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[#]: subject: (Configure FreeDOS in plain text)
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[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/6/freedos-fdconfigsys)
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[#]: author: (Jim Hall https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall)
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (robsean)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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Configure FreeDOS in plain text
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======
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Learn how to configure FreeDOS with FDCONFIG.SYS.
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![Person using a laptop][1]
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The main configuration file for FreeDOS is a file in the root directory called `FDCONFIG.SYS`. This file contains a series of lines, each setting a value such as `LASTDRIVE=Z` or `FILES=40`. For example, the default `FDCONFIG.SYS` in FreeDOS 1.3 RC4 looks like this:
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```
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SET DOSDIR=C:\FDOS
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!COUNTRY=001,858,C:\FDOS\BIN\COUNTRY.SYS
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!LASTDRIVE=Z
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!BUFFERS=20
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!FILES=40
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!MENUCOLOR=7,0
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MENUDEFAULT=1,5
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MENU 1 - Load FreeDOS with JEMMEX, no EMS (most UMBs), max RAM free
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MENU 2 - Load FreeDOS with JEMM386 (Expanded Memory)
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MENU 3 - Load FreeDOS low with some drivers (Safe Mode)
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MENU 4 - Load FreeDOS without drivers (Emergency Mode)
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12?DOS=HIGH
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12?DOS=UMB
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12?DOSDATA=UMB
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1?DEVICE=C:\FDOS\BIN\JEMMEX.EXE NOEMS X=TEST I=TEST NOVME NOINVLPG
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234?DEVICE=C:\FDOS\BIN\HIMEMX.EXE
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2?DEVICE=C:\FDOS\BIN\JEMM386.EXE X=TEST I=TEST I=B000-B7FF NOVME NOINVLPG
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34?SHELL=C:\FDOS\BIN\COMMAND.COM C:\FDOS\BIN /E:1024 /P=C:\FDAUTO.BAT
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12?SHELLHIGH=C:\FDOS\BIN\COMMAND.COM C:\FDOS\BIN /E:1024 /P=C:\FDAUTO.BAT
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```
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But what do all those lines mean? Why do some have a question mark (`?`) or an exclamation point (`!`), while other lines do not?
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### A simple configuration
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Let's start with a simple configuration, so we can see what does what. Assume this very brief `FDCONFIG.SYS` file:
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```
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LASTDRIVE=Z
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BUFFERS=20
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FILES=40
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DEVICE=C:\FDOS\BIN\HIMEMX.EXE
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SHELL=C:\FDOS\BIN\COMMAND.COM C:\FDOS\BIN /E:1024 /P=C:\FDAUTO.BAT
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```
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This configuration file contains only a few instructions:
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1. `LASTDRIVE=Z`
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2. `BUFFERS=20`
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3. `FILES=40`
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4. `DEVICE=C:\FDOS\BIN\HIMEMX.EXE`
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5. `SHELL=C:\FDOS\BIN\COMMAND.COM C:\FDOS\BIN /E:1024 /P=C:\FDAUTO.BAT`
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The first instruction tells FreeDOS how many drive letters to reserve in memory. (DOS uses letters to represent each drive attached to the system, and `LASTDRIVE=Z` says to reserve drive letters from "A" to "Z."). `LASTDRIVE` affects the number of _logical drives_ that your system can recognize. You probably don't have any logical drives; the FreeDOS installer doesn't set these up by default. In any case, it is safe to set `LASTDRIVE=Z` on any FreeDOS system.
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The `BUFFERS` line reserves memory for file buffers. A _buffer_ helps to speed up certain processes that require storage, such as copying files. If you set a larger value for `BUFFERS`, FreeDOS will reserve more memory—and vice versa for smaller values. Most users will set this to `BUFFERS=20` or `BUFFERS=40`, depending on how often they need to read and write files on the system.
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The `FILES` setting determines how many files DOS allows you to open at one time. If you run an application that needs to open many files at once, such as a Genealogy database, you may need to set `FILES` to a larger value. For most users, `FILES=40` is a reasonable value.
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`DEVICE` is a special instruction that loads a _device driver_. DOS requires device drivers for certain hardware or configurations. The line `DEVICE=C:\FDOS\BIN\HIMEMX.EXE` loads the _HimemX_ device driver, so DOS can take advantage of expanded memory beyond the first 640 kilobytes.
