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Translating by qhwdw# Linux Foundation Publishes Enterprise Open Source Guides
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The Linux Foundation added to its collection of enterprise guides for the development and use of open source software with three new offerings.
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The 17-year-old nonprofit organization is tasked with supporting open source communities and as part of that mission in September published six [Open Source Guides for the Enterprise][2] touching on subjects ranging from recruiting developers to using open source code.
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More recently, the foundation published three more guides, all in collaboration with the open source specialist, [TODO Group][3] (Talk Openly, Develop Openly).
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The series of guides was created to help enterprise staffers at multiple levels -- executives, open source program managers, developers, attorneys and other decision-makers -- learn how to best benefit from the open source movement.
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The organization described the three new offerings thusly:
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* **Improving Your Open Source Development Impact**, by Ibrahim Haddad, Samsung Research America. This guide covers a number of practices that enterprises can adopt to help grow their footprint in large open source projects.
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* **Starting an Open Source Project**, by Christine Abernathy, Facebook; Ibrahim Haddad; Guy Martin, Autodesk; John Mertic, The Linux Foundation; Jared Smith, Capital One. This guide helps enterprises already well versed in open source learn what they need to know to start their own open source projects.
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* **Open Source Reading List**. A collection of 21 must-read books for open source program managers, compiled with input from TODO Group members.
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[][4]
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**[Click on image for larger view.]**
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Some Offerings in the 'Reading List' Enterprise Open Source Guide _(source: The Linux Foundation)_
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The six guides published in September include:
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* **Creating an Open Source Program:** Learn how to establish a program to manage internal open source use and external contributions.
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* **Open Source Management Tools:** Discover the range of tools available for tracking and managing open source projects.
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* **Measuring Your Open Source Program's Success:** Read more about the ways that top organizations are evaluating ROI of their open source programs and contributions.
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* **Recruiting Developers:** Learn how companies can recruit developers, or build internal talent, by creating an open source culture and contributing to open source projects.
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* **Participating in Open Source Communities:** Understand the importance of devoting internal developer resources to open source participation, and how to best approach it.
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* **Using Open Source Code:** Ensure that your organization meets its legal obligations when integrating open source code in your commercial products.
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More guides are on the way, and they will be published along with their predecessors at the aforementioned Linux Foundation site and on [GitHub][5].
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The TODO Group has also published four complementary [case studies][6], detailing the experiences of Autodesk, Comcast, Facebook and Salesforce in building out their open source programs. More of those are planned, too.
|
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|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://adtmag.com/articles/2017/11/06/open-source-guides.aspx
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[David Ramel][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://adtmag.com/forms/emailtoauthor.aspx?AuthorItem={53762E17-6187-46B4-8C04-9DFA282EBB67}&ArticleItem={855B2913-5DCF-4871-8563-6D88DA5A7C3C}
|
||||
[1]:https://adtmag.com/forms/emailtoauthor.aspx?AuthorItem={53762E17-6187-46B4-8C04-9DFA282EBB67}&ArticleItem={855B2913-5DCF-4871-8563-6D88DA5A7C3C}
|
||||
[2]:https://www.linuxfoundation.org/resources/open-source-guides/
|
||||
[3]:http://todogroup.org/
|
||||
[4]:https://adtmag.com/articles/2017/11/06/~/media/ECG/adtmag/Images/2017/11/open_source_list.asxh
|
||||
[5]:https://github.com/todogroup/guides
|
||||
[6]:https://github.com/todogroup/guides/tree/master/casestudies
|
||||
@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
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Translating by qhwdw Linux totally dominates supercomputers
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============================================================
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It finally happened. Today, all 500 of the world's top 500 supercomputers are running Linux.
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Linux rules supercomputing. This day has been coming since 1998, when Linux first appeared on the [TOP500 Supercomputer list][5]. Today it finally happened: [All 500 of the world's fastest supercomputers are running Linux][6].
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The last two non-Linux systems, a pair of Chinese IBM POWER computers running AIX, dropped off the [November 2017 TOP500 Supercomputer list][7].
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Overall, [China now leads the supercomputing race with 202 computers to the US' 144][8]. China also leads the US in aggregate performance. China's supercomputers represent 35.4 percent of the Top500's flops, while the US trails with 29.6 percent. With an anti-science regime in charge of the government, America will only continue to see its technological lead decline.
