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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (wxy)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (How RPM packages are made: the spec file)
[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/how-rpm-packages-are-made-the-spec-file/)
[#]: author: (Ankur Sinha "FranciscoD" https://fedoramagazine.org/author/ankursinha/)
How RPM packages are made: the spec file
======
![][1]
In the [previous article on RPM package building][2], you saw that source RPMS include the source code of the software, along with a “spec” file. This post digs into the spec file, which contains instructions on how to build the RPM. Again, this article uses _fpaste_ as an example.
### Understanding the source code
Before you can start writing a spec file, you need to have some idea of the software that you’re looking to package. Here, you’re looking at fpaste, a very simple piece of software. It is written in Python, and is a one file script. When a new version is released, it’s provided here on Pagure: <https://pagure.io/releases/fpaste/fpaste-0.3.9.2.tar.gz>
The current version, as the archive shows, is 0.3.9.2. Download it so you can see what’s in the archive:
```
$ wget https://pagure.io/releases/fpaste/fpaste-0.3.9.2.tar.gz
$ tar -tvf fpaste-0.3.9.2.tar.gz
drwxrwxr-x root/root 0 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/
-rw-rw-r-- root/root 25 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/.gitignore
-rw-rw-r-- root/root 3672 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/CHANGELOG
-rw-rw-r-- root/root 35147 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/COPYING
-rw-rw-r-- root/root 444 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/Makefile
-rw-rw-r-- root/root 1656 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/README.rst
-rw-rw-r-- root/root 658 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/TODO
drwxrwxr-x root/root 0 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/docs/
drwxrwxr-x root/root 0 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/docs/man/
drwxrwxr-x root/root 0 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/docs/man/en/
-rw-rw-r-- root/root 3867 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/docs/man/en/fpaste.1
-rwxrwxr-x root/root 24884 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/fpaste
lrwxrwxrwx root/root 0 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/fpaste.py -> fpaste
```
The files you want to install are:
* _fpaste.py_: which should go be installed to /usr/bin/.
* _docs/man/en/fpaste.1_: the manual, which should go to /usr/share/man/man1/.
* _COPYING_: the license text, which should go to /usr/share/license/fpaste/.
* _README.rst, TODO_: miscellaneous documentation that goes to /usr/share/doc/fpaste.
Where these files are installed depends on the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard. To learn more about it, you can either read here: <http://www.pathname.com/fhs/> or look at the man page on your Fedora system:
```
$ man hier
```
#### Part 1: What are we building?
Now that we know what files we have in the source, and where they are to go, let’s look at the spec file. You can see the full file here: <https://src.fedoraproject.org/rpms/fpaste/blob/master/f/fpaste.spec>
Here is the first part of the spec file:
```
Name: fpaste
Version: 0.3.9.2
Release: 3%{?dist}
Summary: A simple tool for pasting info onto sticky notes instances
BuildArch: noarch
License: GPLv3+
URL: https://pagure.io/fpaste
Source0: https://pagure.io/releases/fpaste/fpaste-0.3.9.2.tar.gz
Requires: python3
%description
It is often useful to be able to easily paste text to the Fedora
Pastebin at http://paste.fedoraproject.org and this simple script
will do that and return the resulting URL so that people may
examine the output. This can hopefully help folks who are for
some reason stuck without X, working remotely, or any other
reason they may be unable to paste something into the pastebin
```
_Name_, _Version_, and so on are called _tags_, and are defined in RPM. This means you can’t just make up tags. RPM won’t understand them if you do! The tags to keep an eye out for are:
* _Source0_: tells RPM where the source archive for this software is located.
* _Requires_: lists run-time dependencies for the software. RPM can automatically detect quite a few of these, but in some cases they must be mentioned manually. A run-time dependency is a capability (often a package) that must be on the system for this package to function. This is how _[dnf][3]_ detects whether it needs to pull in other packages when you install this package.
* _BuildRequires_: lists the build-time dependencies for this software. These must generally be determined manually and added to the spec file.
* _BuildArch_: the computer architectures that this software is being built for. If this tag is left out, the software will be built for all supported architectures. The value _noarch_ means the software is architecture independent (like fpaste, which is written purely in Python).
