 93% 的漏洞是可以避免的。 -Understand that poor data security can be extremely costly, especially to a business and could quickly lead to widespread disruption and possible harm to your brand reputation. Although some businesses can pick up the pieces the hard way, there are still those that fail to recover. Today however, you are fortunate to have access to data and network security software. +糟糕的数据安全会带来极大的代价，特别是对企业而言。它会迅速造成破坏并损坏您的品牌声誉。尽管有些企业可以艰难地收拾残局，但仍有一些企业无法从事故中完全恢复。不过现在，您很幸运地可以得到数据及网络安全软件。 ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/vpn-1.jpeg) -As you start 2019, keep off cyber-attacks by investing in a **V** irtual **P** rivate **N** etwork commonly known as **VPN**. When it comes to online privacy and security, there are many uncertainties. There are hundreds of different VPN providers, and picking the right one means striking just the right balance between pricing, services, and ease of use. +到了 2019 年，您可以通过**虚拟私人网络**，也就是我们熟知的 **VPN** 来保护您免受网络攻击。当涉及到在线隐私和安全时，常常存在许多不确定因素。有数百个不同的 VPN 提供商，选择合适的供应商也同时意味着在定价、服务和易用性之间谋取恰当的平衡。 -If you are looking for a solid 100 percent tested and secure VPN, you might want to do your due diligence and identify the best match. Here are the top 7 Best tried and tested VPN services For 2019. +如果您正在寻找一个可靠的 100％ 经过测试和安全的 VPN，您可能需要进行详尽的调查并作出最佳选择。这里为您提供在 2019 年 7 款最好用并经过测试的 VPN 服务。 ### 1. Vpnunlimitedapp -With VPN Unlimited, you have total security. This VPN allows you to use any WIFI without worrying that your personal data can be leaked. With AES-256, your data is encrypted and protected against prying third-parties and hackers. This VPN ensures you stay anonymous and untracked on all websites no matter the location. It offers a 7-day trial and a variety of protocol options: OpenVPN, IKEv2, and KeepSolid Wise. Demanding users are entitled to special extras such as a personal server, lifetime VPN subscription, and personal IP options. +通过这款不限流量的 VPN ，您的数据安全将得到全面的保障。此 VPN 允许您连接任何 WiFi ，而无需担心您的个人数据可能被泄露。使用 AES-256 算法，您的数据将被加密，并保护您不受第三方和黑客的窥探。无论您身处何处，这款 VPN 都可确保您在所有网站上保持匿名且不受跟踪。它提供 7 天的试用和多种协议选项：openvpn、IKEv2 和 KeepSolidWise。有特殊需求的用户会获得特殊的额外服务，如个人服务器、终身 VPN 订阅和个人 IP 选项。 ### 2. VPN Lite -VPN Lite is an easy-to-use and **free VPN service** that allows you to browse the internet at no charges. You remain anonymous and your privacy is protected. It obscures your IP and encrypts your data meaning third parties are not able to track your activities on all online platforms. You also get to access all online content. With VPN Lite, you get to access blocked sites in your state. You can also gain access to public WIFI without the worry of having sensitive information tracked and hacked by spyware and hackers. +VPN Lite 是一款易于使用而且**免费**的用于上网的 VPN 服务。您可以通过它在网络上保持匿名并保护您的个人隐私。它会模糊您的 IP 并加密您的数据，这意味着第三方无法跟踪您的所有线上活动。您还可以访问网络上的全部内容。使用 VPN Lite，您可以访问在您所在国家被拦截的网站。您还放心地可以访问公共 WiFi 而不必担心敏感信息被间谍软件窃取和来自黑客的跟踪和攻击。 ### 3. HotSpot Shield -Launched in 2005, this is a popular VPN embraced by the majority of users. The VPN protocol here is integrated by at least 70 percent of the largest security companies globally. It is also known to have thousands of servers across the globe. It comes with two free options. One is completely free but supported by online advertisements, and the second one is a 7-day trial which is the flagship product. It contains military grade data encryption and protects against malware. HotSpot Shield guaranteed secure browsing and offers lightning-fast speeds. +这是一款在 2005 年推出的大受欢迎的 VPN。这套 VPN协议整合了至少全球 70% 的数据安全公司，在全球有数千台服务器。它提供两种免费模式：一种为完全免费，但会有线上广告；另一种为七天试用。它提供军事级的数据加密和恶意软件防护。HotSpot Shield 保证网络安全并保证高速网络。 ### 4. TunnelBear -This is the best way to start if you are new to VPNs. It comes to you with a user-friendly interface complete with animated bears. With the help of TunnelBear, users are able to connect to servers in at least 22 countries at great speeds. It uses **AES 256-bit encryption** guaranteeing no data logging meaning your data stays protected. You also get unlimited data for up to five devices. +如果您是一名 VPN 新手，那么 TunnelBear 将是您的最佳选择。它带有一个用户友好的界面，并配有动画熊引导。您可以在 TunnelBear 的帮助下以极快的速度连接至少 22 个国家的服务器。它使用 **AES 256-bit** 加密，保证无登陆记录并保护数据。您还可以在最多五台设备上获得无限流量。 ### 5. ProtonVPN -This VPN offers you a strong premium service. You may suffer from reduced connection speeds, but you also get to enjoy its unlimited data. It features an intuitive interface easy to use, and comes with a multi-platform compatibility. Proton’s servers are said to be specifically optimized for torrenting and thus cannot give access to Netflix. You get strong security features such as protocols and encryptions meaning your browsing activities remain secure. +这款 VPN 为您提供强大的优质服务。您的连接速度可能会受到影响，但您也可以享受到无限流量。它具有易于使用的用户界面，提供多平台兼容。 ProtonVPN 的服务据说是因为为种子下载提供了优化因而无法访问 Netflix。您可以获得如协议和加密等安全功能来保证您的网络安全。 ### 6. ExpressVPN -This is known as the best offshore VPN for unblocking and privacy. It has gained recognition for being the top VPN service globally resulting from solid customer support and fast speeds. It offers routers that come with browser extensions and custom firmware. ExpressVPN also has an admirable scope of quality apps, plenty of servers, and can only support up to three devices. +这被认为是最好的用于接触封锁和保护隐私的离岸 VPN。凭借强大的客户支持和快速的速度，它已成为全球顶尖的 VPN 服务。它提供带有浏览器扩展和自定义固件的路由。 ExpressVPN 拥有一系列令人赞叹高质量应用程序，配有大量的服务器，并且最多只能支持三台设备。 -It’s not entirely free, and happens to be one of the most expensive VPNs on the market today because it is fully packed with the most advanced features. With it comes a 30-day money-back guarantee, meaning you can freely test this VPN for a month. Good thing is; it is completely risk-free. If you need a VPN for a short duration to bypass online censorship for instance, this could, be your go-to solution. You don’t want to give trials to a spammy, slow, free program. +ExpressVPN 并不是完全免费的，恰恰相反，正是由于它所提供的高质量服务而使之成为了市场上最贵的 VPN 之一。 ExpressVPN 有 30 天内退款保证，因此您可以免费试用一个月。好消息是，这是完全没有风险的。例如，如果您在短时间内需要 VPN 来绕过在线审查，这可能是您的首选解决方案。您当然不会随意想给一个会发送垃圾邮件、缓慢的免费的程序进行试验。 + +ExpressVPN 也是享受在线流媒体和户外安全的最佳方式之一。如果您需要继续使用它，您只需要续订或取消您的免费试用。ExpressVPN 在 90 多个国家架设有 2000 多台服务器，可以解锁 Netflix，提供快速连接，并为用户提供完全隐私。 -It is also one of the best ways to enjoy online streaming as well as outdoor security. Should you need to continue using it, you only have to renew or cancel your free trial if need be. Express VPN has over 2000 servers across 90 countries, unblocks Netflix, gives lightning fast connections, and gives users total privacy. ### 7. PureVPN -While this VPN may not be completely free, it falls under the most budget-friendly services on this list. Users can sign up for a free seven days trial and later choose one of its paid plans. With this VPN, you get to access 750-plus servers in at least 140 countries. There is also access to easy installation on almost all devices. All its paid features can still be accessed within the free trial window. That includes unlimited data transfers, IP leakage protection, and ISP invisibility. The supproted operating systems are iOS, Android, Windows, Linux, and macOS. +虽然 PureVPN 可能不是完全免费的，但它却是此列表中最实惠的一个。用户可以注册获得 7 天的免费试用，并在之后选择任一付费计划。通过这款 VPN，您可以访问到至少 140 个国家中的 750 余台服务器。它还可以在几乎所有设备上轻松安装。它的所有付费特性仍然可以在免费试用期间使用。包括无限数据流量、IP泄漏保护和ISP不可见性。它支持的系统有 iOS、Android、Windows、Linux和 macOS。 -### Summary +### 总结 With the large variety of available freemium VPN services today, why not take that opportunity to protect yourself and your customers? Understand that there are some great VPN services. Even the most secure free service however, cannot be touted as risk free. You might want to upgrade to a premium one for increased protection. Premium VPN allows you to test freely offering risk-free money-back guarantee. Whether you plan to sign up for a paid VPN or commit to a free one, it is highly advisable to have a VPN. +如今，可用的免费 VPN 服务越来越多，为什么不抓住这个机会来保护您自己和您的客户呢？在了解到有那么多优秀的 VPN 服务后，我们知道即使是最安全的免费服务也不一定就完全没有风险。您可能需要付费升级到高级版以增强保护。Premium VPN 为您提供了免费试用，提供无风险退款保证。无论您打算花钱购买 VPN 还是准备使用免费 VPN，我们都强烈建议您使用它。 -**About the author:** +**关于作者:** -**Renetta K. Molina** is a tech enthusiast and fitness enthusiast. She writes about technology, apps, WordPress and a variety of other topics. In her free time, she likes to play golf and read books. She loves to learn and try new things. +**Renetta K. Molina** 是一个技术爱好者和健身爱好者。她撰写有关技术、应用程序、WordPress和其他任何领域的文章。她喜欢在空余时间打高尔夫球和读书。她喜欢学习和尝试新事物。 @@ -68,7 +70,7 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/7-best-opensource-vpn-services-for-2019/ 作者：[Editor][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[Modrisco](https://github.com/Modrisco) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From db299eb0089c7386c864680cad02c5e1b36e1977 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Joseph.L.Meng" Date: Thu, 4 Apr 2019 01:22:50 +1100 Subject: [PATCH 126/143] Translated by Modrisco --- .../tech/20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md | 13 ++++++------- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md (68%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md b/translated/tech/20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md similarity index 68% rename from sources/tech/20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md rename to translated/tech/20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md index ab0d1e8bc6..f0a2f85cbd 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ ### 1. Vpnunlimitedapp -通过这款不限流量的 VPN ，您的数据安全将得到全面的保障。此 VPN 允许您连接任何 WiFi ，而无需担心您的个人数据可能被泄露。使用 AES-256 算法，您的数据将被加密，并保护您不受第三方和黑客的窥探。无论您身处何处，这款 VPN 都可确保您在所有网站上保持匿名且不受跟踪。它提供 7 天的试用和多种协议选项：openvpn、IKEv2 和 KeepSolidWise。有特殊需求的用户会获得特殊的额外服务，如个人服务器、终身 VPN 订阅和个人 IP 选项。 +通过这款不限流量的 VPN ，您的数据安全将得到全面的保障。此 VPN 允许您连接任何 WiFi ，而无需担心您的个人数据可能被泄露。您的数据通过 AES-256 算法加密，保护您不受第三方和黑客的窥探。无论您身处何处，这款 VPN 都可确保您在所有网站上保持匿名且不受跟踪。它提供 7 天的免费试用和多种协议选项：openvpn、IKEv2 和 KeepSolidWise。有特殊需求的用户会获得特殊的额外服务，如个人服务器、终身 VPN 订阅和个人 IP 选项。 ### 2. VPN Lite @@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ VPN Lite 是一款易于使用而且**免费**的用于上网的 VPN 服务。 ### 3. HotSpot Shield -这是一款在 2005 年推出的大受欢迎的 VPN。这套 VPN协议整合了至少全球 70% 的数据安全公司，在全球有数千台服务器。它提供两种免费模式：一种为完全免费，但会有线上广告；另一种为七天试用。它提供军事级的数据加密和恶意软件防护。HotSpot Shield 保证网络安全并保证高速网络。 +这是一款在 2005 年推出的大受欢迎的 VPN。这套 VPN 协议整合了至少全球 70% 的数据安全公司，并在全球有数千台服务器。它提供两种免费模式：一种为完全免费，但会有线上广告；另一种则为七天试用。它提供军事级的数据加密和恶意软件防护。HotSpot Shield 保证网络安全并保证高速网络。 ### 4. TunnelBear -如果您是一名 VPN 新手，那么 TunnelBear 将是您的最佳选择。它带有一个用户友好的界面，并配有动画熊引导。您可以在 TunnelBear 的帮助下以极快的速度连接至少 22 个国家的服务器。它使用 **AES 256-bit** 加密，保证无登陆记录并保护数据。您还可以在最多五台设备上获得无限流量。 +如果您是一名 VPN 新手，那么 TunnelBear 将是您的最佳选择。它带有一个用户友好的界面，并配有动画熊引导。您可以在 TunnelBear 的帮助下以极快的速度连接至少 22 个国家的服务器。它使用 **AES 256-bit** 加密算法，保证无登陆记录并保护数据。您还可以在最多五台设备上获得无限流量。 ### 5. ProtonVPN @@ -42,9 +42,9 @@ VPN Lite 是一款易于使用而且**免费**的用于上网的 VPN 服务。 ### 6. ExpressVPN -这被认为是最好的用于接触封锁和保护隐私的离岸 VPN。凭借强大的客户支持和快速的速度，它已成为全球顶尖的 VPN 服务。它提供带有浏览器扩展和自定义固件的路由。 ExpressVPN 拥有一系列令人赞叹高质量应用程序，配有大量的服务器，并且最多只能支持三台设备。 +ExpressVPN 被认为是最好的用于接触封锁和保护隐私的离岸 VPN。凭借强大的客户支持和快速的速度，它已成为全球顶尖的 VPN 服务。它提供带有浏览器扩展和自定义固件的路由。 ExpressVPN 拥有一系列令人赞叹高质量应用程序，配有大量的服务器，并且最多只能支持三台设备。 -ExpressVPN 并不是完全免费的，恰恰相反，正是由于它所提供的高质量服务而使之成为了市场上最贵的 VPN 之一。 ExpressVPN 有 30 天内退款保证，因此您可以免费试用一个月。好消息是，这是完全没有风险的。例如，如果您在短时间内需要 VPN 来绕过在线审查，这可能是您的首选解决方案。您当然不会随意想给一个会发送垃圾邮件、缓慢的免费的程序进行试验。 +ExpressVPN 并不是完全免费的，恰恰相反，正是由于它所提供的高质量服务而使之成为了市场上最贵的 VPN 之一。ExpressVPN 有 30 天内退款保证，因此您可以免费试用一个月。好消息是，这是完全没有风险的。例如，如果您在短时间内需要 VPN 来绕过在线审查，这可能是您的首选解决方案。您当然不会随意想给一个会发送垃圾邮件、缓慢的免费的程序进行试验。 ExpressVPN 也是享受在线流媒体和户外安全的最佳方式之一。