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When the [first Top500 supercomputer list was compiled in June 1993][9], Linux was barely more than a toy. It hadn't even adopted Tux as its mascot yet. It didn't take long for Linux to start its march on supercomputing
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In 1993/1994, at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Donald Becker and Thomas Sterling designed a Commodity Off The Shelf (COTS) supercomputer: [Beowulf][10]. Since they couldn't afford a traditional supercomputer, they built a cluster computer made up of 16 Intel 486 DX4 processors, which were connected by channel bonded Ethernet. This [Beowulf supercomputer][11] was an instant success.
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To this day, the Beowulf design remains a popular, inexpensive way of designing supercomputers. Indeed, in the latest Top500 list, 437 of the world's fastest computers are using cluster designs that owe a debt of gratitude to Beowulf.
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Linux first appeared on the Top500 in 1998\. Before Linux took the lead, Unix was supercomputing's top operating system. Since 2003, the Top500 was on its way to Linux domination. By 2004, Linux had taken the lead for good.
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"Linux [became] the driving force behind the breakthroughs in computing power that have fueled research and technological innovation," as reported by [The Linux Foundation][12] _. _ In other words, Linux is dominant in supercomputing, at least in part, because it is helping researchers push the limits on computing power.
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This happened for two reasons: First, because most of the world's top supercomputers are research machines built for specialized tasks, each machine is a standalone project with unique characteristics and optimization requirements. To save costs, no one wants to develop a custom operating system for each of these systems. With Linux, however, research teams can easily modify and optimize Linux's open-source code to their one-off designs.
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For example, the new [Linux 4.14][13] enables supercomputers to use [Heterogeneous Memory Management (HMM)][14]. This enables GPUs and CPUs to access a process's shared address space. Exactly 102 of the Top500 are using now using GPU accelerator/co-processor technology. All of these will perform better, thanks to HMM.
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And, just as importantly, as the Linux Foundation pointed out, "The licensing cost of a custom, self-supported Linux distribution is the same, whether you're using 20 nodes or 20-million nodes." Thus, "by tapping into the vast open-source Linux community, projects had access to free support and developer resources to help keep developer costs on par with, or below other operating systems."
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Now that Linux has reached the apex of supercomputing, I can't imagine it losing its leadership. It will take a hardware revolution, such as quantum computing, to shake Linux's supercomputing grip. Of course, Linux may still reign since [IBM developers are already working on porting Linux to quantum computers][15].
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-totally-dominates-supercomputers/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[ Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/us/steven-j-vaughan-nichols/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-totally-dominates-supercomputers/#comments-643ecd13-0265-48a8-b789-7e8d631025ad
|
||||
[2]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/a-problem-solving-approach-it-workers-should-learn-from-robotics-engineers/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/a-problem-solving-approach-it-workers-should-learn-from-robotics-engineers/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/a-problem-solving-approach-it-workers-should-learn-from-robotics-engineers/
|
||||
[5]:https://www.top500.org/
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[6]:https://www.top500.org/statistics/sublist/
|
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[7]:https://www.top500.org/news/china-pulls-ahead-of-us-in-latest-top500-list/
|
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[8]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/now-china-outguns-us-in-top-supercomputer-showdown/
|
