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The history of Android
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================================================================================
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Android 1.5’s on-screen keyboard showing the suggestion bar while typing, the capital letters keyboard, the number and symbols screen, and an additional key popup.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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### Android 1.5, Cupcake—a virtual keyboard opens up device design ###
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In April 2009, almost three months after the release of 1.1, Android 1.5 was released. It was the first Android version to have a public, marketed code name: Cupcake. From here on out, Android releases would have alphabetical, snack-themed names.
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The most important Cupcake addition was easily the on-screen keyboard. For the first time, it was possible for OEMs to build a slate-style Android device without a thousand hardware keyboard keys and a complicated slide mechanism.
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Android's key labels could switch between uppercase and lowercase, depending on if caps lock was on or not. While it was off by default, there was an option to turn on the suggestion bar, which appeared along the top edge of the keyboard. Keys with ellipses in the popup, like the "u," above, could be held down to input [diacritical marks][1], which would display in a popup. The keyboard could switch to numbers and alternate characters, and long pressing on the period key would bring up even more punctuation.
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Composite images of the app lineup in 1.5 and 1.1 and the notification panels from each version.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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New icons were added for the new "Camcorder" functionality, and Google Talk was broken out from IM into its own separate app. The Amazon MP3 and Browser icons were redesigned, too. The Amazon MP3 icon was changed primarily because Amazon was planning on launching other Android apps soon, and the "A" icon was far too generic. The browser icon was easily the worst in Android 1.1, so it was changed and no longer resembled a desktop OS dialog box. The last app drawer change was to "Pictures," which was renamed to "Gallery."
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The notification panel was redesigned again as well. The panel background got a weave texture, and the gradients on notifications were smoothed out. Android 1.5 had a lot of little design changes to core OS pieces that affected all apps. On the "Clear notifications" button, you could see the new system-wide button style, which had a gradient, a thinner outline, and less shadowing than the old version.
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The “Add to Home" dialog boxes in 1.5 and 1.1.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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Third-party widgets were another headline feature of Cupcake, and they still remain one of Android's defining features. Developers could bundle a home screen widget along with their apps that would either control or display information from that app. Google showed off a few new widgets of its own, too, with the Calendar and Music apps.
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Left: a screenshot of the calendar widget, music widget, and a row of live folders. Center: the folder list. Right: an open view of the “contacts with phone numbers" live folder.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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On the left screenshot, above, you can see the new Calendar and Music icons. The Calendar widget could only show a single event for the day, and tapping it would open the calendar. It wouldn't let you choose what calendars to display, and widgets weren't resizable—it only ever looked like this. The music widget was blue—despite the music app not having a drop of blue in it—and showed the song and artist name, along with play and next buttons.
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Also in the left shot, the first three folders on the bottom row were a new feature called "Live Folders." These were accessible under the new top-level "Folders" section in the "Add to Home" menu, which you can see in the center picture. Live Folders showed the content of an application without having to open that application. The ones that came with Cupcake were all contacts-related, showing all of the user's contacts, contacts with phone numbers, or starred contacts.
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Rather than icons, Live Folders used a simple list view that popped up over the home screen. Contacts were just for starters, Live Folders was a whole API that developers could use. Google demoed a folder of books from the Google Books app, and it was possible to have an RSS feed or top stories from a website as a live folder. Live folders were one of the few Android ideas that didn't work out, and the feature was shut down in Honeycomb.
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The camcorder and camera UI, with on-screen shutter buttons.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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If you couldn't tell from the new "Camcorder" icon, video recording was added to Android in 1.5. The two icons, camera and camcorder, were actually the same app, and you could jump between the two of them with an option in the menu labeled "Switch to camera" and "Switch to camcorder." Video quality on the T-Mobile G1 was not that great. A test video on "High" quality output; a .3GP video file with a resolution of 352 x 288 and a lagtastic frame rate of 4 FPS.