This section provides general information about fpaste: what it is, which version is being made into an RPM, its license, and so on. If you have fpaste installed, and look at its metadata, you can see this information included in the RPM:
```
$ sudo dnf install fpaste
$ rpm -qi fpaste
Name : fpaste
Version : 0.3.9.2
Release : 2.fc30
...
```
RPM adds a few extra tags automatically that represent things that it knows.
At this point, we have the general information about the software that we’re building an RPM for. Next, we start telling RPM what to do.
#### Part 2: Preparing for the build
The next part of the spec is the preparation section, denoted by _%prep_:
```
%prep
%autosetup
```
For fpaste, the only command here is %autosetup. This simply extracts the tar archive into a new folder and keeps it ready for the next section where we build it. You can do more here, like apply patches, modify files for different purposes, and so on. If you did look at the contents of the source rpm for Python, you would have seen lots of patches there. These are all applied in this section.
Typically anything in a spec file with the **%** prefix is a macro or label that RPM interprets in a special way. Often these will appear with curly braces, such as _%{example}_.
#### Part 3: Building the software
The next section is where the software is built, denoted by “%build”. Now, since fpaste is a simple, pure Python script, it doesn’t need to be built. So, here we get:
```
%build
#nothing required
```
Generally, though, you’d have build commands here, like:
```
configure; make
```
The build section is often the hardest section of the spec, because this is where the software is being built from source. This requires you to know what build system the tool is using, which could be one of many: Autotools, CMake, Meson, Setuptools (for Python) and so on. Each has its own commands and style. You need to know these well enough to get the software to build correctly.
#### Part 4: Installing the files
Once the software is built, it needs to be installed in the _%install_ section:
```
%install
mkdir -p %{buildroot}%{_bindir}
make install BINDIR=%{buildroot}%{_bindir} MANDIR=%{buildroot}%{_mandir}
```
RPM doesn’t tinker with your system files when building RPMs. It’s far too risky to add, remove, or modify files to a working installation. What if something breaks? So, instead RPM creates an artificial file system and works there. This is referred to as the _buildroot_. So, here in the buildroot, we create _/usr/bin_, represented by the macro _%{_bindir}_, and then install the files to it using the provided Makefile.
At this point, we have a built version of fpaste installed in our artificial buildroot.
#### Part 5: Listing all files to be included in the RPM
The last section of the spec file is the files section, _%files_. This is where we tell RPM what files to include in the archive it creates from this spec file. The fpaste file section is quite simple:
```
%files
%{_bindir}/%{name}
%doc README.rst TODO
%{_mandir}/man1/%{name}.1.gz
%license COPYING
```
Notice how, here, we do not specify the buildroot. All of these paths are relative to it. The _%doc_ and _%license_ commands simply do a little more—they create the required folders and remember that these files must go there.
RPM is quite smart. If you’ve installed files in the _%install_ section, but not listed them, it’ll tell you this, for example.
#### Part 6: Document all changes in the change log
Fedora is a community based project. Lots of contributors maintain and co-maintain packages. So it is imperative that there’s no confusion about what changes have been made to a package. To ensure this, the spec file contains the last section, the Changelog, _%changelog_:
```
%changelog
* Thu Jul 25 2019 Fedora Release Engineering < ...> - 0.3.9.2-3
- Rebuilt for https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Fedora_31_Mass_Rebuild
* Thu Jan 31 2019 Fedora Release Engineering < ...> - 0.3.9.2-2
- Rebuilt for https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Fedora_30_Mass_Rebuild
* Tue Jul 24 2018 Ankur Sinha - 0.3.9.2-1
- Update to 0.3.9.2
* Fri Jul 13 2018 Fedora Release Engineering < ...> - 0.3.9.1-4
- Rebuilt for https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Fedora_29_Mass_Rebuild
* Wed Feb 07 2018 Fedora Release Engineering < ..> - 0.3.9.1-3
- Rebuilt for https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Fedora_28_Mass_Rebuild
* Sun Sep 10 2017 Vasiliy N. Glazov < ...> - 0.3.9.1-2
- Cleanup spec
* Fri Sep 08 2017 Ankur Sinha - 0.3.9.1-1
- Update to latest release
- fixes rhbz 1489605
...
....
