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20180612 What version of Linux am I running.md 翻译完毕
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Translating by MjSeven
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What version of Linux am I running?
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======
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The question "what version of Linux" can mean two different things. Strictly speaking, Linux is the kernel, so the question can refer specifically to the kernel's version number, or "Linux" can be used more colloquially to refer to the entire distribution, as in Fedora Linux or Ubuntu Linux.
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`apt`, `dnf`, `yum`, or some other command to install packages.
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Both are important, and you may need to know one or both answers to fix a problem with a system. For example, knowing the installed kernel version might help diagnose an issue with proprietary drivers, and identifying what distribution is running will help you quickly figure out if you should be using, or some other command to install packages.
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The following will help you find out what version of the Linux kernel and/or what Linux distribution is running on a system.
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### How to find the Linux kernel version
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To find out what version of the Linux kernel is running, run the following command:
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```
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uname -srm
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```
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Alternatively, the command can be run by using the longer, more descriptive, versions of the various flags:
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```
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uname --kernel-name --kernel-release --machine
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```
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Either way, the output should look similar to the following:
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```
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Linux 4.16.10-300.fc28.x86_64 x86_64
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```
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This gives you (in order): the kernel name, the version of the kernel, and the type of hardware the kernel is running on. In this case, the kernel is Linux version 4.16.10-300.fc28.x86_64 running on an x86_64 system.
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More information about the `uname` command can be found by running `man uname`.
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### How to find the Linux distribution
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There are several ways to figure out what distribution is running on a system, but the quickest way is the check the contents of the `/etc/os-release` file. This file provides information about a distribution including, but not limited to, the name of the distribution and its version number. The os-release file in some distributions contains more details than in others, but any distribution that includes an os-release file should provide a distribution's name and version.
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To view the contents of the os-release file, run the following command:
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```
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cat /etc/os-release
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```
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On Fedora 28, the output looks like this:
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```
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NAME=Fedora
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VERSION="28 (Workstation Edition)"
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ID=fedora
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VERSION_ID=28
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PLATFORM_ID="platform:f28"
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PRETTY_NAME="Fedora 28 (Workstation Edition)"
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ANSI_COLOR="0;34"
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CPE_NAME="cpe:/o:fedoraproject:fedora:28"
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HOME_URL="https://fedoraproject.org/"
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SUPPORT_URL="https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Communicating_and_getting_help"
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BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugzilla.redhat.com/"
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REDHAT_BUGZILLA_PRODUCT="Fedora"
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REDHAT_BUGZILLA_PRODUCT_VERSION=28
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REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT="Fedora"
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REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT_VERSION=28
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PRIVACY_POLICY_URL="https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Legal:PrivacyPolicy"
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VARIANT="Workstation Edition"
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VARIANT_ID=workstation
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```
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As the example above shows, Fedora's os-release file provides the name of the distribution and the version, but it also identifies the installed variant (the "Workstation Edition"). If we ran the same command on Fedora 28 Server Edition, the contents of the os-release file would reflect that on the `VARIANT` and `VARIANT_ID` lines.
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Sometimes it is useful to know if a distribution is like another, so the os-release file can contain an `ID_LIKE` line that identifies distributions the running distribution is based on or is similar to. For example, Red Hat Enterprise Linux's os-release file includes an `ID_LIKE` line stating that RHEL is like Fedora, and CentOS's os-release file states that CentOS is like RHEL and Fedora. The `ID_LIKE` line is very helpful if you are working with a distribution that is based on another distribution and need to find instructions to solve a problem.
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CentOS's os-release file makes it clear that it is like RHEL, so documentation and questions and answers in various forums about RHEL should (in most cases) apply to CentOS. CentOS is designed to be a near clone of RHEL, so it is more compatible with its `LIKE` than some entries that might be found in the `ID_LIKE` field, but checking for answers about a "like" distribution is always a good idea if you cannot find the information you are seeking for the running distribution.
