mirror of
https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git
synced 2025-01-25 23:11:02 +08:00
Translated
This commit is contained in:
郑
GitHub
parent
ce1978101e
commit
9cebd3c0fe
@ -1,272 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "A programmer's guide to GNU C Compiler"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/5/gnu-c-compiler"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Jayashree Huttanagoudar https://opensource.com/users/jayashree-huttanagoudar"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "robsean"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
A programmer's guide to GNU C Compiler
|
||||
======
|
||||
Get a behind-the-scenes look at the steps it takes to produce a binary file so that when something goes wrong, you know how to step through the process to resolve problems.
|
||||
|
||||
![GitHub launches Open Source Friday][1]
|
||||
Image by: Opensource.com
|
||||
|
||||
C is a well-known programming language, popular with experienced and new programmers alike. Source code written in C uses standard English terms, so it's considered human-readable. However, computers only understand binary code. To convert code into machine language, you use a tool called a *compiler*.
|
||||
|
||||
A very common compiler is GCC (GNU C Compiler). The compilation process involves several intermediate steps and adjacent tools.
|
||||
|
||||
### Install GCC
|
||||
|
||||
To confirm whether GCC is already installed on your system, use the `gcc` command:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ gcc --version
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
If necessary, install GCC using your packaging manager. On Fedora-based systems, use `dnf` :
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install gcc libgcc
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
On Debian-based systems, use `apt` :
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt install build-essential
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
After installation, if you want to check where GCC is installed, then use:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ whereis gcc
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Simple C program using GCC
|
||||
|
||||
Here's a simple C program to demonstrate how to compile code using GCC. Open your favorite text editor and paste in this code:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
// hellogcc.c
|
||||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
|
||||
int main() {
|
||||
printf("Hello, GCC!\n");
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Save the file as `hellogcc.c` and then compile it:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ls
|
||||
hellogcc.c
|
||||
|
||||
$ gcc hellogcc.c
|
||||
|
||||
$ ls -1
|
||||
a.out
|
||||
hellogcc.c
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, `a.out` is the default executable generated as a result of compilation. To see the output of your newly-compiled application, just run it as you would any local binary:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ./a.out
|
||||
Hello, GCC!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Name the output file
|
||||
|
||||
The filename `a.out` isn't very descriptive, so if you want to give a specific name to your executable file, you can use the `-o` option:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ gcc -o hellogcc hellogcc.c
|
||||
|
||||
$ ls
|
||||
a.out hellogcc hellogcc.c
|
||||
|
||||
$ ./hellogcc
|
||||
Hello, GCC!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This option is useful when developing a large application that needs to compile multiple C source files.
|
||||
|
||||
### Intermediate steps in GCC compilation
|
||||
|
||||
There are actually four steps to compiling, even though GCC performs them automatically in simple use-cases.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Pre-Processing: The GNU C Preprocessor (cpp) parses the headers (#include statements), expands macros (#define statements), and generates an intermediate file such as `hellogcc.i` with expanded source code.
|
||||
2. Compilation: During this stage, the compiler converts pre-processed source code into assembly code for a specific CPU architecture. The resulting assembly file is named with a `.s` extension, such as `hellogcc.s` in this example.
|
||||
3. Assembly: The `as`sembler (as) converts the assembly code into machine code in an object file, such as `hellogcc.o`.
|
||||
4. Linking: The linker (ld) links the object code with the library code to produce an executable file, such as `hellogcc`.
|
||||
|
||||
When running GCC, use the `-v` option to see each step in detail.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ gcc -v -o hellogcc hellogcc.c
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![Compiler flowchart][2]
|
||||
|
||||
Image by:
|
||||
|
||||
(Jayashree Huttanagoudar, CC BY-SA 4.0)
|
||||
|
||||
### Manually compile code
|
||||
|
||||
It can be useful to experience each step of compilation because, under some circumstances, you don't need GCC to go through all the steps.
