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https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git
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Vic Yu
GitHub
commit
9babd526b4
@ -1,234 +0,0 @@
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##amwps290 translating
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How to configure an Apache web server
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======
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I have hosted my own websites for many years now. Since switching from OS/2 to Linux more than 20 years ago, I have used [Apache][1] as my server software. Apache is solid, well-known, and quite easy to configure for a basic installation. It is not really that much more difficult to configure for a more complex setup, such as multiple websites.
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Installation and configuration of the Apache web server must be performed as root. Configuring the firewall also needs to be performed as root. Using a browser to view the results of this work should be done as a non-root user. (I use the useron `student` on my virtual host.)
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### Installation
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Note: I use a virtual machine (VM) using Fedora 27 with Apache 2.4.29. If you have a different distribution or a different release of Fedora, your commands and the locations and content of the configuration files may be different. However, the configuration lines you need to modify are the same.
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The Apache web server is easy to install. On my CentOS 6.x server, it just takes a simple `yum` command. It installs all the necessary dependencies if any are missing. I used the `dnf` command below on one of my Fedora virtual machines. The syntax for `dnf` and `yum` are the same except for the name of the command itself.
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```
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dnf -y install httpd
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```
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The VM is a very basic desktop installation I am using as a testbed for writing a book. Even on this system, only six dependencies were installed in under a minute.
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All the configuration files for Apache are located in `/etc/httpd/conf` and `/etc/httpd/conf.d`. The data for the websites is located in `/var/www` by default, but you can change that if you want.
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### Configuration
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The primary Apache configuration file is `/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf`. It contains a lot of configuration statements that don't need to be changed for a basic installation. In fact, only a few changes must be made to this file to get a basic website up and running. The file is very large so, rather than clutter this article with a lot of unnecessary stuff, I will show only those directives that you need to change.
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First, take a bit of time and browse through the `httpd.conf` file to familiarize yourself with it. One of the things I like about Red Hat versions of most configuration files is the number of comments that describe the various sections and configuration directives in the files. The `httpd.conf` file is no exception, as it is quite well commented. Use these comments to understand what the file is configuring.
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The first item to change is the `Listen` statement, which defines the IP address and port on which Apache is to listen for page requests. Right now, you just need to make this website available to the local machine, so use the `localhost` address. The line should look like this when you finish:
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```
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Listen 127.0.0.1:80
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```
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With this directive set to the IP address of the `localhost`, Apache will listen only for connections from the local host. If you want the web server to listen for connections from remote hosts, you would use the host's external IP address.
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The `DocumentRoot` directive specifies the location of the HTML files that make up the pages of the website. That line does not need to be changed because it already points to the standard location. The line should look like this:
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```
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DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"
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```
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The Apache installation RPM creates the `/var/www` directory tree. If you wanted to change the location where the website files are stored, this configuration item is used to do that. For example, you might want to use a different name for the `www` subdirectory to make the identification of the website more explicit. That might look like this:
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```
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DocumentRoot "/var/mywebsite/html"
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```
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These are the only Apache configuration changes needed to create a simple website. For this little exercise, only one change was made to the `httpd.conf` file—the `Listen` directive. Everything else is already configured to produce a working web server.
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One other change is needed, however: opening port 80 in our firewall. I use [iptables][2] as my firewall, so I change `/etc/sysconfig/iptables` to add a statement that allows HTTP protocol. The entire file looks like this:
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```
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# sample configuration for iptables service
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# you can edit this manually or use system-config-firewall
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# please do not ask us to add additional ports/services to this default configuration
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*filter
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:INPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
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:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]
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:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
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-A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
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-A INPUT -p icmp -j ACCEPT
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-A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
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-A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
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-A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
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-A INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited
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-A FORWARD -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited
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COMMIT
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```
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The line I added is the third from the bottom, which allows incoming traffic on port 80. Now I reload the altered iptables configuration.
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```
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[root@testvm1 ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/ ; iptables-restore iptables
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```
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### Create the index.html file
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The `index.html` file is the default file a web server will serve up when you access the website using just the domain name and not a specific HTML file name. In the `/var/www/html` directory, create a file with the name `index.html`. Add the content `Hello World`. You do not need to add any HTML markup to make this work. The sole job of the web server is to serve up a stream of text data, and the server has no idea what the date is or how to render it. It simply transmits the data stream to the requesting host.