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[9]:http://top500.org/project/introduction
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[10]:http://www.beowulf.org/overview/faq.html
|
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[11]:http://www.beowulf.org/overview/history.html
|
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[12]:https://www.linux.com/publications/20-years-top500org-supercomputer-data-links-linux-advances-computing-performance
|
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[13]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/the-new-long-term-linux-kernel-linux-4-14-has-arrived/
|
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[14]:https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=bffc33ec539699f045a9254144de3d4eace05f07
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[15]:http://www.linuxplumbersconf.org/2017/ocw//system/presentations/4704/original/QC-slides.2017.09.13f.pdf
|
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[16]:http://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/us/steven-j-vaughan-nichols/
|
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[17]:http://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/us/steven-j-vaughan-nichols/
|
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[18]:http://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/
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[19]:http://www.zdnet.com/topic/innovation/
|
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@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
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# Linux 基金会发布了企业开源指南
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Linux 基金会为开发和使用开源软件提供了三个新产品的企业指南。
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这个有着 17 年历史的非营利组织的主要任务是支持开源社区，并且，作为该任务的一部分，它在 9 月份发布了 6 个 [企业开源指南][2]，涉及从招募开发人员到使用开源代码的各个主题。
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最近一段时间以来，Linux 基金会与开源专家[TODO Group][3]（Talk Openly, Develop Openly）合作，发布了三个指南。
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创建的一系列的指南在多个层次上帮助企业员工 -- 运行、开源程序管理、开发者、律师和其他决策者 -- 学习怎么在开源活动中取得更好的收益。
|
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|
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这些组织在这三个新产品中是这样描述的：
|
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|
||||
* **提升你的开源开发的影响力**， —— Ibrahim Haddad，三星美国研究院。该指南涵盖了企业可以采用的一些做法，以帮助企业扩大他们在大型开源项目中的影响。
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||||
* **启动一个开源项目**，—— Christine Abernathy，Facebook；Ibrahim Haddad；Guy Martin，Autodesk；John Mertic，Linux 基金会；Jared Smith，第一资本（Capital One）。这个指南帮助已经精通开源的企业学习怎么去开始自己的开源项目。
|
||||
|
||||
* **开源阅读列表**。一个开源程序管理者必读书清单，由 TODO Group 成员编制完成的。
|
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|
||||
[][4]
|
||||
**[点击查看大图]**
|
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企业开源指南的 ‘阅读列表’中的一部分产品 _（来源：Linux 基金会）_
|
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|
||||
在九月份发布的六个指南包括：
|
||||
|
||||
* **创建一个开源程序：** 学习怎么去建立一个程序去管理内部开源使用和外部贡献。
|
||||
|
||||
* **开源管理工具：** 为跟踪和管理开源项目去发现一系列的可用工具。
|
||||
|
||||
* **衡量你的开源程序是否成功：** 阅读更多关于顶级组织评估其开源项目和贡献的 ROI 的方法。
|
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|
||||
* **招聘开发人员：** 学习如何通过创建开源文化和贡献开源项目来招募开发人员或建立内部人才。
|
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|
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* **参与开源社区：** 了解奉献内部开发者资源去参与开源社区的重要性，和怎么去操作的最佳方法。
|
||||
|
||||
* **使用开源代码：** 在你的商业产品中集成开源代码时，确保你的组织符合它的法律责任。
|
||||
|
||||
更多的指南正在编制中，它们将和这些指南一样发布在 Linux 基金会和 [GitHub][5] 的网站上。
|
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TODO Group 也发布了四个 [案例研究][6] 的补充材料，详细描述了 Autodesk、Comcast、Facebook 和 Salesforce 在构建他们的开源程序中的经验。以后，还有更多的计划。
|
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|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://adtmag.com/articles/2017/11/06/open-source-guides.aspx
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[David Ramel][a]
|
||||
译者：[qhwdw](https://github.com/qhwdw)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://adtmag.com/forms/emailtoauthor.aspx?AuthorItem={53762E17-6187-46B4-8C04-9DFA282EBB67}&ArticleItem={855B2913-5DCF-4871-8563-6D88DA5A7C3C}
|
||||
[1]:https://adtmag.com/forms/emailtoauthor.aspx?AuthorItem={53762E17-6187-46B4-8C04-9DFA282EBB67}&ArticleItem={855B2913-5DCF-4871-8563-6D88DA5A7C3C}
|
||||
[2]:https://www.linuxfoundation.org/resources/open-source-guides/
|
||||
[3]:http://todogroup.org/
|
||||
[4]:https://adtmag.com/articles/2017/11/06/~/media/ECG/adtmag/Images/2017/11/open_source_list.asxh
|
||||
[5]:https://github.com/todogroup/guides
|
||||
