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[Translated]20150827 How to Convert From RPM to DEB and DEB to RPM Package Using Alien.md

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How to Convert From RPM to DEB and DEB to RPM Package Using Alien
================================================================================
As I’m sure you already know, there are plenty of ways to install software in Linux: using the package management system provided by your distribution ([aptitude, yum, or zypper][1], to name a few examples), compiling from source (though somewhat rare these days, it was the only method available during the early days of Linux), or utilizing a low level tool such as dpkg or rpm with .deb and .rpm standalone, precompiled packages, respectively.
![Convert RPM to DEB and DEB to RPM](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Convert-RPM-to-DEB-and-DEB-to-RPM.png)
Convert RPM to DEB and DEB to RPM Package Using Alien
In this article we will introduce you to alien, a tool that converts between different Linux package formats, with .rpm to .deb (and vice versa) being the most common usage.
This tool, even when its author is no longer maintaining it and states in his website that alien will always probably remain in experimental status, can come in handy if you need a certain type of package but can only find that program in another package format.
For example, alien saved my day once when I was looking for a .deb driver for a inkjet printer and couldn’t find any – the manufacturer only provided a .rpm package. I installed alien, converted the package, and before long I was able to use my printer without issues.
That said, we must clarify that this utility should not be used to replace important system files and libraries since they are set up differently across distributions. Only use alien as a last resort if the suggested installation methods at the beginning of this article are out of the question for the required program.
Last but not least, we must note that even though we will use CentOS and Debian in this article, alien is also known to work in Slackware and even in Solaris, besides the first two distributions and their respective families.
### Step 1: Installing Alien and Dependencies ###
To install alien in CentOS/RHEL 7, you will need to enable the EPEL and the Nux Dextop (yes, it’s Dextop – not Desktop) repositories, in that order:
# yum install epel-release
# rpm --import http://li.nux.ro/download/nux/RPM-GPG-KEY-nux.ro
The latest version of the package that enables this repository is currently 0.5 (published on Aug. 10, 2015). You should check [http://li.nux.ro/download/nux/dextop/el7/x86_64/][2] to see whether there’s a newer version before proceeding further:
# rpm -Uvh http://li.nux.ro/download/nux/dextop/el7/x86_64/nux-dextop-release-0-5.el7.nux.noarch.rpm
then do,
# yum update && yum install alien
In Fedora, you will only need to run the last command.
In Debian and derivatives, simply do:
# aptitude install alien
### Step 2: Converting from .deb to .rpm Package ###
For this test we have chosen dateutils, which provides a set of date and time utilities to deal with large amounts of financial data. We will download the .deb package to our CentOS 7 box, convert it to .rpm and install it:
![Check CentOS Version](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Check-Linux-OS-Version.png)
Check CentOS Version
# cat /etc/centos-release
# wget http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/pool/main/d/dateutils/dateutils_0.3.1-1.1_amd64.deb
# alien --to-rpm --scripts dateutils_0.3.1-1.1_amd64.deb
![Convert .deb to .rpm package in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Convert-deb-to-rpm-package.png)
Convert .deb to .rpm package in Linux
**Important**: (Please note how, by default, alien increases the version minor number of the target package. If you want to override this behavior, add the –keep-version flag).
If we try to install the package right away, we will run into a slight issue:
# rpm -Uvh dateutils-0.3.1-2.1.x86_64.rpm
![Install RPM Package](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Install-RPM-Package.png)
Install RPM Package
To solve this issue, we will enable the epel-testing repository and install the rpmrebuild utility to edit the settings of the package to be rebuilt:
# yum --enablerepo=epel-testing install rpmrebuild
Then run,
# rpmrebuild -pe dateutils-0.3.1-2.1.x86_64.rpm
Which will open up your default text editor. Go to the `%files` section and delete the lines that refer to the directories mentioned in the error message, then save the file and exit:
![Convert .deb to Alien Version](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Convert-Deb-Package-to-Alien-Version.png)
Convert .deb to Alien Version
When you exit the file you will be prompted to continue with the rebuild. If you choose Y, the file will be rebuilt into the specified directory (different than the current working directory):
# rpmrebuild –pe dateutils-0.3.1-2.1.x86_64.rpm
![Build RPM Package](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Build-RPM-Package.png)
Build RPM Package
Now you can proceed to install the package and verify as usual:
# rpm -Uvh /root/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/dateutils-0.3.1-2.1.x86_64.rpm
# rpm -qa | grep dateutils
![Install Build RPM Package](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Install-Build-RPM-Package.png)
Install Build RPM Package
Finally, you can list the individual tools that were included with dateutils and alternatively check their respective man pages:
# ls -l /usr/bin | grep dateutils
![Verify Installed RPM Package](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Verify-Installed-Package.png)
Verify Installed RPM Package
### Step 3: Converting from .rpm to .deb Package ###
In this section we will illustrate how to convert from .rpm to .deb. In a 32-bit Debian Wheezy box, let’s download the .rpm package for the zsh shell from the CentOS 6 OS repository. Note that this shell is not available by default in Debian and derivatives.
