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【增加】译文 20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md
【移除】原文 20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md Signed-off-by: MurphyZhao <d2014zjt@163.com>
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (murphyzhao)
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[#]: subject: (Welcoming Blockchain 3.0)
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[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/welcoming-blockchain-3-0/)
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[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/)
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Welcoming Blockchain 3.0
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======
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![Welcoming blockchain 3.0][1]
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Image credit : <https://pixabay.com/illustrations/blockchain-network-business-3448502/>
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The series of posts [**“Blockchain 2.0”**][2] discussed about the evolution of blockchain technology since the advent of cryptocurrencies since the Bitcoin in 2008. This post will seek to explore the future of blockchains. Lovably called **blockchain 3.0** , this new wave of DLT evolution will answer the issues faced with blockchains currently (each of which will be summarized here). The next version of the tech standard will also bring new applications and use cases. At the end of the post we will also look at a few examples of these principles currently applied.
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Few of the shortcomings of blockchain platforms in existence are listed below with some proposed solutions to those answered afterward.
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### Problem 1: Scalability[1]
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This is seen as the first major hurdle to mainstream adoption. As previously discussed, a lot of limiting factors contribute to the blockchain’s in-capacity to process a lot of transactions at the same time. Existing networks such as [**Ethereum**][3] are capable of measly 10-15 transactions per second (TPS) whereas mainstream networks such as those employed by Visa for instance are capable of more than 2000 TPS. **Scalability** is an issue that plagues all modern database systems. Improved consensus algorithms and better blockchain architecture designs are improving it though as we see here.
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**Solving scalability**
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Implementing leaner and more efficient consensus algorithms have been proposed for solving issues of scalability without disturbing the primary structure of the blockchain. While most cryptocurrencies and blockchain platforms use resource intensive PoW algorithms (For instance, Bitcoin & Ethereum) to generate blocks, newer DPoS and PoET algorithms exist to solve this issue. DPoS and PoET algorithms (there are some more in development) require less resources to maintain the blockchain and have shown to have throughputs ranging up to 1000s of TPS rivalling that of popular non-blockchain systems.
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The second solution to scalability is altering the blockchain structure[1] and functionality altogether. We won’t get into finer details of this, but alternative architectures such as **Directed Acyclic Graph** ( **DAG** ) have been proposed to handle this issue. Essentially, the assumption for this to work is that not all network nodes need to have a copy of the entire blockchain for the blockchain to work or the participants to reap the benefits of a DLT system. The system does not require transactions to be validated by the entirety of the participants and simply requires the transactions to happen in a common frame of reference and be linked to each other.
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The DAG[2] approach is implemented in the Bitcoin system using an implementation called the **Lightning network** and Ethereum implements the same using their **Sharding** [3] protocol. At its heart a DAG implementation is not technically a blockchain. It’s more like a tangled maze, but still retains the peer to peer and distributed database properties of the blockchain. We will explore DAG and Tangle networks in a separate post later.
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### Problem 2: Interoperability[4][5]
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**Interoperability** is called cross-chain interaction is basically different blockchains being able to talk to each other to exchange metrics and information. With so many platforms that is hard to keep a count on at the moment and different companies coming up with proprietary systems for all the myriad of applications, interoperability between platforms is key. For instance, at the moment, someone who owns digital identities on one platform will not be able to exploit features presented by other platforms because the individual blockchains do not understand or know each other. Problems pertaining to lack of credible verifications, token exchange etc. still persist. A global roll out of [**smart contracts**][4] is also not viable without platforms being able to communicate with each other.
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**Solving Interoperability**
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There are protocols and platforms designed just for enabling interoperability at the moment. Such platforms implement atomic swaps protocols and provide open stages for different blockchain systems to communicate and exchange information between them. An example would be **“0x (ZRX)”** which is described later on.
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### Problem 3: Governance[6]
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Not a limitation in its own, **governance** in a public blockchain needs to act as a community moral compass where everyone’s opinion is taken into account on the operation of the blockchain. Combined and seen with scale this presents a problem where in either the protocols change far too frequently or the protocols are changed at the whims of a “central” authority who holds the most tokens. This is not an issue that most public blockchains are working to avoid right now since the scale at their operating in and the nature of their operations don’t require stricter supervision.
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**Solving Governance issues**
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The Tangled framework or the DAG mentioned above would almost eliminate the need and use for global (platform wide) governance laws. Instead a program can automatically oversee the transaction and user type and decide on the laws that need to be implemented.
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### Problem 4: Sustainability
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**Sustainability** builds on the scalability issue again. Current blockchains and cryptocurrencies are notorious for being not sustainable in the long run owing to the significant oversight that is still required and the amount of resources required to keep the systems running. If you’ve read reports of how “mining cryptocurrencies” have not been so profitable lately, this is what it was. The amount of resources required to keep up existing platforms running is simply not practical at a global scale with mainstream use.
