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Xingyu.Wang
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ucasFL translating
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How To Compress And Decompress Files In Linux
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======
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Compressing is quite useful when backing up important files and also sending large files over Internet. Please note that compressing an already compressed file adds extra overhead, hence you will get a slightly bigger file. So, stop compressing a compressed file. There are many programs to compress and decompress files in GNU/Linux. In this tutorial, we’re going to learn about two applications only.
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### Compress and decompress files
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The most common programs used to compress files in Unix-like systems are:
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1. gzip
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2. bzip2
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##### 1\. Compress and decompress files using Gzip program
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The gzip is an utility to compress and decompress files using Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77) algorithm.
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**1.1 Compress files**
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To compress a file named **ostechnix.txt** , replacing it with a gzipped compressed version, run:
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```
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$ gzip ostechnix.txt
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```
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Gzip will replace the original file **ostechnix.txt** with a gzipped compressed version named **ostechnix.txt.gz**.
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The gzip command can also be used in other ways too. One fine example is we can create a compressed version of a specific command’s output. Look at the following command.
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```
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$ ls -l Downloads/ | gzip > ostechnix.txt.gz
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```
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The above command creates compressed version of the directory listing of Downloads folder.
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**1.2 Compress files and write the output to different files (Don’t replace the original file)
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**
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By default, gzip program will compress the given file, replacing it with a gzipped compressed version. You can, however, keep the original file and write the output to standard output. For example, the following command, compresses **ostechnix.txt** and writes the output to **output.txt.gz**.
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```
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$ gzip -c ostechnix.txt > output.txt.gz
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```
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Similarly, to decompress a gzipped file specifying the output filename:
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```
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$ gzip -c -d output.txt.gz > ostechnix1.txt
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```
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The above command decompresses the **output.txt.gz** file and writes the output to **ostechnix1.txt** file. In both cases, it won’t delete the original file.
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**1.3 Decompress files**
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To decompress the file **ostechnix.txt.gz** , replacing it with the original uncompressed version, we do:
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```
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$ gzip -d ostechnix.txt.gz
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```
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We can also use gunzip to decompress the files.
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```
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$ gunzip ostechnix.txt.gz
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```
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**1.4 View contents of compressed files without decompressing them**
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To view the contents of the compressed file using gzip without decompressing it, use **-c** flag as shown below:
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```
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$ gunzip -c ostechnix1.txt.gz
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```
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Alternatively, use **zcat** utility like below.
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```
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$ zcat ostechnix.txt.gz
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```
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You can also pipe the output to “less” command to view the output page by page like below.
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```
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$ gunzip -c ostechnix1.txt.gz | less
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$ zcat ostechnix.txt.gz | less
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```
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Alternatively, there is a **zless** program which performs the same function as the pipeline above.
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```
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$ zless ostechnix1.txt.gz
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```
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**1.5 Compress file with gzip by specifying compression level**
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Another notable advantage of gzip is it supports compression level. It supports 3 compression levels as given below.
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* **1** – Fastest (Worst)
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* **9** – Slowest (Best)
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* **6** – Default level
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To compress a file named **ostechnix.txt** , replacing it with a gzipped compressed version with **best** compression level, we use:
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```
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$ gzip -9 ostechnix.txt
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```
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**1.6 Concatenate multiple compressed files**
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It is also possible to concatenate multiple compressed files into one. How? Have a look at the following example.
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```
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$ gzip -c ostechnix1.txt > output.txt.gz
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$ gzip -c ostechnix2.txt >> output.txt.gz
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```
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The above two commands will compress ostechnix1.txt and ostechnix2.txt and saves them in one file named **output.txt.gz**.
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You can view the contents of both files (ostechnix1.txt and ostechnix2.txt) without extracting them using any one of the following commands:
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```
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$ gunzip -c output.txt.gz
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$ gunzip -c output.txt
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$ zcat output.txt.gz
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$ zcat output.txt
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```
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For more details, refer the man pages.
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```
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$ man gzip
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```
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##### 2\. Compress and decompress files using bzip2 program
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The **bzip2** is very similar to gzip program, but uses different compression algorithm named the Burrows-Wheeler block sorting text compression algorithm, and Huffman coding. The files compressed using bzip2 will end with **.bz2** extension.
