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translating---cyleft
====
6 Commands To Shutdown And Reboot The Linux System From Terminal
======
Linux administrator performing many tasks in their routine work. The system Shutdown and Reboot task also included in it.
It’s one of the risky task for them because some times it wont come back due to some reasons and they need to spend more time on it to troubleshoot.
These task can be performed through CLI in Linux. Most of the time Linux administrator prefer to perform these kind of tasks via CLI because they are familiar on this.
There are few commands are available in Linux to perform these tasks and user needs to choose appropriate command to perform the task based on the requirement.
All these commands has their own feature and allow Linux admin to use it.
**Suggested Read :**
**(#)** [11 Methods To Find System/Server Uptime In Linux][1]
**(#)** [Tuptime – A Tool To Report The Historical And Statistical Running Time Of Linux System][2]
When the system is initiated for Shutdown or Reboot. It will be notified to all logged-in users and processes. Also, it wont allow any new logins if the time argument is used.
I would suggest you to double check before you perform this action because you need to follow few prerequisites to make sure everything is fine.
Those steps are listed below.
* Make sure you should have a console access to troubleshoot further in case any issues arise. VMWare access for VMs and IPMI/iLO/iDRAC access for physical servers.
* You have to create a ticket as per your company procedure either Incident or Change ticket and get approval
* Take the important configuration files backup and move to other servers for safety
* Verify the log files (Perform the pre-check)
* Communicate about your activity with other dependencies teams like DBA, Application, etc
* Ask them to bring down their Database service or Application service and get a confirmation from them.
* Validate the same from your end using the appropriate command to double confirm this.
* Finally reboot the system
* Verify the log files (Perform the post-check), If everything is good then move to next step. If you found something is wrong then troubleshoot accordingly.
* If it’s back to up and running, ask the dependencies team to bring up their applications.
* Monitor for some time, and communicate back to them saying everything is working fine as expected.
This task can be performed using following commands.
* **`shutdown Command:`** shutdown command used to halt, power-off or reboot the machine.
* **`halt Command:`** halt command used to halt, power-off or reboot the machine.
* **`poweroff Command:`** poweroff command used to halt, power-off or reboot the machine.
* **`reboot Command:`** reboot command used to halt, power-off or reboot the machine.
* **`init Command:`** init (short for initialization) is the first process started during booting of the computer system.
* **`systemctl Command:`** systemd is a system and service manager for Linux operating systems.
### Method-1: How To Shutdown And Reboot The Linux System Using Shutdown Command
shutdown command used to power-off or reboot a Linux remote machine or local host. It’s offering
multiple options to perform this task effectively. If the time argument is used, 5 minutes before the system goes down the /run/nologin file is created to ensure that further logins shall not be allowed.
The general syntax is
```
# shutdown [OPTION] [TIME] [MESSAGE]
```
Run the below command to shutdown a Linux machine immediately. It will kill all the processes immediately and will shutdown the system.
```
# shutdown -h now
```
* **`-h:`** Equivalent to –poweroff, unless –halt is specified.
Alternatively we can use the shutdown command with `halt` option to bring down the machine immediately.
```
# shutdown --halt now
or
# shutdown -H now
```
* **`-H, --halt:`** Halt the machine.
Alternatively we can use the shutdown command with `poweroff` option to bring down the machine immediately.
```
# shutdown --poweroff now
or
# shutdown -P now
```
* **`-P, --poweroff:`** Power-off the machine (the default).
Run the below command to shutdown a Linux machine immediately. It will kill all the processes immediately and will shutdown the system.
```
# shutdown -h now
```
* **`-h:`** Equivalent to –poweroff, unless –halt is specified.
If you run the below commands without time parameter, it will wait for a minute then execute the given command.
```
# shutdown -h
Shutdown scheduled for Mon 2018-10-08 06:42:31 EDT, use 'shutdown -c' to cancel.
[email protected]#
Broadcast message from [email protected] (Mon 2018-10-08 06:41:31 EDT):
The system is going down for power-off at Mon 2018-10-08 06:42:31 EDT!