如果您需要继续使用它，您只需要续订或取消您的免费试用。ExpressVPN 在 90 多个国家架设有 2000 多台服务器，可以解锁 Netflix，提供快速连接，并为用户提供完全隐私。 @@ -55,12 +55,11 @@ ExpressVPN 也是享受在线流媒体和户外安全的最佳方式之一。如 ### 总结 -With the large variety of available freemium VPN services today, why not take that opportunity to protect yourself and your customers? Understand that there are some great VPN services. Even the most secure free service however, cannot be touted as risk free. You might want to upgrade to a premium one for increased protection. Premium VPN allows you to test freely offering risk-free money-back guarantee. Whether you plan to sign up for a paid VPN or commit to a free one, it is highly advisable to have a VPN. 如今，可用的免费 VPN 服务越来越多，为什么不抓住这个机会来保护您自己和您的客户呢？在了解到有那么多优秀的 VPN 服务后，我们知道即使是最安全的免费服务也不一定就完全没有风险。您可能需要付费升级到高级版以增强保护。Premium VPN 为您提供了免费试用，提供无风险退款保证。无论您打算花钱购买 VPN 还是准备使用免费 VPN，我们都强烈建议您使用它。 **关于作者:** -**Renetta K. Molina** 是一个技术爱好者和健身爱好者。她撰写有关技术、应用程序、WordPress和其他任何领域的文章。她喜欢在空余时间打高尔夫球和读书。她喜欢学习和尝试新事物。 +**Renetta K. Molina** 是一个技术爱好者和健身爱好者。她撰写有关技术、应用程序、 WordPress 和其他任何领域的文章。她喜欢在空余时间打高尔夫球和读书。她喜欢学习和尝试新事物。 From 617832db428d2e298268a1843f2862e1e15b5026 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Joseph.L.Meng" Date: Thu, 4 Apr 2019 01:25:18 +1100 Subject: [PATCH 127/143] Translated by Modrisco --- translated/tech/20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md | 1 - 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md b/translated/tech/20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md index f0a2f85cbd..03ef3472a7 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190204 7 Best VPN Services For 2019.md @@ -48,7 +48,6 @@ ExpressVPN 并不是完全免费的，恰恰相反，正是由于它所提供的 ExpressVPN 也是享受在线流媒体和户外安全的最佳方式之一。如果您需要继续使用它，您只需要续订或取消您的免费试用。ExpressVPN 在 90 多个国家架设有 2000 多台服务器，可以解锁 Netflix，提供快速连接，并为用户提供完全隐私。 - ### 7. PureVPN 虽然 PureVPN 可能不是完全免费的，但它却是此列表中最实惠的一个。用户可以注册获得 7 天的免费试用，并在之后选择任一付费计划。通过这款 VPN，您可以访问到至少 140 个国家中的 750 余台服务器。它还可以在几乎所有设备上轻松安装。它的所有付费特性仍然可以在免费试用期间使用。包括无限数据流量、IP泄漏保护和ISP不可见性。它支持的系统有 iOS、Android、Windows、Linux和 macOS。 From 8d4d6772a74af8fadf9fbeffbbc0d178f313d35e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MjSeven Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 22:31:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 128/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ent Directory Using bd Command In Linux.md | 71 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20190320 Quickly Go Back To A Specific Parent Directory Using bd Command In Linux.md (54%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190320 Quickly Go Back To A Specific Parent Directory Using bd Command In Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190320 Quickly Go Back To A Specific Parent Directory Using bd Command In Linux.md similarity index 54% rename from sources/tech/20190320 Quickly Go Back To A Specific Parent Directory Using bd Command In Linux.md rename to translated/tech/20190320 Quickly Go Back To A Specific Parent Directory Using bd Command In Linux.md index cdb6115bc3..73ab10c939 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190320 Quickly Go Back To A Specific Parent Directory Using bd Command In Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190320 Quickly Go Back To A Specific Parent Directory Using bd Command In Linux.md @@ -7,87 +7,85 @@ [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/bd-quickly-go-back-to-a-specific-parent-directory-in-linux/) [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) -Quickly Go Back To A Specific Parent Directory Using bd Command In Linux +在 Linux 中使用 bd 命令快速返回到特定的父目录 ====== -Two days back we had written an article about autocd. It’s a builtin shell variable that helps us to **[navigate to inside a directory without cd command][1]**. + -If you want to come back to previous directory then you have to type `cd ..`. +两天前我们写了一篇关于 `autocd` 的文章，它是一个内置的 `shell` 变量，可以帮助我们在**[没有 `cd` 命令的情况下导航到目录中][1]**. -If you want to go back to two directories then you have to type `cd ../..`. +如果你想回到上一级目录，那么你需要输入 `cd ..`。 -It’s normal in Linux but if you want to come back from 9th directory to 3rd directory, then it’s horrible to use cd command. +如果你想回到上两级目录，那么你需要输入 `cd ../..`。 -What will be the solution for this. +这在 Linux 中是正常的，但如果你想从第九个目录回到第三个目录，那么使用 cd 命令是很糟糕的。 -Yes, we have a solution in Linux for everything. We can go with bd command, to make easy this kind of situation. +有什么解决方案呢？ -### What Is bd Command? +是的，在 Linux 中有一个解决方案。我们可以使用 bd 命令来轻松应对这种情况。 -bd command allow users to quickly go back to a parent directory in Linux instead of typing `cd ../../..` repeatedly. +### 什么是 bd 命令？ -You can list the contents of a given directory without mentioning the full path `ls `bd Directory_Name``. It supports following other commands such as ls, ln, echo, zip, tar etc.. +bd 命令允许用户快速返回 Linux 中的父目录，而不是反复输入 `cd ../../..`。 -Also, it allow us to execute a shell file without mentioning the full path `bd p`/shell_file.sh`. +你可以列出给定目录的内容，而不用提供完整路径 `ls `bd Directory_Name``。它支持以下其它命令，如 ls、ln、echo、zip、tar 等。 -### How To Install bd Command in Linux? +另外，它还允许我们执行 shell 文件而不用提供完整路径 `bd p`/shell_file.sh``。 -There is no official distribution package for bd except Debian/Ubuntu. Hence, we need to perform manual method. +### 如何在 Linux 中安装 bd 命令？ -For **`Debian/Ubuntu`** systems, use **[APT-GET Command][2]** or **[APT Command][3]** to install bd. +除了 Debian/Ubuntu 之外，bd 没有官方发行包。因此，我们需要手动执行方法。 + +对于 **`Debian/Ubuntu`** 系统，使用 **[APT-GET 命令][2]**或**[APT 命令][3]**来安装 bd。 ``` $ sudo apt install bd ``` -For other Linux distributions. - -Download the bd executable binary file using **[wget command][4]**. +对于其它 Linux 发行版，使用 **[wget 命令][4]**下载 bd 可执行二进制文件。 ``` $ sudo wget --no-check-certificate -O /usr/local/bin/bd https://raw.github.com/vigneshwaranr/bd/master/bd ``` -Set executable permission to the bd binary file. +设置 bd 二进制文件的可执行权限。 ``` $ sudo chmod +rx /usr/local/bin/bd ``` -Append the below values in the `.bashrc` file. +在 `.bashrc` 文件中添加以下值。 ``` $ echo 'alias bd=". bd -si"' >> ~/.bashrc ``` -Run the following command to make the changes to take effect. - +运行以下命令以使更改生效。 ``` $ source ~/.bashrc ``` -To enable auto completion, perform the following two steps. - +要启用自动完成，执行以下两个步骤。 ``` $ sudo wget -O /etc/bash_completion.d/bd https://raw.github.com/vigneshwaranr/bd/master/bash_completion.d/bd $ sudo source /etc/bash_completion.d/bd ``` -We have successfully installed and configured the bd utility on the system. It’s time to test it. +我们已经在系统上成功安装并配置了 bd 实用程序，现在是时候测试一下了。 -I’m going to take the below directory path for this testing. +我将使用下面的目录路径进行测试。 -Run the `pwd` command or `dirs` command or `tree` command to know your current location. +运行 `pwd` 命令或 `dirs` 命令，亦或是 `tree` 命令来了解你当前的路径。 ``` daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ pwd -or +或者 daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ dirs /usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps ``` -I’m currently in `/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps` and if i want to go to `icons` directory quickly then simple type the following command. +我现在在 `/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps` 目录，如果我想快速跳转到 `icons` 目录，那么只需输入以下命令即可。 ``` daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ bd icons @@ -95,17 +93,16 @@ daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ bd icons daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons$ ``` -Even, you no need to type full directory name instead you can type few letters. - +甚至，你不需要输入完整的目录名称，也可以输入几个字母。 ``` daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ bd i /usr/share/icons/ daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons$ ``` -`Note:` If there are more than one directories with same name up in the hierarchy, bd will take you to the closest. (Not considering the immediate parent.) +`注意:` 如果层次结构中有多个同名的目录，bd 会将你带到最近的目录。（不考虑直接的父目录） -If you would like to list a given directory contents then the following format. It prints the contents of `/usr/share/icons/`. +如果要列出给定的目录内容，使用以下格式。它会打印出 `/usr/share/icons/` 的内容。 ``` $ ls -lh `bd icons` @@ -131,7 +128,7 @@ drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4.0K Feb 25 15:46 ubuntu-mono-light drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Jul 25 2018 whiteglass ``` -If you want to execute a file somewhere in a parent directory then use the following format. It will run the following shell file `/usr/share/icons/users-list.sh`. +如果要在父目录中的某个位置执行文件，使用以下格式。它将运行 shell 文件 `/usr/share/icons/users-list.sh`。 ``` $ `bd i`/users-list.sh @@ -150,7 +147,7 @@ user2 user3 ``` -If you reside in `/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps` and would you like to navigate to different parent directory then use the following format. The below command will navigate to `/usr/share/icons/gnome` directory. +如果你位于 `/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps` 中，想要导航到不同的父目录，使用以下格式。以下命令将导航到 `/usr/share/icons/gnome` 目录。 ``` $ cd `bd i`/gnome @@ -159,7 +156,7 @@ daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ cd `bd icon`/gnome daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/gnome$ ``` -If you reside in `/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps` and would you like to create a new directory under `/usr/share/icons/` then use the following format. +如果你位于 `/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps` ，你想在 `/usr/share/icons/` 下创建一个新目录，使用以下格式。 ``` $ daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ sudo mkdir `bd icons`/2g @@ -168,9 +165,9 @@ daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ ls -ld `bd icon`/2g drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 16 05:44 /usr/share/icons//2g ``` -This tutorial allows you to quickly go back to a specific parent directory but there is no option to move forward quickly. +本教程允许你快速返回到特定的父目录，但没有快速前进的选项。 -We have another solution for this, will come up with new solution shortly. Please stay tune with us. +我们有另一个解决方案，很快就会提出新的解决方案，请跟我们保持联系。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From c744424ac28aad252dad16f4b459dde6a9ab9cdd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Liwen Jiang Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 14:58:28 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 129/143] Submit Translatted Passage for Review Submit Translatted Passage for Review --- ...iscovering make- the power behind rules.md | 101 ------------------ ...iscovering make- the power behind rules.md | 101 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 101 insertions(+), 101 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md b/sources/tech/20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md deleted file mode 100644 index 143b852da0..