|
||||
|
||||
First, delete the files generated by GCC in the current folder, except the source file.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ rm a.out hellogcc.o
|
||||
|
||||
$ ls
|
||||
hellogcc.c
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Pre-processor
|
||||
|
||||
First, start the pre-processor, redirecting its output to `hellogcc.i` :
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ cpp hellogcc.c > hellogcc.i
|
||||
|
||||
$ ls
|
||||
hellogcc.c hellogcc.i
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Take a look at the output file and notice how the pre-processor has included the headers and expanded the macros.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Compiler
|
||||
|
||||
Now you can compile the code into assembly. Use the `-S` option to set GCC just to produce assembly code.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ gcc -S hellogcc.i
|
||||
|
||||
$ ls
|
||||
hellogcc.c hellogcc.i hellogcc.s
|
||||
|
||||
$ cat hellogcc.s
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Take a look at the assembly code to see what's been generated.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Assembly
|
||||
|
||||
Use the assembly code you've just generated to create an object file:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ as -o hellogcc.o hellogcc.s
|
||||
|
||||
$ ls
|
||||
hellogcc.c hellogcc.i hellogcc.o hellogcc.s
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Linking
|
||||
|
||||
To produce an executable file, you must link the object file to the libraries it depends on. This isn't quite as easy as the previous steps, but it's educational:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ld -o hellogcc hellogcc.o
|
||||
ld: warning: cannot find entry symbol _start; defaulting to 0000000000401000
|
||||
ld: hellogcc.o: in function `main`:
|
||||
hellogcc.c:(.text+0xa): undefined reference to `puts'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
An error referencing an`undefined puts` occurs after the linker is done looking at the `libc.so` library. You must find suitable linker options to link the required libraries to resolve this. This is no small feat, and it's dependent on how your system is laid out.
|
||||
|
||||
When linking, you must link code to core runtime (CRT) objects, a set of subroutines that help binary executables launch. The linker also needs to know where to find important system libraries, including libc and libgcc, notably within special start and end instructions. These instructions can be delimited by the `--start-group` and `--end-group` options or using paths to `crtbegin.o` and `crtend.o`.
|
||||
|
||||
This example uses paths as they appear on a RHEL 8 install, so you may need to adapt the paths depending on your system.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ld -dynamic-linker \
|
||||
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 \
|
||||
-o hello \
|
||||
/usr/lib64/crt1.o /usr/lib64/crti.o \
|
||||
--start-group \
|
||||
-L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/8 \
|
||||
-L/usr/lib64 -L/lib64 hello.o \
|
||||
-lgcc \
|
||||
--as-needed -lgcc_s \
|
||||
--no-as-needed -lc -lgcc \
|
||||
--end-group
|
||||
/usr/lib64/crtn.o
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The same linker procedure on Slackware uses a different set of paths, but you can see the similarity in the process:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ld -static -o hello \
|
||||
-L/usr/lib64/gcc/x86_64-slackware-linux/11.2.0/ \
|
||||
/usr/lib64/crt1.o /usr/lib64/crti.o \
|
||||
hello.o /usr/lib64/crtn.o \
|
||||
--start-group -lc -lgcc -lgcc_eh \
|
||||
--end-group
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Now run the resulting executable:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ./hello
|
||||
Hello, GCC!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Some helpful utilities
|
||||
|
||||
Below are a few utilities that help examine the file type, symbol table, and the libraries linked with the executable.
|
||||
|
||||
Use the `file` utility to determine the type of file:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ file hellogcc.c
|
||||
hellogcc.c: C source, ASCII text
|
||||
|
||||
$ file hellogcc.o
|
||||
hellogcc.o: ELF 64-bit LSB relocatable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), not stripped
|
||||
|
||||
$ file hellogcc
|
||||
hellogcc: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2, BuildID[sha1]=bb76b241d7d00871806e9fa5e814fee276d5bd1a, for GNU/Linux 3.2.0, not stripped
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The use the `nm` utility to list symbol tables for object files:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ nm hellogcc.o
|
||||
0000000000000000 T main
|
||||
U puts
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Use the `ldd` utility to list dynamic link libraries:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ldd hellogcc
|
||||
linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffe3bdd7000)
|
||||
libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f223395e000)
|
||||
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f2233b7e000)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Wrap up
|
||||
|
||||
