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@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ $ how2 create archive tgz
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$ how2 -l python linked list
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```
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[![][4]][8]
|
||||
![][8]
|
||||
|
||||
要获得快速帮助，请输入：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
|
||||
i3 窗口管理器使 Linux 更美好
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> 通过键盘操作的 i3 平铺窗口管理器使用 Linux 桌面。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux（和一般的开源软件）最美好的一点是自由 —— 可以在不同的替代方案中进行选择以满足我们的需求。
|
||||
|
||||
我使用 Linux 已经很长时间了，但我从来没有对可选用的桌面环境完全满意过。直到去年，[Xfce][1] 还是我认为在功能和性能之间的平和最接近满意的一个桌面环境。然后我发现了 [i3][2]，这是一个改变了我的生活的惊人的软件。
|
||||
|
||||
i3 是一个平铺窗口管理器。窗口管理器的目标是控制窗口系统中窗口的外观和位置。窗口管理器通常用作功能齐全的桌面环境 (如 GONME 或 Xfce ) 的一部分，但也有一些可以用作独立的应用程序。
|
||||
|
||||
平铺式窗口管理器会自动排列窗口，以不重叠的方式占据整个屏幕。其他流行的平铺式窗口管理器还有 [wmii][3] 和 [xmonad][4] 。
|
||||
|
||||
![i3 tiled window manager screenshot][6]
|
||||
|
||||
*带有三个的 i3 屏幕截图*
|
||||
|
||||
为了获得更好的 Linux 桌面体验，以下是我使用和推荐 i3 窗口管理器的五个首要原因。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1、极简艺术
|
||||
|
||||
i3 速度很快。它既不冗杂、也不花哨。它的设计简单而高效。作为开发人员，我重视这些功能，因为我可以使用更多的功能以丰富我最喜欢的开发工具，或者使用容器或虚拟机在本地测试内容。
|
||||
|
||||
此外， i3 是一个窗口管理器，与功能齐全的桌面环境不同，它并不规定您应该使用的应用程序。您是否想使用 Xfce 的 Thunar 作为文件管理器？GNOME 的 gedit 去编辑文本? i3 并不在乎。选择对您的工作流最有意义的工具，i3 将以相同的方式管理它们。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2、屏幕实际使用面积
|
||||
|
||||
作为平铺式窗口管理器，i3 将自动 “平铺”，以不重叠的方式定位窗口，类似于在墙上放置瓷砖。因为您不需要担心窗口定位，i3 一般会更好地利用您的屏幕空间。它还可以让您更快地找到您需要的东西。
|
||||
|
||||
对于这种情况有很多有用的例子。例如，系统管理员可以打开多个终端来同时监视或在不同的远程系统上工作；开发人员可以使用他们最喜欢的 IDE 或编辑器和几个终端来测试他们的程序。
|
||||
|
||||
此外，i3 具有灵活性。如果您需要为特定窗口提供更多空间，请启用全屏模式或切换到其他布局，如堆叠或选项卡式（标签式）。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3、键盘式工作流程
|
||||
|
||||
i3 广泛使用键盘快捷键来控制环境的不同方面。其中包括打开终端和其他程序、调整大小和定位窗口、更改布局，甚至退出 i3。当您开始使用 i3 时，您需要记住其中的一些快捷方式才能使用，随着时间的推移，您会使用更多的快捷方式。
|
||||
|
||||
主要好处是，您不需要经常在键盘和鼠标之间切换。通过练习，您将提高工作流程的速度和效率。
|
||||
|
||||
例如， 要打开新的终端，请按 `<SUPER>+<ENTER>`。由于窗口是自动定位的，您可以立即开始键入命令。结合一个很好的终端文本编辑器（如 Vim）和一个以面向键盘的浏览器，形成一个完全由键盘驱动的工作流程。
|
||||
|
||||
在 i3 中，您可以为所有内容定义快捷方式。下面是一些示例：
|
||||
|
||||
* 打开终端
|
||||
* 打开浏览器
|
||||
* 更改布局
|
||||
* 调整窗口大小
|
||||
* 控制音乐播放器
|
||||
* 切换工作区
|
||||
|
||||
现在我已经习惯了这个工作形式，我已无法回到了常规的桌面环境。
|
||||
|
||||
### 4、灵活
|
||||
|
||||
i3 力求极简，使用很少的系统资源，但这并不意味着它不能变漂亮。i3 是灵活且可通过多种方式进行自定义以改善视觉体验。因为 i3 是一个窗口管理器，所以它没有提供启用自定义的工具，你需要外部工具来实现这一点。一些例子：
|
||||
|
||||
* 用 `feh` 定义桌面的背景图片。
|
||||
* 使用合成器管理器，如 `compton` 以启用窗口淡入淡出和透明度等效果。
|
||||
* 用 `dmenu` 或 `rofi` 以启用可从键盘快捷方式启动的可自定义菜单。
|
||||
* 用 `dunst` 用于桌面通知。
|
||||
|
||||
i3 是可完全配置的，您可以通过更新默认配置文件来控制它的各个方面。从更改所有键盘快捷键，到重新定义工作区的名称，再到修改状态栏，您都可以使 i3 以任何最适合您需要的方式运行。
|
||||
|
||||
![i3 with rofi menu and dunst desktop notifications][8]
|
||||
|
||||
*i3 与 `rofi` 菜单和 `dunst` 桌面通知。*
|
||||
|
||||
最后，对于更高级的用户，i3 提供了完整的进程间通信（[IPC][9]）接口，允许您使用偏好的语言来开发脚本或程序，以实现更多的自定义选项。
|
||||
|
||||
### 5、工作空间
|
||||
|
||||
在 i3 中，工作区是对窗口进行分组的一种简单方法。您可以根据您的工作流以不同的方式对它们进行分组。例如，您可以将浏览器放在一个工作区上，终端放在另一个工作区上，将电子邮件客户端放在第三个工作区上等等。您甚至可以更改 i3 的配置，以便始终将特定应用程序分配给它们自己的工作区。
|
||||
|
||||
切换工作区既快速又简单。像 i3 中的惯例，使用键盘快捷方式执行此操作。按 `<SUPER>+num` 切换到工作区 `num` 。如果您养成了始终将应用程序组的窗口分配到同一个工作区的习惯，则可以在它们之间快速切换，这使得工作区成为非常有用的功能。
|
||||
|
||||
此外，还可以使用工作区来控制多监视器环境，其中每个监视器都有个初始工作区。如果切换到该工作区，则切换到该监视器，而无需让手离开键盘。
|
||||
|
||||
最后，i3 中还有另一种特殊类型的工作空间：the scratchpad（便笺簿）。它是一个不可见的工作区，通过按快捷方式显示在其他工作区的中间。这是一种访问您经常使用的窗口或程序的方便方式，如电子邮件客户端或音乐播放器。
|
||||
|
||||
### 尝试一下吧
|
||||
|
||||
如果您重视简洁和效率，并且不惮于使用键盘，i3 就是您的窗口管理器。有人说是为高级用户准备的，但情况不一定如此。你需要学习一些基本的快捷方式来度过开始的阶段，不久就会越来越自然并且不假思索地使用它们。
|
||||
|
||||
这篇文章只是浅浅谈及了 i3 能做的事情。欲了解更多详情，请参阅 [i3 的文档][10]。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/18/8/i3-tiling-window-manager
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ricardo Gerardi][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
译者：[lixinyuxx](https://github.com/lixinyuxx)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/rgerardi
|
||||
[1]:https://xfce.org/
|
||||
[2]:https://i3wm.org/
|
||||
[3]:https://code.google.com/archive/p/wmii/
|
||||
[4]:https://xmonad.org/
|
||||
[5]:/file/406476