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,101 +0,0 @@ -tomjlw is translating -Rediscovering make: the power behind rules -====== - -![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/4419992/35015638-0529f1c0-faf4-11e7-9801-4995fc4b54f0.jpg) - -I used to think makefiles were just a convenient way to list groups of shell commands; over time I've learned how powerful, flexible, and full-featured they are. This post brings to light over some of those features related to rules. - -### Rules - -Rules are instructions that indicate `make` how and when a file called the target should be built. The target can depend on other files called prerequisites. - -You instruct `make` how to build the target in the recipe, which is no more than a set of shell commands to be executed, one at a time, in the order they appear. The syntax looks like this: -``` -target_name : prerequisites - recipe -``` - -Once you have defined a rule, you can build the target from the command line by executing: -``` -$ make target_name -``` - -Once the target is built, `make` is smart enough to not run the recipe ever again unless at least one of the prerequisites has changed. - -### More on prerequisites - -Prerequisites indicate two things: - - * When the target should be built: if a prerequisite is newer than the target, `make` assumes that the target should be built. - * An order of execution: since prerequisites can, in turn, be built by another rule on the makefile, they also implicitly set an order on which rules are executed. - - - -If you want to define an order, but you don't want to rebuild the target if the prerequisite changes, you can use a special kind of prerequisite called order only, which can be placed after the normal prerequisites, separated by a pipe (`|`) - -### Patterns - -For convenience, `make` accepts patterns for targets and prerequisites. A pattern is defined by including the `%` character, a wildcard that matches any number of literal characters or an empty string. Here are some examples: - - * `%`: match any file - * `%.md`: match all files with the `.md` extension - * `prefix%.go`: match all files that start with `prefix` that have the `.go` extension - - - -### Special targets - -There's a set of target names that have special meaning for `make` called special targets. - -You can find the full list of special targets in the [documentation][1]. As a rule of thumb, special targets start with a dot followed by uppercase letters. - -Here are a few useful ones: - -**.PHONY** : Indicates `make` that the prerequisites of this target are considered to be phony targets, which means that `make` will always run it's recipe regardless of whether a file with that name exists or what its last-modification time is. - -**.DEFAULT** : Used for any target for which no rules are found. - -**.IGNORE** : If you specify prerequisites for `.IGNORE`, `make` will ignore errors in execution of their recipes. - -### Substitutions - -Substitutions are useful when you need to modify the value of a variable with alterations that you specify. - -A substitution has the form `$(var:a=b)` and its meaning is to take the value of the variable `var`, replace every `a` at the end of a word with `b` in that value, and substitute the resulting string. For example: -``` -foo := a.o -bar : = $(foo:.o=.c) # sets bar to a.c -``` - -note: special thanks to [Luis Lavena][2] for letting me know about the existence of substitutions. - -### Archive Files - -Archive files are used to collect multiple data files together into a single file (same concept as a zip file), they are built with the `ar` Unix utility. `ar` can be used to create archives for any purpose, but has been largely replaced by `tar` for any other purposes than [static libraries][3]. - -In `make`, you can use an individual member of an archive file as a target or prerequisite as follows: -``` -archive(member) : prerequisite - recipe -``` - -### Final Thoughts - -There's a lot more to discover about make, but at least this counts as a start, I strongly encourage you to check the [documentation][4], create a dumb makefile, and just play with it. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://monades.roperzh.com/rediscovering-make-power-behind-rules/ - -作者：[Roberto Dip][a] -译者：[tomjlw](https://github.com/tomjlw) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://monades.roperzh.com -[1]:https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.html#Special-Targets -[2]:https://twitter.com/luislavena/ -[3]:http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Program-Library-HOWTO/static-libraries.html -[4]:https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.html diff --git a/translated/tech/20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md b/translated/tech/20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..263e6bd0cd --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +重新发现 make： 规则背后的力量 +====== + +![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/4419992/35015638-0529f1c0-faf4-11e7-9801-4995fc4b54f0.jpg) + +我过去认为 makefiles 只是一种将一组组的 shell 命令列出来的简便方法；过了一段时间我了解到它们是有多么的强大、灵活以及功能齐全。这篇文章带你领略其中一些有关规则的特性。 + +### 规则 + +规则是表明 `make` 如何并且何时搭建一个被称作为目标（target）的文件的指令。目标文件可以依赖于其它被称作为前提（prerequisite）的文件。 + +你指明 `make` 如何在配方（recipe）中搭建目标，这个过程不过是一套按照出现顺序一次执行一个的 shell 命令。像这样的句法： +``` +target_name : prerequisites + recipe +``` + +一但你定义好了规则，你就可以通过从命令行执行以下命令搭建目标： +``` +$ make target_name +``` + +目标一经搭建，除非前提改变，否则 `make` 会足够聪明地不再去运行配方。 + +### 关于前提的更多信息 + +前提表明了两件事情： + +* 当目标应当被搭建时：如果其中一个前提比目标更新，`make` 假定目的应当被搭建。 +* 执行的顺序：鉴于前提可以反过来在 makefile 中被另一套规则所搭建，它们同样暗中定下了一个执行规则的顺序。 + + + +如果你想要定义一个顺序但是你不想在前提改变的时候重新搭建目标，你可以使用一种特别的叫做“唯顺序”的前提。这种前提可以被放在普通的前提之后，用管道符（`|`）进行分隔。 + +### 样式 + +为了便利，`make` 接受目标和前提的样式。通过包含 `%` 符号可以定义一种式样。这个符号是一个可以匹配任何长度的文字符号或者空隔的通配符。以下有一些示例： + +* `%`：匹配任何文件 +* `%.md`：匹配所有 `.md` 结尾的文件 +* `prefix%.go`：匹配所有以 `prefix` 开头以 `go` 结尾的文件 + + + +### 特殊目标 + +有一系列目标名字，它们对于 `make` 来说有特殊的意义，被称作特殊目标。 + +你可以在这个[文档][1]发现全套特殊目标。作为一种经验法则，特殊目标以点开始后面跟着大写字母。 + +以下是几个有用的特殊目标： + +**.PHONY**：向 `make` 表明此目标的前提被当成伪目标。这意味着 `make` 将总是运行无论有那个名字的文件是否存在或者上次被修改的时间是什么。 + +**.DEFAULT**：被用于任何没有规则的目标。 + +**.IGNORE**：如果你指定 **.IGNORE** 为前提，`make` 将忽略执行配方过程中的错误。 + +### 替代（substitution） + +当你需要以你指定的改动方式改变一个变量的值，替代就十分有用了。 + +一个替代有着 `$(var:a=b)` 的形式，它的意思是获取变量 `var` 的值，用值里面的 `b` 替代词末尾的每个 `a` 以代替最终的字符串。例如： +``` +foo := a.o +bar : = $(foo:.o=.c) # sets bar to a.c +``` + + +注意：特别感谢 [Luis Lavena][2] 让我们知道替代的存在。 + +### 档案文件 + +档案文件是用来一起将多个数据文档（和压缩文件同样的概念）收集成一个文件。它们由 `ar` Unix 设施搭建。`ar` 可以被用来为任何目的创建档案，但除了在[静态库][3]方面已经被 `tar` 大量替代。 + +在 `make` 中，你可以使用一个档案文件中的单独一个成员作为目标或者前提，就像这样： +``` +archive(member) : prerequisite + recipe +``` + +### 最后的想法 + +关于 make 还有更多可探索的，但是至少这是一个起点，我强烈鼓励你去查看[文档][4]，创建一个笨拙的 makefile 然后就可以探索它了。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://monades.roperzh.com/rediscovering-make-power-behind-rules/ + +作者：[Roberto Dip][a] +译者：[tomjlw](https://github.com/tomjlw) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://monades.roperzh.com +[1]:https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.html#Special-Targets +[2]:https://twitter.com/luislavena/ +[3]:http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Program-Library-HOWTO/static-libraries.html +[4]:https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.html From 86b5ac7dbb38d85e084d2d8d9df86900c2e0b64a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Moelf Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2019 16:14:06 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 130/143] Start trasnlating Myths about -dev-urandom --- sources/tech/20161106 Myths about -dev-urandom.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161106 Myths about -dev-urandom.md b/sources/tech/20161106 Myths about -dev-urandom.md index b00b5863d8..f88a439e31 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161106 Myths about -dev-urandom.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161106 Myths about -dev-urandom.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Moelf translating Myths about /dev/urandom ====== From b9d15a210af95deb78d86e80a7045f551590343c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 4 Apr 2019 08:51:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 131/143] translated --- ...e And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md | 137 ------------------ ...e And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md | 136 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 136 insertions(+), 137 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md b/sources/tech/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md deleted file mode 100644 index 60c2cb7937..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,137 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Oomox – Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes) -[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/oomox-customize-and-create-your-own-gtk2-gtk3-themes/) -[#]: author: (EDITOR https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) - -Oomox – Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes -====== - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-720x340.png) - -Theming and Visual customization is one of the main advantages of Linux. Since all the code is open, you can change how your Linux system looks and behaves to a greater degree than you ever could with Windows/Mac OS. GTK theming is perhaps the most popular way in which people customize their Linux desktops. The GTK toolkit is used by a wide variety of desktop environments like Gnome, Cinnamon, Unity, XFCE, and budgie. This means that a single theme made for GTK can be applied to any of these Desktop Environments with little changes. - -There are a lot of very high quality popular GTK themes out there, such as **Arc** , **Numix** , and **Adapta**. But if you want to customize these themes and create your own visual design, you can use **Oomox**. - -The Oomox is a graphical app for customizing and creating your own GTK theme complete with your own color, icon and terminal style. It comes with several presets, which you can apply on a Numix, Arc, or Materia style theme to create your own GTK theme. - -### Installing Oomox - -On Arch Linux and its variants: - -Oomox is available on [**AUR**][1], so you can install it using any AUR helper programs like [**Yay**][2]. - -``` -$ yay -S oomox - -``` - -On Debian/Ubuntu/Linux Mint, download `oomox.deb`package from [**here**][3] and install it as shown below. As of writing this guide, the latest version was **oomox_1.7.0.5.deb**. - -``` -$ sudo dpkg -i oomox_1.7.0.5.deb -$ sudo apt install -f - -``` - -On Fedora, Oomox is available in third-party **COPR** repository. - -``` -$ sudo dnf copr enable tcg/themes -$ sudo dnf install oomox - -``` - -Oomox is also available as a [**Flatpak app**][4]. Make sure you have installed Flatpak as described in [**this guide**][5]. And then, install and run Oomox using the following commands: - -``` -$ flatpak install flathub com.github.themix_project.Oomox - -$ flatpak run com.github.themix_project.Oomox - -``` - -For other Linux distributions, go to the Oomox project page (Link is given at the end of this guide) on Github and compile and install it manually from source. - -### Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes - -**Theme Customization** - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-1-1.png) - -You can change the colour of practically every UI element, like: - - 1. Headers - 2. Buttons - 3. Buttons inside Headers - 4. Menus - 5. Selected Text - - - -To the left, there are a number of presets, like the Cars theme, modern themes like Materia, and Numix, and retro themes. Then, at the top of the main window, there’s an option called **Theme Style** , that lets you set the overall visual style of the theme. You can choose from between Numix, Arc, and Materia. - -With certain styles like Numix, you can even change things like the Header Gradient, Outline Width and Panel Opacity. You can also add a