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**Solving non-sustainability**
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From a resources or economic point of view the answer to sustainability would be similar to the one for scalability. However, for the system to be implemented on a global scale, laws and regulations need to endorse it. This however depends on the governments of the world. Favourable moves from the American and European governments have however renewed hopes in this aspect.
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### Problem 5: User adoption[7]
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Currently a hindrance to widespread consumer adoption of blockchain based applications is consumer unfamiliarity with the platform and the tech underneath it. The fact that most applications require some sort of a tech and computing background to figure out how they work does not help in this aspect either. The third wave of blockchain developments seek to lessen the gap between consumer knowledge and platform usability.
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**Solving the user adoption issue**
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The internet took a lot of time to be the way it is now. A lot of work has been done on developing a standardized internet technology stack over the years that has allowed the web to function the way it is now. Developers are working on user facing front end distributed applications that should act as a layer on top of existing web 3.0 technology while being supported by blockchains and open protocols underneath. Such [**distributed applications**][5] will make the underlying technology more familiar to users, hence increasing mainstream adoption.
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We’ve discussed about the solutions to the above issues theoretically, and now we proceed to show these being applied in the present scenario.
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**[0x][6]** – is a decentralized token exchange where users from different platforms can exchange tokens without the need of a central authority to vet the same. Their breakthrough comes in how they’ve designed the system to record and vet the blocks only after transactions are settled and not in between (to verify context, blocks preceding the transaction order is also verified normally) as is normally done. This allows for a more liquid faster exchange of digitized assets online.
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**[Cardano][7]** – founded by one of the co-founders of Ethereum, Cardano boasts of being a truly “scientific” platform with multiple reviews and strict protocols for the developed code and algorithms. Everything out of Cardano is assumed to be mathematically as optimized as possible. Their consensus algorithm called **Ouroboros** , is a modified Proof of Stake algorithm. Cardano is developed in [**Haskell**][8] and the smart contract engine uses a derivative of Haskell called **Plutus** for operating. Both are functional programming languages which guarantee secure transactions without compromising efficiency.
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**EOS** – We’ve already described EOS here in [**this post**][9].
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**[COTI][10]** – a rather obscure architecture, COTI entails no mining, and next to zero power consumption in operating. It also stores assets in offline wallets localized on user’s devices rather than a pure peer to peer network. They also follow a DAG based architecture and claim of processing throughputs of up to 10000 TPS. Their platform allows enterprises to build their own cryptocurrency and digitized currency wallets without exploiting a blockchain.
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**References:**
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* [1] **A. P. Paper, K. Croman, C. Decker, I. Eyal, A. E. Gencer, and A. Juels, “On Scaling Decentralized Blockchains | SpringerLink,” 2018.**
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* [2] [**Going Beyond Blockchain with Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG)**][11]
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* [3] [**Ethreum/wiki – On sharding blockchains**][12]
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* [4] [**Why is blockchain interoperability important**][13]
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* [5] [**The Importance of Blockchain Interoperability**][14]
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* [6] **R. Beck, C. Müller-Bloch, and J. L. King, “Governance in the Blockchain Economy: A Framework and Research Agenda,” J. Assoc. Inf. Syst., pp. 1020–1034, 2018.**