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After saving the file, set the ownership to `apache.apache`.
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```
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[root@testvm1 html]# chown apache.apache index.html
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```
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### Start Apache
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Apache is very easy to start. Current versions of Fedora use `systemd`. Run the following commands to start it and then to check the status of the server:
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```
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[root@testvm1 ~]# systemctl start httpd
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[root@testvm1 ~]# systemctl status httpd
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● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
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Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
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Active: active (running) since Thu 2018-02-08 13:18:54 EST; 5s ago
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Docs: man:httpd.service(8)
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Main PID: 27107 (httpd)
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Status: "Processing requests..."
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Tasks: 213 (limit: 4915)
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CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
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├─27107 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
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├─27108 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
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├─27109 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
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├─27110 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
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└─27111 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
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Feb 08 13:18:54 testvm1 systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
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Feb 08 13:18:54 testvm1 systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
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```
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The commands may be different on your server. On Linux systems that use SystemV start scripts, the commands would be:
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```
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[root@testvm1 ~]# service httpd start
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Starting httpd: [Fri Feb 09 08:18:07 2018] [ OK ]
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[root@testvm1 ~]# service httpd status
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httpd (pid 14649) is running...
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```
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If you have a web browser like Firefox or Chrome on your host, you can use the URL `localhost` on the URL line of the browser to display your web page, simple as it is. You could also use a text mode web browser like [Lynx][3] to view the web page. First, install Lynx (if it is not already installed).
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```
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[root@testvm1 ~]# dnf -y install lynx
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```
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Then use the following command to display the web page.
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```
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[root@testvm1 ~]# lynx localhost
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```
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The result looks like this in my terminal session. I have deleted a lot of the empty space on the page.
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```
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Hello World
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<snip>
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Commands: Use arrow keys to move, '?' for help, 'q' to quit, '<-' to go back.
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Arrow keys: Up and Down to move. Right to follow a link; Left to go back.
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H)elp O)ptions P)rint G)o M)ain screen Q)uit /=search [delete]=history list
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```
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Next, edit your `index.html` file and add a bit of HTML markup so it looks like this:
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```
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<h1>Hello World</h1>
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```
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Now refresh the browser. For Lynx, use the key combination Ctrl+R. The results look just a bit different. The text is in color, which is how Lynx displays headings if your terminal supports color, and it is now centered. In a GUI browser the text would be in a large font.
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```
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Hello World
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<snip>
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Commands: Use arrow keys to move, '?' for help, 'q' to quit, '<-' to go back.
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Arrow keys: Up and Down to move. Right to follow a link; Left to go back.
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H)elp O)ptions P)rint G)o M)ain screen Q)uit /=search [delete]=history list
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```
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### Parting thoughts
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As you can see from this little exercise, it is easy to set up an Apache web server. The specifics will vary depending upon your distribution and the version of Apache supplied by that distribution. In my environment, this was a pretty trivial exercise.