```
There must be a changelog entry for _every_ change to the spec file. As you see here, while I’ve updated the spec as the maintainer, others have too. Having the changes documented clearly helps everyone know what the current status of the spec is. For all packages installed on your system, you can use rpm to see their changelogs:
```
$ rpm -q --changelog fpaste
```
### Building the RPM
Now we are ready to build the RPM. If you want to follow along and run the commands below, please ensure that you followed the steps [in the previous post][2] to set your system up for building RPMs.
We place the fpaste spec file in _~/rpmbuild/SPECS_, the source code archive in _~/rpmbuild/SOURCES/_ and can now create the source RPM:
```
$ cd ~/rpmbuild/SPECS
$ wget https://src.fedoraproject.org/rpms/fpaste/raw/master/f/fpaste.spec
$ cd ~/rpmbuild/SOURCES
$ wget https://pagure.io/fpaste/archive/0.3.9.2/fpaste-0.3.9.2.tar.gz
$ cd ~/rpmbuild/SOURCES
$ rpmbuild -bs fpaste.spec
Wrote: /home/asinha/rpmbuild/SRPMS/fpaste-0.3.9.2-3.fc30.src.rpm
```
Let’s have a look at the results:
```
$ ls ~/rpmbuild/SRPMS/fpaste*
/home/asinha/rpmbuild/SRPMS/fpaste-0.3.9.2-3.fc30.src.rpm
$ rpm -qpl ~/rpmbuild/SRPMS/fpaste-0.3.9.2-3.fc30.src.rpm
fpaste-0.3.9.2.tar.gz
fpaste.spec
```
There we are — the source rpm has been built. Let’s build both the source and binary rpm together:
```
$ cd ~/rpmbuild/SPECS
$ rpmbuild -ba fpaste.spec
..
..
..
```
RPM will show you the complete build output, with details on what it is doing in each section that we saw before. This “build log” is extremely important. When builds do not go as expected, we packagers spend lots of time going through them, tracing the complete build path to see what went wrong.
That’s it really! Your ready-to-install RPMs are where they should be:
```
$ ls ~/rpmbuild/RPMS/noarch/
fpaste-0.3.9.2-3.fc30.noarch.rpm
```
### Recap
We’ve covered the basics of how RPMs are built from a spec file. This is by no means an exhaustive document. In fact, it isn’t documentation at all, really. It only tries to explain how things work under the hood. Here’s a short recap:
* RPMs are of two types: _source_ and _binary_.
* Binary RPMs contain the files to be installed to use the software.
* Source RPMs contain the information needed to build the binary RPMs: the complete source code, and the instructions on how to build the RPM in the spec file.
* The spec file has various sections, each with its own purpose.
Here, we’ve built RPMs locally, on our Fedora installations. While this is the basic process, the RPMs we get from repositories are built on dedicated servers with strict configurations and methods to ensure correctness and security. This Fedora packaging pipeline will be discussed in a future post.
Would you like to get started with building packages, and help the Fedora community maintain the massive amount of software we provide? You can [start here by joining the package collection maintainers][4].
For any queries, post to the [Fedora developers mailing list][5]—we’re always happy to help!
### References
Here are some useful references to building RPMs:
* <https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/How_to_create_an_RPM_package>
* <https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/quick-docs/create-hello-world-rpm/>
* <https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/packaging-guidelines/>
* <https://rpm.org/documentation.html>
* * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/how-rpm-packages-are-made-the-spec-file/
作者：[Ankur Sinha "FranciscoD"][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/ankursinha/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/rpm.png-816x345.jpg
[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/how-rpm-packages-are-made-the-source-rpm/
[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/managing-packages-fedora-dnf/