|
||||
[6]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/i3_screenshot.png "i3 tiled window manager screenshot"
|
||||
[7]:/file/405161
|
||||
[8]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/rofi_dunst.png "i3 with rofi menu and dunst desktop notifications"
|
||||
[9]:https://i3wm.org/docs/ipc.html
|
||||
[10]:https://i3wm.org/docs/userguide.html
|
||||
@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
|
||||
GPL 合作承诺的发展历程
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
GPL 合作承诺消除了开发者对许可证失效的顾虑，从而达到促进技术创新的目的。
|
||||
> <ruby>GPL 合作承诺<rt>GPL Cooperation Commitment</rt></ruby>消除了开发者对许可证失效的顾虑，从而达到促进技术创新的目的。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
假如没有任何顾虑，技术创新和发展将会让世界发生天翻地覆的改变。[GPL 合作承诺][1]就这样应运而生，只为通过公平、一致、可预测的许可证来让科技创新无后顾之忧。
|
||||
假如能免于顾虑，技术创新和发展将会让世界发生天翻地覆的改变。<ruby>[GPL 合作承诺][1]<rt>GPL Cooperation Commitment</rt></ruby>就这样应运而生，只为通过公平、一致、可预测的许可证来让科技创新无后顾之忧。
|
||||
|
||||
去年，我曾经写过一篇文章，讨论了许可证对开源软件下游用户的影响。在进行研究的时候，我就发现许可证的约束力并不强，而且很多情况下是不可预测的。因此，我在文章中提出了一个能使开源许可证具有一致性和可预测性的潜在解决方案。但我只考虑到了诸如通过法律系统立法的传统方法。
|
||||
去年，我曾经写过一篇文章，讨论了许可证对开源软件下游用户的影响。在进行研究的时候，我就发现许可证的约束力并不强，而且很多情况下是不可预测的。因此，我在文章中提出了一个能使开源许可证具有一致性和可预测性的潜在解决方案。但我只考虑到了诸如通过法律系统立法的“传统”方法。
|
||||
|
||||
2017 年 11 月，RedHat、IBM、Google 和 Facebook 提出了这种我从未考虑过的非传统的解决方案：GPL 合作承诺。GPL 合作承诺规定了 GPL 公平一致执行的方式。我认为，GPL 合作承诺之所以有这么深刻的意义，有以下两个原因：一是许可证的公平性和一致性对于开源社区的发展来说至关重要，二是法律对不可预测性并不容忍。
|
||||
|
||||
### 了解 GPL
|
||||
### 了解 GPL
|
||||
|
||||
要了解 GPL 合作承诺，首先要了解什么是 GPL。GPL 是 <ruby>[GNU 通用许可证][2]<rt>GNU General Public License</rt></ruby>的缩写，它是一个公共版权的开源许可证，这就意味着开源软件的分发者必须向下游用户公开源代码。GPL 还禁止对下游用户作出限制，要求个人用户不得拒绝他人对开源软件的使用自由、研究自由、共享自由和改进自由。GPL 规定，只要下游用户满足了许可证的要求和条件，就可以使用该许可证。如果被许可人出现了不符合许可证的情况，则视为违规。
|
||||
要了解 GPL 合作承诺，首先要了解什么是 GPL。GPL 是 <ruby>[GNU 通用许可证][2]<rt>GNU General Public License</rt></ruby>的缩写，它是一个公共版权的开源许可证，这就意味着开源软件的分发者必须向下游用户公开源代码。GPL 还禁止对下游的使用作出限制，要求个人用户不得拒绝他人对开源软件的使用自由、研究自由、共享自由和改进自由。GPL 规定，只要下游用户满足了许可证的要求和条件，就可以使用该许可证。如果被许可人出现了不符合许可证的情况，则视为违规。
|
||||
|
||||
按照第二版 GPL（GPLv2）的描述，许可证会在任何违规的情况下自动终止，这就导致了部分开发者对 GPL 有所抗拒。而在第三版 GPL（GPLv3）中则引入了“[<ruby>治愈条款<rt>cure provision</rt></ruby>][3]”，这一条款规定，被许可人可以在 30 天内对违反 GPL 的行为进行改正，如果在这个缓冲期内改正完成，许可证就不会被终止。
|
||||
按照第二版 GPL（GPLv2）的描述，许可证会在任何违规的情况下自动终止，这就导致了部分开发者对 GPL 有所抗拒。而在第三版 GPL（GPLv3）中则引入了“<ruby>[治愈条款][3]<rt>cure provision</rt></ruby>”，这一条款规定，被许可人可以在 30 天内对违反 GPL 的行为进行改正，如果在这个缓冲期内改正完成，许可证就不会被终止。
|
||||
|
||||
这一规定消除了许可证被无故终止的顾虑，从而让软件的开发者和用户专注于开发和创新。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -23,10 +23,9 @@ GPL 合作承诺消除了开发者对许可证失效的顾虑，从而达到促
|
||||
|
||||
GPL 合作承诺将 GPLv3 的治愈条款应用于使用 GPLv2 的软件上，让使用 GPLv2 许可证的开发者避免许可证无故终止的窘境，并与 GPLv3 许可证保持一致。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
很多软件开发者都希望正确合规地做好一件事情，但有时候却不了解具体的实施细节。因此，GPL 合作承诺的重要性就在于能够对软件开发者们做出一些引导，让他们避免因一些简单的错误导致许可证违规终止。
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 基金会技术顾问委员会在 2017 年宣布，Linux 内核项目将会[采用 GPLv3 的治愈条款][4]。在 GPL 合作承诺的推动下，很多大型科技公司和个人开发者都承诺，会将自己的开源软件和 Linux 内核贡献在 30 天缓冲期内从 GPLv2 或 LGPLv2.1 扩展到 GPLv3。
|
||||
Linux 基金会技术顾问委员会在 2017 年宣布，Linux 内核项目将会[采用 GPLv3 的治愈条款][4]。在 GPL 合作承诺的推动下，很多大型科技公司和个人开发者都做出了相同的承诺，会将该条款扩展应用于他们采用 GPLv2（或 LGPLv2.1）许可证的所有软件，而不仅仅是对 Linux 内核的贡献。
|
||||
|
||||
GPL 合作承诺的广泛采用将会对开源社区产生非常积极的影响。如果更多的公司和个人开始采用 GPL 合作承诺，就能让大量正在使用 GPLv2 或 LGPLv2.1 许可证的软件以更公平和更可预测的形式履行许可证中的条款。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/18/11/gpl-cooperation-commitment
|
||||
作者：[Brooke Driver][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[HankChow](https://github.com/HankChow)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
||||
zs19940317翻译中
|
||||
|
||||
The Most Important Database You've Never Heard of
|
||||
======
|
||||
In 1962, JFK challenged Americans to send a man to the moon by the end of the decade, inspiring a heroic engineering effort that culminated in Neil Armstrong’s first steps on the lunar surface. Many of the fruits of this engineering effort were highly visible and sexy—there were new spacecraft, new spacesuits, and moon buggies. But the Apollo Program was so staggeringly complex that new technologies had to be invented even to do the mundane things. One of these technologies was IBM’s Information Management System (IMS).