Dark Mode for your theme that will be automatically created from the default theme. - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-2.png) - -**Iconset Customization** - -You can customize the iconset that will be used for the theme icons. There are 2 options – Gnome Colors and Archdroid. You an change the base, and stroke colours of the iconset. - -**Terminal Customization** - -You can also customize the terminal colours. The app has several presets for this, but you can customize the exact colour code for each colour value like red, green,black, and so on. You can also auto swap the foreground and background colours. - -**Spotify Theme** - -A unique feature this app has is that you can theme the spotify app to your liking. You can change the foreground, background, and accent color of the spotify app to match the overall GTK theme. - -Then, just press the **Apply Spotify Theme** button, and you’ll get this window: - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-3.png) - -Just hit apply, and you’re done. - -**Exporting your Theme** - -Once you’re done customizing the theme to your liking, you can rename it by clicking the rename button at the top left: - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-4.png) - -And then, just hit **Export Theme** to export the theme to your system. - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-5.png) - -You can also just export just the Iconset or the terminal theme. - -After this, you can open any Visual Customization app for your Desktop Environment, like Tweaks for Gnome based DEs, or the **XFCE Appearance Settings** , and select your exported GTK and Shell theme. - -### Verdict - -If you are a Linux theme junkie, and you know exactly how each button, how each header in your system should look like, Oomox is worth a look. For extreme customizers, it lets you change virtually everything about how your system looks. For people who just want to tweak an existing theme a little bit, it has many, many presets so you can get what you want without a lot of effort. - -Have you tried it? What are your thoughts on Oomox? Put them in the comments below! - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/oomox-customize-and-create-your-own-gtk2-gtk3-themes/ - -作者：[EDITOR][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/ -[1]: https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/oomox/ -[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/yay-found-yet-another-reliable-aur-helper/ -[3]: https://github.com/themix-project/oomox/releases -[4]: https://flathub.org/apps/details/com.github.themix_project.Oomox -[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/flatpak-new-framework-desktop-applications-linux/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md b/translated/tech/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..37829cc282 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Oomox – Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/oomox-customize-and-create-your-own-gtk2-gtk3-themes/) +[#]: author: (EDITOR https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) + +Oomox - 定制并创建你自己的 GTK2、GTK3 主题 +====== + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-720x340.png) + +主题和可视化定制是 Linux 的主要优势之一。由于所有代码都是开放的，因此你可以比 Windows/Mac OS 更大程度上地改变 Linux 系统的外观和行为方式。GTK 主题可能是人们定制 Linux 桌面的最流行方式。GTK 工具包被各种桌面环境使用，如 Gnome、Cinnamon、Unity、XFC E和 budgie。这意味着为 GTK 制作的单个主题只需很少的修改就能应用于任何这些桌面环境。 + +有很多非常高品质的流行 GTK 主题，例如 **Arc**、**Numix** 和 **Adapta**。但是如果你想自定义这些主题并创建自己的视觉设计，你可以使用 **Oomox**。 + +Oomox 是一个图形应用，可以完全使用自己的颜色，图标和终端风格自定义和创建自己的 GTK 主题。它自带几个预设，你可以在 Numix、Arc 或 Materia 主题样式上创建自己的 GTK 主题。 + +### 安装 Oomox + +在 Arch Linux 及其衍生版中： + +Oomox 可以在 [**AUR**][1] 中找到，所以你可以使用任何 AUR 助手程序安装它，如 [**Yay**][2]。 + +``` +$ yay -S oomox + +``` + +在 Debian/Ubuntu/Linux Mint 中，在[**这里**][3]下载 `oomox.deb` 包并按如下所示进行安装。在写本指南时，最新版本为 **oomox_1.7.0.5.deb**。 + +``` +$ sudo dpkg -i oomox_1.7.0.5.deb +$ sudo apt install -f + +``` + +在 Fedora 上，Oomox 可以在第三方 **COPR** 仓库中找到。 + +``` +$ sudo dnf copr enable tcg/themes +$ sudo dnf install oomox + +``` + +Oomox 也有 [**Flatpak 应用**][4]。确保已按照[**本指南**][5]中的说明安装了 Flatpak。然后，使用以下命令安装并运行 Oomox： + +``` +$ flatpak install flathub com.github.themix_project.Oomox + +$ flatpak run com.github.themix_project.Oomox + +``` + +对于其他 Linux 发行版，请进入 Github 上的 Oomox 项目页面（本指南末尾给出链接），并从源代码手动编译和安装。 + +### 自定义并创建自己的 GTK2、GTK3 主题 + +**主题定制** + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-1-1.png) + +你可以更改几乎每个 UI 元素的颜色，例如： + + 1. 标题 +  2. 按钮 +  3. 标题内的按钮 +  4. 菜单 +  5. 选定的文字 + + + +在左边，有许多预设，如汽车主题、现代主题，如 Materia、和 Numix，以及复古主题。在窗口的顶部，有一个名为**主题样式**的选项，可让你设置主题的整体视觉样式。你可以在 Numix、Arc 和 Materia 之间进行选择。 + +使用某些像 Numix 这样的样式，你甚至可以更改标题渐变，边框宽度和面板透明度等内容。你还可以为主题添加黑暗模式，该模式将从默认主题自动创建。 + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-2.png) + +**图标集定制** + +你可以自定义用于主题图标的图标集。有两个选项 - Gnome Colors 和 Archdroid。你可以更改图标集的基础和笔触颜色。 + +**终端定制** + +你还可以自定义终端颜色。该应用有几个预设，但你可以为每个颜色，如红色，绿色，黑色等自定义确切的颜色代码。你还可以自动交换前景色和背景色。 + +**Spotify 主题** + +这个应用的一个独特功能是你可以根据喜好定义 spotify 主题。你可以更改 spotify 的前景色、背景色和强调色来匹配整体的 GTK 主题。 + +然后，只需按下**应用 Spotify 主题**按钮，你就会看到这个窗口： + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-3.png) + +点击应用即可 + +**导出主题** + +根据自己的喜好自定义主题后，可以通过单击左上角的重命名按钮重命名主题： + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-4.png) + +然后，只需点击**导出主题**将主题导出到你的系统。 + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-5.png) + +你也可以只导出图标集或终端主题。 + +之后你可以打开桌面环境中的任何可视化自定义应用，例如基于 Gnome 桌面的 Tweaks，或者 **XFCE Appearance Settings**。选择你导出的 GTK 或者 shell 主题。 + +### 总结 + +如果你是一个 Linux 主题迷，并且你确切知道系统中的每个按钮、每个标题应该怎样，Oomox 值得一试。 对于极致的定制者，它可以让你几乎更改系统外观的所有内容。 对于那些只想稍微调整现有主题的人来说，它有很多很多预设，所以你可以毫不费力地得到你想要的东西。 + +你试过吗？ 你对 Oomox 有什么看法？ 请在下面留言！ + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/oomox-customize-and-create-your-own-gtk2-gtk3-themes/ + +作者：[EDITOR][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/ +[1]: https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/oomox/ +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/yay-found-yet-another-reliable-aur-helper/ +[3]: https://github.com/themix-project/oomox/releases +[4]: https://flathub.org/apps/details/com.github.themix_project.Oomox +[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/flatpak-new-framework-desktop-applications-linux/ From 413fed4cfca3f0642272863a5a8a114083027abc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 4 Apr 2019 08:56:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 132/143] translating --- ...0327 Setting kernel command line arguments with Fedora 30.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190327 Setting kernel command line arguments with Fedora 30.md b/sources/tech/20190327 Setting kernel command line arguments with Fedora 30.md index 481428b14a..caa8c1db59 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190327 Setting kernel command line arguments with Fedora 30.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190327 Setting kernel command line arguments with Fedora 30.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 070348d7c0d842159d6872d26b70af38887595a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 4 Apr 2019 10:13:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 133/143] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190402=20Parall?= =?UTF-8?q?el=20computation=20in=20Python=20with=20Dask=20sources/tech/201?= =?UTF-8?q?90402=20Parallel=20computation=20in=20Python=20with=20Dask.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...arallel computation in Python with Dask.md | 71 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 71 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190402 Parallel computation in Python with Dask.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190402 Parallel computation in Python with Dask.md b/sources/tech/20190402 Parallel computation in Python with Dask.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..81a0bcb41f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190402 Parallel computation in Python with Dask.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Parallel computation in Python with Dask) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/parallel-computation-python-dask) +[#]: author: (Moshe Zadka (Community Moderator) https://opensource.com/users/moshez) + +Parallel computation in Python with Dask +====== +The Dask library scales Python computation to multiple cores or even to +multiple machines. +![Pair programming][1] + +One frequent complaint about Python performance is the [global interpreter lock][2] (GIL). Because of GIL, only one thread can execute Python byte code at a time. As a consequence, using threads does not speed up computation—even on modern, multi-core machines. + +But when you need to parallelize to many cores, you don't need to stop using Python: the **[Dask][3]** library will scale computation to multiple cores or even to multiple machines. Some setups configure Dask on thousands of machines, each with multiple cores; while there are scaling limits, they are not easy to hit. + +While Dask has many built-in array operations, as an example of something not built-in, we can calculate the [skewness][4]: +``` +import numpy +import dask +from dask import array as darray + +arr = dask.from_array(numpy.array(my_data), chunks=(1000,)) +mean = darray.mean() +stddev = darray.std(arr) +unnormalized_moment = darry.mean(arr * arr * arr) +## See formula in wikipedia: +skewness = ((unnormalized_moment - (3 * mean * stddev ** 2) - mean ** 3) / + stddev ** 3) +``` + +Notice that each operation will use as many cores as needed. This will parallelize across all cores, even when calculating across billions of elements. + +Of course, it is not always the case that our operations can be parallelized by the library; sometimes we need to implement parallelism on our own. + +For that, Dask has a "delayed" functionality: +``` +import dask + +def is_palindrome(s): + return s == s[::-1] + +palindromes = [dask.delayed(is_palindrome)(s) for s in string_list] +total = dask.delayed(sum)(palindromes) +result = total.compute() +``` + +This will calculate whether strings are palindromes in parallel and will return a count of the palindromic ones. + +While Dask was created for data scientists, it is by no means limited to data science. Whenever we need to parallelize tasks in Python, we can turn to Dask—GIL or no GIL. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/parallel-computation-python-dask + +作者：[Moshe Zadka (Community Moderator)][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/moshez +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/collab-team-pair-programming-code-keyboard.png?itok=kBeRTFL1 (Pair programming) +[2]: https://wiki.python.org/moin/GlobalInterpreterLock +[3]: https://github.com/dask/dask +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skewness#Definition From ab4baeb4ae9a28e1628fdf84e15e75045589f88e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: HankChow <280630620@qq.com> Date: Thu, 4 Apr 2019 10:27:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 134/143] hankchow translating --- sources/tech/20190326 Using Square Brackets in Bash- Part 1.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190326 Using Square Brackets in Bash- Part 1.md b/sources/tech/20190326 Using Square Brackets in Bash- Part 1.md index 641679996c..ea54fdabed 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190326 Using Square Brackets in Bash- Part 1.