```
All other logged in users can see a broadcast message in their terminal like below.
```
[[email protected] ~]$
Broadcast message from [email protected] (Mon 2018-10-08 06:41:31 EDT):
The system is going down for power-off at Mon 2018-10-08 06:42:31 EDT!
```
for Halt option.
```
# shutdown -H
Shutdown scheduled for Mon 2018-10-08 06:37:53 EDT, use 'shutdown -c' to cancel.
[email protected]#
Broadcast message from [email protected] (Mon 2018-10-08 06:36:53 EDT):
The system is going down for system halt at Mon 2018-10-08 06:37:53 EDT!
```
for Poweroff option.
```
# shutdown -P
Shutdown scheduled for Mon 2018-10-08 06:40:07 EDT, use 'shutdown -c' to cancel.
[email protected]#
Broadcast message from [email protected] (Mon 2018-10-08 06:39:07 EDT):
The system is going down for power-off at Mon 2018-10-08 06:40:07 EDT!
```
This can be cancelled by hitting `shutdown -c` option on your terminal.
```
# shutdown -c
Broadcast message from [email protected] (Mon 2018-10-08 06:39:09 EDT):
The system shutdown has been cancelled at Mon 2018-10-08 06:40:09 EDT!
```
All other logged in users can see a broadcast message in their terminal like below.
```
[[email protected] ~]$
Broadcast message from [email protected] (Mon 2018-10-08 06:41:35 EDT):
The system shutdown has been cancelled at Mon 2018-10-08 06:42:35 EDT!
```
Add a time parameter, if you want to perform shutdown or reboot in `N` seconds. Here you can add broadcast a custom message to logged-in users. In this example, we are rebooting the machine in another 5 minutes.
```
# shutdown -r +5 "To activate the latest Kernel"
Shutdown scheduled for Mon 2018-10-08 07:13:16 EDT, use 'shutdown -c' to cancel.
[[email protected] ~]#
Broadcast message from [email protected] (Mon 2018-10-08 07:08:16 EDT):
To activate the latest Kernel
The system is going down for reboot at Mon 2018-10-08 07:13:16 EDT!
```
Run the below command to reboot a Linux machine immediately. It will kill all the processes immediately and will reboot the system.
```
# shutdown -r now
```
* **`-r, --reboot:`** Reboot the machine.
### Method-2: How To Shutdown And Reboot The Linux System Using reboot Command
reboot command used to power-off or reboot a Linux remote machine or local host. Reboot command comes with two useful options.
It will perform a graceful shutdown and restart of the machine (This is similar to your restart option which is available in your system menu).
Run “reboot’ command without any option to reboot Linux machine.
```
# reboot
```
Run the “reboot” command with `-p` option to power-off or shutdown the Linux machine.
```
# reboot -p
```
* **`-p, --poweroff:`** Power-off the machine, either halt or poweroff commands is invoked.
Run the “reboot” command with `-f` option to forcefully reboot the Linux machine (This is similar to pressing the power button on the CPU).
```
# reboot -f
```
* **`-f, --force:`** Force immediate halt, power-off, or reboot.
### Method-3: How To Shutdown And Reboot The Linux System Using init Command
init (short for initialization) is the first process started during booting of the computer system.
It will check the /etc/inittab file to decide the Linux run level. Also, allow users to perform shutdown and reboot the Linux machine. There are seven runlevels exist, from zero to six.
**Suggested Read :**
**(#)** [How To Check All Running Services In Linux][3]
Run the below init command to shutdown the system .
```
# init 0
```
* **`0:`** Halt – to shutdown the system.
Run the below init command to reboot the system .
```
# init 6
```
* **`6:`** Reboot – to reboot the system.
### Method-4: How To Shutdown The Linux System Using halt Command
halt command used to power-off or shutdown a Linux remote machine or local host.
halt terminates all processes and shuts down the cpu.
```
# halt
```
### Method-5: How To Shutdown The Linux System Using poweroff Command
poweroff command used to power-off or shutdown a Linux remote machine or local host. Poweroff is exactly like halt, but it also turns off the unit itself (lights and everything on a PC). It sends an ACPI command to the board, then to the PSU, to cut the power.