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (What the open source community means to me)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/18/11/what-open-source-community-means-me)
|
||||
[#]: author: ([Florian Effenberger](https://opensource.com/users/floeff))
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
|
||||
What the open source community means to me
|
||||
======
|
||||
Contributing to open source is more than a way to make better software; it can enrich your entire life.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Every time I tell my friends about my hobby—which became my career as the executive director at [The Document Foundation][1]—I face lots of questions. A worldwide community? Contributors around the globe? An open source community? Can you eat that?!
|
||||
|
||||
Well, actually [sometimes you can][2] eat it. But seriously, today, I'd like to share my very personal view about what the open source community means to me and why being active is not only fun but also benefits your whole life.
|
||||
|
||||
### A long, long time ago…
|
||||
|
||||
Back in the good old days (around 2003 or 2004) when I was in my early twenties, I was a casual open source user. Flat-rate broadband connections had just become common, which suddenly made communication around the globe possible for everyone. More and more free software (not just Linux) made its way onto people's computers. Long before we had open source operating systems for smartphones and the Internet of Things, we could download open source email clients, browsers, and other software. Like many other people, my primary motivation was price, simply because the programs were free of charge. I saw hints that these applications were driven by a community, but I didn't fully understand what that meant. Since I wasn't a developer, having access to the source code was not a compelling reason for me to use open source—neither the software nor I would have gotten any advantage if I'd started coding.
|
||||
|
||||
### From user to community member
|
||||
|
||||
In those early days, the idea of a free office suite was tempting, so I installed OpenOffice on my computer. More out of coincidence than a plan, I subscribed to the project's mailing list. My curiosity was much larger than my understanding, but luckily that didn't keep me from doing things.
|
||||
|
||||
Time went by, autumn arrived, and the inevitable trade show season started again. Without really knowing what the heck I was doing, I offered to help OpenOffice.org at a Munich trade show, even though I had neither any clue about trade shows nor about the software itself—conditions couldn't have been worse, actually. I have always been quite skeptical and a bit shy, but that probably contributed to the fact that this was the best-documented trade show we'd ever had and quite a success for us.
|
||||
|
||||
I also met a colleague, whom I still work closely with, who took me under his wing. He never gave me the feeling that I was a useless rookie; on the contrary, from the very beginning, I was treated as a full and respected member of the community whose opinion mattered. Soon I became responsible for things that I had never done on a professional basis. To my surprise, it was a lot of fun and ultimately started something that shaped my life very much.
|
||||
|
||||
### Credit of trust
|
||||
|
||||
Unlike large corporations with their hierarchies and complex structures, in open source, I could start doing the things that interested me almost immediately. I could work in a very relaxed and easy way, which made it a whole lot of fun.
|
||||
|
||||
This credit of trust I received from the community is something that still touches me. After contributing in some areas—opportunities I owe to people who believed in me from the very beginning—I had the honor of meeting a wonderful human being, my mentor and good friend [John McCreesh][3], who sadly passed away in 2016. I had the joy of working with him to shape our project's international marketing. Even today, it is hard to believe this credit of trust, and I deeply value it as a gift that is anything but usual.
|
||||
|
||||
Over time, I was introduced to more and more areas—along with marketing, I was also responsible for distributing files on our mirror network, co-organizing several events, and co-founding what is most likely the first German foundation [tailored specifically for the open source community][4].
|
||||
|
||||
### Friends around the world
|
||||
|
||||
Over the years I've met lots of wonderful human beings through my open source activities. Not just colleagues or contacts, but true friends who live around the globe. We not only share an interest in our community but also lots of private moments and wonderful discussions.
|
||||
|
||||
We don't often meet in person due to distance, but that lack of proximity doesn't affect the mutual trust we share. One of my favorite memories is of meeting a friend from Rio de Janeiro, whom I've known since early 2000 when I helped him with a problem on his Linux server. We didn't meet in person until 2013; even though we'd never been in the same room throughout our friendship and the language barriers were high, we had an amazing evening among two good friends, 10,000km from home. We are in regular contact to this day.
|
||||
|
||||
### Broaden your mind
|
||||
|
||||
Having friends around the globe also gives you amazing insight and widens your scope, helping you redefine your point of view. Heading to the Vatican after a conference in Italy, my friend John once commented how fascinating it is seeing all the places free software can bring you.
|
||||
|
||||
During trips to foreign countries to attend conferences, my local colleagues help me learn a lot about life in other countries. I've met contributors from high-poverty countries, people with very touching personal stories, and colleagues who took long trips to English-speaking conferences despite large language barriers. I admire these people for taking these chances.
|
||||
|
||||
My colleagues' lives and credentials are often truly inspiring, as open source projects are open to everyone, independent of age, profession, and education. It's clear that the supposed barriers of culture, language, and time exist only in our heads—and they can be crossed in harmony. This is an important model for everyone, especially in these complicated times.
|
||||
|
||||
Meeting people from other cultures and learning about their lives helps me think about the world in new ways. When I read news reports about violence and war in countries where I have friends and colleagues, I worry about their well-being. Suddenly all the anonymous pain and suffering has a name and a face, and looking away is no longer an option.
|
||||
|
||||
### A life's philosophy
|
||||
|
||||
To me, open source is not just a license or a development model—it's an open mentality of mutual respect for everyone, trust in newbies, appreciation and value for other people's opinions, joint goals, and shared ideals. Open source involves data privacy, civil rights, free knowledge, open standards, and much more. I often say it's a philosophy of life by its own.
|
||||
|
||||
Like in any social group, open source projects are full of discussions, arguments, and discrepancies—very often you'll meet strong characters and learn that email communication can lead to a lot of confusion and misunderstanding. Still, none of this disention changes the very open, motivated, and motivating attitude of contributors. This creates an incredibly welcoming and inviting environment, which (in addition to the technical aspect) reveals a wonderful, human side of things.
|
||||
|
||||
### Reality of life
|
||||
|
||||
After all these years, open source has finally arrived, thanks to so many people spreading the word and living the ideals. Ten to 12 years ago, we were like aliens at trade shows, but nowadays, not only are the development and license model well recognized, but open source is an integral part of many companies' business. I'm delighted that more and more companies understand the open source model, contribute to it, act according to its principles, and therefore become an equal part of the open source community. This shows that the open source model has become mature.
|
||||
|
||||
I am skeptical, however, of the growing use of the term "community," as it seems any company with more than a handful of users on their platform claims membership, even if they are far more interested in marketing their product than serving the community. Nonetheless, it's great to see even conservative companies opening up to collaborate with their customers and the general public.
|
||||
|
||||
### The future is open
|
||||
|
||||
Even after more than 15 years in open source, every day is a new beginning, every day is exciting, there's always something new to discover, and the number of successes grows as the challenges do.
|
||||
|
||||
I am quite excited and curious where things will lead—not only in the projects and the code but even more in users' and decision-makers' minds. We all benefit, at least indirectly, from the achievements of the projects and the people driving them.
|
||||
|
||||
I'm certain the open source community will continue bringing me in touch with new topics and connecting me to new people who'll enrich my life. I am proud and happy to be a part of this movement, which allows me to experience how mutual respect, trust, and shared ideals help move things forward.
