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-A Linux-powered microwave oven
-================================================================================
-
-Scratching an itch is a recurring theme in presentations at [linux.conf.au](http://linux.conf.au/). As the open-hardware movement gains strength, more and more of these itches relate to the physical world, not just the digital. David Tulloh used his [presentation [WebM]](http://mirror.linux.org.au/linux.conf.au/2016/04_Thursday/D4.303_Costa_Theatre/Linux_driven_microwave.webm) on the “Linux Driven Microwave” to discuss how annoying microwave ovens can be and to describe his project to build something less irritating.
-
-Tulloh's story began when he obtained a microwave oven, admittedly an inexpensive one, with a user interface even worse than the norm. Setting the time required pressing buttons so hard that the microwave tended to get pushed away — a fact that was elegantly balanced by the door handle requiring a sufficiently hard tug to return the oven to its original position. While this is clearly an extreme case, Tulloh lamented that microwave ovens really hadn't improved noticeably in recent decades. They may have gotten a little cheaper and gained a few features that few people could use without poring over the instruction manual — the implied contrast to smartphones, which are widely used with little instruction, was clear.
-
-This microwave oven was not a lost cause — it gave its life to the greater good and became the prototype for an idea that Tulloh hopes to turn into a crowd-funded project if he can find the right match between features and demand: a Linux-driven microwave oven.
-
-![](https://static.lwn.net/images/2016/lca-oven-sm.jpg)
-
-## Adding novelty
-
-Adding a smartphone-like touchscreen and a network connection and encouraging a community to build innovative apps such as recipe sharing are fairly obvious ideas once you think to put “Linux” and “microwave oven” together, but Tulloh's vision and prototype lead well beyond there. Two novel features that have been fitted are a thermal camera and a scale for measuring weight.
-
-The thermal camera provides an eight-by-eight-pixel image of the contents of the oven with a precision of about two degrees. This is enough to detect if a glass of milk is about to boil over, or if the steak being thawed is in danger of getting cooked. In either case, the power can be reduced or removed. If appropriate, an alert can be sounded. This would not be the first microwave to be temperature sensitive — GE sold microwave ovens with temperature probes decades ago — but an always-present sensor is much more useful than a manually inserted probe, especially when there is an accessible API behind it.
-
-The second innovation is a built-in scale to weigh the food (and container) being cooked. Many recipes give cooking-time guidance based on weight and some microwave ovens allow you to enter the weight manually so it can do a calculation for you. With built-in scales, that can become automatic. Placing a scale reliably under the rotating plate typical of many microwave ovens would be a mechanical challenge that Tulloh did not think worth confronting. Instead his design is based on the “flat-plate” or “flat-bed” style of oven — placing a sensor at each of the four corners is mechanically straightforward and gives good results.
-
- [User interface]
-Once you have these extra sensors — weight and temperature — connected to a suitable logic engine, more interesting possibilities can be explored. A cup of cold milk from the fridge will have a particular weight and temperature profile with a modest degree of error. Tulloh suggested that situation could be detected and some relevant options such as “Boil” or “Warm” could be offered for easy selection (a mock up of the interface is at right, a clickable version is [here](http://mwgui.tulloh.id.au/)). Simple machine learning could extend this to create a personalized experience. It would be easy to collect a history of starting profiles and cooking choices; when those patterns are detected, the most likely cooking choices could be made the easiest to select.
-
-![](https://static.lwn.net/images/2016/lca-ovengui-sm.png)
-
-## Overcoming staleness
-
-Beyond just new functionality, Tulloh wants to improve the functionality that already exists. Door handles as stiff as on Tulloh's cheap microwave may not be common, but few microwave oven doors seem designed to make life easy for people with physical handicaps. There are regulatory restrictions, particularly in the US, that require the oven to function only if there is positive confirmation that the door is actually shut. This confirmation must be resilient against simple fraud, so poking a stick in the hole must not trick the oven into working with the door open. In fact, there must be two independent confirmations and, if they disagree, a fuse must be blown so that a service call is required. Tulloh believes that a magnetic latch would provide much greater flexibility (including easy software control) and that magnetic keying similar to that used in a [magnetic keyed lock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_keyed_lock) would allow the magnetic latch to pass certification.
-
-Another pain point with microwave ovens is the annoying sounds they make. Tulloh has discarded the beeper and hooked up a speaker to the Banana Pi that is controlling his prototype. This allows for more pleasant and configurable alerts as well as for advice and guidance through a text-to-speech system. Adding a microphone for voice control is an obvious next step.