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The last line tells the FreeDOS kernel where to find the command-line shell. By default, the kernel will look for the shell as `COMMAND.COM`, but you can change it with the `SHELL` instruction. In this example, `SHELL=C:\FDOS\BIN\COMMAND.COM` says the shell is the `COMMAND.COM` program, located in the `\FDOS\BIN` directory on the `C` drive.
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The other text at the end of the `SHELL` indicate the options to the `COMMAND.COM` shell. The FreeDOS `COMMAND.COM` supports several startup options to modify its behavior, including:
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* **`C:\FDOS\BIN`** \- The full path to the `COMMAND.COM` program
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* `/E:1024 -` The environment (E) size, in bytes. `/E:1024` tells `COMMAND.COM` to reserve 1024 bytes, or 1 kilobyte, to store its environment variables.
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* **`/P=C:\FDAUTO.BAT`** \- The `/P` option indicates that the shell is a permanent (P) shell, so the user cannot quit the shell by typing `EXIT` (the extra text `=C:\FDAUTO.BAT` tells `COMMAND.COM` to execute the `C:\FDAUTO.BAT` file at startup, instead of the default `AUTOEXEC.BAT` file)
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With that simple configuration, you should be able to interpret some of the `FDCONFIG.SYS` file that's installed by FreeDOS 1.3 RC4.
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### Boot menu
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FreeDOS supports a neat feature—multiple configurations on one system, using a "boot menu" to select the configuration you want. The `FDCONFIG.SYS` file contains several lines that define the menu:
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```
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!MENUCOLOR=7,0
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MENUDEFAULT=1,5
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MENU 1 - Load FreeDOS with JEMMEX, no EMS (most UMBs), max RAM free
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MENU 2 - Load FreeDOS with JEMM386 (Expanded Memory)
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MENU 3 - Load FreeDOS low with some drivers (Safe Mode)
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MENU 4 - Load FreeDOS without drivers (Emergency Mode)
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```
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The `MENUCOLOR` instruction defines the text color and background color of the boot menu. These values are typically in the range 0 to 7, and represent these colors:
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* 0 Black
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* 1 Blue
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* 2 Green
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* 3 Cyan
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* 4 Red
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* 5 Magenta
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* 6 Brown
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* 7 White
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So the `MENUCOLOR=7,0` definition means to display the menu with white (7) text on a black (0) background. If you instead wanted to use white text on a blue background, you could define this as `MENUCOLOR=7,1`.
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The exclamation point (`!`) at the start of the line means that this instruction will always be executed, no matter what menu option you choose.
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The `MENUDEFAULT=1,5` line tells the kernel how long to wait for the user to select a boot menu entry, or what default menu entry to use if the user did not select one. `MENUDEFAULT=1,5` indicates the system will wait for 5 seconds; if the user did not attempt to select a menu item within that time, the kernel will assume boot menu "1" instead.
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![boot menu][2]
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Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0
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The `MENU` lines after that are labels for the different boot menu configurations. These are presented in order, so menu item "1" is first, then "2," and so on.
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![menu select 4][3]
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Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0
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In the lines that follow in `FDCONFIG.SYS`, you will see numbers before a question mark (`?`). These indicate "for this boot menu entry, use this line." For example, this line with `234?` will only load the HimemX device driver if the user selects boot menu entries "2," "3," or "4."