|
||||
|
||||
This was originally published on [Florian Effenberger][5]'s blog and is reprinted with permission.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/18/11/what-open-source-community-means-me
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Florian Effenberger][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/floeff
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.documentfoundation.org/
|
||||
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/open-source-cooking
|
||||
[3]: https://blog.documentfoundation.org/blog/2016/01/24/r-i-p-john-mccreesh/
|
||||
[4]: https://blog.documentfoundation.org/blog/2012/02/20/the-document-foundation-officially-incorporated-in-berlin-germany/
|
||||
[5]: https://blog.effenberger.org/2016/04/28/what-the-open-source-community-means-to-me/
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
||||
translating---geekpi
|
||||
|
||||
5 Firefox extensions to protect your privacy
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,98 +0,0 @@
|
||||
translating---geekpi
|
||||
|
||||
GPaste Is A Great Clipboard Manager For Gnome Shell
|
||||
======
|
||||
**[GPaste][1] is a clipboard management system that consists of a library, daemon, and interfaces for the command line and Gnome (using a native Gnome Shell extension).**
|
||||
|
||||
A clipboard manager allows keeping track of what you're copying and pasting, providing access to previously copied items. GPaste, with its native Gnome Shell extension, makes the perfect addition for those looking for a Gnome clipboard manager.
|
||||
|
||||
[![GPaste Gnome Shell extension Ubuntu 18.04][2]][3]
|
||||
GPaste Gnome Shell extension
|
||||
**Using GPaste in Gnome, you get a configurable, searchable clipboard history, available with a click on the top panel. GPaste remembers not only the text you copy, but also file paths and images** (the latter needs to be enabled from its settings as it's disabled by default).
|
||||
|
||||
What's more, GPaste can detect growing lines, meaning it can detect when a new text copy is an extension of another and replaces it if it's true, useful for keeping your clipboard clean.
|
||||
|
||||
From the extension menu you can pause GPaste from tracking the clipboard, and remove items from the clipboard history or the whole history. You'll also find a button that launches the GPaste user interface window.
|
||||
|
||||
**If you prefer to use the keyboard, you can use a key shortcut to open the GPaste history from the top bar** (`Ctrl + Alt + H`), **or open the full GPaste GUI** (`Ctrl + Alt + G`).
|
||||
|
||||
The tool also incorporates keyboard shortcuts to (can be changed):
|
||||
|
||||
* delete the active item from history: `Ctrl + Alt + V`
|
||||
|
||||
* **mark the active item as being a password (which obfuscates the clipboard entry in GPaste):** `Ctrl + Alt + S`
|
||||
|
||||
* sync the clipboard to the primary selection: `Ctrl + Alt + O`
|
||||
|
||||
* sync the primary selection to the clipboard: `Ctrl + Alt + P`
|
||||
|
||||
* upload the active item to a pastebin service: `Ctrl + Alt + U`
|
||||
|
||||
[![][4]][5]
|
||||
GPaste GUI
|
||||
|
||||
The GPaste interface window provides access to the clipboard history (with options to clear, edit or upload items), which can be searched, an option to pause GPaste from tracking the clipboard, restart the GPaste daemon, backup current clipboard history, as well as to its settings.
|
||||
|
||||
[![][6]][7]
|
||||
GPaste GUI
|
||||
|
||||
From the GPaste UI you can change settings like:
|
||||
|
||||
* Enable or disable the Gnome Shell extension
|
||||
* Sync the daemon state with the extension's one
|
||||
* Primary selection affects history
|
||||
* Synchronize clipboard with primary selection
|
||||
* Image support
|
||||
* Trim items
|
||||
* Detect growing lines
|
||||
* Save history
|
||||
* History settings like max history size, memory usage, max text item length, and more
|
||||
* Keyboard shortcuts
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Download GPaste
|
||||
|
||||
[Download GPaste](https://github.com/Keruspe/GPaste)
|
||||
|
||||
The Gpaste project page does not link to any GPaste binaries, and only source installation instructions. Users running Linux distributions other than Debian or Ubuntu (for which you'll find GPaste installation instructions below) can search their distro repositories for GPaste.
|
||||
|
||||
Do not confuse GPaste with the GPaste Integration extension posted on the Gnome Shell extension website. That is a Gnome Shell extension that uses GPaste daemon, which is no longer maintained. The native Gnome Shell extension built into GPaste is still maintained.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Install GPaste in Ubuntu (18.04, 16.04) or Debian (Jessie and newer)
|
||||
|
||||
**For Debian, GPaste is available for Jessie and newer, while for Ubuntu, GPaste is in the repositories for 16.04 and newer (so it's available in the Ubuntu 18.04 Bionic Beaver).**
|
||||
|
||||
**You can install GPaste (the daemon and the Gnome Shell extension) in Debian or Ubuntu using this command:**
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt install gnome-shell-extensions-gpaste gpaste
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
After the installation completes, restart Gnome Shell by pressing `Alt + F2` and typing `r` , then pressing the `Enter` key. The GPaste Gnome Shell extension should now be enabled and its icon should show up on the top Gnome Shell panel. If it's not, use Gnome Tweaks (Gnome Tweak Tool) to enable the extension.
|
||||
|
||||
**The GPaste 3.28.0 package from[Debian][8] and [Ubuntu][9] has a bug that makes it crash if the image support option is enabled, so do not enable this feature for now.** This was marked as
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.linuxuprising.com/2018/08/gpaste-is-great-clipboard-manager-for.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Logix][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://plus.google.com/118280394805678839070
|
||||
[1]:https://github.com/Keruspe/GPaste
|
||||
[2]:https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2ndArDBcrwY/W2gyhMc1kEI/AAAAAAAABS0/ZAe_onuGCacMblF733QGBX3XqyZd--WuACLcBGAs/s400/gpaste-gnome-shell-extension-ubuntu1804.png (Gpaste Gnome Shell)
|
||||
[3]:https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2ndArDBcrwY/W2gyhMc1kEI/AAAAAAAABS0/ZAe_onuGCacMblF733QGBX3XqyZd--WuACLcBGAs/s1600/gpaste-gnome-shell-extension-ubuntu1804.png
|
||||
[4]:https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7FBRsZJvYek/W2gyvzmeRxI/AAAAAAAABS4/LhokMFSn8_kZndrNB-BTP4W3e9IUuz9BgCLcBGAs/s640/gpaste-gui_1.png
|
||||
[5]:https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7FBRsZJvYek/W2gyvzmeRxI/AAAAAAAABS4/LhokMFSn8_kZndrNB-BTP4W3e9IUuz9BgCLcBGAs/s1600/gpaste-gui_1.png
|
||||
[6]:https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-047ShYc6RrQ/W2gyz5FCf_I/AAAAAAAABTA/-o6jaWzwNpsSjG0QRwRJ5Xurq_A6dQ0sQCLcBGAs/s640/gpaste-gui_2.png
|
||||
[7]:https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-047ShYc6RrQ/W2gyz5FCf_I/AAAAAAAABTA/-o6jaWzwNpsSjG0QRwRJ5Xurq_A6dQ0sQCLcBGAs/s1600/gpaste-gui_2.png
|
||||
[8]:https://packages.debian.org/buster/gpaste
|
||||
[9]:https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/gpaste
|
||||
[10]:https://www.imagination-land.org/posts/2018-04-13-gpaste-3.28.2-released.html
|
||||
@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Translating by Guevaraya
|
||||
How To Change GDM Login Screen Background In Ubuntu
|
||||
======
|
||||
Whenever you log in or lock and unlock your Ubuntu 18.04 LTS desktop, you will be greeted with a plain purple-colored screen. It is the default GDM (GNOME Display Manager) background since Ubuntu version 17.04. Some of you may feel boring to look at this plain background and want to make the Login screen something cool and eye-candy! If so, you’re on the right track. This brief guide describes how to change GDM Login screen background in Ubuntu 18.04 LTS desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
### Change GDM Login Screen Background In Ubuntu
|
||||
|
||||
Here is how the default GDM login screen background image looks like in Ubuntu 18.04 LTS desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Whether you like it or not, you will stumbled upon this screen every time you log in or lock and unlock the system. No worries! You can change this background with any beautiful image of your choice.