[4]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Join_the_package_collection_maintainers
[5]: https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/devel@lists.fedoraproject.org/

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (wxy)
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (How RPM packages are made: the spec file)
[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/how-rpm-packages-are-made-the-spec-file/)
[#]: author: (Ankur Sinha "FranciscoD" https://fedoramagazine.org/author/ankursinha/)
如何编写 RPM 的 spec 文件
======
![][1]
在[关于 RPM 软件包构建的上一篇文章][2]中，你了解到了源 RPM 包括软件的源代码以及 spec 文件。这篇文章深入研究了 spec 文件，该文件中包含了有关如何构建 RPM 的指令。同样，本文以 `fpaste` 为例。
### 了解源代码
在开始编写 spec 文件之前，你需要对要打包的软件有所了解。在这里，你正在研究 `fpaste`，这是一个非常简单的软件。它是用 Python 编写的，并且是一个单文件脚本。当它发布新版本时，可在 Pagure 上找到：<https://pagure.io/releases/fpaste/fpaste-0.3.9.2.tar.gz>。
如该档案文件所示，当前版本为 0.3.9.2。下载它，以便你查看该档案文件中的内容：
```
$ wget https://pagure.io/releases/fpaste/fpaste-0.3.9.2.tar.gz
$ tar -tvf fpaste-0.3.9.2.tar.gz
drwxrwxr-x root/root 0 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/
-rw-rw-r-- root/root 25 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/.gitignore
-rw-rw-r-- root/root 3672 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/CHANGELOG
-rw-rw-r-- root/root 35147 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/COPYING
-rw-rw-r-- root/root 444 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/Makefile
-rw-rw-r-- root/root 1656 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/README.rst
-rw-rw-r-- root/root 658 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/TODO
drwxrwxr-x root/root 0 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/docs/
drwxrwxr-x root/root 0 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/docs/man/
drwxrwxr-x root/root 0 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/docs/man/en/
-rw-rw-r-- root/root 3867 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/docs/man/en/fpaste.1
-rwxrwxr-x root/root 24884 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/fpaste
lrwxrwxrwx root/root 0 2018-07-25 02:58 fpaste-0.3.9.2/fpaste.py -> fpaste
```
你要安装的文件是：
* `fpaste.py`：应该安装到 `/usr/bin/`。
* `docs/man/en/fpaste.1`：手册，应放到 `/usr/share/man/man1/`。
* `COPYING`：许可证文本，应放到 `/usr/share/license/fpaste/`。
* `README.rst`、`TODO`：放到 `/usr/share/doc/fpaste/` 下的其它文档。
这些文件的安装位置取决于文件系统层次结构标准（FHS）。要了解更多信息，可以在这里阅读：<http://www.pathname.com/fhs/> 或查看 Fedora 系统的手册页：
```
$ man hier
```
#### 第一部分：要构建什么？
现在我们知道了源文件中有哪些文件，以及它们要存放的位置，让我们看一下 spec 文件。你可以在此处查看这个完整的文件：<https://src.fedoraproject.org/rpms/fpaste/blob/master/f/fpaste.spec>。
这是 spec 文件的第一部分：
```
Name: fpaste
Version: 0.3.9.2
Release: 3%{?dist}
Summary: A simple tool for pasting info onto sticky notes instances
BuildArch: noarch
License: GPLv3+
URL: https://pagure.io/fpaste
Source0: https://pagure.io/releases/fpaste/fpaste-0.3.9.2.tar.gz
Requires: python3
%description
It is often useful to be able to easily paste text to the Fedora
Pastebin at http://paste.fedoraproject.org and this simple script
will do that and return the resulting URL so that people may
examine the output. This can hopefully help folks who are for
some reason stuck without X, working remotely, or any other
reason they may be unable to paste something into the pastebin
```
`Name`、`Version` 等称为*标签*，它们定义在 RPM 中。这意味着你不能只是随意写点标签，RPM 无法理解它们！需要注意的标签是：
* `Source0`：告诉 RPM 该软件的源代码档案文件所在的位置。
* `Requires`：列出软件的运行时依赖项。RPM 可以自动检测很多依赖项，但是在某些情况下，必须手动指明它们。运行时依赖项是系统上必须具有的功能（通常是软件包），才能使该软件包起作用。这是 [dnf][3] 在安装此软件包时检测是否需要拉取其他软件包的方式。
* `BuildRequires`：列出了此软件的构建时依赖项。这些通常必须手动确定并添加到 spec 文件中。
* `BuildArch`：此软件为该计算机体系结构所构建。如果省略此标签，则将为所有受支持的体系结构构建该软件。值 `noarch` 表示该软件与体系结构无关（例如 `fpaste`，它完全是用 Python 编写的）。
本节提供有关 `fpaste` 的常规信息：它是什么，正在将什么版本制作为 RPM，其许可证等等。如果你已安装 `fpaste`，并查看其元数据时，则可以看到该 RPM 中包含的以下信息：
```
$ sudo dnf install fpaste
$ rpm -qi fpaste
Name : fpaste
Version : 0.3.9.2
Release : 2.fc30
...