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```
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`234?DEVICE=C:\FDOS\BIN\HIMEMX.EXE`
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```
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There are lots of ways to use `FDCONFIG.SYS` to configure your FreeDOS system. We've only covered the basics here, the most common ways to define your FreeDOS kernel settings. For more information, explore the FreeDOS Help system (type `HELP` at the command line) to learn how to use all of the FreeDOS `FDCONFIG.SYS` options:
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* **SWITCHES**
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* Boot time processing behavior
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* **REM** and **;**
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* Comments (ignored in FDCONFIG.SYS)
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* **MENUCOLOR**
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* Boot menu text color and background color
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* **MENUDEFAULT**
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* Boot menu default value
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* **MENU**
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* Boot menu entry
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* **ECHO** and **EECHO**
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* Display messages
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* **BREAK**
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* Sets extended **Ctrl+C** checking on or off
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* **BUFFERS** or **BUFFERSHIGH**
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* How many disk buffers to allocate
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* **COUNTRY**
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* Sets international behavior
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* **DOS**
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* Tell the FreeDOS kernel how to load itself into memory
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* **DOSDATA**
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* Tell FreeDOS to load kernel data into upper memory
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* **FCBS**
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* Set the number of file control blocks (FCBs)
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* **KEYBUF**
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* Reassign the keyboard buffer in memory
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* **FILES** or **FILESHIGH**
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* How many files to have open at once
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* **LASTDRIVE** or **LASTDRIVEHIGH**
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* Set the last drive letter that can be used
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* **NUMLOCK**
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* Set the keyboard number pad lock on or off
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* **SHELL**, **SHELLHIGH**, or **COMMAND**
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* Set the command line shell
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* **STACKS** or **STACKSHIGH**
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* Add stacks to handle hardware interrupts
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* **SWITCHAR**
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* Redefines the command line option switch character
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* **SCREEN**
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* Set the number of lines on the screen
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* **VERSION**
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* Set what DOS version to report to programs
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* **IDLEHALT**
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* Activates energy saving features, useful on certain systems
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* **DEVICE** and **DEVICEHIGH**
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* Load a driver into memory
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* **INSTALL** and **INSTALLHIGH**
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* Load a "terminate and stay resident" (TSR) program
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* **SET**
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* Set a DOS environment variable
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### Configuring in plain text
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Like Linux and BSD, FreeDOS configuration happens in plain text. No special tools for editing are required, so dive in and see what options suit you best. It's easy but powerful!
