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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ New Collaborative Group to Speed Real-Time Linux
The Linux Foundations [announcement][1] at LinuxCon this week that it was assuming funding control over the Real-Time Linux project gave renewed hope that embedded Linux will complete its 15-year campaign to achieve equivalence with RTOSes in real-time operations. The RTL group is being reinvigorated as a Real-Time Linux Collaborative Project, with better funding, more developers, and closer integration with mainline kernel development.
在本周的Linux大会活动(LinuxCon)上Linux基金会(Linux Foundation)[宣称][1]“Real-Time
Linux”项目(译者注实时Linux操作系统项目简称RTL)得到了新的资金支持并预期这将促进该项目使其自成立15年来第一次有机会在实时操作性上和其他的实时操作系统一较高下。Linux基金会将RTL项目重组为一个新的项目并命名为“Real-Time Linux Collaborative Project”该项目将获得更有力的资金支持更多的开发人员将投入其中并在开发和集成上和内核主线保持更紧密的联系。
Linux”项目(译者注实时Linux操作系统项目简称RTL)得到了新的资金支持并预期这将促进该项目使其自成立15年来第一次有机会在实时操作性上和其他的实时操作系统一较高下。Linux基金会将RTL项目重组为一个新的项目并命名为“Real-Time Linux Collaborative Project”(译者注下文将称其为“RTL协作组”),该项目将获得更有力的资金支持,更多的开发人员将投入其中,并在开发和集成上和内核主线保持更紧密的联系。
According to the Linux Foundation, moving RTL under its umbrella “will save the industry millions of dollars in research and development.” The move will also “improve quality of the code through robust upstream kernel test infrastructure,” says the Foundation.
@ -20,85 +20,84 @@ The task is about 90 percent complete, according to Dr. Carsten Emde, longtime G
按长期以来一直担任OSADL总经理的Carsten Emde博士的话说支持内核实时特性的工作已经完成了将近90。 “这就像盖房子,”他解释说。 “主要的部件,如墙壁,窗户和门都已经安装到位,就实时内核来说,类似的主要部件譬如:高精度定时器(high-resolution timers),中断线程化机制(interrupt threads)和基于优先级可继承的互斥量(priority-inheritance mutexes)等。你所剩下的工作就是还需要一些小零碎,如地毯和墙纸来完成最终的工程。“
PC <==
According to Emde, real-time Linux is already technologically equivalent to most real-time operating systems assuming youre willing to hassle with all the patches. “The goal of the project was to provide a Linux system with a predefined deterministic worst-case latency and nothing else,” says Emde. “This goal is reached today when a kernel is patched, and the same goal will be reached when a future unpatched mainline RT kernel will be used. The only of course important difference is that the maintenance work will be much less when we do no longer need to continually adapt off-tree components to mainline.”
昂德实时Linux已经是技术上等同于大多数实时操作系统 - 假设你愿意麻烦地把所有补丁。 “该项目的目标是提供一个Linux系统预定义的确定性最坏情况下的延迟没有别的”昂德说。 “这个目标是走到了今天当一个内核补丁并在未来的未打补丁的主线RT内核将使用相同的目标一定会达到。唯一的 - 当然重要的 - 不同的是,维修工作会少得多,当我们不再需要关闭树组件主线不断地适应“。
Emde介绍从技术的角度来说实时Linux的性能已经可以媲美绝大多数其他的实时操作系统 - 只要你不厌其烦地愿意把所有的补丁都打上。 Emde的原话如下“该项目(译者注指RTL)的目标就是提供一个满足实时性要求Linux系统使其无论在如何恶劣的负载状况下都可以保证在确定的可以预先定义的时间内对处理做出响应没有其他这个目标已经实现但需要你手动地将RTL提供的补丁添加到Linux内核主线的版本代码上但新项目将在Linux内核主线版本上直接支持同样的的目标。唯一的当然也是最重要的区别就是相应的维护工作将少得多因为我们再也不用一次又一次移植那些独立于内核主线的补丁代码了。”
The RTL Collaborative Group will continue under the guidance of Thomas Gleixner, the key maintainer over the past decade. This week, Gleixner was appointed a Linux Foundation Fellow, joining a select group that includes Linux kernel stable maintainer Greg Kroah-Hartman, Yocto Project maintainer Richard Purdie, and Linus Torvalds.