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Along with the new video feature, the Camera app saw a few much-needed UI tweaks. A thumbnail in the top left showed the last picture that was taken, and tapping on it would jump to the camera roll in the Gallery. The circle icon on the top right of both screens was an on-screen shutter button, meaning that, post 1.5, Android devices no longer required a hardware camera button.
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This interface was actually much closer to the Android 4.2 design than many of the subsequent camera apps. While later designs would add silly leather textures and more controls to the camera, Android went back to basics with later designs, and that 4.2 redesign shares a lot in common with this. What was a primitive layout in Android 1.5 became a minimal, full-screen viewfinder in Android 4.2.
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Google Talk running in the Google Talk app versus Google Talk running in the IM app.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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Android 1.0's IM app was used for Google Talk functionality, but in Android 1.5, Google Talk was broken off into its own app. Support for it in the IM app was removed. Google Talk (above, left) was clearly based on the IM app (above, right), but as soon as the stand alone app was released in 1.5, work on the IM app was abandoned.
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The new Google Talk app had a redesigned status bar, presence lights on the right side, and a redesigned mobile icon, which was a gray monogram of the bugdroid. The blue compose bar switched to a more sensible gray in the chat view, and the message backgrounds changed from light green and white to light green and green. With a stand alone app, Google could add Gtalk-only features like chatting "off the record," which would stop Gmail from saving a copy of every chat.
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The calendar in Android 1.5 got a lot lighter.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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The calendar dumped the ugly white squares on a black background and changed to an all-light app. The background of everything became white, and day-of-the-week headers were changed to blue. The individual appointment blocks switched from a small color strip to entirely colored, and the text changed to white. This will be the last time the calendar is touched for a long time.
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From left to right: the browser’s new controls, the zoomed-out magnifying view, and highlighting text for copy/pasting.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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Android 1.5 changed the zoom controls system-wide. Instead of two big circles, the zoom controls became two halves of a rectangle with rounded corners. These new controls applied to the browser, Google Maps, and the gallery.
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The browser had lots of work done on the zoom functionality. After zooming in or out, the "1x" button would return you to the standard zoom level. The button in the bottom right corner would zoom all the way out of the page and display a magnifying rectangle over the page, which you can see in the center image. Grabbing the rectangle and releasing it would zoom that part of the page to a "1x" view. Android didn't have acceleratable scrolling, which made the max scrolling speed pretty slow—this was Google's solution for navigating a long webpage.
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Another addition to the browser was the ability to copy text on a webpage—previously you could only copy text from an input box. Selecting "copy text" from the menu would activate highlight mode, and dragging your finger over text in a Web page would highlight it. The G1’s trackball was very handy for super-precise movement like this and could control the mouse cursor. There were no draggable handles, and as soon as you lifted your finger off the screen, Android would copy the text and remove the highlight, so you had to be ridiculously precise to get any use out of the copy feature.
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The browser in Android 1.5 would crash a lot—much more than in previous versions. Just viewing Ars Technica in desktop mode would crash the browser, as did many other sites.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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The default lock screen and pattern lock screen both changed their empty, black backgrounds to the same wallpaper as the home screen.
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The lighter background on the pattern unlock screen revealed the sloppy job Google did on the alignment of the circles. The white circles were nowhere near centered inside the black circles—basic alignment issues like this continued to be a frequent problem for Android in these early days.
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The YouTube uploader, contacts thumbnails, the auto rotate setting, and the new music design.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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The HTC Magic, the second Android device, and the first without a hardware keyboard.
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Photo by HTC
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> #### Google Maps is the first built-in app to hit the Android Market ####
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>
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> While this article is (mostly) organizing app updates by Android version for simplicity's sake, there are a few outliers that deserve special recognition. On June 14, 2009, Google Maps was the first packed-in Android app to be updated via the Android Market. While every other app required a full system release to be updated, Maps was broken out of the OS, free to receive out-of-cycle updates whenever a new feature was ready.