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190326 Using Square Brackets in Bash- Part 1.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (HankChow) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 3c225ffb9676870f2fe397cecdbcb7a524212918 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Thu, 4 Apr 2019 11:10:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 135/143] PRF:20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md @tomjlw --- ...iscovering make- the power behind rules.md | 52 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md b/translated/tech/20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md index 263e6bd0cd..4c770d0577 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md @@ -3,78 +3,77 @@ ![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/4419992/35015638-0529f1c0-faf4-11e7-9801-4995fc4b54f0.jpg) -我过去认为 makefiles 只是一种将一组组的 shell 命令列出来的简便方法；过了一段时间我了解到它们是有多么的强大、灵活以及功能齐全。这篇文章带你领略其中一些有关规则的特性。 +我过去认为 makefile 只是一种将一组组的 shell 命令列出来的简便方法；过了一段时间我了解到它们是有多么的强大、灵活以及功能齐全。这篇文章带你领略其中一些有关规则的特性。 + +> 备注：这些全是针对 GNU Makefile 的，如果你希望支持 BSD Makefile ，你会发现有些新的功能缺失。感谢 [zge][5] 指出这点。 ### 规则 -规则是表明 `make` 如何并且何时搭建一个被称作为目标（target）的文件的指令。目标文件可以依赖于其它被称作为前提（prerequisite）的文件。 +规则rule是指示 `make` 应该如何并且何时构建一个被称作为目标target的文件的指令。目标可以依赖于其它被称作为前提prerequisite的文件。 + +你会指示 `make` 如何按步骤recipe构建目标，那就是一套按照出现顺序一次执行一个的 shell 命令。语法像这样： -你指明 `make` 如何在配方（recipe）中搭建目标，这个过程不过是一套按照出现顺序一次执行一个的 shell 命令。像这样的句法： ``` target_name : prerequisites recipe ``` -一但你定义好了规则，你就可以通过从命令行执行以下命令搭建目标： +一但你定义好了规则，你就可以通过从命令行执行以下命令构建目标： + ``` $ make target_name ``` -目标一经搭建，除非前提改变，否则 `make` 会足够聪明地不再去运行配方。 +目标一经构建，除非前提改变，否则 `make` 会足够聪明地不再去运行该步骤。 ### 关于前提的更多信息 前提表明了两件事情： -* 当目标应当被搭建时：如果其中一个前提比目标更新，`make` 假定目的应当被搭建。 -* 执行的顺序：鉴于前提可以反过来在 makefile 中被另一套规则所搭建，它们同样暗中定下了一个执行规则的顺序。 +* 当目标应当被构建时：如果其中一个前提比目标更新，`make` 假定目的应当被构建。 +* 执行的顺序：鉴于前提可以反过来在 makefile 中由另一套规则所构建，它们同样暗示了一个执行规则的顺序。 - - -如果你想要定义一个顺序但是你不想在前提改变的时候重新搭建目标，你可以使用一种特别的叫做“唯顺序”的前提。这种前提可以被放在普通的前提之后，用管道符（`|`）进行分隔。 +如果你想要定义一个顺序但是你不想在前提改变的时候重新构建目标，你可以使用一种特别的叫做“唯顺序order only”的前提。这种前提可以被放在普通的前提之后，用管道符（`|`）进行分隔。 ### 样式 -为了便利，`make` 接受目标和前提的样式。通过包含 `%` 符号可以定义一种式样。这个符号是一个可以匹配任何长度的文字符号或者空隔的通配符。以下有一些示例： +为了便利，`make` 接受目标和前提的样式。通过包含 `%` 符号可以定义一种样式。这个符号是一个可以匹配任何长度的文字符号或者空隔的通配符。以下有一些示例： * `%`：匹配任何文件 * `%.md`：匹配所有 `.md` 结尾的文件 -* `prefix%.go`：匹配所有以 `prefix` 开头以 `go` 结尾的文件 - - +* `prefix%.go`：匹配所有以 `prefix` 开头以 `.go` 结尾的文件 ### 特殊目标 -有一系列目标名字，它们对于 `make` 来说有特殊的意义，被称作特殊目标。 +有一系列目标名字，它们对于 `make` 来说有特殊的意义，被称作特殊目标special target。 你可以在这个[文档][1]发现全套特殊目标。作为一种经验法则，特殊目标以点开始后面跟着大写字母。 以下是几个有用的特殊目标： -**.PHONY**：向 `make` 表明此目标的前提被当成伪目标。这意味着 `make` 将总是运行无论有那个名字的文件是否存在或者上次被修改的时间是什么。 +- `.PHONY`：向 `make` 表明此目标的前提可以被当成伪目标。这意味着 `make` 将总是运行，无论有那个名字的文件是否存在或者上次被修改的时间是什么。 +- `.DEFAULT`：被用于任何没有指定规则的目标。 +- `.IGNORE`：如果你指定 `.IGNORE` 为前提，`make` 将忽略执行步骤中的错误。 -**.DEFAULT**：被用于任何没有规则的目标。 +### 替代 -**.IGNORE**：如果你指定 **.IGNORE** 为前提，`make` 将忽略执行配方过程中的错误。 +当你需要以你指定的改动方式改变一个变量的值，替代substitution就十分有用了。 -### 替代（substitution） +替代的格式是 `$(var:a=b)`，它的意思是获取变量 `var` 的值，用值里面的 `b` 替代词末尾的每个 `a` 以代替最终的字符串。例如： -当你需要以你指定的改动方式改变一个变量的值，替代就十分有用了。 - -一个替代有着 `$(var:a=b)` 的形式，它的意思是获取变量 `var` 的值，用值里面的 `b` 替代词末尾的每个 `a` 以代替最终的字符串。例如： ``` foo := a.o bar : = $(foo:.o=.c) # sets bar to a.c ``` - 注意：特别感谢 [Luis Lavena][2] 让我们知道替代的存在。 ### 档案文件 -档案文件是用来一起将多个数据文档（和压缩文件同样的概念）收集成一个文件。它们由 `ar` Unix 设施搭建。`ar` 可以被用来为任何目的创建档案，但除了在[静态库][3]方面已经被 `tar` 大量替代。 +档案文件是用来一起将多个数据文档（类似于压缩文件的概念）收集成一个文件。它们由 `ar` Unix 工具所构建。`ar` 可以用于为任何目的创建档案，但除了[静态库][3]，它已经被 `tar` 大量替代。 在 `make` 中，你可以使用一个档案文件中的单独一个成员作为目标或者前提，就像这样： + ``` archive(member) : prerequisite recipe @@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ archive(member) : prerequisite ### 最后的想法 -关于 make 还有更多可探索的，但是至少这是一个起点，我强烈鼓励你去查看[文档][4]，创建一个笨拙的 makefile 然后就可以探索它了。 +关于 `make` 还有更多可探索的，但是至少这是一个起点，我强烈鼓励你去查看[文档][4]，创建一个笨拙的 makefile 然后就可以探索它了。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ via: https://monades.roperzh.com/rediscovering-make-power-behind-rules/ 作者：[Roberto Dip][a] 译者：[tomjlw](https://github.com/tomjlw) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -99,3 +98,4 @@ via: https://monades.roperzh.com/rediscovering-make-power-behind-rules/ [2]:https://twitter.com/luislavena/ [3]:http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Program-Library-HOWTO/static-libraries.html [4]:https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.html +[5]:https://lobste.rs/u/zge From 9621d3fc348f1f9ca0397ad46ede839679075ad7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Thu, 4 Apr 2019 11:12:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 136/143] PUB:20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md @tomjlw https://linux.cn/article-10681-1.html --- .../20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md b/published/20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md rename to published/20180118 Rediscovering make- the power behind rules.md From 5c2a557f481a68a692863e1ecd1ec86c3ee757fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Thu, 4 Apr 2019 11:23:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 137/143] PRF:20190309 Emulators and Native Linux games on the Raspberry Pi.md @geekpi --- ... and Native Linux games on the Raspberry Pi.md | 15 ++++++++------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190309 Emulators and Native Linux games on the Raspberry Pi.md b/translated/tech/20190309 Emulators and Native Linux games on the Raspberry Pi.md index ab2f9b7396..26cdbe7820 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190309 Emulators and Native Linux games on the Raspberry Pi.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190309 Emulators and Native Linux games on the Raspberry Pi.md @@ -1,15 +1,16 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Emulators and Native Linux games on the Raspberry Pi) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/play-games-raspberry-pi) [#]: author: (Anderson Silva https://opensource.com/users/ansilva) -树莓派上的模拟器和原生 Linux 游戏 +树莓派使用入门：树莓派上的模拟器和原生 Linux 游戏 ====== -树莓派是一个很棒的游戏平台。在我们的系列文章的第九篇中学习如何开始使用树莓派。 + +> 树莓派是一个很棒的游戏平台。在我们的系列文章的第九篇中学习如何开始使用树莓派。 ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/getting_started_with_minecraft_copy.png?itok=iz4RF7f8) @@ -17,13 +18,13 @@ ### 使用模拟器玩游戏 -模拟器是一种能让你在树莓派上玩不同系统，不同年代游戏的软件。在如今众多的模拟器中，[RetroPi][2] 是树莓派中最受欢迎的。你可以用它来玩 Apple II、Amiga、Atari 2600、Commodore 64、Game Boy Advance 和[其他许多][3]游戏。 +模拟器是一种能让你在树莓派上玩不同系统、不同年代游戏的软件。在如今众多的模拟器中，[RetroPi][2] 是树莓派中最受欢迎的。你可以用它来玩 Apple II、Amiga、Atari 2600、Commodore 64、Game Boy Advance 和[其他许多][3]游戏。 如果 RetroPi 听起来有趣，请阅读[这些说明][4]开始使用，玩得开心！ ### 原生 Linux 游戏 -树莓派的操作系统 Raspbian 上也有很多原生 Linux 游戏。“Make Use Of” 有一篇关于如何在树莓派上[玩 10 个老经典游戏][5]如 Doom 和 Nuke Dukem 3D 的文章。 +树莓派的操作系统 Raspbian 上也有很多原生 Linux 游戏。“Make Use Of” 有一篇关于如何在树莓派上[玩 10 个老经典游戏][5]，如 Doom 和 Nuke Dukem 3D 的文章。 你也可以将树莓派用作[游戏服务器][6]。例如，你可以在树莓派上安装 Terraria、Minecraft 和 QuakeWorld 服务器。 @@ -34,13 +35,13 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/play-games-raspberry-pi 作者：[Anderson Silva][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://opensource.com/users/ansilva [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/teach-kids-program-raspberry-pi +[1]: https://linux.cn/article-10653-1.html [2]: https://retropie.org.uk/ [3]: https://retropie.org.uk/about/systems [4]: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/retropie From 215a396a1ccc8ea69530342907cae1a987e978b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Thu, 4 Apr 2019 11:24:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 138/143] PUB:20190309 Emulators and Native Linux games on the Raspberry Pi.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10682-1.html --- ...09 Emulators and Native Linux games on the Raspberry Pi.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190309 Emulators and Native Linux games on the Raspberry Pi.md (97%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190309 Emulators and Native Linux games on the Raspberry Pi.md b/published/20190309 Emulators and Native Linux games on the Raspberry Pi.md similarity index 97% rename from translated/tech/20190309 Emulators and Native Linux games on the Raspberry Pi.md rename to published/20190309 Emulators and Native Linux games on the Raspberry Pi.md index 26cdbe7820..9f883c1447 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190309 Emulators and Native Linux games on the Raspberry Pi.md +++ b/published/20190309 Emulators and Native Linux games on the Raspberry Pi.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10682-1.html) [#]: subject: (Emulators and Native Linux games on the Raspberry Pi) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/play-games-raspberry-pi) [#]: author: (Anderson Silva https://opensource.com/users/ansilva) From bfd03d3dca5f2a6a7011d51a6f156d8ecf99c021 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Thu, 4 Apr 2019 11:58:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 139/143] PRF:20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md @geekpi --- ...e And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md | 60 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md b/translated/tech/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md index 37829cc282..113736f7f4 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md +++ b/translated/tech/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md @@ -1,40 +1,38 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Oomox – Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes) [#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/oomox-customize-and-create-your-own-gtk2-gtk3-themes/) [#]: author: (EDITOR https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) -Oomox - 定制并创建你自己的 GTK2、GTK3 主题 +Oomox：定制和创建你自己的 GTK2、GTK3 主题 ====== ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-720x340.png) -主题和可视化定制是 Linux 的主要优势之一。由于所有代码都是开放的，因此你可以比 Windows/Mac OS 更大程度上地改变 Linux 系统的外观和行为方式。GTK 主题可能是人们定制 Linux 桌面的最流行方式。GTK 工具包被各种桌面环境使用，如 Gnome、Cinnamon、Unity、XFC E和 budgie。这意味着为 GTK 制作的单个主题只需很少的修改就能应用于任何这些桌面环境。 +主题和可视化定制是 Linux 的主要优势之一。由于所有代码都是开源的，因此你可以比 Windows/Mac OS 更大程度上地改变 Linux 系统的外观和行为方式。GTK 主题可能是人们定制 Linux 桌面的最流行方式。GTK 工具包被各种桌面环境使用，如 Gnome、Cinnamon、Unity、XFC E和 budgie。这意味着为 GTK 制作的单个主题只需很少的修改就能应用于任何这些桌面环境。 有很多非常高品质的流行 GTK 主题，例如 **Arc**、**Numix** 和 **Adapta**。但是如果你想自定义这些主题并创建自己的视觉设计，你可以使用 **Oomox**。 -Oomox 是一个图形应用，可以完全使用自己的颜色，图标和终端风格自定义和创建自己的 GTK 主题。它自带几个预设，你可以在 Numix、Arc 或 Materia 主题样式上创建自己的 GTK 主题。 +Oomox 是一个图形应用，可以完全使用自己的颜色、图标和终端风格自定义和创建自己的 GTK 主题。它自带几个预设，你可以在 Numix、Arc 或 Materia 主题样式上创建自己的 GTK 主题。 ### 安装 Oomox 在 Arch Linux 及其衍生版中： -Oomox 可以在 [**AUR**][1] 中找到，所以你可以使用任何 AUR 助手程序安装它，如 [**Yay**][2]。 +Oomox 可以在 [AUR][1] 中找到，所以你可以使用任何 AUR 助手程序安装它，如 [yay][2]。 ``` $ yay -S oomox - ``` -在 Debian/Ubuntu/Linux Mint 中，在[**这里**][3]下载 `oomox.deb` 包并按如下所示进行安装。在写本指南时，最新版本为 **oomox_1.7.0.5.deb**。 +在 Debian/Ubuntu/Linux Mint 中，在[这里][3]下载 `oomox.deb` 包并按如下所示进行安装。在写本指南时，最新版本为 `oomox_1.7.0.5.deb`。 ``` $ sudo dpkg -i oomox_1.7.0.5.deb $ sudo apt install -f - ``` 在 Fedora 上，Oomox 可以在第三方 **COPR** 仓库中找到。 @@ -42,80 +40,78 @@ $ sudo apt install -f ``` $ sudo dnf copr enable tcg/themes $ sudo dnf install oomox - ``` -Oomox 也有 [**Flatpak 应用**][4]。确保已按照[**本指南**][5]中的说明安装了 Flatpak。然后，使用以下命令安装并运行 Oomox： +Oomox 也有 [Flatpak 应用][4]。确保已按照[本指南][5]中的说明安装了 Flatpak。