在RTL协作组将继续托马斯Gleixner关键维护者在过去十年的指导下进行。本周Gleixner被任命为Linux基金会研究员加入一个选择组其中包括Linux内核维护者稳定格雷格Kroah-Hartman的Yocto计划维护者理查德Purdie和Linus Torvalds公司
新的RTL协作组将继续在Thomas Gleixner的指导下工作Thomas Gleixner在过去的十多年里一直是RTL的核心维护人员。本周Gleixner被任命为Linux基金会成员并加入了一个特别的小组小组成员包括Linux稳定内核维护者Greg Kroah-HartmanYocto项目维护者Richard Purdie和Linus Torvalds本人
According to Emde, RTLs secondary maintainer Steven Rostedt of Red Hat, who “maintains older but still maintained kernel versions,” will continue to participate in the project along with Red Hats Ingo Molnàr, who was a key developer of RTL, but in recent years has had more of an advisory position. Somewhat surprisingly, however, Red Hat is not one of the RTL Collaborative Groups members. Instead, Google takes the top spot as the lone Platinum member, while Gold members include National Instruments (NI), OSADL, and Texas Instruments (TI). Silver members include Altera, ARM, Intel, and IBM.
据昂德红帽的RTL的二级维护史蒂芬Rostedt谁“维护旧的但仍然保持内核版本”将继续参与该项目与Red Hat的英格·蒙内谁是RTL的主要开发者但近年来已经有更多的咨询地位。有些令人惊讶然而红帽不是RTL协作组的成员之一。相反谷歌采取的头把交椅作为唯一的白金会员黄金会员包括美国国家仪器公司NIOSADL和德州仪器TI。银卡会员包括Altera公司ARM英特尔和IBM。
据Emde介绍RTL的第二维护人Steven Rostedt来自Red Hat公司他负责维护旧的内核版本他将和同样来自Red Hat的Ingo Molnàr继续参与该项目Ingo是RTL的关键开发人员但近年来更多地从事咨询方面的工作。有些令人惊讶的是Red Hat竟然不是RTL协作组的成员之一。相反谷歌作为唯一的白金会员占据了头把交椅其他黄金会员包括国家仪器公司National Instruments简称NIOSADL和德州仪器TI。银卡会员包括Altera公司ARMIntel和IBM。
### The Long Road to Real Time ###
###的漫长道路实时###
###走向实时内核的漫长道路###
When Linux first appeared in embedded devices more than 15 years ago, it faced an embedded computing market dominated by RTOSes such as Wind Rivers VxWorks, which continue to offer highly deterministic, hardened kernels required by many industrial, avionics, and transportation applications. Like Microsofts already then established and more real-time Windows CE, Linux faced resistance and outright mockery from potential industrial clients. These desktop-derived distributions might be okay for lightweight consumer electronics, it was argued, but they lacked the hardened, kernels that made RTOSes the choice for devices that required deterministic task scheduling for split-second reliability.
Linux第一次出现在嵌入式设备超过15年前它面临着一个嵌入式计算市场受到的RTOS为主如Wind River的VxWorks从而继续提供许多工业航空电子设备和交通运输应用所需的高确定性硬化的内核。像微软已经随之建立 - 以及更多实时 - 的Windows CELinux的面临着阻力和彻底的嘲讽潜在工业客户。这些桌面衍生的分布可能是正确的轻质消费类电子产品有人主张但他们缺乏硬化内核使得实时操作系统的选择需要确定的任务调度的瞬间可靠性的设备
15年前Linux第一次出现在嵌入式设备上的时候它所面临的嵌入式计算市场已经被其他的实时操作系统譬如风河公司WindRiver的VxWorks所牢牢占据着VxWorks从那时到现在一直在为众多的工控设备航空电子设备以及交通运输应用提供着工业级别的高确定性的硬实时的内核。微软后来也提供了一个支持实时性的操作系统版本-Windows CELinux所面临的是来自潜在工业客户的公开嘲讽和层层阻力。他们认为那些从桌面系统改进来的Linux发行版本顶多适合要求不高的轻量级消费类电子产品是不适合那些对硬实时要求高的设备的
Improving Linuxs real-time capabilities was an [early goal][5] of embedded Linux pioneers such as [MontaVista][6]. Over the years, RTL development was accelerated and formalized in various groups such as OSADL, which [was founded in 2006][7], as well as the Real-Time Linux Foundation (RTLF). When RTLF [merged with OSADL][8] in 2009, OSADL and its RTL group took full ownership over the PREEMPT-RT patch maintenance and upstreaming process. OSADL also oversees other automation-related projects such as [Safety Critical Linux][9].