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>
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> Moving apps out of the core OS and onto the Android Market would be a big focus for Google going forward. In general, OTA updates were a big initiative—they required the cooperation of the OEM and the carrier, both of which could drag their feet. Updates also didn’t make it to every device. Today, the Android Market gives Google a direct line to every Android phone with no such interference from outside parties.
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>
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> These were problems for a later date, though. In 2009, Google had only two unskinned phones to support, and the early Android carriers were seemingly responsive to Google’s update needs. This early move would prove to be a very proactive decision on Google’s part. At first, the company went this route only with its most important properties—Maps and Gmail—but later it would port the majority of the packed-in apps to the Android Market. Later initiatives like Google Play Services even brought app APIs out of the OS and into Google’s store.
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>
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> As for the new Maps at the time, it gained a new directions interface, along with the ability to give mass transit and walking directions. For now, directions were given on a plain black list—turn-by-turn-style navigation would come later.
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>
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> June 2009 was also the time Apple launched the third iPhone—the 3GS—and the third version of iPhone OS. iPhone OS 3's headline features were mostly catch-up items like copy/paste and MMS support. Apple's hardware was still nicer, and the software was smoother, more cohesive, and better designed. Google's insane pace of development was putting it on a path to parity though. iPhone OS 2 launched just before the Milestone 5 build of Android 0.5, which makes five Android releases in the span of the yearly iOS release cycle.
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Android 1.5 gave the YouTube app the ability to upload videos to the site. Uploading was accomplished by sharing a video from the Gallery to the YouTube app, or by opening a video directly from the YouTube app. This would bring up an upload screen, where the user would set things like the video title, tags, and access rights. Photos could be uploaded to Picasa, Google's original photo site, in a similar fashion.
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There were little tweaks all over the OS. Favorite contacts now showed a picture in the contacts list (although regular contacts were still pictureless). The third picture shows the new auto-rotate option in the settings—this was also the first version to support automatically switching orientations based on readings from the devices’ internal sensors.
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Cupcake did a great job of improving Android, particularly in terms of hardware options. The on-screen keyboard meant a hardware keyboard was no longer necessary. Auto rotate brought the OS a little closer to the iPhone, and an on-screen camera shutter button meant that hardware camera buttons were now optional, too. Shortly after the release of 1.5, a second Android device came out that would show the future direction of the platform: the HTC Magic. The Magic (right) didn’t have a hardware keyboard or a camera button. It was a solid, slider-less slate device that relied on Android’s on-screen buttons to get the job done.
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Android flagships started with the most buttons possible—a hardware qwerty phone—and slowly began whittling the button count down over time. While the Magic was a big step, eliminating an entire keyboard and a camera button, it still used start and end call buttons, four system buttons, and a trackball.
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----------
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[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work.