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* [7] **J. M. Woodside, F. K. A. Jr, W. Giberson, F. K. J. Augustine, and W. Giberson, “Blockchain Technology Adoption Status and Strategies,” J. Int. Technol. Inf. Manag., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 65–93, 2017.**
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.ostechnix.com/welcoming-blockchain-3-0/
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作者：[sk][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/blockchain-720x340.jpg
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[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-an-introduction/
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[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-what-is-ethereum/
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[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-explaining-smart-contracts-and-its-types/
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[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-explaining-distributed-computing-and-distributed-applications/
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[6]: https://0x.org/
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[7]: https://www.cardano.org/en/home/
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[8]: https://www.ostechnix.com/getting-started-haskell-programming-language/
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[9]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-eos-io-is-building-infrastructure-for-developing-dapps/
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[10]: https://coti.io/
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[11]: https://cryptoslate.com/beyond-blockchain-directed-acylic-graphs-dag/
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[12]: https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Sharding-FAQ#introduction
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[13]: https://www.capgemini.com/2019/02/can-the-interoperability-of-blockchains-change-the-world/
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[14]: https://medium.com/wanchain-foundation/the-importance-of-blockchain-interoperability-b6a0bbd06d11
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欢迎区块链 3.0
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======
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![欢迎区块链 3.0][1]
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图片来源：<https://pixabay.com/illustrations/blockchain-network-business-3448502/>
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“Blockchain 2.0” 系列文章讨论了自 2008 年比特币等加密货币问世以来区块链技术的发展。本文将探讨区块链的未来发展。本文将未来的区块链形态亲切地称作 **区块链 3.0**，这一新的 DLT（Distributed Ledger Technology：分布式分类帐技术）技术演进浪潮将回答当前区块链所面临的问题（每一个问题都会在这里总结）。下一版本的技术标准也将带来全新的应用和使用案例。在本文的最后，我们也会看一些当前使用这些原则的案例。
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以下是现有区块链平台的几个缺点，并针对这些缺点给出了建议的解决方案。
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### 问题 1：可扩展性[1]
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这个问题是被普遍认为的第一个主要障碍。正如之前所讨论的，很多因素限制了区块链同时处理大量交易的能力。诸如 [**以太坊**][3] 之类的现有网络每秒能够进行 10-15 次交易（TPS），而像 Visa 所使用的主流网络每秒能够进行超过 2000 次交易。**可伸缩性**是困扰所有现代数据库系统的问题。正如我们在这里看到的那样，改进的共识算法和更好的区块链架构设计正在改进它。
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**解决可扩展性**
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已经提出了更精简、更有效的一致性算法来解决可伸缩性问题，并且不会影响区块链的主要结构。虽然大多数加密货币和区块链平台使用资源密集型的 PoW 算法（例如，比特币和以太坊）来生成区块，但是存在更新的 DPoS 和 PoET 算法来解决这个问题。DPoS 和 PoET 算法（还有一些正在开发中）需要更少的资源来维持区块链，并且已显示具有高达 1000 TPS 的吞吐量，可与流行的非区块链系统相媲美。
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可伸缩性问题的第二个解决方案是完全改变区块链结构[1]和功能。我们不会详细介绍这一点，但已经提出了诸如**有向无环图**（**DAG**）之类的替代架构来处理这个问题。从本质上讲，这项工作假设并非所有网络节点都需要整个区块链的副本才能使区块链正常工作，或者并非所有的参与者需要从 DLT 系统获得好处。系统不要求整个参与者验证交易，只需要交易发生在共同的参考框架中并相互链接。系统不要求通过所有的参与者验证交易，只需要交易发生在共同的参考框架中并相互链接。
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在比特币系统中使用 **Lightning network** 来实现 DAG[2]，而以太坊使用他们的 **Sharding** [3] 协议来实现 DAG。本质上，从技术上来看 DAG 实现并不是区块链。它更像是一个错综复杂的迷宫，只是仍然保留了区块链的点对点和分布式数据库属性。稍后我们将在另一篇文章中探讨 DAG 和 Tangle 网络。
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### 问题 2：互通性[4][5]
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**互通性**被称为跨链访问，是不同区块链之间能够彼此相互通信以交换指标和信息的基础。由于目前很难平衡众多的平台，不同公司为所有无数应用提供专有系统，平台之间的互操作性就至关重要。例如，目前，在一个平台上拥有数字身份的人无法利用其他平台提供的功能，因为各个区块链不理解或了解彼此。这是由于缺乏可靠的验证、令牌交换等有关的问题仍然存在。如果平台之间不能够相互通信，全球推出 [**智能合约**][4] 也是不可行的。
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**解决互通性**
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有一些协议和平台专为实现互操作性而设计。这些平台实现了原子交换协议，并向不同的区块链系统提供开放，以便在它们之间进行通信和交换信息。**“0x (ZRX)”** 就是其中的一个例子，稍后将对进行描述。
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### 问题 3：治理[6]
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公共区块链中的治理不是自身的限制，而是需要像社区道德指罗盘一样，在区块链的运作中考虑每个人的意见。结合规模，能预见这样一个问题，即要么协议更改太频繁，要么协议被拥有最多代币的“中央”权威一时冲动下修改。不过这不是大多数公共区块链目前正在努力避免的问题，因为其运营规模和运营性质不需要更严格的监管。
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**解决治理问题**