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/21/6/freedos-fdconfigsys
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作者：[Jim Hall][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/laptop_screen_desk_work_chat_text.png?itok=UXqIDRDD (Person using a laptop)
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[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/boot-menu.png (The boot menu waits for 5 seconds before assuming menu item 1)
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[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/menu-select4.png (Use the arrow keys to select a boot menu configuration)
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213
translated/tech/20210609 Configure FreeDOS in plain text.md
Normal file
213
translated/tech/20210609 Configure FreeDOS in plain text.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
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[#]: subject: (Configure FreeDOS in plain text)
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[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/6/freedos-fdconfigsys)
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[#]: author: (Jim Hall https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall)
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: ( )
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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以纯文本方式配置 FreeDOS
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======
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学习如何使用 FDCONFIG.SYS 来配置 FreeDOS 。
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![Person using a laptop][1]
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FreeDOS 是主配置文件是在根目录中的名称为 `FDCONFIG.SYS` 的文件。这个文件包含一系列的行，每行都设置一个诸如 `LASTDRIVE=Z` 或 `FILES=40` 的值。例如，在 FreeDOS 1.3 RC4 中的默认 `FDCONFIG.SYS` ，看起来像这样：
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```
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SET DOSDIR=C:\FDOS
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!COUNTRY=001,858,C:\FDOS\BIN\COUNTRY.SYS
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!LASTDRIVE=Z
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!BUFFERS=20
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!FILES=40
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!MENUCOLOR=7,0
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MENUDEFAULT=1,5
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MENU 1 - Load FreeDOS with JEMMEX, no EMS (most UMBs), max RAM free
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MENU 2 - Load FreeDOS with JEMM386 (Expanded Memory)
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MENU 3 - Load FreeDOS low with some drivers (Safe Mode)
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MENU 4 - Load FreeDOS without drivers (Emergency Mode)
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12?DOS=HIGH
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12?DOS=UMB
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12?DOSDATA=UMB
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1?DEVICE=C:\FDOS\BIN\JEMMEX.EXE NOEMS X=TEST I=TEST NOVME NOINVLPG
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234?DEVICE=C:\FDOS\BIN\HIMEMX.EXE
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2?DEVICE=C:\FDOS\BIN\JEMM386.EXE X=TEST I=TEST I=B000-B7FF NOVME NOINVLPG
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34?SHELL=C:\FDOS\BIN\COMMAND.COM C:\FDOS\BIN /E:1024 /P=C:\FDAUTO.BAT
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12?SHELLHIGH=C:\FDOS\BIN\COMMAND.COM C:\FDOS\BIN /E:1024 /P=C:\FDAUTO.BAT
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```
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但是，这些指令行都表示什么意思？为什么一些指令行有一个问号 (`?`) 或一个叹号 (`!`)，而其它的命令行却没有？
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### 一个简单的配置
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让我们从一个简单的配置开始，像这样，我们就可以看到我们的配置做了什么。做出这个非常简单的 `FDCONFIG.SYS` 文件：
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```
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LASTDRIVE=Z
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BUFFERS=20
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FILES=40
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DEVICE=C:\FDOS\BIN\HIMEMX.EXE
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SHELL=C:\FDOS\BIN\COMMAND.COM C:\FDOS\BIN /E:1024 /P=C:\FDAUTO.BAT
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```
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这个配置文件仅包含几个指令：
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1. `LASTDRIVE=Z`
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2. `BUFFERS=20`
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3. `FILES=40`
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4. `DEVICE=C:\FDOS\BIN\HIMEMX.EXE`
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5. `SHELL=C:\FDOS\BIN\COMMAND.COM C:\FDOS\BIN /E:1024 /P=C:\FDAUTO.BAT`