-
-Many microwave ovens can do more than just set a time and a power level — they provide a range of power profiles for cooking, warming, defrosting, and so on. Adding precise temperature sensing will allow the community to extend this range substantially. A question from Andrew Tridgell in the audience wondered if tempering chocolate — a process that requires very precise temperature control — would be possible. Tulloh had no experience with the process, and couldn't make promises, but thought it was certainly worth looking in to. Even if that doesn't work out, it shows clear potential for value to be gained from community input.
-
-## Availability
-
-Tulloh would very much like to get these Linux-enabled microwave ovens out into the world to create a community and see where it goes. Buying existing ovens and replacing the electronics is not seen as a viable option. The result would be ugly and, given that a small-run smart microwave will inevitably cost more, potential buyers are going to want something that doesn't look completely out of place in their kitchen.
-
-Many components are available off-the-shelf (magnetron, processor board, thermal sensor) and others, such as a USB interface for the thermal sensor, are easily built. Prototype software is, of course, already available on [GitHub](https://github.com/lod?tab=repositories). The case and door are more of a challenge and would need to be made to order. Tulloh wants to turn this adversity into an opportunity by providing the option for left-handed microwave ovens and a variety of colors.
-
-A quick survey of the audience suggested that few people would hastily commit to his target price of $AU1000 for a new, improved, open oven. Whether a bit more time for reflection and a wider audience might tip the balance is hard to know. The idea is intriguing, so it seems worth watching Tulloh's [blog](http://david.tulloh.id.au/category/microwave/) for updates.
-
-
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://lwn.net/Articles/674877/
-
-作者：Neil Brown
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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+一个Linux驱动的微波炉
+================================================================================
+
+[linux.conf.au](http://linux.conf.au/)里的人们都有一种想到什么就动手去实现的想法。随着硬件开源运动不断地发展壮大，这种想法越来越多，与现实世界联系的越来越紧密，而不仅仅存在于数字世界中。David Tulloh用他制作的[Linux驱动的微波炉 [WebM]](http://mirror.linux.org.au/linux.conf.au/2016/04_Thursday/D4.303_Costa_Theatre/Linux_driven_microwave.webm)来展示一个差劲的微波炉会多么难用以及说明他的项目可以改造这些微波炉使得它们不那么讨人厌。
+