```
RPM 会自动添加一些其他标签，以代表它所知道的内容。
至此，我们掌握了要为其构建 RPM 的软件的一般信息。接下来，我们开始告诉 RPM 做什么。
#### 第二部分：准备构建
spec 文件的下一部分是准备部分，用 `％prep` 代表：
```
%prep
%autosetup
```
对于 `fpaste`，这里唯一的命令是 `％autosetup`。这只是将 tar 档案文件提取到一个新文件夹中，并为下一部分的构建阶段做好了准备。你可以在此处执行更多操作，例如应用补丁程序，出于不同目的修改文件等等。如果你查看过 Python 的源 RPM 的内容，那么你会在那里看到许多补丁。这些都将在本节中应用。
通常，spec 文件中带有 `％` 前缀的所有内容都是 RPM 以特殊方式解释的宏或标签。这些通常会带有大括号，例如 `％{example}`。
#### 第三部分：构建软件
下一部分是构建软件的位置，用 `％build` 表示。现在，由于 `fpaste` 是一个简单的纯 Python 脚本，因此无需构建。因此，这里是：
```
%build
#nothing required
```
不过，通常来说，你会在此处使用构建命令，例如：
```
configure; make
```
构建部分通常是 spec 文件中最难的部分，因为这是从源代码构建软件的地方。这要求你知道该工具使用的是哪个构建系统，该系统可能是许多构建系统之一：Autotools、CMake、Meson、Setuptools（用于 Python）等等。每个都有自己的命令和语法样式。你需要充分了解这些才能正确构建软件。
#### 第四部分：安装文件
软件构建后，需要在 `％install` 部分中安装它：
```
%install
mkdir -p %{buildroot}%{_bindir}
make install BINDIR=%{buildroot}%{_bindir} MANDIR=%{buildroot}%{_mandir}
```
在构建 RPM 时，RPM 不会修改你的系统文件。在一个可以正常运行的系统上添加、删除或修改文件的风险太大。如果发生故障怎么办？因此，RPM 会创建一个专门打造的文件系统并在其中工作。这称为 `buildroot`。 因此，在 `buildroot` 中，我们创建由宏 `％{_bindir}` 代表的 `/usr/bin` 目录，然后使用提供的 `Makefile` 将文件安装到其中。
至此，我们已经在专门打造的 `buildroot` 中安装了 `fpaste` 的构建版本。
#### 第五部分：列出所有要包括在 RPM 中的文件
spec 文件其后的一部分是文件部分：`％files`。在这里，我们告诉 RPM 从该 spec 文件创建的档案文件中包含哪些文件。`fpaste` 的文件部分非常简单：
```
%files
%{_bindir}/%{name}
%doc README.rst TODO
%{_mandir}/man1/%{name}.1.gz
%license COPYING
```
请注意，在这里，我们没有指定 `buildroot`。所有这些路径都是相对路径。`％doc` 和 `％license`命令做的稍微多一点，它们会创建所需的文件夹，并记住这些文件必须放在那里。
RPM 很聪明。例如，如果你在 `％install` 部分中安装了文件，但未列出它们，它会提醒你。
#### 第六部分：在变更日志中记录所有变更
Fedora 是一个基于社区的项目。许多贡献者维护或共同维护软件包。因此，当务之急是不要被软件包做了哪些更改所搞混。为了确保这一点，spec 文件包含的最后一部分是变更日志 `％changelog`：
```
%changelog
* Thu Jul 25 2019 Fedora Release Engineering < ...> - 0.3.9.2-3
- Rebuilt for https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Fedora_31_Mass_Rebuild
* Thu Jan 31 2019 Fedora Release Engineering < ...> - 0.3.9.2-2
- Rebuilt for https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Fedora_30_Mass_Rebuild
* Tue Jul 24 2018 Ankur Sinha - 0.3.9.2-1
- Update to 0.3.9.2
* Fri Jul 13 2018 Fedora Release Engineering < ...> - 0.3.9.1-4
- Rebuilt for https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Fedora_29_Mass_Rebuild
* Wed Feb 07 2018 Fedora Release Engineering < ..> - 0.3.9.1-3
- Rebuilt for https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Fedora_28_Mass_Rebuild
* Sun Sep 10 2017 Vasiliy N. Glazov < ...> - 0.3.9.1-2
- Cleanup spec
* Fri Sep 08 2017 Ankur Sinha - 0.3.9.1-1
- Update to latest release
- fixes rhbz 1489605
...