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[@RonAmadeo][t]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/8/
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic
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[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
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[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
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@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
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alim0x translating
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The history of Android
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================================================================================
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@ -73,4 +75,4 @@ via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-histor
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
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[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
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[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
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安卓编年史
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================================================================================
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安卓1.5的虚拟键盘输入时的输入建议栏，大写状态键盘，数字与符号界面，更多符号弹窗。
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Ron Amadeo供图
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### Android 1.5 Cupcake——虚拟键盘打开设备设计的大门 ###
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在2009年4月，安卓1.1发布后将近三个月后，安卓1.5发布了。这是第一个拥有公开的，市场化代号的安卓版本：纸杯蛋糕(Cupcake)。从这个版本开始，每个版本的安卓将会拥有一个按字母表排序，以小吃为主题的代号。
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纸杯蛋糕新增功能中最重要的明显当属虚拟键盘。这是OEM厂商第一次有可能抛开数不清按键的实体键盘以及复杂的滑动结构，创造出平板风格的安卓设备。
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安卓的按键标识可以在大小写之间切换，这取决于大写锁定是否开启。尽管默认情况下它是关闭的，显示在键盘顶部的建议栏有个选项可以打开它。在按键的弹框中带有省略号的，就像“u”，上面图那样的，可以在按住的情况下可以输入弹框中的[发音符号][1]。键盘可以切换到数字和符号，长按句号键可以打开更多符号。
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1.5和1.1中的应用程序界面和通知面板的对比。
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Ron Amadeo供图
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“摄像机”功能加入了新图标，Google Talk从IM中分离出来成为了一个独立的应用。亚马逊MP3和浏览器的图标同样经过了重新设计。亚马逊MP3图标更改的主要原因是亚马逊即将计划推出其它的安卓应用，而“A”图标所指范围太泛了。浏览器图标无疑是安卓1.1中最糟糕的设计，所以它被重新设计了，并且不再像是一个桌面操作系统的对话框。应用抽屉的最后一个改变是“图片”，它被重新命名为了“相册”。
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通知面板同样经过了重新设计。面板背景加上了布纹纹理，通知的渐变效果也被平滑化了。安卓1.5在系统核心部分有许多设计上的微小改变，这些改变影响到所有的应用。在“清除通知”按钮上，你可以看到全新的系统按钮风格，相比与旧版本的按钮有了渐变，更细的边框线以及更少的阴影。
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安卓1.5和1.1中的“添加到主屏幕”对话框。
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Ron Amadeo供图