|
||||
|
||||
Changing desktop wallpaper and user’s profile picture is not a big deal in Ubuntu. We can do it with a few mouse clicks in no time. However, changing Login/Lock screen background need a little bit editing of a file called **ubuntu.css** located under **/usr/share/gnome-shell/theme** directory.
|
||||
|
||||
Before modifying this file, take a backup of this file. So, we can restore it if something went wrong.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo cp /usr/share/gnome-shell/theme/ubuntu.css /usr/share/gnome-shell/theme/ubuntu.css.bak
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Now, edit ubuntu.css file:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo nano /usr/share/gnome-shell/theme/ubuntu.css
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Find the following lines under the directive named **“lockDialogGroup”** in the file:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
#lockDialogGroup {
|
||||
background: #2c001e url(resource:///org/gnome/shell/theme/noise-texture.png);
|
||||
background-repeat: repeat;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, the default image for the GDM login screen is **noise-texture.png**.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, change the background image by adding your image path. You can use either .jpg or .png file. Both format images worked fine for me. After editing the file, the contents of file will look like below:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
#lockDialogGroup {
|
||||
background: #2c001e url(file:///home/sk/image.png);
|
||||
background-repeat: no-repeat;
|
||||
background-size: cover;
|
||||
background-position: center;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Please pay little attention to the modified version of this directive in the ubuntu.css file. I have marked the changes in bold.
|
||||
|
||||
As you might have noticed, I have changed the line “… **url(resource:///org/gnome/shell/theme/noise-texture.png);** ” with “ **…url(file:///home/sk/image.png);”**. I.e You should change “… **url(resource** …” to “… **url(file**..”.
|
||||
|
||||
Also, I have changed the value of “background-repeat:” parameter from **“repeat”** to **“no-repeat”** and added two more lines. You can simply copy/paste the above lines and change image path with your own in your ubuntu.css file.
|
||||
|
||||
Once you are done, save and close the file. And, reboot your system.
|
||||
|
||||
Here is my GDM login screen with updated backgrounds:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Cool, yeah? As you can see, changing GDM login screen is not that difficult either. All you have to do is to change the path of the image in ubuntu.css file and restart your system. It is simple as that. Have fun!
|
||||
|
||||
You can also edit **gdm3.css** file located under **/usr/share/gnome-shell/theme** directory and modify it as shown above to get the same result. Again, don’t forget to take the backup of the file before making any changes.
|
||||
|
||||
And, that’s all now. More good stuffs to come. Stay tuned!
|
||||
|
||||
Cheers!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-change-gdm-login-screen-background-in-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[SK][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (OpenSnitch – an Application Firewall for Linux [Review])
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/opensnitch-firewall-linux/)
|
||||
[#]: author: ([John Paul](https://itsfoss.com/author/john/))
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
|
||||
OpenSnitch – an Application Firewall for Linux [Review]
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
Just because Linux is a lot more secure than Windows, there is no reason you should not be cautious. There are a number of firewalls available for Linux that you can use to make your Linux system more secure. Today we will be taking a look at one of such firewall tool called OpenSnitch.
|
||||
|
||||
### What is OpenSnitch?
|
||||
|
||||
![Linux firewall and security][1]
|
||||
|
||||
[OpenSnitch][2] is a port of Little Snitch. Little Snitch, in turn, is an application firewall designed solely for Mac OS. OpenSnitch is created by [Simone Margaritelli][3], also known as [evilsocket][4].
|
||||
|
||||
The main thing that OpenSnitch does is track internet requests made by applications you have installed. OpenSnitch allows you to create rules for which apps to allow to access the internet and which to block. Each time an application that does not have a rule in place tries to access the internet, a dialog box appears. This dialog box gives you the option to allow or block the connection.
|
||||
|
||||
You can also decide whether this new rule applies to the process, the exact URL it is attempting to reach, the domain that it is attempting to reach, to this single instance, to this session or forever.
|
||||
|
||||
![OpenSnitch firewall app in Linux][5]OpenSnatch rule request
|
||||
|
||||
All of the rules that you create are stored as [JSON files][6] so you can change them later if you need to. For example, if you incorrectly blocked an application.
|
||||
|
||||
OpenSnitch also has a nice graphical user interface that lets you see at a glance:
|
||||
|
||||
* What applications are accessing the web
|
||||
* What IP address they are using
|
||||
* What User owns it
|
||||
* What port is being used
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You can also export the information to a CSV file if you wish.
|
||||
|
||||
OpenSnitch is available under the GPL v3 license.
|
||||
|
||||
![OpenSnitch firewall interface][7]OpenSnitch processes tab
|
||||
|
||||
### Installing OpenSnitch in Linux
|
||||
|
||||
The installation instructions on the [OpenSnitch GitHub page][8] are aimed at Ubuntu users. If you are using another distro, you will have to adjust the commands. As far as I know, this application is only packaged in the [Arch User Repository][9].
|
||||
|
||||
Before you start, you need to have Go properly installed and the `$GOPATH` environment variable is defined.
|
||||
|
||||
First, install the necessary dependencies.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get install protobuf-compiler libpcap-dev libnetfilter-queue-dev python3-pip
|
||||
|
||||
go get github.com/golang/protobuf/protoc-gen-go
|
||||
|
||||
go get -u github.com/golang/dep/cmd/dep
|
||||
|
||||
python3 -m pip install --user grpcio-tools
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Next, you will need to clone the OpenSnitch repo. There will probably be a message that no Go files where found. Ignore it. If you get a message that git is missing, just install it.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
go get github.com/evilsocket/opensnitch
|
||||
|
||||
cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/evilsocket/opensnitch
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
If the `$GOPATH` environment variable is not setup correctly, you will get a “no such folder found” error on the previous command. just `cd` into the location of the “evilsocket/opensnitch” folder that was listed when you cloned it to your system.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, we build and install it.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
make
|
||||
|
||||
sudo make install
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
If you get an error that the `dep` command could not be found, add `GOPATH/bin` is in the `PATH`.
|
||||
|
||||
Once that is finished, we will initiate the daemon and start the graphical user environment.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo systemctl enable opensnitchd
|
||||
|
||||
sudo service opensnitchd start
|
||||
|
||||
opensnitch-ui
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![OpenSnitch firewall interface][10]OpenSnitch on Manjaro
|
||||
|
||||
### Experience
|
||||
|
||||
I’ll be honest: my experience with OpenSnitch was not great. I started by trying to install it on Fedora. I had trouble finding some of the dependencies. I switched over to Manjaro and was happy to find it in the Arch User Repository.