嵌入式Linux先驱如[MontaVista公司]改进的Linux的实时能力是一个[早期目标] [5] [6]。多年来RTL加快发展并正式在不同群体如OSADL其中[成立于2006][7]以及实时Linux基金会RTLF。当RTLF[合并OSADL] [8]在2009年OSADL和RTL集团采取了完整的所有权在PREEMPT-RT补丁维护和上游化的过程。 OSADL还负责监督其他自动化相关的项目如[安全关键的Linux] [9]
对于嵌入式Linux的先行者如[MontaVista公司][6]来说,其[早期的目标][5]很明确就是要改进Linux的实时能力。多年以来对Linux的实时性能开发发展迅速得到各种组织的支持如OSADL[成立于2006年][7]以及实时Linux基金会Real-Time Linux Foundation简称RTLF。在2009年[OSADL与RTLF合并][8]OSADL及其RTL组承担了所有的抢占式实时内核(PREEMPT-RT)补丁的维护工作并始终保存跟踪最新的Linux内核主线版本。除此之外OSADL还负责监管其他自动化相关的项目例如[高可靠性Linux][9](Safety Critical Linux译者注指研究如何在关键系统上可靠安全地运行Linux)
OSADLs stewardship over RTL progressed in three stages: advocacy and outreach, testing and quality assessment, and finally, funding. Early on, OSADLs role was to write articles, make presentations, organize training, and “spread the word” about the advantages of RTL, says Emde. “To introduce a new technology such as Linux and its community-based development model into the rather conservative automation industry required first of all to build confidence,” he says. “Switching from a proprietary RTOS to Linux means that companies must introduce new strategies and processes in order to interact with a community.”
OSADL的管家RTL进展分为三个阶段宣传和推广测试和质量评估最后的资金。在早期OSADL的作用是写文章作演讲组织培训和“口耳相传的”关于劳动教养的优势昂德说。 “引进新的技术例如Linux和以社区为基础的发展模式成为需要首先建立信任的相当保守的自动化行业”他说。 “从专有的实时操作系统向Linux转换意味着企业必须以与社区交互引入新的战略和流程。”
OSADL对RTL的支持经历了三个阶段拥护和推广、测试和质量评估以及最后的资金支持。Emde表示在早期OSADL的角色仅限于写写推广的文章制作专题报告组织相关培训以及“宣传”RTL的优点。他说“要让一个相当保守的自动化行业接受象Linux之类的新技术及其基于社区的那种开发模式首先就需要建立其对新事物的信心。从使用专有的实时操作系统转向改用Linux对公司意味着必须引入新的战略和流程以便与社区进行互动。”
Later, OSADL moved on to providing technical performance data, establishing [a quality assessment and testing center][10], and providing assistance to its industrial members in open source legal compliance and safety certifications.
后来OSADL转移到提供技术性能数据,建立[质量评估和试验中心] [10],并提供援助,以它的工业会员开放源码的合法合规性和安全认证
后来OSADL改而提供技术性能数据,建立[质量评估和测试中心][10],并在和开源相关事务的法律问题和安全认证方面向行业成员提供帮助
As RTL grew more mature, pulling even with the fading Windows CE in real-time capabilities and increasingly [cutting into RTOS market share][11], rival real-time Linux projects principally [Xenomai][12] have begun to integrate with it.
由于RTL变得更加成熟即使有衰落的Windows CE的实时能力拉动和日益[切入实时操作系统的市场份额] [11]竞争对手的实时Linux项目 - 主要是[Xenomai] [12] - 已经开始整合 用它
当RTL在实时性上变得愈加成熟相反Windows CE却是江河日下[其市场份额正在快速地被RTL所蚕食][11]一些与RTL竞争的实时Linux项目,主要是[Xenomai][12]已开始集成RTL
“The success of the RT patches, and the clear prospective that they would eventually be merged completely, has led to a change of focus at Xenomai,” says Emde. “Xenomai 3.0 can be used in combination with the RT patches and provide so-called skins that allow you to recycle real-time source code that was written for other systems. They havent been completely unified, however, since Xenomai uses a dual kernel approach whereas the RT patches apply only to a single Linux kernel.”