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第三方小部件是纸杯蛋糕的另一个头等特性，它们现在仍然是安卓的本质特征之一。无论是用来控制应用还是显示应用的信息，开发者们都可以为他们的应用捆绑一个主屏幕小部件。谷歌同样展示了一些它们自己的新的小部件，分别来自日历和音乐这两个应用。
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左：日历小部件，音乐小部件以及一排实时文件夹的截图。中：文件夹列表。右：“带电话号码的联系人”实时文件夹的打开视图。
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Ron Amadeo供图
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在上方左边的截图里你可以看到新的日历和音乐图标。日历小部件只能显示当天的一个事件，点击它会打开日历。你不能够选择日历所显示的内容，小部件也不能够重新设置大小——它就是上面看起来的那个样子。音乐小部件是蓝色的——尽管音乐应用里没有一丁点的蓝色——它展示了歌曲名和歌手名，此外还有播放和下一曲按钮。
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同样在左侧截图里，底部一排的头三个文件夹是一个叫做“实时文件夹”的新特性。它们可以在“添加到主屏幕”菜单中的新顶层选项“文件夹”中被找到，就像你在中间那张图看到的那样。实时文件夹可以展示一个应用的内容而不用打开这个应用。纸杯蛋糕带来的都是和联系人相关的实时文件夹，能够显示所有联系人，带有电话号码的联系人和加星标的联系人。
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实时文件夹在主屏的弹窗使用了一个简单的列表视图，而不是图标。联系人只是实时文件夹的一个初级应用，它是给开发者使用的一个完整API。谷歌用Google Books应用做了个图书文件夹的演示，它可以显示RSS订阅或是一个网站的热门故事。实时文件夹是安卓没有成功实现的想法之一，这个特性最终在蜂巢(3.x)中被取消。
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摄像机和相机界面，屏幕上有触摸快门。
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Ron Amadeo供图
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如果你不能认出新的“摄像机”图标，这不奇怪，视频录制是在安卓1.5中才被添加进来的。相机和摄像机两个图标其实是同一个应用，你可用过菜单中的“切换至相机”和“切换至摄像机”选项在它们之间切换。T-Mobile G1上录制的视频质量并不高。一个“高”质量的测试视频输出一个.3GP格式的视频文件，其分辨率仅为352 x 288，帧率只有4FPS。
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除了新的视频特性，相机应用中还可以看到一些急需的UI调整。上方左侧的快照展示了最近拍摄的那张照片，点击它会跳转到相册中的相机胶卷。各个界面上方右侧的圆形图标是触摸快门，这意味着，从1.5开始，安卓设备不再需要一个实体相机按钮。
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这个界面相比于之后版本的相机应用实际上更加接近于安卓4.2的设计。尽管后续的设计会向相机加入愚蠢的皮革纹理毅力更多的控制设置，安卓最终还是回到了基本的设计，安卓4.2的重新设计和这里有很多共同之处。安卓1.5中的原始布局演变成了安卓4.2中的最小化的，全屏的取景器。
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Google Talk运行在Google Talk中vs运行在IM应用中。
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Ron Amadeo供图
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安卓1.0的IM即时通讯应用功能上支持Google Talk，但在安卓1.5中，Google Talk从中分离出来成为独立应用。IM应用中对其的支持已经被移除。Google Talk（上图左侧）明显是基于IM应用（上图右侧）的，但随着独立应用在1.5中的发布，在IM应用的工作被放弃了。
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新的Google Talk应用拥有重新设计过的状态栏，右侧状态指示灯，重新设计过的移动设备标识，是个灰色的安卓小绿人图案。聊天界面的蓝色的输入框变成了更加合理的灰色，消息的背景从淡绿和白色变成了淡绿和绿色。有了独立的应用，谷歌可以向其中添加Gtalk独有的特性，比如“不保存聊天记录”聊天，该特性可以阻止Gmail保存每个聊天记录。
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安卓1.5的日历更加明亮。
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Ron Amadeo供图
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日历抛弃了丑陋的黑色背景上白色方块的设计，转变为全浅色主题。所有东西的背景都变成了白色，顶部的星期日变成了蓝色。单独的约会方块从带有颜色的细条变成了拥有整个颜色背景，文字也变为白色。这将是很长一段时间内日历的最后一次改动。
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从左到右：新的浏览器控件，缩放视图，复制/粘贴文本高亮。
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Ron Amadeo供图
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安卓1.5从系统全局修改了缩放控件。缩放控件不再是两个大圆形，取而代之的是一个圆角的椭圆形从中间分开为左右两个按钮。这些新的控件被用在了浏览器，谷歌地图和相册之中。