|
||||
|
||||
Unfortunately, after I ran the installation, I could not launch the graphical user interface. So I ran the last three steps by hand. Everything seemed to be working fine. The dialog box popped up asking me if I wanted to let Firefox visit the Manjaro website.
|
||||
|
||||
Interestingly, when I ran an [AUR tool][11] `yay` to update my system, the dialog box requested rules for `yay`, `pacman`, `pamac`, and `git`. Later, I had to close and restart the GUI because it was acting up. When I restart it, it stopped asking me to create rules. I installed Falkon and OpenSnitch did not ask me to give it any permissions. It did not even list Falkon in the OpenSnithch GUI. I reinstalled OpenSnitch. Same issue.
|
||||
|
||||
Then I moved to Ubuntu Mate. Since the installation instructions were written for Ubuntu, things went easier. However, I ran into a couple issues. I tweaked the installation instructions above to fix the problems I encountered.
|
||||
|
||||
Installation was not the only issue that I ran into. The dialog box that appeared every time a new app created a connection only lasted for 10 seconds. That was barely enough time to explore the available options. Most of the time, I only had time to allow an application (only the ones I trust) to access the web forever.
|
||||
|
||||
The GUI also left a bit to be desired. For some reason, the window was set to be on top all of the time. On top of that, there are no setting to change it. It would also have been nice to have the option to change rules from the GUI.
|
||||
|
||||
![][12]OpenSnitch hosts tab
|
||||
|
||||
### Final Thoughts on OpenSnitch
|
||||
|
||||
I like what OpenSnitch is aiming for: any easy way to control what information leaves your computer. However, it has too many rough edges for me to recommend it to a regular or hobby user. If you are a power user, who likes to tinker and dig for answers then maybe this is for you.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s kinda disappointing. I would have hoped that an application that recently hit 1.0 would be in a little better shape.
|
||||
|
||||
Have you ever used OpenSnitch? If not, what is your favorite firewall app? How do you make your Linux system more secure? Let us know in the comments below.
|
||||
|
||||
If you found this article interesting, please take a minute to share it on social media, Hacker News or [Reddit][13].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/opensnitch-firewall-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[John Paul][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/john/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/linux-firewall-security.jpg?fit=800%2C450&ssl=1
|
||||
[2]: https://www.opensnitch.io/
|
||||
[3]: https://github.com/evilsocket
|
||||
[4]: https://twitter.com/evilsocket
|
||||
[5]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/opensnitch-dialog.jpg?fit=800%2C421&ssl=1
|
||||
[6]: https://www.json.org/
|
||||
[7]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/opensnitch-processes.jpg?fit=800%2C651&ssl=1
|
||||
[8]: https://github.com/evilsocket/opensnitch
|
||||
[9]: https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/opensnitch-git
|
||||
[10]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/opensnitch-manjaro.jpg?fit=800%2C651&ssl=1
|
||||
[11]: https://itsfoss.com/best-aur-helpers/
|
||||
[12]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/opensnitch-hosts.jpg?fit=800%2C651&ssl=1
|
||||
[13]: http://reddit.com/r/linuxusersgroup
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
|
||||
GPaste 是 Gnome Shell 中优秀的剪贴板管理器
|
||||
======
|
||||
**[GPaste][1] 是一个剪贴板管理系统，它包含了库、守护程序以及命令行和 Gnome 的接口（使用原生 Gnome Shell 扩展）。**
|
||||
|
||||
剪贴板管理器能够跟踪你正在复制和粘贴的内容，从而能够访问以前复制的项目。GPaste 带有原生的 Gnome Shell 扩展，是那些寻找 Gnome 剪贴板管理器的人的完美补充。
|
||||
|
||||
[![GPaste Gnome Shell extension Ubuntu 18.04][2]][3]
|
||||
GPaste Gnome Shell扩展
|
||||
|
||||
**在 Gnome 中使用 GPaste，你只需单击顶部面板即可得到可配置的、可搜索的剪贴板历史记录。GPaste 不仅会记住你复制的文本，还能记住文件路径和图像**（后者需要在设置中启用，因为默认情况下它被禁用）。
|
||||
|
||||
不仅如此，GPaste 还可以检测到增长的行，这意味着当检测到新文本是另一个文本的扩展时，它会替换它，这对于保持剪贴板整洁非常有用。
|
||||
|
||||
在扩展菜单中，你可以暂停 GPaste 跟踪剪贴板，并从剪贴板历史记录或整个历史记录中删除项目。你还会发现一个启动 GPaste 用户界面窗口的按钮。
|
||||
|
||||
**如果你更喜欢使用键盘，你可以使用快捷键从顶栏开启 GPaste 历史记录** (`Ctrl + Alt + H`) **或打开全部的 GPaste GUI**（`Ctrl + Alt + G`）。
|
||||
|
||||
该工具还包含这些键盘快捷键（可以更改）：
|
||||
|
||||
* 从历史记录中删除活动项目： `Ctrl + Alt + V`
|
||||
|
||||
* **将活动项目显示为密码（在 GPaste 中混淆剪贴板条目）：** `Ctrl + Alt + S`
|
||||
|
||||
* 将剪贴板同步到主选择： `Ctrl + Alt + O`
|
||||
|
||||
* 将主选择同步到剪贴板：`Ctrl + Alt + P`
|
||||
|
||||
* 将活动项目上传到 pastebin 服务：`Ctrl + Alt + U`
|
||||
|
||||
[![][4]][5]
|
||||
GPaste GUI
|
||||
|
||||
GPaste 窗口界面提供可供搜索的剪贴板历史记录（包括清除、编辑或上传项目的选项）、暂停 GPaste 跟踪剪贴板的选项、重启 GPaste 守护程序，备份当前剪贴板历史记录，还有它的设置。
|
||||
|
||||
[![][6]][7]
|
||||
GPaste GUI
|
||||
|
||||
在 GPaste UI 中，你可以更改以下设置：
|
||||
|
||||
* 启用或禁用 Gnome Shell 扩展
|
||||
* 将守护程序状态与扩展程序的状态同步
