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sources/tech/20160606 Basic Git Commands You Must Know.md
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Basic Git Commands You Must Know
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=====================================
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*Brief: This quick guide shows you all the basic Git commands and their usage. You can download these commands for quick reference.*
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We have seen the quick guide and [Vi cheat sheet download][1] in an earlier post. In this article, we’ll see all the basic Git commands you need to get started with it.
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### GIT
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[Git][2] is a distributed version control system that is widely used by a number of open source projects. It was started in the year 2005 by Linux founder, [Linus Torvalds][3]. The program allows for a non-linear development of projects, and can handle large amounts of data effectively by storing it on the local server. In this tutorial, we are going to play around Git and learn how to get started with it.
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I am using Ubuntu in this tutorial but you can use any Linux distribution of your choice. Apart from installation, rest all commands are the same in all Linux distributions.
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### INSTALL GIT
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To install git run this command :
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```
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sudo apt-get install git-core
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```
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After it finishes downloading, you will have Git installed and ready to use.
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### SETUP GIT:
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After Git is installed, whether from apt-get or from the source, you need to copy your username and email in the gitconfig file. You can access this file at ~/.gitconfig.
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Opening it following a fresh Git install would reveal a completely blank page:
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```
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sudo vim ~/.gitconfig
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```
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You can use the follow commands to add in the required information. Replace ‘user’ with your username and ‘user@example.com’ with your email.
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```
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git config --global user.name "User"
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git config --global user.email user@example.com
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```
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And you are done with setting up. Now let’s get started with Git.
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### REPOSITORY:
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Create a new directory, open it and run this command:
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```
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git init
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```
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This will create a new git repository. Your local repository consists of three “trees” maintained by git.
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First one is your Working Directory which holds the actual files. Second one is the Index which acts as a staging area and finally the HEAD which points to the last commit you’ve made.checkout your repository using git clone /path/to/repository.
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Checkout your repository (repository you just created or an existing repository on a server) using git clone /path/to/repository.
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### ADD FILES AND COMMIT:
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You can propose changes using:
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```
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git add <filename>
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```
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This will add a new file for the commit. If you want to add every new file, then just do:
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```
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git add --all
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```
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Your files are added check your status using
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```
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git status
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```
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As you can see, there are changes but they are not committed. Now you need to commit these changes, use:
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```
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git commit -m "Commit message"
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```
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You can also do (preferred):
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```
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git commit -a
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```
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And then write your commit message. Now the file is committed to the HEAD, but not in your remote repository yet.
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### PUSH YOUR CHANGES
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Your changes are in the HEAD of your local working copy. If you have not cloned an existing repository and want to connect your repository to a remote server, you need to add it first with:
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```
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git remote add origin <serveraddress>
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```
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Now you are able to push your changes to the selected remote server.To send those changes to your remote repository, run:
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```
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git push -u origin master
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```
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### BRANCHING:
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Branches are used to develop features which are isolated from each other. The master branch is the “default” branch when you create a repository. Use other branches for development and merge them back to the master branch upon completion.
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Create a new branch named “mybranch” and switch to it using:
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```
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git checkout -b mybranch
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```
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You can switch back to master by running:
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```
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git checkout master
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```
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If you want to delete the branch use:
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```
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git branch -d mybranch
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```
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A branch is not available to others unless you push the branch to your remote repository, so what are you thinking about just push it:
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```
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git push origin <branchname>
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```
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### UPDATE AND MERGE
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To update your local repository to the newest commit, run:
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```
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git pull
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```
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In your working directory to fetch and merge remote changes.To merge another branch into your active branch (e.g. master), use :
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```
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git merge <branch>
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```
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In both cases, git tries to auto-merge changes. Unfortunately, this is not always possible and results in conflicts. You are responsible for merging those conflicts manually by editing the files shown by git. After changing, you need to mark them as merged with
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```
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git add <filename>
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```
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Before merging changes, you can also preview them by using
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```
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git diff <sourcebranch> <targetbranch>
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```
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### GIT LOG:
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You can see the repository history using.
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```
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git log
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```
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To see a log where each commit is one line you can use:
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```
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git log --pretty=oneline
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```
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Or maybe you want to see an ASCII art tree of all the branches, decorated with the names of tags and branches:
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```
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git log --graph --oneline --decorate --all
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```
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If you want to see only which files have changed:
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```
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git log --name-status
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```
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And for any help during the entire process, you can use git --help
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Isn’t Git is awesome!! Congratulation you are done with basics of git. If you like, you can download these basic Git commands as a quick reference guide from the link below:
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[Download Git Cheat Sheet][4]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://itsfoss.com/basic-git-commands-cheat-sheet/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+ItsFoss+%28Its+FOSS%21+An+Open+Source+Blog%29
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作者：[Rakhi Sharma][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: http://itsfoss.com/author/rakhi/
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[1]: http://itsfoss.com/download-vi-cheat-sheet/
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[2]: https://git-scm.com/
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[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds
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[4]: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0By49_3Av9sT1bXpINjhvU29VNUU
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