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But there is more because Apache is very flexible and powerful. Next month I will discuss hosting multiple websites using a single instance of Apache.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/18/2/how-configure-apache-web-server
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作者：[David Both][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://opensource.com/users/dboth
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[1]:https://httpd.apache.org/
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[2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iptables
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[3]:http://lynx.browser.org/
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@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
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# 配置 Apache Web 服务器
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我自己的网站已经有很多年了。自从 20 多年前从 OS/2 切换到 Linux 以来，我已经将 [Apache][1] 作为我的服务器软件。Apache 是可靠的、众所周知的，并且基本的安装配置也很容易。对于更复杂的设置(比如多个网站)并不是那么困难。
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Apache Web 服务器的安装和配置必须以 root 身份执行。 防火墙的配置也需要以 root 身份执行。 使用浏览器查看安装配置的结果应该以非 root 用户的身份完成。 (我在我的虚拟主机上使用 `student` 这个用户。)
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### 安装
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注意：我使用的实验环境是安装有 Fedora 27 的虚拟机，Apache 版本为 2.4.29。 如果您使用的是不同的发行版或不同版本的Fedora，您的命令以及配置文件的位置和内容可能会有所不同。 但是，您需要修改的配置行是相同的。
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Apache Web 服务器非常容易安装。 在我的 CentOS 6.x 服务器上，它只需要一个简单的 `yum` 命令。 它会安装所有必要的依赖（如果需要的话）。 我在我的 Fedora 虚拟机上使用了下面的 `dnf` 命令。 除了命令本身的名称之外， `dnf` 和 `yum` 的语法是相同的。
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```
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dnf -y install httpd
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```
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VM （虚拟机） 非常容易安装，我正在使用它作为编写书籍的测试平台。 即使在这个系统上，在一分钟内只安装了六个依赖项。
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Apache 的所有配置文件都位于 `/etc/httpd/conf` 和 `/etc/httpd/conf.d` 。网站的数据默认位于 `/var/www`，但如果你愿意，你可以改变它。
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### 配置
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Apache 主要的配置文件是 `/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf` 。 它包含许多在基本安装中不需要更改的配置。 实际上，只需对此文件进行一些更改即可启动并运行一个简单的网站。 该文件非常大，因此，我不会将这篇文章与大量不必要的东西混淆起来，而只会显示那些需要更改的指令。
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首先，花点时间熟悉一下 `httpd.conf` 文件。我喜欢 Red Hat 的一个原因是它的配置文件注释非常的详细。 `httpd.conf` 文件也不例外，因为它有很好的注释。 使用这些注释来了解文件的配置。
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第一个要修改的是 `Listen` 配置项，它定义了 Apache 要监听页面请求的 IP 地址和端口。 现在，你只需要使这个网站可以从本地访问，所以使用 `localhost` 地址。 完成后，该行应该看起来像这样：( LCTT 注：localhost 既是 127.0.0.1，80 是端口)
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```
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Listen 127.0.0.1:80
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```
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通过将此配置项设置为`localhost`的 IP 地址，Apache 将只侦听来自本地主机的连接。 如果您希望 Web 服务器侦听来自远程主机的连接，则可以使用主机的外部 IP 地址。
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`DocumentRoot` 配置项指定组成网站页面的 HTML 文件的位置。 该配置项不需要更改，因为它已经指向标准位置。 该行应该看起来像这样：
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```
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DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"
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```
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Apache 安装包创建 `/var /www` 目录。 如果您想更改存储网站文件的位置，则使用此配置项来完成此操作。 例如，您可能想要为 `www` 子目录使用不同的名称，以更明确地识别网站。 这可能是这样的：
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```
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DocumentRoot "/var/mywebsite/html"
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```
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这些是创建一个简单网站需要唯一修改的 Apache 配置项。 对于这个小练习，只对 `httpd.conf` 文件（`Listen` 配置项）进行了一些修改。 其它的配置项对于一个简单的 Web 服务器暂时无需配置。
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另一个需要改变的地方是：在我们的防火墙中打开端口 80。 我使用 [iptables][2] 作为我的防火墙，因此我更改 `/etc/ sysconfig/iptables` 文件以添加允许使用 HTTP 协议。 整个文件看起来像这样：
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```
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# sample configuration for iptables service
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# you can edit this manually or use system-config-firewall
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|
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# please do not ask us to add additional ports/services to this default configuration
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*filter
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:INPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
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:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]
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:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
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-A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
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-A INPUT -p icmp -j ACCEPT
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-A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
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-A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
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|
||||
-A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
|
||||
|
||||
-A INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited
|
||||
|
||||
-A FORWARD -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited
|
||||
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COMMIT
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||||
```
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||||
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||||
我在文件的倒数第三行上添加了一个新行，它允许在端口 80 上输入流量。现在我重新加载 iptables 配置文件。
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||||
|
||||
```
|
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[root@testvm1 ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/ ; iptables-restore iptables
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||||
|
||||
```
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||||
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### 创建 index.html 文件
|
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`index.html` 文件是你使用域名访问网站而不是访问特定网页时的默认文件。在 `/var/www/html `中，创建一个名字为 `index.html` 的文件，在其中添加 `Hello World` 。你不需要添加任何的 HTML 标志去完成这项工作。web 服务器的唯一任务是提供文本数据流，服务器不知道日期是什么，也不知道如何呈现数据流。它只是将数据流传输给请求主机。
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||||
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||||
保存文件后，将所有权设置为 `apache.apache` 。
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```
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[root@testvm1 html]# chown apache.apache index.html
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||||
```
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||||
|
||||
### 启动 Apache
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||||
|
||||
Apache 很容易启动。 当前版本的 Fedora 使用 `systemd` 。 运行以下命令启动它，然后检查服务器的状态：（LCTT 注：systemctl 是一个 systemd 工具）
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
[root@testvm1 ~]# systemctl start httpd
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||||
[root@testvm1 ~]# systemctl status httpd
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||||
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||||
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
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||||
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||||
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
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||||
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||||
Active: active (running) since Thu 2018-02-08 13:18:54 EST; 5s ago
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||||
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||||
Docs: man:httpd.service(8)
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||||
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||||
Main PID: 27107 (httpd)
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||||
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||||
Status: "Processing requests..."