|
||||
* 主选择影响历史
|
||||
* 使剪贴板与主选择同步
|
||||
* 图像支持
|
||||
* 修整条目
|
||||
* 检测增长行
|
||||
* 保存历史
|
||||
* 历史记录设置，如最大历史记录大小、内存使用情况、最大文本长度等
|
||||
* 键盘快捷键
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 下载 GPaste
|
||||
|
||||
[Download GPaste](https://github.com/Keruspe/GPaste)
|
||||
|
||||
Gpaste 项目页面没有链接到任何 GPaste 二进制文件，它只有源码安装说明。非 Debian 或 Ubuntu 的 Linux 发行版的用户（你可以在下面找到 GPaste 安装说明）可以在各自的发行版仓库中搜索 GPaste。
|
||||
|
||||
不要将 GPaste 与 Gnome Shell 扩展网站上发布的 GPaste Integration 扩展混淆。这是一个使用 GPaste 守护程序的 Gnome Shell 扩展，它不再维护。内置于 GPaste 中的原生 Gnome Shell 扩展仍然维护。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 在 Ubuntu（18.04、16.04）或 Debian（Jessie 和更新版本）中安装 GPaste
|
||||
|
||||
**对于 Debian，GPaste 可用于 Jessie 和更新版本，而对于 Ubuntu，GPaste 在 16.04 及更新版本的仓库中（因此可在 Ubuntu 18.04 Bionic Beaver 中使用）。**
|
||||
|
||||
**你可以使用以下命令在 Debian 或 Ubuntu 中安装 GPaste（守护程序和 Gnome Shell 扩展）：**
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt install gnome-shell-extensions-gpaste gpaste
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
安装完成后，按下 `Alt + F2` 并输入 `r` 重新启动 Gnome Shell，然后按`回车`键。现在应该启用了 GPaste Gnome Shell 扩展，其图标应显示在顶部 Gnome Shell 面板上。如果没有，请使用 Gnome Tweaks（Gnome Tweak Tool）启用扩展。
|
||||
|
||||
**[Debian][8] 和 [Ubuntu][9] 的 GPaste 3.28.0 中有一个错误，如果启用了图像支持选项会导致它崩溃，所以现在不要启用此功能。** 这在 GPaste 3.28.2 中被标记为[已修复][10]，但 Debian 和 Ubuntu 仓库中尚未提供此包。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.linuxuprising.com/2018/08/gpaste-is-great-clipboard-manager-for.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Logix][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://plus.google.com/118280394805678839070
|
||||
[1]:https://github.com/Keruspe/GPaste
|
||||
[2]:https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2ndArDBcrwY/W2gyhMc1kEI/AAAAAAAABS0/ZAe_onuGCacMblF733QGBX3XqyZd--WuACLcBGAs/s400/gpaste-gnome-shell-extension-ubuntu1804.png (Gpaste Gnome Shell)
|
||||
[3]:https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2ndArDBcrwY/W2gyhMc1kEI/AAAAAAAABS0/ZAe_onuGCacMblF733QGBX3XqyZd--WuACLcBGAs/s1600/gpaste-gnome-shell-extension-ubuntu1804.png
|
||||
[4]:https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7FBRsZJvYek/W2gyvzmeRxI/AAAAAAAABS4/LhokMFSn8_kZndrNB-BTP4W3e9IUuz9BgCLcBGAs/s640/gpaste-gui_1.png
|
||||
[5]:https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7FBRsZJvYek/W2gyvzmeRxI/AAAAAAAABS4/LhokMFSn8_kZndrNB-BTP4W3e9IUuz9BgCLcBGAs/s1600/gpaste-gui_1.png
|
||||
[6]:https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-047ShYc6RrQ/W2gyz5FCf_I/AAAAAAAABTA/-o6jaWzwNpsSjG0QRwRJ5Xurq_A6dQ0sQCLcBGAs/s640/gpaste-gui_2.png
|
||||
[7]:https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-047ShYc6RrQ/W2gyz5FCf_I/AAAAAAAABTA/-o6jaWzwNpsSjG0QRwRJ5Xurq_A6dQ0sQCLcBGAs/s1600/gpaste-gui_2.png
|
||||
[8]:https://packages.debian.org/buster/gpaste
|
||||
[9]:https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/gpaste
|
||||
[10]:https://www.imagination-land.org/posts/2018-04-13-gpaste-3.28.2-released.html
|
||||
@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
|
||||
i3窗口管理器让Linux更好的五个原因
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux（和一般的开源软件） 最美好的一点是在不同的替代方案中进行选择的自由，以满足我们的需求。
|
||||
|
||||
我使用 Linux 已经很长时间了，但我从来没有对可用的桌面环境完全满意。直到去年 [Xfce][1] 是我认为在功能和性能之间的一个接近优秀的妥协。然后我发现 [i3][2] 一个惊人的软件改变了我的生活
|
||||
|
||||
I3 是一个平铺窗口管理器。窗口管理器的目标是控制窗口系统中窗口的外观和位置。窗口管理器通常用作功能齐全的桌面环境 (如 GONME 或 Xfce ) 的一部分, 但也有一些可以用作独立的应用程序。
|
||||
|
||||
平铺式窗口管理器会自动排列窗口, 以不重叠的方式占据整个屏幕。其他流行的平铺式窗口管理器包括 [wmii][3] 和 [xmonad][4] 。
|
||||
|
||||
![i3 tiled window manager screenshot][6]
|
||||
|
||||
带有三个的 i3 屏幕截图
|
||||
|
||||
以下是我使用 i3 窗口管理器的五个首要原因，并推荐它以获得更好的 Linux 桌面体验。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1\.简化的艺术
|
||||
|
||||
I3 速度很快。它既不冗杂, 也不花哨。它的设计简单而高效。作为开发人员, 我重视这些功能， 因为我可以使用额外的功能为我最喜欢的开发工具助力， 或者使用容器或虚拟机在本地测试内容。
|
||||
|
||||
此外， I3 是一个窗口管理器，与功能齐全的桌面环境不同，它并不规定您应该使用的应用程序。您是否想使用 Xfce 的 Thunar 作为文件管理器？GNOME 的 gedit 去编辑文本? I3 并不在乎。选择对您的工作流最有意义的工具，I3 将以相同的方式管理它们。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2\. 屏幕实际使用面积
|
||||
|
||||
作为平铺式窗口管理器, I3 将自动 "平铺" 或以不重叠的方式定位窗口, 类似于在墙上放置瓷砖。因为您不需要担心窗口定位, i3 一般会更好地利用您的屏幕空间。它还可以让您更快地找到您需要的东西。
|
||||
|
||||
对于这种情况有很多有用的例子。例如, 系统管理员可以打开多个？来同时监视或在不同的远程系统上工作;开发人员可以使用他们最喜欢的 IDE 或编辑器和几个？来测试他们的程序。
|
||||
|
||||
此外, i3 具有灵活性。如果您需要为特定窗口提供更多空间, 请启用全屏模式或切换到其他布局, 如堆叠或选项卡式（标签式）。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3\. 键盘驱动的工作流程
|
||||
|
||||
i3 广泛使用键盘快捷键来控制环境的不同方面。其中包括打开？和其他程序、调整大小和定位窗口、更改布局, 甚至退出 i3。当您开始使用 i3 时, 您需要记住其中的一些快捷方式来绕行，随着时间的推移，您会使用更多的快捷方式。
|
||||
|
||||
主要好处是, 您不需要经常用键盘和鼠标切换上下文。通过练习, 意味着您将提高工作流程的速度和效率。
|
||||
|
||||
例如， 要打开新的？，请按 `<SUPER>+<ENTER>` .由于窗口是自动定位的, 您可以立即开始键入命令。结合一个很好的？驱动的文本编辑器 (如 Vim) 和一个以键盘为焦点的浏览器，形成一个完全由键盘驱动的工作流程。
|
||||
|
||||
在 i3 中, 您可以为所有内容定义快捷方式。下面是一些示例:
|
||||
|
||||
* 打开？
|
||||
* 打开浏览器
|
||||
* 更改布局
|
||||
* 调整窗口大小
|
||||
* 控制音乐播放器
|
||||
* 切换工作区
|
||||
|
||||
现在我已经习惯了这个工作形式，我已无法回到了常规的桌面环境。
|
||||
|
||||
### 4\. 灵活
|
||||
|
||||