在RT补丁的成功以及明确的预期他们最终会被完全合并导致了焦点的Xenomai的变化”昂德说。 “Xenomai3.0可以组合使用与RT贴剂并提供所谓的”皮肤“允许你回收被用于其他系统编写的实时源代码。他们还没有完全统一但是由于Xenomai采用了双内核的方法而RT补丁只适用于单一的Linux内核。“
伴随RTL补丁的成功发展以及明确的预期其最终会被集成到Linux内核主线代码中导致Xenomai关注的重心发生了变化”Emde说。 “Xenomai 3.0可与RT补丁结合起来使用并提供了所谓的皮肤译者注一个封装层使我们可以复用为其他系统编写的代码。不过它们还没有完全统一起来因为Xenomai使用了双内核方法而RT补丁只适用于单一Linux内核。“
In more recent years, the RTL groups various funding sources have dropped off, and OSADL took on that role, too. “When the development recently slowed down a bit because of a lack of funding, OSADL started its third milestone by directly funding Thomas Gleixner's work,” says Emde.
在最近几年中RTL集团的各种资金来源已经脱落并OSADL承担了这个角色了。 “当发展减缓近期由于缺乏资金下来了一点OSADL通过直接资助托马斯Gleixner的工作开始了它的第三个里程碑”昂德说。
近些年来资助RTL项目的来源越来越少最终OSADL接过了这个重任。Emde说“当最近开发工作因缺少资金而陷入停滞时OSADL对RTL的支持进入到第三个重大阶段开始直接资助Thomas Gleixner的工作。”
As Emde wrote in an [Oct. 5 blog entry][13], the growing expansion of Real-Time Linux beyond its core industrial base to areas like automotive and telecom suggested that the funding should be expanded as well. “It would not be entirely fair to let the automation industry fund the complete remaining work on its own, since other industries such as telecommunication also rely on the availability of a deterministic Linux kernel,” wrote Emde.
作为昂德在[十月写道5博客条目] [13]实时Linux的日益扩张超越其核心产业基地如汽车和电信领域的建议基金应该和扩大。 “让自动化产业基金自身完整的剩余工作因为其他行业如电信还依赖于确定性的Linux内核的可用性这将不是完全公平写道”昂德。
正如Emde在其[10月5日的一篇博文][13]中所描述的那样实时Linux的应用领域正在日益扩大由其原来主要服务的工业控制扩大到了汽车行业和电信业等领域这表明资助的来源也应该得到拓宽。Emde原文写道“仅仅靠工业自动化行业的资金来支撑剩余的工作是不合理的因为电信等其他行业也在使用实时Linux内核。”
When the Linux Foundation showed interest in expanding its funding role, OSADL decided it would be “much more efficient to have a single funding and control channel,” says Emde. He adds, however, that as a Gold member, OSADL is still participating in the oversight of the project, and will continue its advocacy and quality assurance activities.
当Linux基金会表现出扩大其融资作用的兴趣OSADL决定这将是“更有效有一个单一的资金和控制渠道”昂德说。然而他补充说作为金卡会员OSADL仍然参与该项目的监督并将继续倡导和质量保证活动。
当Linux基金会表明有兴趣提供资金支持时OSADL认为“单一的资助和控制渠道要有效得多”Emde如是说。不过他补充说作为黄金级成员OSADL仍参与监管项目的工作会继续从事其宣传和质量保证方面的活动。
### Automotive Looks for Real-Time Boost ###
###汽车看起来实时升压###
###汽车行业期待RTL的崛起###
RTL will continue to see its greatest growth in industrial applications where it will gradually replace RTOS applications, says Emde. Yet, it is also growing quickly in automotive, and will later spread to railway and avionics, he adds.
RTL将继续看到它在工业领域最大的增长其中它将逐步取代RTOS应用昂德说。然而它也迅速增长的汽车稍后会蔓延到铁路和航空电子设备他补充道
Emde表示RTL会继续在工业应用领域迎来最迅猛的发展并逐渐取代其他实时操作系统。而且他补充道RTL在汽车行业发展也很迅猛以后会扩大并应用到铁路和航空电子设备上
Indeed, the growing role of Linux in automotive appears to be key to the Linux Foundations goals for RTL, with potential collaborations with its [Automotive Grade Linux][14] (AGL) workgroup. Automotive may also be the chief motivator for Googles high-profile participation, speculates Emde. In addition, TI is deeply involved with automotive with its Jacinto processors.