[6]:https://github.com/todogroup/guides/tree/master/casestudies
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
|
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Linux “完全霸占”了超级计算机
|
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============================================================
|
||||
|
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它终于发生了。今天，全世界超算 500 强全部都运行着 Linux。
|
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|
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|
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Linux 统治了超级计算。自 1998年以来，这一天终于到来了，那时候 Linux 首次出现在 [TOP 500 超级计算机榜单][5]上。今天它完全“霸占”了， [全世界最快的 500 台超级计算机全部运行着 Linux][6]。
|
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|
||||
最后的两台非 Linux 系统，来自中国的一对运行着 AIX 的 IBM POWER 计算机， 掉出了 [2017 年 11 月 超级计算机 500 强榜单][7]。
|
||||
|
||||
总体而言，[拥有202台计算机的中国已经超过美国的144台，现在中国引领着超级计算的竞赛][8]。中国的超级计算机的总体性能上也超越了美国。中国的超级计算机代表了 TOP500 指数的 35.4%，跟在后面的美国占 29.6%。 一个政府主管的非科学组织（anti-science regime），美国只能看着它的技术领先地位在持续下降。
|
||||
|
||||
[在 1993 年 6 月首次编制超级计算机 500 强榜单][9]的时候，Linux 只不过是个“玩具”而已。它甚至还没有用“企鹅”作为它的吉祥物。不久之后，Linux 就开始进军超级计算机领域。
|
||||
|
||||
在 1993/1994 时，在 NASA 的戈达德太空飞行中心（Goddard Space Flight Center），Donald Becker 和 Thomas Sterling 设计的一个 Commodity Off The Shelf （COTS）超级计算机：[Beowulf][10]。因为他们负担不起一台传统的超级计算机，它们构建了一个由 16 个 Intel 486 DX4 处理器的计算机集群，它通过以太网信道聚合互联。这台 [Beowulf 超级计算机][11] 当时一时成名。
|
||||
|
||||
到今天，Beowulf 的设计仍然是一个流行的、廉价的超级计算机设计方法。甚至，在最新的 Top500 榜单上，全世界最快的437台 计算机仍然使用 Beowulf 设计的集群方式。
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 首次出现在 Top500 上是1998年。在 Linux 领先之前，Unix 是超级计算机的最佳操作系统。自从 2003 年起，Top500 中 Linux 已经占有了重要的地位。从 2004 年开始，Linux 已经完全领先于 UNIX 了。
|
||||
|
||||
[Linux 基金会][12]的报告指出，“Linux [成为] 推进研究和技术创新的计算能力突破的驱动力”。换句话说，Linux 在超级计算中占有重要地位，至少是部分重要地位。因为它正帮助研究人员突破计算能力的极限。
|
||||
|
||||
两个原因导致这种情况：首先，全球的大部分顶级超级计算机都是为特定的研究任务去构建的，每台机器都是用于有唯一特性和需求优化的单独项目。为节省成本，不可能为每一个超算系统都去定制一个操作系统。然而，对于 Linux，研究团队可以很容易地为他们设计的系统一次性地去修改和优化 Linux 的开源代码。
|
||||
|
||||
例如，最新的 [Linux 4.14][13] 允许超级计算机去使用 [异构内存管理 (HMM)][14]。这允许 GPUs 和 CPUs 去访问处理器的共享地址空间。确切地说，Top500 中的 102 台使用了 GPU 加速/协处理器技术。所有的这些可以使它们运行的更快，感谢 HMM。
|
||||
|
||||
并且，同样重要的是，正如 Linux 基金会指出的那样，“定制的授权成本，无论你是使用 20 个节点，还是使用 2000 万个节点，都是一样的。” 因此，“利用巨大的 Linux 开源社区，项目可以获得免费的支持和开发者资源，以保持开发人员成本与其它操作系统相同或低于它们。”
|
||||
|
||||
现在，Linux 已经达到了超级计算的顶峰，我无法想像它失去领导地位，即将到来硬件革命，比如，量子计算，将会动摇 Linux 超级计算的地位。当然，Linux 仍然可以统治，因为，[IBM 开发人员已经准备将 Linux 移植到量子计算机上][15]。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-totally-dominates-supercomputers/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[ Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols][a]
|
||||
译者：[qhwdw](https://github.com/qhwdw)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/us/steven-j-vaughan-nichols/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-totally-dominates-supercomputers/#comments-643ecd13-0265-48a8-b789-7e8d631025ad
|
||||
[2]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/a-problem-solving-approach-it-workers-should-learn-from-robotics-engineers/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/a-problem-solving-approach-it-workers-should-learn-from-robotics-engineers/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/a-problem-solving-approach-it-workers-should-learn-from-robotics-engineers/
|
||||
[5]:https://www.top500.org/
|
||||
[6]:https://www.top500.org/statistics/sublist/
|
||||
[7]:https://www.top500.org/news/china-pulls-ahead-of-us-in-latest-top500-list/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/now-china-outguns-us-in-top-supercomputer-showdown/
|
||||
[9]:http://top500.org/project/introduction
|
||||
[10]:http://www.beowulf.org/overview/faq.html
|
||||
[11]:http://www.beowulf.org/overview/history.html
|
||||
[12]:https://www.linux.com/publications/20-years-top500org-supercomputer-data-links-linux-advances-computing-performance
|
||||
[13]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/the-new-long-term-linux-kernel-linux-4-14-has-arrived/
|
||||
[14]:https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=bffc33ec539699f045a9254144de3d4eace05f07
|
||||
[15]:http://www.linuxplumbersconf.org/2017/ocw//system/presentations/4704/original/QC-slides.2017.09.13f.pdf
|
||||
[16]:http://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/us/steven-j-vaughan-nichols/
|
||||
[17]:http://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/us/steven-j-vaughan-nichols/
|
||||
[18]:http://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/
|
||||
[19]:http://www.zdnet.com/topic/innovation/
|
||||
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Block a user