然后，使用以下命令安装并运行 Oomox： ``` $ flatpak install flathub com.github.themix_project.Oomox - $ flatpak run com.github.themix_project.Oomox - ``` 对于其他 Linux 发行版，请进入 Github 上的 Oomox 项目页面（本指南末尾给出链接），并从源代码手动编译和安装。 ### 自定义并创建自己的 GTK2、GTK3 主题 -**主题定制** +#### 主题定制 ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-1-1.png) 你可以更改几乎每个 UI 元素的颜色，例如： - 1. 标题 -  2. 按钮 -  3. 标题内的按钮 -  4. 菜单 -  5. 选定的文字 +1. 标题 +2. 按钮 +3. 标题内的按钮 +4. 菜单 +5. 选定的文字 - - -在左边，有许多预设，如汽车主题、现代主题，如 Materia、和 Numix，以及复古主题。在窗口的顶部，有一个名为**主题样式**的选项，可让你设置主题的整体视觉样式。你可以在 Numix、Arc 和 Materia 之间进行选择。 +在左边，有许多预设主题，如汽车主题、现代主题，如 Materia 和 Numix，以及复古主题。在窗口的顶部，有一个名为**主题样式**的选项，可让你设置主题的整体视觉样式。你可以在 Numix、Arc 和 Materia 之间进行选择。 使用某些像 Numix 这样的样式，你甚至可以更改标题渐变，边框宽度和面板透明度等内容。你还可以为主题添加黑暗模式，该模式将从默认主题自动创建。 ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-2.png) -**图标集定制** +#### 图标集定制 -你可以自定义用于主题图标的图标集。有两个选项 - Gnome Colors 和 Archdroid。你可以更改图标集的基础和笔触颜色。 +你可以自定义用于主题图标的图标集。有两个选项：Gnome Colors 和 Archdroid。你可以更改图标集的基础和笔触颜色。 -**终端定制** +#### 终端定制 你还可以自定义终端颜色。该应用有几个预设，但你可以为每个颜色，如红色，绿色，黑色等自定义确切的颜色代码。你还可以自动交换前景色和背景色。 -**Spotify 主题** +#### Spotify 主题 这个应用的一个独特功能是你可以根据喜好定义 spotify 主题。你可以更改 spotify 的前景色、背景色和强调色来匹配整体的 GTK 主题。 -然后，只需按下**应用 Spotify 主题**按钮，你就会看到这个窗口： +然后，只需按下“应用 Spotify 主题”按钮，你就会看到这个窗口： ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-3.png) -点击应用即可 +点击应用即可。 -**导出主题** +#### 导出主题 根据自己的喜好自定义主题后，可以通过单击左上角的重命名按钮重命名主题： ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-4.png) -然后，只需点击**导出主题**将主题导出到你的系统。 +然后，只需点击“导出主题”将主题导出到你的系统。 ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-5.png) 你也可以只导出图标集或终端主题。 -之后你可以打开桌面环境中的任何可视化自定义应用，例如基于 Gnome 桌面的 Tweaks，或者 **XFCE Appearance Settings**。选择你导出的 GTK 或者 shell 主题。 +之后你可以打开桌面环境中的任何可视化自定义应用，例如基于 Gnome 桌面的 Tweaks，或者 “XFCE 外观设置”。选择你导出的 GTK 或者 shell 主题。 ### 总结 -如果你是一个 Linux 主题迷，并且你确切知道系统中的每个按钮、每个标题应该怎样，Oomox 值得一试。 对于极致的定制者，它可以让你几乎更改系统外观的所有内容。 对于那些只想稍微调整现有主题的人来说，它有很多很多预设，所以你可以毫不费力地得到你想要的东西。 +如果你是一个 Linux 主题迷，并且你确切知道系统中的每个按钮、每个标题应该怎样，Oomox 值得一试。 对于极致的定制者，它可以让你几乎更改系统外观的所有内容。对于那些只想稍微调整现有主题的人来说，它有很多很多预设，所以你可以毫不费力地得到你想要的东西。 你试过吗？ 你对 Oomox 有什么看法？ 请在下面留言！ +### 资源 + +- [Oomox GitHub 仓库](https://github.com/themix-project/oomox) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -124,7 +120,7 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/oomox-customize-and-create-your-own-gtk2-gtk3-the 作者：[EDITOR][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 0f3e33a1f1e6aadac2aba2ed097ebec60f16fa13 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Thu, 4 Apr 2019 11:59:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 140/143] PUB:20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10683-1.html --- ...Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md b/published/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md rename to published/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md index 113736f7f4..80bca6cdb4 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md +++ b/published/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10683-1.html) [#]: subject: (Oomox – Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes) [#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/oomox-customize-and-create-your-own-gtk2-gtk3-themes/) [#]: author: (EDITOR https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) From d94c86d18ebc61ba9e17c0b0c1fce9f7b3d18343 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=BC=A0=E6=95=A6=E9=94=8B?= <289716347@qq.com> Date: Thu, 4 Apr 2019 14:43:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 141/143] completely translated --- ...cher - Container Management Application.md | 223 ----------------- ...cher - Container Management Application.md | 225 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 225 insertions(+), 223 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md b/sources/tech/20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md deleted file mode 100644 index 6ddd4aa4f3..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,223 +0,0 @@ -arrowfeng is translating - -Rancher - Container Management Application -====== -Docker is a cutting-edge software used for containerization, that is used in most of IT companies to reduce infrastructure cost. - -By default docker comes without any GUI, which is easy for Linux administrator to manage it and it’s very difficult for developers to manage. When it’s come to production then it’s very difficult for Linux admin too. So, what would be the best solution to manage the docker without any trouble. - -The only way is GUI. The Docker API has allowed third party applications to interfacing with Docker. There are many docker GUI applications available in the market. We already wrote an article about Portainer application. Today we are going to discuss about Rancher. - -Containers make software development easier, enabling you to write code faster and run it better. However, running containers in production can be hard. - -**Suggested Read :** [Portainer – A Simple Docker Management GUI][1] - -### What is Rancher - -[Rancher][2] is a complete container management platform that makes it easy to deploy and run containers in production on any infrastructure. It provides infrastructure services such as multi-host networking, global and local load balancing, and volume snapshots. It integrates native Docker management capabilities such as Docker Machine and Docker Swarm. It offers a rich user experience that enables devops admins to operate Docker in production at large scale. - -Navigate to following article for docker installation on Linux. - -**Suggested Read :** -**(#)** [How to install Docker in Linux][3] -**(#)** [How to play with Docker images on Linux][4] -**(#)** [How to play with Docker containers on Linux][5] -**(#)** [How to Install, Run Applications inside Docker Containers][6] - -### Rancher Features - - * Set up Kubernetes in two minutes - * Launch apps with single click (90 popular Docker applications) - * Deploy and manage Docker easily - * complete container management platform for production environment - * Quickly deploy containers in production - * Automate container deployment and operations with a robust technology - * Modular infrastructure services - * Rich set of orchestration tools - * Rancher supports multiple authentication mechanisms - - - -### How to install Rancher - -Rancher installation is very simple since it’s runs as a lightweight Docker containers. Rancher is deployed as a set of Docker containers. Running Rancher is as simple as launching two containers. One container as the management server and another container on a node as an agent. Simple run the following command to deploy rancher on Linux. - -Rancher server offers two different package tags like `stable` & `latest`. The below commands will pull appropriate build rancher image and install on your system. It will only take a couple of minutes for Rancher server to start up. - - * `stable` : This tag will be their latest development builds. These builds will have been validated through rancher CI automation framework which is not advisable for deployment in production. - * `latest` : It’s a latest stable release version which is recommend for production environment. - - - -Rancher installation comes with many varieties. In this tutorial we are going to discuss about two variants. - - * Install rancher server in a single container (Inbuilt Rancher Database) - * Install rancher server in a single container (External Database) - - - -### Method-1 - -Run the following commands to install rancher server in a single container (Inbuilt Rancher Database). -``` -$ sudo docker run -d --restart=unless-stopped -p 8080:8080 rancher/server:stable - -$ sudo docker run -d --restart=unless-stopped -p 8080:8080 rancher/server:latest - -``` - -### Method-2 - -Instead of using the internal database that comes with Rancher server, you can start Rancher server pointing to an external database. First create required database, database user for the same. -``` -> CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS cattle COLLATE = 'utf8_general_ci' CHARACTER SET = 'utf8'; -> GRANT ALL ON cattle.* TO 'cattle'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'cattle'; -> GRANT ALL ON cattle.* TO 'cattle'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'cattle'; - -``` - -Run the following command to start Rancher connecting to an external database. -``` -$ sudo docker run -d --restart=unless-stopped -p 8080:8080 rancher/server \ - --db-host myhost.example.com --db-port 3306 --db-user username --db-pass password --db-name cattle - -``` - -If you want to test Rancher 2.0 use the following command to start. -``` -$ sudo docker run -d --restart=unless-stopped -p 80:80 -p 443:443 rancher/server:preview - -``` - -### Access & Setup Rancher Through GUI - -Navigate to the following URL `http://hostname:8080` or `http://server_ip:8080` to access rancher GUI. -[![][7]![][7]][8] - -### How To Register the Host - -Register your host URL which allow hosts to connect to the Rancher API. It’s one time setup. - -To do, Click “Add a Host” link under the main menu or Go to >> Infrastructure >> Add Hosts then hit `save` button. -[![][7]![][7]][9] - -By default access control authentication is disabled in rancher so first we have to enable the access control authentication through available method, otherwise anyone can access the GUI. - -Go to >> Admin >> Access Control and input the following values and finally hit `Enable Authentication` button to enable it. In my case i’m enabling via `local authentication` - - * **`Login UserName`** Input your descried login username - * **`Full Name`** Input your full name - * **`Password`** Input your descried password - * **`Confirm Password`**Confirm the password once again - - - -[![][7]![][7]][10] - -Logout and login back with your new login credential. -[![][7]![][7]][11] - -Now, i can see the local authentication is enabled. -[![][7]![][7]][12] - -### How To Add Hosts - -After register your host, it will take you to next page where you can choose Linux machines from varies cloud providers. We are going to add the host that is running Rancher server, so select the `custom` option and input the required information. - -Enter your server public IP address in the 4th step and run the command which is displaying in the 5th step into your terminal then finally hit `close` button. -``` -$ sudo docker run -e CATTLE_AGENT_IP="192.168.1.112" --rm --privileged -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock -v /var/lib/rancher:/var/lib/rancher rancher/agent:v1.2.9 http://192.168.1.112:8080/v1/scripts/3F8217A1DCF01A7B7F8A:1514678400000:D7WeLUcEUnqZOt8rWjrvoaUE - -INFO: Running Agent Registration Process, CATTLE_URL=http://192.168.1.112:8080/v1 -INFO: Attempting to connect to: http://66.70.189.137:8080/v1 -INFO: http://192.168.1.112:8080/v1 is accessible -INFO: Inspecting host capabilities -INFO: Boot2Docker: false -INFO: Host writable: true -INFO: Token: xxxxxxxx -INFO: Running registration -INFO: Printing Environment -INFO: ENV: CATTLE_ACCESS_KEY=A35151AB87C15633DFB4 -INFO: ENV: CATTLE_AGENT_IP=192.168.1.112 -INFO: ENV: CATTLE_HOME=/var/lib/cattle -INFO: ENV: CATTLE_REGISTRATION_ACCESS_KEY=registrationToken -INFO: ENV: CATTLE_REGISTRATION_SECRET_KEY=xxxxxxx -INFO: ENV: CATTLE_SECRET_KEY=xxxxxxx -INFO: ENV: CATTLE_URL=http://192.168.1.112:8080/v1 -INFO: ENV: DETECTED_CATTLE_AGENT_IP=172.17.0.1 -INFO: ENV: RANCHER_AGENT_IMAGE=rancher/agent:v1.2.9 -INFO: Deleting container rancher-agent -INFO: Launched Rancher Agent: 3415a1fd101f3c57d9cff6aef373c0ce66a3e20772122d2ca832039dcefd92fd - -``` - -[![][7]![][7]][13] - -Wait few seconds then the newly added host will be visible. To bring this Go to Infrastructure >> Hosts page. -[![][7]![][7]][14] - -### How To View Containers - -Just navigate the following location to view a list of running containers. Go to >> Infrastructure >> Containers. -[![][7]![][7]][15] - -### How To Create Container - -It’s very simple, just navigate the following location to create a container. - -Go to >> Infrastructure >> Containers >> “Add Container” and input the required information as per your requirement. To test this, i’m going to create Centos container with latest OS. -[![][7]![][7]][16] - -The same has been listed here. Infrastructure >> Containers -[![][7]![][7]][17] - -Hit on the `Container` name to view the container performances information like CPU, memory, network and storage. -[![][7]![][7]][18] - -To manage the container such as stop, start, clone, restart, etc. Choose the particular container then hit `Three dot's` button in the left side of the container or `Actions` button to perform. -[![][7]![][7]][19] - -If you want console access of the container, just hit `Execute Shell` option in the action button. -[![][7]![][7]][20] - -### How To Deploy Container From Application Catalog - -Rancher provides a catalog of application templates that make it easy to deploy in single click. It’s maintain popular applications (nearly 90) contributed by the Rancher community. -[![][7]![][7]][21] - -Go to >> Catalog >> All >> Choose the required application >> Finally hit “Launch” button to deploy. -[![][7]![][7]][22] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.2daygeek.com/rancher-a-complete-container-management-platform-for-production-environment/ - -作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ -[1]:https://www.2daygeek.com/portainer-a-simple-docker-management-gui/ -[2]:http://rancher.com/ -[3]:https://www.2daygeek.com/install-docker-on-centos-rhel-fedora-ubuntu-debian-oracle-archi-scentific-linux-mint-opensuse/ -[4]:https://www.2daygeek.com/list-search-pull-download-remove-docker-images-on-linux/ -[5]:https://www.2daygeek.com/create-run-list-start-stop-attach-delete-interactive-daemonized-docker-containers-on-linux/ -[6]:https://www.2daygeek.com/install-run-applications-inside-docker-containers/ -[7]:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7 -[8]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-1.png -[9]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-2.png -[10]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-3.png -[11]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-3a.png -[12]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-4.png -[13]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-5.png -[14]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-6.png -[15]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-7.png -[16]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-8.png -[17]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-9.png -[18]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-10.png -[19]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-11.png -[20]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-12.png -[21]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-13.png -[22]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-14.png diff --git a/translated/tech/20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md b/translated/tech/20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..65fe604b81 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md @@ -0,0 +1,225 @@ + +Rancher - 容器管理平台 +====== +Docker作为一款容器化应用的新兴软件， 被大多数IT公司使用来减少基础设施平台建设的成本。 + +通常，没有GUI的docker软件对于Linux管理员很友好，但是对于开发者来说很不友好。当把它搬到生产环境上来，那么它对Linux管理员来说也相当不友好。那么，什么最佳解决方案可以轻松的管理docker。 + +仅有的方式那就是提供GUI。Docker API允许第三方平台接入Docker。在市场上有许多docker GUI应用可用。我们已经写了一篇关于Portainer应用的文章。今天我们来讨论另一个应用，Rancher。 + +容器让软件开发更容易，让开发者写代码更快且更好的运行它们。但是，在生产环境上运行容器却很困难。 + +**推荐阅读 :** [Portainer – A Simple Docker Management GUI][1] + +### What is Rancher +[Rancher][2]是一个完整的容器管理平台，在任意基础设施平台的生产环境上，它让容器的部署和运行更容易。它提供了诸如多主机网络，全局、局部负载均衡和卷快照等基础设施服务。它整合原生Docker的管理能力，如Docker Machine和Docker Swarm。它提供了丰富的用户体验，让devops管理员以一个更大的规模在生产环境上运行Docker。 + +以下文章导航到在Linux系统上安装Docker。 + +**推荐阅读 :** +**(#)** [How to install Docker in Linux][3] +**(#)** [How to play with Docker images on Linux][4] +**(#)** [How to play with Docker containers on Linux][5] +**(#)** [How to Install, Run Applications inside Docker Containers][6] + +### Rancher 特性 + + * 在两分钟内安装Kubernetes。 + * 单机启动应用（90个流行的Docker应用）。 + * 部署和管理Docker更容易。 + * 全面的生产级容器管理平台。 + * 在生产环境上快速部署容器。 + * 强大的自动部署和运营容器技术。 + * 模块化基础设施服务。 + * 丰富的编排工具。 + * Rancher支持多种认证机制。 + + + +### 怎样安装Rancher + +由于Rancher是以轻量级的Docker容器方式运行，所以它的安装非常简单。Rancher是由一组Docker容器部署。只需要简单的启动两个容器就能运行Rancher。一个容器用作管理服务，另一个容器在各个节点上作为代理。在Linux系统下简单的运行下列命令就能部署Rancher。 + +Rancher服务提供了两个不同的安装包标签如`stable`和`latest`。下列命令将会拉去适合的rancher镜像并安装到你的操作系统上。Rancher server仅需要几分钟就可以启动。 + + * `latest` : 这个标签是他们的最新开发构建。这些构建将通过rancher CI的自动化框架进行验证，不建议在生产环境使用。 + * `stable` : 这是最新的稳定发行版本，推荐在生产环境使用。 + + +Rancher的安装方法有多种。在这边教程中我们仅讨论两种方法。 + + * 以单一容器的方式安装Rancher（内嵌Rancher数据库） + * 以单一容器的方式安装Rancher（外部数据库） + + + +### 方法-1 + +运行下列命令以单一容器的方式安装rancher服务（内嵌数据库） +``` +$ sudo docker run -d --restart=unless-stopped -p 8080:8080 rancher/server:stable + +$ sudo docker run -d --restart=unless-stopped -p 8080:8080 rancher/server:latest + +``` + +### 方法-2 + +你可以开始Rancher服务时指向外部数据库，而不是使用内部数据库。首先创建所需的数据库，数据库用户为同一个。 +``` +> CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS cattle COLLATE = 'utf8_general_ci' CHARACTER SET = 'utf8'; +> GRANT ALL ON cattle.* TO 'cattle'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'cattle'; +> GRANT ALL ON cattle.* TO 'cattle'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'cattle'; + +``` + +运行下列命令开始Rancher去连接外部数据库。 +``` +$ sudo docker run -d --restart=unless-stopped -p 8080:8080 rancher/server \ + --db-host myhost.example.com --db-port 3306 --db-user username --db-pass password --db-name cattle + +``` +如果你想测试Rancher 2.0，使用下列的命令去开始。 +``` +$ sudo docker run -d --restart=unless-stopped -p 80:80 -p 443:443 rancher/server:preview + +``` + +### 通过GUI访问 & 安装Rancher + +浏览器输入 `http://hostname:8080` or `http://server_ip:8080` 去访问 rancher GUI. +![03efbb176e40781f5e2231fa83dfaa8a.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p27) + + +### 怎样注册主机 + +注册你的主机URL允许去连接到Rancher API。这是一次性设置。 + +接下来，点击主菜单下面的`Add a Host`链接或者点击主菜单上的INFRASTRUCTURE >> Add Hosts，点击保存按钮。 +![ef2ea6c909315f19fd0e112761e9cee4.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p9) + + +在rancher里默认访问控制认证机制是没有打开的，因此我们首先需要通过一些方法打开访问控制认证，否则任何人都不能访问GUI。 + +点击 >> Admin >> Access Control , 输入下列的值最后点击`打开认证`按钮去打开它。以我的案例，我通过`本地认证`的方式打开。 + + * **`Login UserName`** 输入你期望的登录名 + * **`Full Name`** 输入你的全名 + * **`Password`** 输入你期望的密码 + * **`Confirm Password`** 再一次确认密码 + + + +![f7c28cc334daccc0d9acf78950818251.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p11) + +注销然后使用新的登录凭证重新登陆 +![5657104cbd4822c111bd117a7f928826.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p12) + +现在，我能看到本地认证已经被打开。 +![458648bd4ba0cee4b8e716825b5356f2.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p13) + + +### 怎样添加主机 + +点击注册你的主机后，它将带你进入下一个页面，在那里你能选择不同云服务提供商的Linux主机。我们将添加一个主机运行Rancher服务，因此选择`自定义`选项然后输入必要的信息。 + +在第四部输入你服务器的公有IP，运行第5步列出的命令，最后点击`close`按钮。 +![38af35f3b207f4ba1c826ecf160aefee.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p14) +``` + +$ sudo docker run -e CATTLE_AGENT_IP="192.168.56.2" --rm --privileged -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock -v /var/lib/rancher:/var/lib/rancher rancher/agent:v1.2.11 http://192.168.56.2:8080/v1/scripts/16A52B9BE2BAB87BB0F5:1546214400000:ODACe3sfis5V6U8E3JASL8jQ + +INFO: Running Agent Registration Process, CATTLE_URL=http://192.168.56.2:8080/v1 +INFO: Attempting to connect to: http://192.168.56.2:8080/v1 +INFO: http://192.168.56.2:8080/v1 is accessible +INFO: Configured Host Registration URL info: CATTLE_URL=http://192.168.56.2:8080/v1 ENV_URL=http://192.168.56.2:8080/v1 +INFO: Inspecting host capabilities +INFO: Boot2Docker: false +INFO: Host writable: true +INFO: Token: xxxxxxxx +INFO: Running registration +INFO: Printing Environment +INFO: ENV: CATTLE_ACCESS_KEY=9946BD1DCBCFEF3439F8 +INFO: ENV: CATTLE_AGENT_IP=192.168.56.2 +INFO: ENV: CATTLE_HOME=/var/lib/cattle +INFO: ENV: CATTLE_REGISTRATION_ACCESS_KEY=registrationToken +INFO: ENV: CATTLE_REGISTRATION_SECRET_KEY=xxxxxxx +INFO: ENV: CATTLE_SECRET_KEY=xxxxxxx +INFO: ENV: CATTLE_URL=http://192.168.56.2:8080/v1 +INFO: ENV: DETECTED_CATTLE_AGENT_IP=172.17.0.1 +INFO: ENV: RANCHER_AGENT_IMAGE=rancher/agent:v1.2.11 +INFO: Launched Rancher Agent: e83b22afd0c023dabc62404f3e74abb1fa99b9a178b05b1728186c9bfca71e8d + +``` + +等待几秒钟后新添加的主机将会出现。点击INFRASTRUCTURE >> Hosts 页面。 +![4620832d7f277d6d84ace7ca6d486d17.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p15) + +### 怎样查看容器 + +只需要点击下列位置就能列出所有容器。点击 >> INFRASTRUCTURE >> Containers +![f62d012ee89c9c2bee58fe1204eb0a65.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p16) + + +### 怎样创建容器 + +非常简单, 只需点击下列位置就能创建容器。 + +点击 >> INFRASTRUCTURE >> Containers >> “Add Container” 然后输入每个你需要的信息。 方便测试, 我将创建一个latest标签的Centos容器。 +![4c6ff6b04c543b573e2aa1330de087d2.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p21) + +在同样的列表位置，点击 INFRASTRUCTURE >> Containers +![317f86d0860ad46576bedefe8c26f0a3.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p22) + +点击`Container`名展示容器的性能信息，如CPU，内存，网络和存储。 +![26e909d243f490b8fc856eadeb4e2f7d.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p19) + +选择特定容器，然后点击最右边的`三点`按钮或者点击`Actions`按钮对容器进行管理，如停止，启动，克隆，重启等。 +![0aa0e91f32426274c3d209c4e4dc5c46.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p23) + +如果你想控制台访问容器，只需要点击action按钮中的`Execute Shell`选项即可。 +![83c3b6c9e959fa8d8946e6449e854e43.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p24) + +### 怎样从应用目录部署容器 + +Rancher 提供了一个应用模版目录，让部署变的很容易，只需要单击一下就可以。 +它维护了多数流行应用，这些应用由Rancher社区贡献。 +![d38aeb44d759a7eb4e787c5a273d5bfa.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p25) + +点击 >> Catalog >> All >> 选择你需要的应用 >> 最后点击运行去部署。 +![aad6948878609c1605fcf1091395cc8b.