```
# poweroff
```
### Method-6: How To Shutdown And Reboot The Linux System Using systemctl Command
Systemd is a new init system and system manager which was implemented/adapted into all the major Linux distributions over the traditional SysV init systems.
systemd is compatible with SysV and LSB init scripts. It can work as a drop-in replacement for sysvinit system. systemd is the first process get started by kernel and holding PID 1.
**Suggested Read :**
**(#)** [chkservice – A Tool For Managing Systemd Units From Linux Terminal][4]
It’s a parent process for everything and Fedora 15 is the first distribution which was adapted systemd instead of upstart.
systemctl is command line utility and primary tool to manage the systemd daemons/services such as (start, restart, stop, enable, disable, reload & status).
systemd uses .service files Instead of bash scripts (SysVinit uses). systemd sorts all daemons into their own Linux cgroups and you can see the system hierarchy by exploring /cgroup/systemd file.
```
# systemctl halt
# systemctl poweroff
# systemctl reboot
# systemctl suspend
# systemctl hibernate
```
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.2daygeek.com/6-commands-to-shutdown-halt-poweroff-reboot-the-linux-system/
作者：[Prakash Subramanian][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/prakash/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/11-methods-to-find-check-system-server-uptime-in-linux/
[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/tuptime-a-tool-to-report-the-historical-and-statistical-running-time-of-linux-system/
[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-all-running-services-in-linux/
[4]: https://www.2daygeek.com/chkservice-a-tool-for-managing-systemd-units-from-linux-terminal/

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重启和关闭 Linux 系统的 6 个终端命令
======
在 Linux 管理员的日程当中, 有很多需要执行的任务, 系统的重启和关闭就被包含其中.
对于 Linux 管理员来说, 重启和关闭系统是其诸多风险操作中的一例, 有时候, 由于某些原因, 这些操作可能无法挽回, 他们需要更多的时间来排查问题.
在 Linux 命令行模式下我们可以执行这些任务. 很多时候, 由于熟悉命令行, Linux 管理员更倾向于在命令行下完成这些任务.
重启和关闭系统的 Linux 命令并不多, 用户需要根据需要, 选择合适的命令来完成任务.
以下所有命令都有其自身特点, 并允许被 Linux 管理员使用.
**建议阅读 :**
**(#)** [查看系统/服务器正常运行时间的 11 个方法][1]
**(#)** [Tuptime 一款为 Linux 系统保存历史记录, 统计运行时间工具][2]
系统重启和关闭之始, 会通知所有已登录的用户和已注册的进程. 当然, 如果会造成冲突, 系统不会允许新的用户登入.
执行此类操作之前, 我建议您坚持复查, 因为您只能得到很少的提示来确保这一切顺利.
下面陈列了一些步骤.
* 确保您拥有一个可以处理故障的终端, 以防之后可能会发生的问题. VMWare 可以访问物理服务器的虚拟机, IPMI, iLO 和 iDRAC.
* 您需要通过公司的流程, 申请修改或故障的执行权直到得到许可.
* 为安全着想, 备份重要的配置文件, 并保存到其他服务器上.
* 验证日志文件(提前检查)
* 和相关团队交流, 比如数据库管理团队, 应用团队等.
* 通知数据库和应用服务人员关闭服务, 并得到确定.
* 使用适当的命令复盘操作, 验证工作.
* 最后, 重启系统
* 验证日志文件, 如果一切顺利, 执行下一步操作, 如果发现任何问题, 对症排查.
* 无论是回退版本还是运行程序, 通知相关团队提出申请.
* 对操作做适当守候, 并将预期的一切正常的反馈给团队
使用下列命令执行这项任务.
* **`shutdown 命令:`** shutdown 命令用来为中止, 重启或切断电源
* **`halt 命令:`** halt 命令用来为中止, 重启或切断电源
* **`poweroff 命令:`** poweroff 命令用来为中止, 重启或切断电源
* **`reboot 命令:`** reboot 命令用来为中止, 重启或切断电源
* **`init 命令:`** init(initialization 的简称) 是系统启动的第一个进程.