....
```
spec 文件的*每项*变更都必须有一个变更日志条目。如你在此处看到的，虽然我以维护者身份更新了该 spec 文件，但其他人也做过更改。清楚地记录变更内容有助于所有人知道该 spec 文件的当前状态。对于系统上安装的所有软件包，都可以使用 `rpm` 来查看其更改日志：
```
$ rpm -q --changelog fpaste
```
### 构建 RPM
现在我们准备构建 RPM 包。如果要继续执行以下命令，请确保遵循[上一篇文章][2]中的步骤设置系统以构建 RPM。
我们将 `fpaste` 的 spec 文件放置在 `~/rpmbuild/SPECS` 中，将源代码档案文件存储在 `~/rpmbuild/SOURCES/` 中，现在可以创建源 RPM 了：
```
$ cd ~/rpmbuild/SPECS
$ wget https://src.fedoraproject.org/rpms/fpaste/raw/master/f/fpaste.spec
$ cd ~/rpmbuild/SOURCES
$ wget https://pagure.io/fpaste/archive/0.3.9.2/fpaste-0.3.9.2.tar.gz
$ cd ~/rpmbuild/SOURCES
$ rpmbuild -bs fpaste.spec
Wrote: /home/asinha/rpmbuild/SRPMS/fpaste-0.3.9.2-3.fc30.src.rpm
```
让我们看一下结果：
```
$ ls ~/rpmbuild/SRPMS/fpaste*
/home/asinha/rpmbuild/SRPMS/fpaste-0.3.9.2-3.fc30.src.rpm
$ rpm -qpl ~/rpmbuild/SRPMS/fpaste-0.3.9.2-3.fc30.src.rpm
fpaste-0.3.9.2.tar.gz
fpaste.spec
```
我们看到源 RPM 已构建。让我们同时构建源 RPM 和二进制 RPM：
```
$ cd ~/rpmbuild/SPECS
$ rpmbuild -ba fpaste.spec
..
..
..
```
RPM 将向你显示完整的构建输出，并在我们之前看到的每个部分中详细说明它的工作。此“构建日志”非常重要。当构建未按预期进行时，我们的打包人员将花费大量时间来遍历它们，以跟踪完整的构建路径来查看出了什么问题。
就是这样！准备安装的 RPM 应该位于以下位置：
```
$ ls ~/rpmbuild/RPMS/noarch/
fpaste-0.3.9.2-3.fc30.noarch.rpm
```
### 概括
我们已经介绍了如何从 spec 文件构建 RPM 的基础知识。这绝不是一份详尽的文档。实际上，它根本不是文档。它只是试图解释幕后的运作方式。简短回顾一下：
* RPM 有两种类型：源 RPM 和 二进制 RPM。
* 二进制 RPM 包含要安装以使用该软件的文件。
* 源 RPM 包含构建二进制 RPM 所需的信息：完整的源代码，以及 spec 文件中的有关如何构建 RPM 的说明。
* spec 文件包含多个部分，每个部分都有其自己的用途。
  
在这里，我们已经在安装好的 Fedora 系统中本地构建了 RPM。虽然这是个基本的过程，但我们从存储库中获得的 RPM 是建立在具有严格配置和方法的专用服务器上的，以确保正确性和安全性。这个 Fedora 打包流程将在以后的文章中讨论。
你想开始构建软件包，并帮助 Fedora 社区维护我们提供的大量软件吗？你可以[从这里开始加入软件包集合维护者][4]。
如有任何疑问，请发布到 [Fedora 开发人员邮件列表][5]，我们随时乐意为你提供帮助！
### 参考
这里有一些构建 RPM 的有用参考：
* <https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/How_to_create_an_RPM_package>
* <https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/quick-docs/create-hello-world-rpm/>
* <https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/packaging-guidelines/>
* <https://rpm.org/documentation.html>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/how-rpm-packages-are-made-the-spec-file/
作者：[Ankur Sinha "FranciscoD"][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/ankursinha/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/rpm.png-816x345.jpg
[2]: https://linux.cn/article-11527-1.html
[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/managing-packages-fedora-dnf/
[4]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Join_the_package_collection_maintainers
[5]: https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/devel@lists.fedoraproject.org/