i3 力求最小化，很少使用系统资源， 但这并不意味着它不可能漂亮。i3 具有灵活性, 可通过多种方式进行自定义， 以改善视觉体验。因为 i3 是一个窗口管理器, 所以它不提供启用自定义的工具，而是提供启用自定义的工具。您需要外部工具来实现这一点。一些例子:
|
||||
|
||||
* 用 `feh` 定义桌面的背景图片。
|
||||
* 使用复合器管理器, 如`compton`以启用窗口淡入淡出和透明度等效果。
|
||||
* 用 `dmenu` 或 `rofi`以启用可从键盘快捷方式启动的可自定义菜单。
|
||||
* 用 `dunst` 用于桌面通知。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
i3 是完全可配置的，您可以通过更新默认配置文件来控制它的各个方面。从更改所有键盘快捷键，到重新定义工作区的名称，再到修改状态栏，您都可以使 i3 以任何最适合您需要的方式运行。
|
||||
|
||||
![i3 with rofi menu and dunst desktop notifications][8]
|
||||
|
||||
i3 与 `rofi` 菜单和 `dunst` 桌面通知。
|
||||
|
||||
最后, 对于更高级的用户， i3 提供了完整的进程间通信([IPC][9]) 界面， 允许您使用您最喜爱的语言来开发脚本或程序，以实现更多的自定义选项。
|
||||
|
||||
### 5\. 工作空间
|
||||
|
||||
在 i3 中, 工作区是对窗口进行分组的一种简单方法。您可以根据您的工作流以不同的方式对它们进行分组。例如, 您可以将浏览器放在一个工作区上, ？命令行放在另一个工作区上, 将电子邮件客户端放在第三个工作区上, 等等。您甚至可以更改 i3 的配置, 以便始终将特定应用程序分配给它们自己的工作区。
|
||||
|
||||
切换工作区既快速又简单。像 i3 中的往常一样，使用键盘快捷方式执行此操作。按 `<SUPER>+num` 切换到工作区 `num` 。如果您养成了始终将应用程序组的窗口分配到同一工作区的习惯，则可以在它们之间快速切换，这使得工作区成为非常有用的功能。
|
||||
|
||||
此外，还可以使用工作区来控制多监视器的设置，其中每个监视器都可以获得初始工作区。如果切换到该工作区, 则切换到该监视器，而无需让手离开键盘。
|
||||
|
||||
最后，i3 中还有另一种特殊类型的工作空间: the scratchpad（便笺簿）。它是一个不可见的工作区，通过按快捷方式显示在其他工作区的中间。这是一种方便的方式来访问您经常使用的窗口或程序，如电子邮件客户端或音乐播放器。
|
||||
|
||||
### 尝试一下吧
|
||||
|
||||
如果您重视简单性和效率， 并且不抵触使用键盘, i3 就是您的窗口管理器。有人说是为高级用户准备的，但情况不一定如此。你需要学习一些基本的快捷方式来度过开始的阶段，不久就会越来越自然并且不假思索地使用它们。
|
||||
|
||||
这篇文章只是触及了 i3 表面能做的事情。欲了解更多详情, 请咨询 [i3's documentation][10].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/18/8/i3-tiling-window-manager
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ricardo Gerardi][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
译者：[lixinyuxx](https://github.com/lixinyuxx)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/rgerardi
|
||||
[1]:https://xfce.org/
|
||||
[2]:https://i3wm.org/
|
||||
[3]:https://code.google.com/archive/p/wmii/
|
||||
[4]:https://xmonad.org/
|
||||
[5]:/file/406476
|
||||
[6]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/i3_screenshot.png "i3 tiled window manager screenshot"
|
||||
[7]:/file/405161
|
||||
[8]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/rofi_dunst.png "i3 with rofi menu and dunst desktop notifications"
|
||||
[9]:https://i3wm.org/docs/ipc.html
|
||||
[10]:https://i3wm.org/docs/userguide.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
|
||||
如何更换Ubuntu系统的GDM登录界面背景
|
||||
======
|
||||
Ubuntu 18.04 LTS桌面系统在登录，锁屏和解锁状态下，我们会看到一个纯紫色的背景。它是GDM(GNOME Display Manager)从ubuntu 17.04版本开始使用的默认背景。有一些人可能会不喜欢这个纯色的背景，想换一个酷一点,更吸睛的！如果是这样，你找对地方了。这篇简文将会告诉你如何更换Ubuntu 18.04 LTS的GDM登录界面的背景。
|
||||
### 更换Ubuntu的登录界面背景
|
||||
|
||||
这是Ubuntu 18.04 LTS桌面系统默认的登录界面
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
不管你喜欢还是不喜欢，你总是会不经意在登录，解屏/锁屏的时面对它。别担心！你可以随便更换一个你喜欢的图片。
|
||||
|
||||
在Ubuntu上更换桌面壁纸和用户的资料图像不难。我们可以点击鼠标就搞定了。但更换解屏/锁屏的背景则需要修改文件 **ubuntu.css** 位于 **/usr/share/gnome-shell/theme**。
|
||||
|
||||
修改这个文件之前，最好备份一下它。这样我们可以避免出现问题时可以恢复它。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo cp /usr/share/gnome-shell/theme/ubuntu.css /usr/share/gnome-shell/theme/ubuntu.css.bak
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
修改文件ubuntu.css ：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo nano /usr/share/gnome-shell/theme/ubuntu.css
|
||||
```
|
||||
在文件中找到关键字 **“lockDialogGroup”** ，如下行：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
#lockDialogGroup {
|
||||
background: #2c001e url(resource:///org/gnome/shell/theme/noise-texture.png);
|
||||
background-repeat: repeat;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
可以看到，GDM默认登录的背景图片是 **noise-texture.png**
|
||||
|
||||
现在修改为你自己的图片路径。也可以选择.jpg或.png格式的文件，两种格式的图片文件都是支持的。修改完成后的文件内容如下：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
#lockDialogGroup {
|
||||
background: #2c001e url(file:///home/sk/image.png);
|
||||
background-repeat: no-repeat;
|
||||
background-size: cover;
|
||||
background-position: center;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
请注意ubuntu.css文件里这个关键字的修改，我把修改点加粗了.
|
||||
|
||||
你可能注意到，我原来的“… **url(resource:///org/gnome/shell/theme/noise-texture.png);** ” 修改为“ **…url(file:///home/sk/image.png);”**。也就是说，你可以把“… **url(resource** …” 修改为to “… **url(file**..”。
|
||||
|
||||
同时，你可以把参数“background-repeat:” 的值 **“repeat”** 修改为 **“no-repeat”** 来增加多行。你可以直接复制上面几行的修改到你的ubuntu.css文件，对应的修改为你的图片路径。
|
||||
|
||||
修改完成后，保存和关闭此文件。然后系统重启生效。
|
||||
|
||||
下面是GDM登录界面的最新背景图片：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
是不是很酷，你都看到了，更换GDM登录的默认背景很简单。你只需要修改ubuntu.css 文件中图片的路径然后重启系统。是不是很简单也很有意思.
|
||||
|
||||
你可以修改 **/usr/share/gnome-shell/theme** 目录下的文件 **gdm3.css** ，具体修改内容和修改结果和上面一样。同时记得修改前备份要修改的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
就这些了。如果有好的东东再分享了，请大家关注！
|
||||
|
||||
后会有期
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-change-gdm-login-screen-background-in-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[SK][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[Guevaraya](https://github.com/guevaraya)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user