* **`systemctl 命令:`** systemd 是 Linux 系统和服务器的管理程序.
### 方案 - 1: 如何使用 Shutdown 命令关闭和重启 Linux 系统
shutdown 命令用户关闭或重启本地和远程的 Linux 设备. 它为高效完成作业提供多个选项. 如果使用了 time 参数, 系统关闭的 5 分钟之前, /run/nologin 文件会被创建, 以确保后续的登录会被拒绝.
通用语法如下
```
# shutdown [OPTION] [TIME] [MESSAGE]
```
运行下面的命令来立即关闭 Linux 设备. 它会立刻杀死所有进程, 并关闭系统.
```
# shutdown -h now
```
* **`-h:`** 如果不特指 -halt 选项, 这等价于 -poweroff 选项.
另外我们可以使用带有 `poweroff` 选项的 `shutdown` 命令来立即关闭设备.
```
# shutdown --halt now
或者
# shutdown -H now
```
* **`-H, --halt:`** 停止设备运行
另外我们可以使用带有 `poweroff` 选项的 `shutdown` 命令来立即关闭设备.
```
# shutdown --poweroff now
或者
# shutdown -P now
```
* **`-P, --poweroff:`** 切断电源 (默认).
运行以下命令立即关闭 Linux 设备. 它将会立即杀死所有的进程并关闭系统.
```
# shutdown -h now
```
* **`-h:`** 如果不特指 -halt 选项, 这等价于 -poweroff 选项.
如果您没有使用 time 选项运行下面的命令, 它将会在一分钟后执行给出的命令
```
# shutdown -h
Shutdown scheduled for Mon 2018-10-08 06:42:31 EDT, use 'shutdown -c' to cancel.
[email protected]#
Broadcast message from [email protected] (Mon 2018-10-08 06:41:31 EDT):
The system is going down for power-off at Mon 2018-10-08 06:42:31 EDT!
```
其他的登录用户都能在中断中看到如下的广播消息:
```
[[email protected] ~]$
Broadcast message from [email protected] (Mon 2018-10-08 06:41:31 EDT):
The system is going down for power-off at Mon 2018-10-08 06:42:31 EDT!
```
对于使用了 Halt 选项.
```
# shutdown -H
Shutdown scheduled for Mon 2018-10-08 06:37:53 EDT, use 'shutdown -c' to cancel.
[email protected]#
Broadcast message from [email protected] (Mon 2018-10-08 06:36:53 EDT):
The system is going down for system halt at Mon 2018-10-08 06:37:53 EDT!
```
对于使用了 Poweroff 选项.
```
# shutdown -P
Shutdown scheduled for Mon 2018-10-08 06:40:07 EDT, use 'shutdown -c' to cancel.
[email protected]#
Broadcast message from [email protected] (Mon 2018-10-08 06:39:07 EDT):
The system is going down for power-off at Mon 2018-10-08 06:40:07 EDT!
```
可以在您的终端上敲击 `Shutdown -c` 选项取消操作.
```
# shutdown -c
Broadcast message from [email protected] (Mon 2018-10-08 06:39:09 EDT):
The system shutdown has been cancelled at Mon 2018-10-08 06:40:09 EDT!
```
其他的登录用户都能在中断中看到如下的广播消息:
```
[[email protected] ~]$
Broadcast message from [email protected] (Mon 2018-10-08 06:41:35 EDT):
The system shutdown has been cancelled at Mon 2018-10-08 06:42:35 EDT!
```
添加 time 参数, 如果你想在 `N` 秒之后执行关闭或重启操作. 这里, 您可以为所有登录用户添加自定义广播消息. 例如, 我们将在五分钟后重启设备.
```
# shutdown -r +5 "To activate the latest Kernel"
Shutdown scheduled for Mon 2018-10-08 07:13:16 EDT, use 'shutdown -c' to cancel.
[[email protected] ~]#
Broadcast message from [email protected] (Mon 2018-10-08 07:08:16 EDT):
To activate the latest Kernel
The system is going down for reboot at Mon 2018-10-08 07:13:16 EDT!