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Like I said, the usage of bzip2 is almost same as gzip. Just replace **gzip** in the above examples with **bzip2** , **gunzip** with **bunzip2** , **zcat** with **bzcat** and so on.
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To compress a file using bzip2, replacing it with compressed version, run:
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```
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$ bzip2 ostechnix.txt
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```
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If you don’t want to replace the original file, use **-c** flag and write the output to a new file.
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```
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$ bzip2 -c ostechnix.txt > output.txt.bz2
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```
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To decompress a compressed file:
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```
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$ bzip2 -d ostechnix.txt.bz2
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```
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Or,
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```
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$ bunzip2 ostechnix.txt.bz2
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```
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To view the contents of a compressed file without decompressing it:
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```
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$ bunzip2 -c ostechnix.txt.bz2
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```
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Or,
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```
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$ bzcat ostechnix.txt.bz2
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```
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For more details, refer man pages.
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```
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$ man bzip2
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```
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##### Summary
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In this tutorial, we learned what is gzip and bzip2 programs and how to use them to compress and decompress files with some examples in GNU/Linux. In this next, guide we are going to learn how to archive files and directories in Linux.
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Cheers!
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-compress-and-decompress-files-in-linux/
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作者：[SK][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
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@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
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如何在 Linux 中压缩和解压缩文件
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======
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当在备份重要文件和通过网络发送大文件的时候，对文件进行压缩非常有用。请注意，压缩一个已经压缩过的文件会增加额外开销，因此你将会得到一个更大一些的文件。所以，请不要压缩已经压缩过的文件。在 GNU/Linux 中，有许多程序可以用来压缩和解压缩文件。在这篇教程中，我们仅学习其中两个应用程序。
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### 压缩和解压缩文件
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在类 Unix 系统中，最常见的用来压缩文件的程序是：
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1. gzip
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2. bzip2
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##### 1\. 使用 Gzip 程序来压缩和解压缩文件
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Gzip 是一个使用 Lempel-Ziv 编码（LZ77）算法来压缩和解压缩文件的实用工具。
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**1.1 压缩文件**
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如果要压缩一个名为 ostechnix.txt 的文件，使之成为 gzip 格式的压缩文件，那么只需运行如下命令：
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```
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$ gzip ostechnix.txt
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```
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上面的命令运行结束之后，将会出现一个名为 ostechnix.txt.gz 的 gzip 格式压缩文件，代替原始的 ostechnix.txt 文件。
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gzip 命令还可以有其他用法。一个有趣的例子是，我们可以将一个特定命令的输出通过管道传递，然后作为 gzip 程序的输入来创建一个压缩文件。看下面的命令：
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```
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$ ls -l Downloads/ | gzip > ostechnix.txt.gz
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```
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上面的命令将会创建一个 gzip 格式的压缩文件，文件的内容为 “Downloads” 目录的目录项。
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**1.2 压缩文件并将输出写到新文件中（不覆盖原始文件）
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**
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默认情况下，gzip 程序会压缩给定文件，并以压缩文件替代原始文件。但是，你也可以保留原始文件，并将输出写到标准输出。比如，下面这个命令将会压缩 ostechnix.txt 文件，并将输出写入文件 output.txt.gz 。
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```
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$ gzip -c ostechnix.txt > output.txt.gz
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```
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类似地，要解压缩一个 gzip 格式的压缩文件并指定输出文件的文件名，只需运行：
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```
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$ gzip -c -d output.txt.gz > ostechnix1.txt
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```
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上面的命令将会解压缩 output.txt.gz 文件，并将输出写入到文件 ostechnix1.txt 中。在上面两个例子中，原始文件均不会被删除。
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**1.3 解压缩文件**
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如果要解压缩 ostechnix.txt.gz 文件，并以原始未压缩版本的文件来代替它，那么只需运行：
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```
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$ gzip -d ostechnix.txt.gz
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```
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我们也可以使用 gunzip 程序来解压缩文件：
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```
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$ gunzip ostechnix.txt.gz