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p26) + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +浏览: https://www.2daygeek.com/rancher-a-complete-container-management-platform-for-production-environment/ + +作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] +译者：[arrowfeng](https://github.com/arrowfeng) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ +[1]:https://www.2daygeek.com/portainer-a-simple-docker-management-gui/ +[2]:http://rancher.com/ +[3]:https://www.2daygeek.com/install-docker-on-centos-rhel-fedora-ubuntu-debian-oracle-archi-scentific-linux-mint-opensuse/ +[4]:https://www.2daygeek.com/list-search-pull-download-remove-docker-images-on-linux/ +[5]:https://www.2daygeek.com/create-run-list-start-stop-attach-delete-interactive-daemonized-docker-containers-on-linux/ +[6]:https://www.2daygeek.com/install-run-applications-inside-docker-containers/ +[7]:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7 +[8]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-1.png +[9]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-2.png +[10]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-3.png +[11]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-3a.png +[12]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-4.png +[13]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-5.png +[14]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-6.png +[15]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-7.png +[16]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-8.png +[17]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-9.png +[18]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-10.png +[19]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-11.png +[20]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-12.png +[21]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-13.png +[22]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-14.png From 59e1e8216f334510447f03d8b18cd7d0b3971cf3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Fri, 5 Apr 2019 11:05:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 142/143] PRF:20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @arrowfeng 恭喜你完成了第一篇翻译。要是能翻译完再自行检查一遍就更好了。 --- ...cher - Container Management Application.md | 176 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 90 insertions(+), 86 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md b/translated/tech/20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md index 65fe604b81..82f5a9ef6f 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md @@ -1,132 +1,127 @@ - -Rancher - 容器管理平台 +Rancher：一个全面的可用于产品环境的容器管理平台 ====== -Docker作为一款容器化应用的新兴软件， 被大多数IT公司使用来减少基础设施平台建设的成本。 -通常，没有GUI的docker软件对于Linux管理员很友好，但是对于开发者来说很不友好。当把它搬到生产环境上来，那么它对Linux管理员来说也相当不友好。那么，什么最佳解决方案可以轻松的管理docker。 +Docker 作为一款容器化应用的新兴软件，被大多数 IT 公司使用来减少基础设施平台的成本。 -仅有的方式那就是提供GUI。Docker API允许第三方平台接入Docker。在市场上有许多docker GUI应用可用。我们已经写了一篇关于Portainer应用的文章。今天我们来讨论另一个应用，Rancher。 +通常，没有 GUI 的 Docker 软件对于 Linux 管理员来说很容易，但是对于开发者来就有点困难。当把它搬到生产环境上来，那么它对 Linux 管理员来说也相当不友好。那么，轻松管理 Docker 的最佳解决方案是什么呢？ -容器让软件开发更容易，让开发者写代码更快且更好的运行它们。但是，在生产环境上运行容器却很困难。 +唯一的办法就是提供 GUI。Docker API 允许第三方应用接入 Docker。在市场上有许多 Docker GUI 应用。我们已经写过一篇关于 Portainer 应用的文章。今天我们来讨论另一个应用，Rancher。 -**推荐阅读 :** [Portainer – A Simple Docker Management GUI][1] +容器让软件开发更容易，让开发者更快的写代码、更好的运行它们。但是，在生产环境上运行容器却很困难。 -### What is Rancher -[Rancher][2]是一个完整的容器管理平台，在任意基础设施平台的生产环境上，它让容器的部署和运行更容易。它提供了诸如多主机网络，全局、局部负载均衡和卷快照等基础设施服务。它整合原生Docker的管理能力，如Docker Machine和Docker Swarm。它提供了丰富的用户体验，让devops管理员以一个更大的规模在生产环境上运行Docker。 +**推荐阅读：** [Portainer：一个简单的 Docker 管理图形工具][1] -以下文章导航到在Linux系统上安装Docker。 +### Rancher 简介 -**推荐阅读 :** -**(#)** [How to install Docker in Linux][3] -**(#)** [How to play with Docker images on Linux][4] -**(#)** [How to play with Docker containers on Linux][5] -**(#)** [How to Install, Run Applications inside Docker Containers][6] +[Rancher][2] 是一个全面的容器管理平台，它可以让容器在各种基础设施平台的生产环境上部署和运行更容易。它提供了诸如多主机网络、全局/本地负载均衡和卷快照等基础设施服务。它整合了原生 Docker 的管理能力，如 Docker Machine 和 Docker Swarm。它提供了丰富的用户体验，让 DevOps 管理员在更大规模的生产环境上运行 Docker。 + +访问以下文章可以了解 Linux 系统上安装 Docker。 + +**推荐阅读：** + +- [如何在 Linux 上安装 Docker][3] +- [如何在 Linux 上使用 Docker 镜像][4] +- [如何在 Linux 上使用 Docker 容器][5] +- [如何在 Docker 容器内安装和运行应用][6] ### Rancher 特性 - * 在两分钟内安装Kubernetes。 - * 单机启动应用（90个流行的Docker应用）。 - * 部署和管理Docker更容易。 + * 可以在两分钟内安装 Kubernetes。 + * 一键启动应用（90 个流行的 Docker 应用）。 + * 部署和管理 Docker 更容易。 * 全面的生产级容器管理平台。 - * 在生产环境上快速部署容器。 + * 可以在生产环境上快速部署容器。 * 强大的自动部署和运营容器技术。 * 模块化基础设施服务。 * 丰富的编排工具。 - * Rancher支持多种认证机制。 + * Rancher 支持多种认证机制。 +### 怎样安装 Rancher +由于 Rancher 是以轻量级的 Docker 容器方式运行，所以它的安装非常简单。Rancher 是由一组 Docker 容器部署的。只需要简单的启动两个容器就能运行 Rancher。一个容器用作管理服务器，另一个容器在各个节点上作为代理。在 Linux 系统下简单的运行下列命令就能部署 Rancher。 -### 怎样安装Rancher +Rancher 服务器提供了两个不同的安装包标签如 `stable` 和 `latest`。下列命令将会拉取适合的 Rancher 镜像并安装到你的操作系统上。Rancher 服务器仅需要两分钟就可以启动。 -由于Rancher是以轻量级的Docker容器方式运行，所以它的安装非常简单。Rancher是由一组Docker容器部署。只需要简单的启动两个容器就能运行Rancher。一个容器用作管理服务，另一个容器在各个节点上作为代理。在Linux系统下简单的运行下列命令就能部署Rancher。 + * `latest`：这个标签是他们的最新开发构建。这些构建将通过 Rancher CI 的自动化框架进行验证，不建议在生产环境使用。 + * `stable`：这是最新的稳定发行版本，推荐在生产环境使用。 -Rancher服务提供了两个不同的安装包标签如`stable`和`latest`。下列命令将会拉去适合的rancher镜像并安装到你的操作系统上。Rancher server仅需要几分钟就可以启动。 +Rancher 的安装方法有多种。在这篇教程中我们仅讨论两种方法。 - * `latest` : 这个标签是他们的最新开发构建。这些构建将通过rancher CI的自动化框架进行验证，不建议在生产环境使用。 - * `stable` : 这是最新的稳定发行版本，推荐在生产环境使用。 + * 以单一容器的方式安装 Rancher（内嵌 Rancher 数据库） + * 以单一容器的方式安装 Rancher（外部数据库） +### 方法 - 1 -Rancher的安装方法有多种。在这边教程中我们仅讨论两种方法。 +运行下列命令以单一容器的方式安装 Rancher 服务器（内嵌数据库） - * 以单一容器的方式安装Rancher（内嵌Rancher数据库） - * 以单一容器的方式安装Rancher（外部数据库） - - - -### 方法-1 - -运行下列命令以单一容器的方式安装rancher服务（内嵌数据库） ``` $ sudo docker run -d --restart=unless-stopped -p 8080:8080 rancher/server:stable - $ sudo docker run -d --restart=unless-stopped -p 8080:8080 rancher/server:latest - ``` -### 方法-2 +### 方法 - 2 + +你可以在启动 Rancher 服务器时指向外部数据库，而不是使用自带的内部数据库。首先创建所需的数据库，数据库用户为同一个。 -你可以开始Rancher服务时指向外部数据库，而不是使用内部数据库。首先创建所需的数据库，数据库用户为同一个。 ``` > CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS cattle COLLATE = 'utf8_general_ci' CHARACTER SET = 'utf8'; > GRANT ALL ON cattle.* TO 'cattle'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'cattle'; > GRANT ALL ON cattle.* TO 'cattle'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'cattle'; - ``` -运行下列命令开始Rancher去连接外部数据库。 +运行下列命令启动 Rancher 去连接外部数据库。 + ``` $ sudo docker run -d --restart=unless-stopped -p 8080:8080 rancher/server \ --db-host myhost.example.com --db-port 3306 --db-user username --db-pass password --db-name cattle - ``` -如果你想测试Rancher 2.0，使用下列的命令去开始。 + +如果你想测试 Rancher 2.0，使用下列的命令去启动。 + ``` $ sudo docker run -d --restart=unless-stopped -p 80:80 -p 443:443 rancher/server:preview - ``` -### 通过GUI访问 & 安装Rancher +### 通过 GUI 访问 & 安装 Rancher -浏览器输入 `http://hostname:8080` or `http://server_ip:8080` 去访问 rancher GUI. -![03efbb176e40781f5e2231fa83dfaa8a.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p27) +浏览器输入 `http://hostname:8080` 或 `http://server_ip:8080` 去访问 rancher GUI. +![][8] ### 怎样注册主机 -注册你的主机URL允许去连接到Rancher API。这是一次性设置。 +注册你的主机 URL 允许它连接到 Rancher API。这是一次性设置。 -接下来，点击主菜单下面的`Add a Host`链接或者点击主菜单上的INFRASTRUCTURE >> Add Hosts，点击保存按钮。 -![ef2ea6c909315f19fd0e112761e9cee4.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p9) +接下来，点击主菜单下面的 “Add a Host” 链接或者点击主菜单上的 “INFRASTRUCTURE >> Add Hosts”，点击 “Save” 按钮。 +![][9] -在rancher里默认访问控制认证机制是没有打开的，因此我们首先需要通过一些方法打开访问控制认证，否则任何人都不能访问GUI。 +默认情况下，Rancher 里的访问控制认证禁止了访问，因此我们首先需要通过一些方法打开访问控制认证，否则任何人都不能访问 GUI。 -点击 >> Admin >> Access Control , 输入下列的值最后点击`打开认证`按钮去打开它。以我的案例，我通过`本地认证`的方式打开。 +点击 “>> Admin >> Access Control”，输入下列的值最后点击 “Enable Authentication” 按钮去打开它。在我这里，是通过 “local authentication” 的方式打开的。 - * **`Login UserName`** 输入你期望的登录名 - * **`Full Name`** 输入你的全名 - * **`Password`** 输入你期望的密码 - * **`Confirm Password`** 再一次确认密码 + * “Login UserName”： 输入你期望的登录名 + * “Full Name”： 输入你的全名 + * “Password”： 输入你期望的密码 + * “Confirm Password”： 再一次确认密码 +![][10] +注销然后使用新的登录凭证重新登录： -![f7c28cc334daccc0d9acf78950818251.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p11) - -注销然后使用新的登录凭证重新登陆 -![5657104cbd4822c111bd117a7f928826.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p12) +![][11] 现在，我能看到本地认证已经被打开。 -![458648bd4ba0cee4b8e716825b5356f2.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p13) +![][12] ### 怎样添加主机 -点击注册你的主机后，它将带你进入下一个页面，在那里你能选择不同云服务提供商的Linux主机。我们将添加一个主机运行Rancher服务，因此选择`自定义`选项然后输入必要的信息。 +注册你的主机后，它将带你进入下一个页面，在那里你能选择不同云服务提供商的 Linux 主机。我们将添加一个主机运行 Rancher 服务，因此选择“custom”选项然后输入必要的信息。 + +在第 4 步输入你服务器的公有 IP，运行第 5 步列出的命令，最后点击 “close” 按钮。 -在第四部输入你服务器的公有IP，运行第5步列出的命令，最后点击`close`按钮。 -![38af35f3b207f4ba1c826ecf160aefee.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p14) ``` - $ sudo docker run -e CATTLE_AGENT_IP="192.168.56.2" --rm --privileged -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock -v /var/lib/rancher:/var/lib/rancher rancher/agent:v1.2.11 http://192.168.56.2:8080/v1/scripts/16A52B9BE2BAB87BB0F5:1546214400000:ODACe3sfis5V6U8E3JASL8jQ INFO: Running Agent Registration Process, CATTLE_URL=http://192.168.56.2:8080/v1 @@ -149,54 +144,63 @@ INFO: ENV: CATTLE_URL=http://192.168.56.2:8080/v1 INFO: ENV: DETECTED_CATTLE_AGENT_IP=172.17.0.1 INFO: ENV: RANCHER_AGENT_IMAGE=rancher/agent:v1.2.11 INFO: Launched Rancher Agent: e83b22afd0c023dabc62404f3e74abb1fa99b9a178b05b1728186c9bfca71e8d - ``` -等待几秒钟后新添加的主机将会出现。点击INFRASTRUCTURE >> Hosts 页面。 -![4620832d7f277d6d84ace7ca6d486d17.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p15) +![][13] + +等待几秒钟后新添加的主机将会出现。点击 “Infrastructure >> Hosts” 页面。 + +![][14] ### 怎样查看容器 -只需要点击下列位置就能列出所有容器。点击 >> INFRASTRUCTURE >> Containers -![f62d012ee89c9c2bee58fe1204eb0a65.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p16) +只需要点击下列位置就能列出所有容器。点击 “Infrastructure >> Containers” 页面。 +![][15] ### 怎样创建容器 -非常简单, 只需点击下列位置就能创建容器。 +非常简单，只需点击下列位置就能创建容器。 -点击 >> INFRASTRUCTURE >> Containers >> “Add Container” 然后输入每个你需要的信息。 方便测试, 我将创建一个latest标签的Centos容器。 -![4c6ff6b04c543b573e2aa1330de087d2.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p21) +点击 “Infrastructure >> Containers >> Add Container” 然后输入每个你需要的信息。为了测试，我将创建一个 `latest` 标签的 CentOS 容器。 -在同样的列表位置，点击 INFRASTRUCTURE >> Containers -![317f86d0860ad46576bedefe8c26f0a3.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p22) +![][16] -点击`Container`名展示容器的性能信息，如CPU，内存，网络和存储。 -![26e909d243f490b8fc856eadeb4e2f7d.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p19) +在同样的列表位置，点击 “ Infrastructure >> Containers”。 -选择特定容器，然后点击最右边的`三点`按钮或者点击`Actions`按钮对容器进行管理，如停止，启动，克隆，重启等。 -![0aa0e91f32426274c3d209c4e4dc5c46.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p23) +![][17] -如果你想控制台访问容器，只需要点击action按钮中的`Execute Shell`选项即可。 -![83c3b6c9e959fa8d8946e6449e854e43.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p24) +点击容器名展示容器的性能信息，如 CPU、内存、网络和存储。 + +![][18] + +选择特定容器，然后点击最右边的“三点”按钮或者点击“Actions”按钮对容器进行管理，如停止、启动、克隆、重启等。 + +![][19] + +如果你想控制台访问容器，只需要点击 “Actions” 按钮中的 “Execute Shell” 选项即可。 + +![][20] ### 怎样从应用目录部署容器 Rancher 提供了一个应用模版目录，让部署变的很容易，只需要单击一下就可以。 -它维护了多数流行应用，这些应用由Rancher社区贡献。 -![d38aeb44d759a7eb4e787c5a273d5bfa.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p25) +它维护了多数流行应用，这些应用由 Rancher 社区贡献。 -点击 >> Catalog >> All >> 选择你需要的应用 >> 最后点击运行去部署。 -![aad6948878609c1605fcf1091395cc8b.png](evernotecid://362D54D6-01E1-4A00-A4F0-91F1094EAA56/appyinxiangcom/11631496/ENResource/p26) +![][21] + +点击 “Catalog >> All >> Choose the required application”，最后点击 “Launch” 去部署。 + +![][22] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -浏览: https://www.2daygeek.com/rancher-a-complete-container-management-platform-for-production-environment/ +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/rancher-a-complete-container-management-platform-for-production-environment/ 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] 译者：[arrowfeng](https://github.com/arrowfeng) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From e87596cc1885521212352659f20aad56ead48dd7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Fri, 5 Apr 2019 11:07:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 143/143] PUB:20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @arrowfeng 本文首发地址： https://linux.cn/article-10685-1.html 您的 LCTT 专页地址： https://linux.cn/lctt/arrowfeng 请注册领取 LCCN： https://lctt.linux.cn/ --- .../20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md b/published/20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md rename to published/20180205 Rancher - Container Management Application.md