```
运行下面的命令立即重启 Linux 设备. 它会立即杀死所有进程并且重新启动系统.
```
# shutdown -r now
```
* **`-r, --reboot:`** 重启设备.
### 方案 - 2: 如何通过 reboot 命令关闭和重启 Linux 系统
reboot 命令用于关闭和重启本地或远程设备. Reboot 命令拥有两个实用的选项.
它能够优雅的关闭和重启设备(就好像在系统菜单中惦记重启选项一样简单).
执行不带任何参数的 `reboot` 命令来重启 Linux 设备
```
# reboot
```
执行带 `-p` 参数的 `reboot` 命令来关闭 Linux 设备或切断电源
```
# reboot -p
```
* **`-p, --poweroff:`** 调用 halt 或 poweroff 命令, 切断设备电源.
执行带 `-f` 参数的 `reboot` 命令来强制重启 Linux 设备(这类似按压 CPU 上的电源键)
```
# reboot -f
```
* **`-f, --force:`** 立刻强制中断, 切断电源或重启
### 方案 - 3: 如何通过 init 命令关闭和重启 Linux 系统
init(initialization 的简写) 是系统启动的第一个进程.
他将会检查 /etc/inittab 文件并决定 linux 运行级别. 同时, 授权用户在 Linux 设备上执行关机或重启 操作. 这里存在从 0 到 6 的七个运行等级.
**建议阅读 :**
**(#)** [如何检查 Linux 上所有运行的服务][3]
执行一下 init 命令关闭系统.
```
# init 0
```
* **`0:`** 中断 – 关闭系统.
运行下面的 init 命令重启设备
```
# init 6
```
* **`6:`** 重启 – 重启设备.
### 方案 - 4: 如何通过 halt 命令关闭和重启 Linux 系统
halt 命令用来切断电源或关闭远程 Linux 设备或本地主机.
中断所有进程并关闭 cpu
```
# halt
```
### 方案 - 5: 如何通过 poweroff 命令关闭和重启 Linux 系统
poweroff 命令用来切断电源或关闭远程 Linux 设备或本地主机. Poweroff 很像 halt, 但是它可以关闭设备自身的单元(等和其他 PC 上的任何事物). 它会为 PSU 发送 ACPI 指令, 切断电源.
```
# poweroff
```
### 方案 - 6: 如何通过 systemctl 命令关闭和重启 Linux 系统
Systemd 是一款适用于所有主流 Linux 发型版的全新 init 系统和系统管理器, 而不是传统的 SysV init 系统.
systemd 兼容与 SysV 和 LSB 脚本. 它能够替代 sysvinit 系统. systemd 是内核启动的第一个进程, 并持有序号为 1 的进程 PID.
**建议阅读 :**
**(#)** [chkservice – 一款终端下系统单元管理工具][4]
它是一切进程的父进程, Fedora 15 是第一个适配安装 systemd 的发行版.
It’s a parent process for everything and Fedora 15 is the first distribution which was adapted systemd instead of upstart.
systemctl 是命令行下管理系统, 守护进程, 开启服务(如 start, restart, stop, enable, disable, reload & status)的主要工具.
systemd 使用 .service 文件而不是 bash 脚本(SysVinit 用户使用的). systemd 将所有守护进程归与自身的 Linux cgroups 用户组下, 您可以浏览 /cgroup/systemd 文件查看系统层次等级
```
# systemctl halt
# systemctl poweroff
# systemctl reboot
# systemctl suspend
# systemctl hibernate
```
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.2daygeek.com/6-commands-to-shutdown-halt-poweroff-reboot-the-linux-system/
作者：[Prakash Subramanian][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[cyleft](https://github.com/cyleft)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/prakash/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/11-methods-to-find-check-system-server-uptime-in-linux/
[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/tuptime-a-tool-to-report-the-historical-and-statistical-running-time-of-linux-system/
[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-all-running-services-in-linux/
[4]: https://www.2daygeek.com/chkservice-a-tool-for-managing-systemd-units-from-linux-terminal/