+Tulloh的故事要从他买到了一个公认很便宜的微波炉开始说起，它的用户界面比其它微波炉默认的还要糟糕。设定时间时必须使劲按按钮以至于把微波炉都向后推了一段距离——而事实上必须要用力拉仓门把手才能把微波炉拖回原来的位置，这形成了一个“优雅”的平衡。当然这只是极端情况。Tulloh很郁闷因为这个微波炉近十年来都没有一丁点明显的改善。他可能买到了一个又小又便宜的微波炉，而且特点是大部分人不研究使用手册就不会使用它——和智能手机的对比更加明显：智能手机只需知道一点点的操作指南并且被广泛使用。
+
+改造这个微波炉不一定没有前途，“让微波炉重获新生”——这个想法成为了一个原型，如果Tulloh可以再平衡一下想做的功能和需求之间的关系的话他希望这变成一个众筹项目：一个Linux驱动的微波炉。
+
+![](https://static.lwn.net/images/2016/lca-oven-sm.jpg)
+
+## 加一点新奇的小玩意
+
+
+
+如果你把“Linux”和“微波炉”联系在一起的话就可能想到给微波炉加上一个智能手机式的触摸屏和网络链接，然后再通过社区做一款微波炉的“革命性”的手机应用，想到这些就像做菜想到分享食谱一样显而易见。但Tulloh的目标和他的原型远远超过这些，他做了两个新奇的功能——热感相机和称量物体质量的称重装置。
+
+这个热感相机提供一个精确度两自由度的八乘八像素的图片，这足够发现一杯牛奶是否加热到沸腾或者牛排是否解冻到快不能用来烹饪。不论发生哪种情况，功率都可以减小或者关掉。而且在必要的时候会发出警报。这可能不是第一个可以检测温度的微波炉——GE在十年前就开始卖带温度探针的微波炉了——但是一个一直工作的内置传感器比一个手工探针有用多了尤其是有一个可用的API支持的时候。
+
+第二个新发明是一个嵌入的称重装置，它可以在加热之前称量食物(和容器)。很多食谱根据质量给出指导的烹饪时间，很多微波炉支持你手动输入质量以便它帮你计算。利用内置的称重装置，这一过程可以变成自动化的。在许多微波炉的转盘下面稳固地放置一个称重装置是一个机械方面的挑战不过Tulloh觉得这个问题不难处理。反而他对微波炉的设计是基于“平板”或者“平板挂车”的风格——在四角各放置一个传感器，这不仅在机械实现上很简单而且很好的达到了要求。
+
+
+[用户界面]
+一旦你有了这些额外添加的并与逻辑引擎相连的质量温度传感器，你可以去尝试更多好玩的可能。一杯刚从冰箱里拿出来的冰牛奶的质量温度分布可能会有适度误差。Tulloh发现这种情况可以被检测到而且提供一些有关的像“煮沸”或者“加热”的选项也是容易做到的（下面有一个模拟的界面，可点击操作的版本请点击右边链接 [here](http://mwgui.tulloh.id.au/)）
+
+![](https://static.lwn.net/images/2016/lca-ovengui-sm.png)
+
+## 改造陈旧的东西
+
+除了才开发出来的新功能，Tulloh还想要提升那些原本就提供的功能。可能不是所有微波炉的门把手都像Tulloh那个廉价的一样僵硬，但是很少有微波炉将把手设计的让残疾人也能轻松使用。这些缺陷都是可调整的，尤其是在美国，微波炉应该在仓门关闭的时候给出一个确定关闭的提示。这种确认必须是可靠的以预防那些伪劣产品，所以在仓门闭合时固定的槽位里添加一个短杆以确认仓门开闭状态，不误使微波炉在仓门开着的时候工作。事实上，必须要两个相互联系的机关，如果他们提供的结果不一致，
+保险丝必须断开以便启动一个呼叫服务。Tulloh认为提供一个磁力门闩有更大的灵活性（包含简单的软件控制）并且像磁控也同样用于[磁性钥匙锁](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_keyed_lock)，它可以让磁力门闩确认微波炉门是否关闭。
+
+微波炉的另一个痛点是它会发出令人厌烦的声音。Tulloh去掉了蜂鸣器并且使用香蕉派（类似于树莓派的单片机开发板）控制他的微波炉。这可以通过一个把文本转换成语音的系统来用令人愉悦而且可配置的警报来提示和引导使用者。显然，下一步就是装上一个用来控制声音的扩音器。
+
+
+许多微波炉除了定时和设置功率档位之外还可以做更多的事情——它们为烹饪，加热，化冻等提供一系列的功率谱。加上一个精确的温度测量装置感觉会为这个图表大大扩展它们的序列。Andrew Tridgell对一个问题很好奇，加热巧克力——一个需要非常精确的温度控制的过程——是否是可能的。Tulloh没有过这方面的经验，他不敢保证这个一定可以，但是这个实验结果的确值得期待。即使没做成这件事，它也显出了潜在价值——社区接下来可以更进一步去做这件事。
+
+## 实用性怎么样？
+
+Tulloh十分乐意向全世界分享这个linux驱动的微波炉，他希望看到（因为这件事）形成一个社区并且想看到它接下来的走势。买一个现成的微波炉并且替换掉里面的电子元件看起来不是一个可行的点子。最后的结果可能会很糟，而买一个小巧智能的微波炉必然要花掉（比自己改造）更多的钱，但是潜在的顾客不想在他们的厨房里看到乱七八糟又不协调的东西。
+
+许多零件都是现成的可以买到的（磁电管，处理器板，热传感器等等），像USB接口的热传感器，而且都很容易安装。软件原型当然也开源在[GitHub](https://github.com/lod?tab=repositories)。这个样例和微波炉门有不小的挑战性并且很可能要定制。Tulloh想要通过提供左侧开仓门的微波炉和颜色多样化的选项来转逆境为机遇。
+
+一个对读者的快速调查：很少有人会贸然承诺他会为了一个全新的升级过的烤箱付出1000澳大利亚元。当然，很难知道是否会有充足的时间和足够多的读者来完成这个调查。这整个项目看起来很有趣。所以Tulloh的[博客](http://david.tulloh.id.au/category/microwave/) (点击这里)也很值得一看。
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://lwn.net/Articles/674877/
+
+作者：Neil Brown
+译者：yuba0604(https://github.com/yuba0604)
+
+译者水平有限，敬请指正。(lizhengyu@gmail.com)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出