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||||
|
||||
Tasks: 213 (limit: 4915)
|
||||
|
||||
CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
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||||
|
||||
├─27107 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
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||||
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||||
├─27108 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
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||||
|
||||
├─27109 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
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||||
|
||||
├─27110 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
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||||
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||||
└─27111 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
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||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Feb 08 13:18:54 testvm1 systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
|
||||
|
||||
Feb 08 13:18:54 testvm1 systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
您的服务器上的命令可能不同。在使用 SystemV 启动脚本的Linux系统上，命令如下:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
[root@testvm1 ~]# service httpd start
|
||||
|
||||
Starting httpd: [Fri Feb 09 08:18:07 2018] [ OK ]
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||||
|
||||
[root@testvm1 ~]# service httpd status
|
||||
|
||||
httpd (pid 14649) is running...
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果您的主机上有像 Firefox 或 Chrome 这样的浏览器，您可以在浏览器的 URL 行上使用 URL `localhost` 来显示您的 web 页面，尽管它很简单。您还可以使用像 [Lynx][3] 这样的文本模式 web 浏览器来查看 web 页面。首先，安装 Lynx (如果它还没有被安装)。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
[root@testvm1 ~]# dnf -y install lynx
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
然后使用下面的命令来显示网页。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
[root@testvm1 ~]# lynx localhost
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
结果在我的终端中是这样的。我已经删除了页面上的很多空白。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Hello World
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<snip>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Commands: Use arrow keys to move, '?' for help, 'q' to quit, '<-' to go back.
|
||||
|
||||
Arrow keys: Up and Down to move. Right to follow a link; Left to go back.
|
||||
|
||||
H)elp O)ptions P)rint G)o M)ain screen Q)uit /=search [delete]=history list
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
接下来，编辑您的 `index.html` 文件并添加一些 HTML 标记，使其看起来像这样：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
<h1>Hello World</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
现在刷新浏览器。对于 Lynx，使用组合键 Ctrl + R 。 结果看起来有点不同。如果你的终端支持彩色的话文本是彩色显示的，Lynx 会显示标题，现在它处于居中状态。 在 GUI 浏览器中，文本将以大字体显示。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Hello World
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<snip>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Commands: Use arrow keys to move, '?' for help, 'q' to quit, '<-' to go back.
|
||||
|
||||
Arrow keys: Up and Down to move. Right to follow a link; Left to go back.
|
||||
|
||||
H)elp O)ptions P)rint G)o M)ain screen Q)uit /=search [delete]=history list
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 后记
|
||||
|
||||
从这个小练习中可以看到，建立一个 Apache Web 服务器很容易。 具体情况取决于您的发行版和该发行版提供的 Apache 版本。 在我的环境中，这是一个非常简单的练习。
|
||||
|
||||
但不仅仅如此，因为 Apache 非常灵活强大。下个月，我将讨论使用单个 Apache 托管多个网站。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/18/2/how-configure-apache-web-server
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[David Both][a]
|
||||
译者：[amwps290](https://github.com/amwps290)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/dboth
|
||||
[1]:https://httpd.apache.org/
|
||||
[2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iptables
|
||||
[3]:http://lynx.browser.org/
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user