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上面提到的复杂的框架或 DAG 几乎可以消除对全球（平台范围）治理法的需要和使用。相反，程序可以自动监督事务和用户类型，并决定需要执行的法律。
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### 问题 4：可持续发展
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可持续性再次建立在可扩展性问题的基础上。当前的区块链和加密货币因长期不可持续而臭名昭著，这是由于仍然需要大量的监督和保持系统运行所需的资源。如果你读过 `最近“挖掘加密货币”已经没有这么大利润` 的相关报道，你就知道“挖矿”图利就是它的本来面目。在主流使用的全球范围内，保持现有平台运行所需的资源量是不现实。
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**解决非可持续性问题**
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从资源或经济角度来看，可持续性的答案与可扩展性的答案类似。但是，要在全球范围内实施这一制度，法律和法规必须予以认可。然而，这取决于世界各国政府。来自美国和欧洲政府的有利举措重新燃起了对这方面的希望。
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### 问题 5：用户采用[7]
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目前，阻止消费者广泛采用基于区块链的应用程序的一个障碍是消费者对平台及其下的技术不熟悉。事实上，大多数应用程序都需要某种技术和计算背景来弄清楚它们是如何工作的，这在这方面也没有帮助。第三波区块链开发旨在缩小消费者知识与平台可用性之间的差距。
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**解决用户采用问题**
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互联网花了很长的时间才发展成现在的样子。多年来，人们在开发标准化互联网技术栈方面做了大量的工作，使网络能够像现在这样运作。开发人员正在开发面向用户的前端分布式应用程序，这些应用程序应作为现有 Web 3.0 技术之上的一层，同时受到下面的区块链和开放协议的支持。这样的 [**分布式应用**][5] 将使用户更熟悉底层技术，从而增加主流采用。
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我们已经从理论上讨论了上述问题的解决方法，现在我们将继续展示这些方法在当前场景中的应用。
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**[0x][6]** – 是一种去中心化的令牌交换，不同平台的用户可以在不需要中央权威机构审查的情况下交换令牌。他们的突破在于，他们如何设计系统使得仅在交易结算后才记录和审查数据块而不是之间（为了验证上下文，通常也会验证交易之前的数据块）。这使在线数字资产交换更快速。
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**[Cardano][7]** – 由以太坊的联合创始人之一创建，Cardano 自诩为一个真正的“科学”平台，拥有大量的审查和严格的协议，用于他们开发的代码和算法。假设 Cardano 的所有内容都在数学上尽可能优化。他们的共识算法叫做 **Ouroboros**，是一种改进的权益证明算法（PoS：Proof of Stake）。Cardano 是在 [**haskell**][8] 开发的，智能合约引擎使用 haskell 的衍生工具 **plutus** 进行操作。这两者都是函数式编程语言，可以保证安全交易而不会影响效率。
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**EOS** – 我们已经在 [**这篇文章**][9] 中描述了 EOS。
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**[COTI][10]** – 一个鲜为人知的架构，COTI 不需要挖矿，而且在运行过程中趋近于零功耗。它还将资产存储在本地用户设备上的离线钱包中，而不是纯粹的对等网络。它们也遵循基于 DAG 的架构，并声称处理吞吐量高达 10000 TPS。他们的平台允许企业在不利用区块链的情况下建立自己的加密货币和数字化货币钱包。
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**参考:**
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* [1] **A. P. Paper, K. Croman, C. Decker, I. Eyal, A. E. Gencer, and A. Juels, “On Scaling Decentralized Blockchains | SpringerLink,” 2018.**
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* [2] [**Going Beyond Blockchain with Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG)**][11]
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* [3] [**Ethreum/wiki – On sharding blockchains**][12]
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* [4] [**Why is blockchain interoperability important**][13]
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* [5] [**The Importance of Blockchain Interoperability**][14]
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* [6] **R. Beck, C. Müller-Bloch, and J. L. King, “Governance in the Blockchain Economy: A Framework and Research Agenda,” J. Assoc. Inf. Syst., pp. 1020–1034, 2018.**
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* [7] **J. M. Woodside, F. K. A. Jr, W. Giberson, F. K. J. Augustine, and W. Giberson, “Blockchain Technology Adoption Status and Strategies,” J. Int. Technol. Inf. Manag., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 65–93, 2017.**
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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|
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via: https://www.ostechnix.com/welcoming-blockchain-3-0/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[sk][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[murphyzhao](https://github.com/murphyzhao)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/blockchain-720x340.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-an-introduction/
|
||||
[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-what-is-ethereum/
|
||||
[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-explaining-smart-contracts-and-its-types/
|
||||
[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-explaining-distributed-computing-and-distributed-applications/
|
||||
[6]: https://0x.org/
|
||||
[7]: https://www.cardano.org/en/home/
|
||||
[8]: https://www.ostechnix.com/getting-started-haskell-programming-language/
|
||||
[9]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-eos-io-is-building-infrastructure-for-developing-dapps/
|
||||
[10]: https://coti.io/
|
||||
[11]: https://cryptoslate.com/beyond-blockchain-directed-acylic-graphs-dag/
|
||||
[12]: https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Sharding-FAQ#introduction
|
||||
[13]: https://www.capgemini.com/2019/02/can-the-interoperability-of-blockchains-change-the-world/
|
||||
[14]: https://medium.com/wanchain-foundation/the-importance-of-blockchain-interoperability-b6a0bbd06d11
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user