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```
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**1.4 在不解压缩的情况下查看压缩文件的内容**
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如果你想在不解压缩的情况下，使用 gzip 程序查看压缩文件的内容，那么可以像下面这样使用 -c 选项：
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```
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$ gunzip -c ostechnix1.txt.gz
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```
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或者，你也可以像下面这样使用 zcat 程序：
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```
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$ zcat ostechnix.txt.gz
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```
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你也可以通过管道将输出传递给 less 命令，从而一页一页的来查看输出，就像下面这样：
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```
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$ gunzip -c ostechnix1.txt.gz | less
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$ zcat ostechnix.txt.gz | less
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```
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另外，zless 程序也能够实现和上面的管道同样的功能。
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```
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$ zless ostechnix1.txt.gz
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```
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**1.5 使用 gzip 压缩文件并指定压缩级别**
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Gzip 的另外一个显著优点是支持压缩级别。它支持下面给出的 3 个压缩级别：
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* **1** – 最快 (最差)
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* **9** – 最慢 (最好)
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* **6** – 默认级别
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要压缩名为 ostechnix.txt 的文件，使之成为“最好”压缩级别的 gzip 压缩文件，可以运行：
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```
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$ gzip -9 ostechnix.txt
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```
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**1.6 连接多个压缩文件**
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我们也可以把多个需要压缩的文件压缩到同一个文件中。如何实现呢？看下面这个例子。
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```
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$ gzip -c ostechnix1.txt > output.txt.gz
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$ gzip -c ostechnix2.txt >> output.txt.gz
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```
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上面的两个命令将会压缩文件 ostechnix1.txt 和 ostechnix2.txt，并将输出保存到一个文件 output.txt.gz 中。
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你可以通过下面其中任何一个命令，在不解压缩的情况下，查看两个文件 ostechnix1.txt 和 ostechnix2.txt 的内容：
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```
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$ gunzip -c output.txt.gz
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$ gunzip -c output.txt
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$ zcat output.txt.gz
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$ zcat output.txt
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```
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如果你想了解关于 gzip 的更多细节，请参阅它的 man 手册。
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```
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$ man gzip
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```
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##### 2\. 使用 bzip2 程序来压缩和解压缩文件
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bzip2 和 gzip 非常类似，但是 bzip2 使用的是 Burrows-Wheeler 块排序压缩算法，并使用<ruby>哈夫曼<rt>Huffman</rt></ruby>编码。使用 bzip2 压缩的文件以 “.bz2” 扩展结尾。
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正如我上面所说的， bzip2 的用法和 gzip 几乎完全相同。只需在上面的例子中将 gzip 换成 bzip2，将 gunzip 换成 bunzip2，将 zcat 换成 bzcat 即可。
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要使用 bzip2 压缩一个文件，并以压缩后的文件取而代之，只需运行：
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```
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$ bzip2 ostechnix.txt
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```
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如果你不想替换原始文件，那么可以使用 -c 选项，并把输出写入到新文件中。
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```
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$ bzip2 -c ostechnix.txt > output.txt.bz2
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```
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如果要解压缩文件，则运行：
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```
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$ bzip2 -d ostechnix.txt.bz2
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```
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或者，
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```
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$ bunzip2 ostechnix.txt.bz2
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```
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如果要在不解压缩的情况下查看一个压缩文件的内容，则运行：
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```
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$ bunzip2 -c ostechnix.txt.bz2
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```
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或者，
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```
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$ bzcat ostechnix.txt.bz2
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```
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如果你想了解关于 bzip2 的更多细节，请参阅它的 man 手册。
|
||||
```
|
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$ man bzip2
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```
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##### 总结
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||||
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||||
在这篇教程中，我们学习了 gzip 和 bzip2 程序是什么，并通过 GNU/Linux 下的一些例子学习了如何使用它们来压缩和解压缩文件。接下来，我们将要学习如何在 Linux 中将文件和目录归档。
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|
||||
干杯！
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-compress-and-decompress-files-in-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[SK][a]
|
||||
译者：[ucasFL](https://github.com/ucasFL)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user