事实上Linux在汽车出现了越来越大的作用是关键的Linux基金会的目标RTL与它的[汽车级Linux] [14]AGL工作组的潜在合作。汽车也可能是主要的促进因素谷歌的高调参与推测昂德。此外TI是深入参与与汽车其哈辛托处理器
的确Linux在汽车行业将扮演越来越重要的角色这也是Linux基金对RTL所寄予厚望的原因之所在。RTL工作组可能会与Linux基金会旗下的[车载Linux(Automotive Grade Linux简称AGL)][14]工作组展开合作。Emde猜测Google高调参与的主要动因可能也是希望将RTL用于汽车控制。此外德州仪器(TI)也非常期望将其Jacinto处理器应用于汽车行业
Linux-oriented automotive projects like AGL aim to move Linux beyond in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) into cluster controls and telematics where RTOSes like QNX dominate. Autonomous vehicles are even in greater need of real-time performance.
面向Linux的汽车项目如联合集团的目标是将Linux的超越车载信息娱乐IVI到集群控制和远程信息处理其中像QNX实时操作系统占据主导地位。自主车甚至更需要实时性能
面向车载Linux的项目(比如AGL)旨在让Linux在车载设备应用上不要仅限于车载信息娱乐(In-Vehicle Infotainment简称IVI)而是要进入到譬如集群控制和车载通讯领域这些领域目前主要使用QNX之类的实时操作系统。无人驾驶汽车对操作系统的实时性能的需求还要大
Emde notes that OSADL's [SIL2LinuxMP][15] project may play an important role in extending RTL into automotive. SIL2LinuxMP is not an automotive-specific project, but BMW is participating, and automotive is one of the key applications. The project aims to certify base components required for RTL to run on a single- or multi-core COTS board. It defines bootloader, root filesystem, Linux kernel, and C library bindings to access RTL.
EMDE注意到OSADL的[SIL2LinuxMP] [15]项目可能在延长的RTL到汽车中发挥重要作用。 SIL2LinuxMP不是一个汽车专用的项目但是宝马参与以及汽车的关键应用之一。该项目旨在证明上的单核或多核COTS系统运行所需的RTL基本组件。它定义了引导程序根文件系统Linux内核和C库绑定访问RTL
Emde特别指出OSADL的[SIL2LinuxMP][15]项目可能会在将RTL引入到汽车工业领域上扮演重要的角色。SIL2LinuxMP并不是专门针对汽车工业的项目但随着BMW公司参与其中汽车行业成为其很重要的应用领域之一。该项目的目标在于验证RTL在采用单核或多核CPU的标准化商用(Commercial Off-The-Shelf简称COTS)板卡上运行所需的基本部件。它定义了引导程序、根文件系统、Linux内核以及对应支持RTL的C库
Autonomous drones and robots are also ripe for real-time, and Xenomai is already used in many robots, as well as some drones. Yet, RTLs role will be limited in the wider embedded Linux world of consumer electronics and Internet of Things applications. The main barrier is the latency of wireless communications and the Internet itself.
自主无人机和机器人也是成熟的实时和Xenomai已经使用在许多的机器人以及一些无人机。然而RTL的角色将在更广阔的嵌入式Linux的世界消费电子和物联网的应用受到限制。的主要障碍是无线通信和因特网本身的延迟。
无人机和机器人使用实时Linux的时机也已成熟Xenomai系统早已用在许多机器人以及一些无人机中。不过在更广泛的嵌入式Linux世界包括了消费电子产品和物联网应用中RTL可以扮演的角色很有限。主要的障碍在于无线通信和互联网本身带来的延迟。
“Real-time Linux will have a role within machine control and between machines and peripheral devices, but less between remote machines,” says Emde. “Real-time via Internet will probably never be possible.”
“实时Linux将拥有在机器控制和机器和外围设备之间的作用但不远程计算机之间”昂德说。 “通过互联网实时将可能永远不可能。”
Emde说“实时Linux主要还是应用于系统内部控制以及系统与周边外设之间的控制在远程控制机器上作用不大。通过互联网要想实现实时控制恐怕是永远不可能的。”
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