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浏览器在缩放功能上做了很多工作。在放大或缩小之后，点击“1x”按钮可以回到正常缩放状态。底部右侧的按钮会将页面缩放整个页面并在页面上显示一个放大矩形框，就像你能在上面中间截图看到的那样。抓住矩形框并且释放会将页面的那一部分显示回“1x”视图。安卓并没有加速滚动，这使得最大滚动速度着实很慢——这就是谷歌对长网页页面导航的解决方案。
|
||||
|
||||
浏览器的另一个新增功能就是从网页上复制文本——之前你只能从输入框中复制文本。在菜单中选择“复制文本”会激活高亮模式，在网页文本上拖动你的手指会使它们高亮。G1的轨迹球对于这种精准的移动十分的方便，并且能够控制鼠标指针。这里并没有可以拖动的光标，当你的手指离开屏幕的时候，安卓就会复制文本并且移除高亮。所以你必须做到荒谬般的精确来使用复制功能。
|
||||
|
||||
安卓1.5中的浏览器很容易崩溃——比之前的版本经常多了。仅仅是以桌面模式浏览Ars Technica就会导致崩溃，许多其它的站点也是一样。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Ron Amadeo供图
|
||||
|
||||
默认的锁屏界面和图形锁屏都不再是空荡荡的黑色背景，而是和主屏幕一致的壁纸。
|
||||
|
||||
图形解锁界面的浅色背景显示出了谷歌在圆圈对齐工作上的草率和马虎。白色圆圈在黑圆圈里从来都不是在正中心的位置——像这样基本的对齐问题对于这一时期的安卓是个频繁出现的问题。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Youtube上传工具，内容快照，自动旋转设置，全新的音乐应用设计。
|
||||
Ron Amadeo供图
|
||||
|
||||
安卓1.5给予了YouTube应用向其网站上传视频的能力。上传通过从相册中分享视频到YouTube应用来完成，或从YouTube应用中直接打开一个视频。这将会打开一个上传界面，用户在这里可以设置像视频标题，标签和权限这样的选项。照片可以以类似的方式上传到Picasa，一个谷歌建立的图片网站。
|
||||
|
||||
整个系统的调整没有多少。现在喜爱的联系人在联系人列表中可以显示图片（尽管常规联系人还是没有图片）。第三张截图展示了设置中全新的自动旋转选项——这个版本同样也是第一个支持基于从设备内部传感器读取的数据自动切换方向的版本。
|
||||
|
||||
> #### 谷歌地图是第一个登陆谷歌市场的内置应用 ####
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 尽管这篇文章为了简单起见，（主要）以安卓版本顺序来组织应用更新，但还是有一些在这时间线之外的东西值得我们特别注意一下。2009年6月14日，谷歌地图成为第一个通过谷歌市场更新的预置应用。尽管其它的所有应用更新还是要求一个完整的系统更新，地图从系统中脱离了出来，只要新特性已经就绪就可以随时接收升级周期之外的更新。
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 将应用从核心系统分离发布到安卓市场上将成为谷歌前进的主要关注点。总的来说，OTA更新是个重大的主动改进——这需要OEM厂商和运营商的合作，二者都是拖着后退的角色。更新同样没有做到到达每个设备。今天，谷歌市场给了谷歌一个与每个安卓手机之间的联系，而没有了这样的外界干扰。
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 然而，这是后来才需要考虑的问题。在2009年，谷歌只有两部裸机需要支持，而且早期的安卓运营商似乎对谷歌的升级需要反应积极。这些早期的行动对谷歌部分来说将被证明是非常积极的决定。一开始，公司只在最重要的应用——地图和Gmail上——走这条路线，但后来它将大部分预置应用导入安卓市场。后来的举措比如Google Play服务甚至将应用API从系统移除加入了谷歌商店。
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 至于这时的新地图应用，得到了一个新的路线界面，此外还有提供公共交通和步行方向的能力。现在，路线只有个朴素的黑色列表界面——逐向风格的导航很快就会登场。
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 2009年6月同时还是苹果发布第三代iPhone——3GS——以及第三版iPhone OS的时候。iPhone OS 3的主要特性大多是追赶上来的项目，比如复制/粘贴和对彩信的支持。苹果的硬件依然是更好的，软件更流畅，更整合，还有更好的设计。尽管谷歌疯狂的开发步伐使得它不得不走上追赶的道路。iPhone OS 2是在安卓0.5的Milestone 5版本之前发布的，在iOS一年的发布周期里安卓发布了五个版本。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
HTC Magic，第二部安卓设备，第一个不带实体键盘的设备。
|
||||
HTC供图
|
||||
|
||||
纸杯蛋糕在改进安卓上做了巨大的工作，特别是从硬件方面。虚拟键盘意味着不再需要实体键盘。自动旋转使得系统更加接近iPhone，屏幕上的虚拟快门按键同样也意味着实体相机按键变成了可选选项。1.5发布后不久,第二部安卓设备的出现将会展示出这个平台未来的方向:HTC Magic。Magic（上图）没有实体键盘或相机按钮。它是没有间隙，没有滑动结构的平板状设备，依赖于安卓的虚拟按键来完成任务。
|
||||
|
||||
安卓旗舰机开始可能有着最多按键——一个实体qwerty键盘——后来随着时间流逝开始慢慢减少按键数量。而Magic是重大的一步，去除了整个键盘和相机按钮，它仍然使用通话和挂断键，四个系统键以及轨迹球。
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron是Ars Technica的评论编缉，专注于安卓系统和谷歌产品。他总是在追寻新鲜事物，还喜欢拆解事物看看它们到底是怎么运作的。
|
||||
|
||||
[@RonAmadeo][t]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/8/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic
|
||||
[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
|
||||
[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user