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More information about the os-release file can be found by running `man os-release`.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/18/6/linux-version
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作者：[Joshua Allen Holm][a]
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选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://opensource.com/users/holmja
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translated/tech/20180612 What version of Linux am I running.md
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我正在运行的 Linux 是什么版本？
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=====
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“Linux 是什么版本？”这个问题可能意味着两个不同的东西。严格地说，Linux 是内核，所以问题可以特指内核的版本号，或者 “Linux” 可以更通俗地用来指整个发行版，就像在 Fedora Linux 或 Ubuntu Linux 中一样。
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两者都很重要，你可能需要知道其中一个或全部答案来修复系统中的问题。例如，了解已安装的内核版本可能有助于诊断带有专有驱动程序的问题，并且确定正在运行的发行版将帮助你快速确定是否应该使用 `apt`, `dnf`, `yum` 或其他命令来安装软件包。
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以下内容将帮助你了解 Linux 内核的版本和/或系统上正在运行的 Linux 发行版是什么。
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### 如何找到 Linux 内核版本
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要找出哪个 Linux 内核版本正在运行，运行以下命令：
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```
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uname -srm
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```
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或者，可以使用更长，更具描述性的各种标志的版本来运行该命令：
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```
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uname --kernel-name --kernel-release --machine
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```
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无论哪种方式，输出都应该类似于以下内容：
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```
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Linux 4.16.10-300.fc28.x86_64 x86_64
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```
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这为你提供了（按顺序）：内核名称，内核版本以及运行内核的硬件类型。在上面的情况下，内核是 Linux 4.16.10-300.fc28.x86_64 ，运行于 x86_64 系统。
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有关 `uname` 命令的更多信息可以通过运行 `man uname` 找到。
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### 如何找出 Linux 发行版
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有几种方法可以确定系统上运行的是哪个发行版，但最快的方法是检查 `/etc/os-release` 文件的内容。此文件提供有关发行版的信息，包括但不限于发行版名称及其版本号。某些发行版的 os-release 文件包含比其他发行版更多的细节，但任何包含 os-release 文件的发行版都应该提供发行版的名称和版本。
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要查看 os-release 文件的内容，运行以下命令：
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```
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cat /etc/os-release
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```
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在 Fedora 28 中，输出如下所示：
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```
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NAME=Fedora
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VERSION="28 (Workstation Edition)"
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ID=fedora
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VERSION_ID=28
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PLATFORM_ID="platform:f28"
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PRETTY_NAME="Fedora 28 (Workstation Edition)"
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ANSI_COLOR="0;34"
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CPE_NAME="cpe:/o:fedoraproject:fedora:28"
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HOME_URL="https://fedoraproject.org/"
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SUPPORT_URL="https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Communicating_and_getting_help"
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BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugzilla.redhat.com/"
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REDHAT_BUGZILLA_PRODUCT="Fedora"
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REDHAT_BUGZILLA_PRODUCT_VERSION=28
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REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT="Fedora"
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REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT_VERSION=28
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PRIVACY_POLICY_URL="https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Legal:PrivacyPolicy"
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VARIANT="Workstation Edition"
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VARIANT_ID=workstation
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```
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如上面那个例子展示的那样，Fedora 的 os-release 文件提供了发行版的名称和版本，但它也标识已安装的变体（"Workstation Edition"）。如果我们在 Fedora 28 服务器版本上运行相同的命令，os-release 文件的内容会反映在 `VARIANT` 和 `VARIANT_ID` 行中。
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有时候知道一个发行版是否与另一个发行版相似非常有用，因此 os-release 文件可以包含一个 `ID_LIKE` 行，用于标识正在运行的是基于什么的发行版或类似的发行版。例如，Red Hat Linux 企业版的 os-release 文件包含 `ID_LIKE` 行，声明 RHEL 与 Fedora 类似；CentOS 的 os-release 文件声明 CentOS 与 RHEL 和 Fedora 类似。如果你正在使用基于另一个发行版的发行版并需要查找解决问题的说明，那么 `ID_LIKE` 行非常有用。
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CentOS 的 os-release 文件清楚地表明它就像 RHEL 一样，所以在各种论坛中关于 RHEL 的文档，问题和答案应该（大多数情况下）适用于 CentOS。CentOS 被设计成一个克隆版 RHEL，因此相比 `ID_LIKE` 字段中的某些记录，它与 `LIKE` 字段更兼容。如果你找不到正在运行的发行版的信息，检查有关 “like” 发行版的答案总是一个好主意。
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有关 os-release 文件的更多信息可以通过运行 `man os-release` 命令来查找。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/18/6/linux-version
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作者：[Joshua Allen Holm][a]
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选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
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译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://opensource.com/users/holmja
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