# cat /etc/shells
# lsb_release -a | tail -n 4
![Check Shell and Debian OS Version](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Check-Shell-Debian-OS-Version.png)
Check Shell and Debian OS Version
# wget http://mirror.centos.org/centos/6/os/i386/Packages/zsh-4.3.11-4.el6.centos.i686.rpm
# alien --to-deb --scripts zsh-4.3.11-4.el6.centos.i686.rpm
You can safely disregard the messages about a missing signature:
![Convert .rpm to .deb Package](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Convert-rpm-to-deb-Package.png)
Convert .rpm to .deb Package
After a few moments, the .deb file should have been generated and be ready to install:
# dpkg -i zsh_4.3.11-5_i386.deb
![Install RPM Converted Deb Package](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Install-Deb-Package.png)
Install RPM Converted Deb Package
After the installation, you can verify that zsh is added to the list of valid shells:
# cat /etc/shells
![Confirm Installed Zsh Package](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Confirm-Installed-Package.png)
Confirm Installed Zsh Package
### Summary ###
In this article we have explained how to convert from .rpm to .deb and vice versa to install packages as a last resort when such programs are not available in the repositories or as distributable source code. You will want to bookmark this article because all of us will need alien at one time or another.
Feel free to share your thoughts about this article using the form below.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.tecmint.com/convert-from-rpm-to-deb-and-deb-to-rpm-package-using-alien/
作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/gacanepa/
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-package-management/
[2]:http://li.nux.ro/download/nux/dextop/el7/x86_64/

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Alien大法：RPM和DEB互转
================================================================================
正如我确信，你们一定知道Linux下的多种软件安装方式：使用发行版所提供的包管理系统（[aptitude，yum，或者zypper][1]，还可以举很多例子），从源码编译（尽管现在很少用了，但在Linux发展早期却是唯一可用的方法），或者使用各自的低级工具dpkg用于.deb，以及rpm用于.rpm，预编译包等等。
![Convert RPM to DEB and DEB to RPM](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Convert-RPM-to-DEB-and-DEB-to-RPM.png)
使用Alien将RPM转换成DEB以及将DEB转换成RPM
在本文中，我们将为你介绍alien，一个用于在各种不同的Linux包格式相互转换的工具，将.rpm转换成.deb（或者反过来）是最常见的用法。
如果你需要某个特定类型的包，而你只能找到其它格式的包的时候，该工具，即使当其作者不再维护，并且在其网站声明：alien将可能永远维持在实验状态，迟早派得上用场。
例如，有一次，我正查找一个用于喷墨打印机的.deb驱动，但是却没有找到——生产厂家只提供.rpm包，这时候alien拯救了我。我安装了alien，将包进行转换，不久之后我就可以使用我的打印机了，没有任何问题。
即便如此，我们也必须澄清一下，这个工具不应当用来替换重要的系统文件和库，因为它们在不同的发行版中有不同的配置。只有在本文开头提出的安装方法根本不适合所需的程序时，alien才能作为最后手段使用。
最后一项要点是，我们必须注意，虽然我们在本文中使用CentOS和Debian，除了前两个发行版及其各自的家族体系外，alien也据我们所知可以工作在Slackware中，甚至Solaris中。
### 步骤1：安装Alien及其依赖 ###
要安装alien到CentOS/RHEL 7中，你需要启用EPEL和Nux Dextop（是的，是Dextop——不是Desktop）仓库，顺序如下：
# yum install epel-release
# rpm --import http://li.nux.ro/download/nux/RPM-GPG-KEY-nux.ro
启用该仓库的包的当前最新版本是0.5（2015年8月10日发布），在安装之前你可以查看[http://li.nux.ro/download/nux/dextop/el7/x86_64/][2]上是否有更新的版本。
# rpm -Uvh http://li.nux.ro/download/nux/dextop/el7/x86_64/nux-dextop-release-0-5.el7.nux.noarch.rpm
然后再做，
# yum update && yum install alien
在Fedora中，你只需要运行上面的命令即可。
在Debian及其衍生版中，只需要：
# aptitude install alien
### 步骤2：将.deb转换成.rpm包 ###
对于本次测试，我们选择了date工具，它提供了一系列日期和时间工具用于处理大量金融数据。我们将下载.deb包到我们的CentOS 7机器中，将它转换成.rpm并安装：