In this article, you learned the various intermediate steps in GCC compilation and the utilities to examine the file type, symbol table, and libraries linked with an executable. The next time you use GCC, you'll understand the steps it takes to produce a binary file for you, and when something goes wrong, you know how to step through the process to resolve problems.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/22/5/gnu-c-compiler
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jayashree Huttanagoudar][a]
|
||||
选题：[lkxed][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jayashree-huttanagoudar
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/lead-images/build_structure_tech_program_code_construction.png
|
||||
[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-05/compiler-flowchart.png
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "How To Reset Sudo Password In Ubuntu 22.04 / 20.04 LTS"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://ostechnix.com/how-to-reset-sudo-password-in-ubuntu-20-04-lts/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "sk https://ostechnix.com/author/sk/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "robsean"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
如何在 Ubuntu 22.04 / 20.04 LTS 中重新设置 sudo 密码
|
||||
======
|
||||
在 Ubuntu 中重新设置已忘记的 root 用户的密码
|
||||
|
||||
这篇简单的指南将向你解释，如何在 Ubuntu 22.04 好 20.04 LTS 桌面环境中，以及从服务器版本中的 <ruby>恢复<rt>rescue</rt></ruby> 模式中重新设置 sudo 密码。
|
||||
|
||||
### 介绍
|
||||
|
||||
在 **[安装 Ubuntu][1]** 时，新创建的一个用户将会带有 sudo 权限，用以执行各种各样的管理任务。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你的 Ubuntu 系统有多个 sudo 用户，你能够从另外一个 sudo 用户的账号下，轻松地重新设置所忘记的一个 sudo 用户或管理员用户的密码。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你只有一个 sudo 用户，并且忘记了密码怎么办？没有问题! 从 Ubuntu 的 **<ruby>恢复<rt>rescue</rt></ruby>** 或 **<ruby>单一用户<rt>single user</rt></ruby>**** 模式中恢复 sudo 用户密码很容易。
|
||||
|
||||
虽然这篇指南是在 Ubuntu 22.04 和 20.04 LTS 版本上进行的正式测试，不过，下面给定的步骤对于其它的 Ubuntu 版本和衍生版本来说是相同的。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在 Ubuntu 22.04 / 20.04 LTS 中重新设置 sudo 密码
|
||||
|
||||
首先，启动你的 Ubuntu 系统到 **<ruby>恢复<rt>rescue</rt></ruby>** 模式下，来重新设置一个 sudo 用户的密码，如下面的链接所述。
|
||||
|
||||
> [如何启动到 Ubuntu 22.04 / 20.04 / 18.04 的 <ruby>恢复<rt>rescue</rt></ruby> 模式 或 <ruby>急救<rt>Emergency</rt></ruby> 模式 ][2]
|
||||
|
||||
在吗进入到 **<ruby>恢复<rt>rescue</rt></ruby>** 模式下，通过运行下面的命令，以读/写的模式挂载 root (**/**) 文件系统：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# mount -n -o remount,rw /
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
现在，使用 **"passwd"** 命令来重新设置 sudo 用户的密码:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# passwd ostechnix
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
在这里，**"ostechnix"** 是 sudo 用户的名称。 使用你自己的用户名称来替换掉它。
|
||||
|
||||
输入两次密码：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
New password:
|
||||
Retype new password:
|
||||
passwd: password updated successfully
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![Reset Sudo Password In Ubuntu 22.04 / 20.04 LTS][3]
|
||||
|
||||
就这样。我们已经重新设置 sudo 用户密码。如果你按照上面链接所述的 **方法 1** 来进入到 **<ruby>恢复<rt>rescue</rt></ruby>** 模式，按下 **“Ctrl+d”** 组合键来启动到正常模式。或者，你也可以输入下面的任意一个命令来启动到正常模式。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# systemctl default
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
或，
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# exit
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想重新启动系统，而不是启动到正常模式，输入：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# systemctl reboot
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果你已经按照上面链接所述的 **方法 2** 进入到<ruby>恢复<rt>rescue</rt></ruby> 模式，输入：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# exit
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你将返回到 <ruby>恢复菜单<rt>recovery menu</rt></ruby> 。 现在 "**<ruby>恢复正常启动<rt>Resume normal boot</rt></ruby>**" ，并按下 <ruby>回车<rt>ENTER</rt></ruby> 键。
|
||||
|
||||
![Boot Into Normal Mode In Ubuntu][4]
|
||||
|
||||
在强调一次，选择 <ruby>确定<rt>OK</rt></ruby> 按钮，并按下 <ruby>回车<rt>ENTER</rt></ruby> 按键来继续启动到正常模式：
|
||||
|
||||
![Exit Recovery Mode And Boot Into Normal Mode][5]
|
||||
|
||||
现在，你在运行管理命令时可以使用新的 sudo 密码。
|
||||
|
||||
##### 如果我把用户名称和密码都忘了怎么办？
|
||||
|
||||
如果你忘记了用户名称，在 <ruby>恢复<rt>rescue</rt></ruby> 模式下，你可以很容易地列出你的 Linux 系统中的用户名称，使用目录：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# cat etc/passwd
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
来自我 Ubuntu 22.04 系统的输出示例：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
ostechnix:x:1000:1000:Ostechnix,,,:/home/ostechnix:/bin/bash
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
好了，现在，你找到用户名称了。只需要按照上面的步骤来重新设置用户的密码即可。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://ostechnix.com/how-to-reset-sudo-password-in-ubuntu-20-04-lts/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[sk][a]
|
||||
选题：[lkxed][b]
|
||||
译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://ostechnix.com/author/sk/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
|
||||
[1]: https://ostechnix.com/install-ubuntu-desktop/
|
||||
[2]: https://ostechnix.com/how-to-boot-into-rescue-mode-or-emergency-mode-in-ubuntu-18-04/
|
||||
[3]: https://ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Reset-Sudo-Password-In-Ubuntu.png
|
||||
[4]: https://ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Boot-into-normal-mode-in-Ubuntu.png
|
||||
[5]: https://ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Booting-into-normal-mode-from-rescue-mode-in-Ubuntu.png
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user