![Check CentOS Version](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Check-Linux-OS-Version.png)
检查CentOS版本
# cat /etc/centos-release
# wget http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/pool/main/d/dateutils/dateutils_0.3.1-1.1_amd64.deb
# alien --to-rpm --scripts dateutils_0.3.1-1.1_amd64.deb
![Convert .deb to .rpm package in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Convert-deb-to-rpm-package.png)
在Linux中将.deb转换成.rpm
**重要**：（请注意alien是怎样来增加目标包的次版本号的。如果你想要无视该行为，请添加-keep-version标识）。
如果我们尝试马上安装该包，我们将碰到些许问题：
# rpm -Uvh dateutils-0.3.1-2.1.x86_64.rpm
![Install RPM Package](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Install-RPM-Package.png)
安装RPM包
要解决该问题，我们需要启用epel-testing仓库，然后安装rpmbuild工具来编辑该包的配置以重建包：
# yum --enablerepo=epel-testing install rpmrebuild
然后运行，
# rpmrebuild -pe dateutils-0.3.1-2.1.x86_64.rpm
它会打开你的默认文本编辑器。转到`%files`章节并删除涉及到错误信息中提到的目录的行，然后保存文件并退出：
![Convert .deb to Alien Version](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Convert-Deb-Package-to-Alien-Version.png)
转换.deb到Alien版
但你退出该文件后，将提示你继续去重构。如果你选择Y，该文件会重构到指定的目录（与当前工作目录不同）：
# rpmrebuild –pe dateutils-0.3.1-2.1.x86_64.rpm
![Build RPM Package](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Build-RPM-Package.png)
构建RPM包
现在你可以像以往一样继续来安装包并验证：
# rpm -Uvh /root/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/dateutils-0.3.1-2.1.x86_64.rpm
# rpm -qa | grep dateutils
![Install Build RPM Package](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Install-Build-RPM-Package.png)
安装构建RPM包
最后，你可以列出date工具包含的各个工具，并可选择性地查看各自的手册页：
# ls -l /usr/bin | grep dateutils
![Verify Installed RPM Package](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Verify-Installed-Package.png)
验证安装的RPM包
### 步骤3：将.rpm转换成.deb包 ###
在本节中，我们将演示如何将.rpm转换成.deb。在一台32位的Debian Wheezy机器中，让我们从CentOS 6操作系统仓库中下载用于zsh shell的.rpm包。注意，该shell在Debian及其衍生版的默认安装中是不可用的。
# cat /etc/shells
# lsb_release -a | tail -n 4
![Check Shell and Debian OS Version](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Check-Shell-Debian-OS-Version.png)
检查Shell和Debian操作系统版本
# wget http://mirror.centos.org/centos/6/os/i386/Packages/zsh-4.3.11-4.el6.centos.i686.rpm
# alien --to-deb --scripts zsh-4.3.11-4.el6.centos.i686.rpm
你可以安全地无视关于签名丢失的信息：
![Convert .rpm to .deb Package](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Convert-rpm-to-deb-Package.png)
将.rpm转换成.deb包
过了一会儿后，.deb包应该已经生成，并可以安装了：
# dpkg -i zsh_4.3.11-5_i386.deb
![Install RPM Converted Deb Package](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Install-Deb-Package.png)
安装RPM转换来的Deb包
安装完后，你可以zsh是否添加到了合法shell列表中：
# cat /etc/shells
![Confirm Installed Zsh Package](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Confirm-Installed-Package.png)
确认安装的Zsh包
### 小结 ###
在本文中，我们已经解释了如何将.rpm转换成.deb及其反向转换并作为这类程序不能从仓库中或者作为可分发源代码获得的最后安装手段。你一定想要将本文添加到书签中，因为我们都需要alien。
请自由分享你关于本文的想法，写到下面的表格中吧。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.tecmint.com/convert-from-rpm-to-deb-and-deb-to-rpm-package-using-alien/
作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a]
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/gacanepa/
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-package-management/
[2]:http://li.nux.ro/download/nux/dextop/el7/x86_64/