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第一行指令告诉 FreeDOS 在存储器中保留多少驱动器字母。(DOS 使用字母来表示附属于系统的每个驱动器，`LASTDRIVE=Z` 表示从 "A" 到 "Z" 预留驱动器字母)。 `LASTDRIVE` 会影响系统可以识别的 _逻辑驱动器_ 的数量。你可能没有任何的逻辑驱动器；FreeDOS 安装器不会默认设置这些逻辑驱动器。在任何情况下，在任何 FreeDOS 系统上设置 `LASTDRIVE=Z` 都是没有害处的。
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`BUFFERS` 行设置文件缓冲区预留存储器。_缓冲区_ 有助于加速某些需要存储空间的进程，例如复制文件。如果你为 `BUFFERS` 设置一个较大的值，那么 FreeDOS 将预留更多的存储器—and vice versa for smaller values。大多数的用户将会设置其为 `BUFFERS=20` 或 `BUFFERS=40` ，取决于他们在系统上读写文件的频率。
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`FILES` 设置决定 DOS 允许你一次打开多少文件。如果你运行的一个应用程序需要一次打开很多文件，例如打开一个谱系数据库，你可能需要为 `FILES` 设置一个较大的值。对于大多数的用户来说，`FILES=40` 是一个合理的值。
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`DEVICE` 是一个特殊的指令，用于加载 _设备驱动器_ 。DOS 需要针对某些硬件或配置文件的设备驱动器。这行 `DEVICE=C:\FDOS\BIN\HIMEMX.EXE` 来加载 _HimemX_ 设备驱动器，这样，DOS 可以利用超出前 640 KB 的扩展存储器。
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最后的指令行告诉 FreeDOS 的内核在哪里找到命令行 shell 。默认情况下，内核将从 `COMMAND.COM` 开始查找 shell ，但是你可以使用 `SHELL` 指令来更改它。在这个示例中， `SHELL=C:\FDOS\BIN\COMMAND.COM` 说明 shell 是 `COMMAND.COM` 程序，位于 `C` 驱动器上的 `\FDOS\BIN` 目录之中。
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在 `SHELL` 结尾处的其它文件表示选项为 `COMMAND.COM` 的 shell 。FreeDOS 的 `COMMAND.COM` 支持一些启动选项来修改它的行为，包括：
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* **`C:\FDOS\BIN`** \- `COMMAND.COM` 程序的完整的路径
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* `/E:1024 -` 环境 (E) 大小，以字节为单位。`/E:1024` 告诉 `COMMAND.COM` 来预留 1024 字节，或者说是 1 KB ，来存储它的环境变量。
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* **`/P=C:\FDAUTO.BAT`** \- `/P` 选项表示 shell 是一个永久性的 (P) shell ，因此用户不能通过输入 `EXIT` 来退出 shell (附加文本 `=C:\FDAUTO.BAT` 告诉 `COMMAND.COM` 在启动时执行 `C:\FDAUTO.BAT` 文件，而不再执行默认的 `AUTOEXEC.BAT` 文件)
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通过这个简单的配置文件，你应该能够理解 FreeDOS 1.3 RC4 安装的 `FDCONFIG.SYS` 文件中的一些东西。
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### 启动菜单
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FreeDOS 支持一种有序的功能—在一个系统上使用多个配置文件，使用一个 "启动菜单" 来选择你想要的配置。`FDCONFIG.SYS` 文件包含一些定义菜单的行:
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```
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!MENUCOLOR=7,0
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MENUDEFAULT=1,5
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MENU 1 - Load FreeDOS with JEMMEX, no EMS (most UMBs), max RAM free
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||||
MENU 2 - Load FreeDOS with JEMM386 (Expanded Memory)
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||||
MENU 3 - Load FreeDOS low with some drivers (Safe Mode)
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MENU 4 - Load FreeDOS without drivers (Emergency Mode)
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```
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`MENUCOLOR` 指令定义启动菜单的文本颜色和背景颜色。这些值通常在 0 到 7 的范围之内, 并代表这些颜色：
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* 0 黑色
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* 1 蓝色
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* 2 绿色
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* 3 品蓝
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* 4 红色
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* 5 品红
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* 6 棕色
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* 7 白色
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因此，`MENUCOLOR=7,0` 的定义意味着显示一个黑色背景 (0) 白色文本 (7) 的菜单。如果你想使用一个蓝色背景白色文本，你可以将其定义为 `MENUCOLOR=7,1` 。
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|
||||
在行头部的叹号 (`!`) 意味着：不管你选择哪个菜单，这个指令都将会执行。
|
||||
|
||||
`MENUDEFAULT=1,5` 行告诉内核等待用户多长时间来选择启动菜单项，或者如果用户没有选择的话，使用那个默认菜单项。`MENUDEFAULT=1,5` 标示着系统将等待 5 秒钟；如果用户不在这段时间内尝试选择一个菜单的话，内核将选择启动菜单 "1" 。
|
||||
|
||||
![boot menu][2]
|
||||
|
||||
Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0
|
||||
|
||||
在其后的 `MENU` 行至不同启动菜单配置的标签。它们是按顺序排列的，因此，菜单项目 "1" 是第一个，接下来的 "2" 是第二个，以此类推。
|
||||
|
||||
![menu select 4][3]
|
||||
|
||||
Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0
|
||||
|
||||
在 `FDCONFIG.SYS` 中的接下来的一行中，你将在一个问号 (`?`) 前看到一些数字。这标示 "针对这几个数字的启动菜单项，使用这行命令"。例如，如果用户选择启动菜单项 "2"，"3" 或 "4" 的话，那么带有 `234?` 的这行命令才将加载 HimemX 设备驱动器。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`234?DEVICE=C:\FDOS\BIN\HIMEMX.EXE`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这里有很多方法来使用 `FDCONFIG.SYS` 以配置你的 FreeDOS 系统。我们在这里只介绍基本的东西，最重用的方法是定义你的 FreeDOS 内核设置。更多的信息，探索 FreeDOS 帮助系统 (在命令行中输入 `HELP` ) 来学习如何使用使用的 FreeDOS 的 `FDCONFIG.SYS` 选项：
|
||||
|
||||
* **SWITCHES**
|
||||
* 启动时处理过程行为
|
||||
* **REM** 和 **;**
|
||||
* 注释 (在 FDCONFIG.SYS 中被忽略)
|
||||
* **MENUCOLOR**
|
||||
* 启动菜单文本颜色和背景颜色
|
||||
* **MENUDEFAULT**
|
||||
* 启动菜单默认值
|
||||
* **MENU**
|
||||
* 启动菜单选项
|
||||
* **ECHO** 和 **EECHO**
|
||||
* 显示信息
|
||||
* **BREAK**
|
||||
* 设置扩展，使用 **Ctrl+C** 打开或关闭
|
||||
* **BUFFERS** 或 **BUFFERSHIGH**
|
||||
* 分配多少磁盘缓冲区
|
||||
* **COUNTRY**
|
||||
* 设置国际化行为
|
||||
* **DOS**
|
||||
* 告诉 FreeDOS 内核如何将其自身加载到存储器之中
|
||||
* **DOSDATA**
|
||||
* 告诉 FreeDOS 加载内核到上位存储器之中
|
||||
* **FCBS**
|
||||
* 设置文件控制块 (FCBs) 的数量
|
||||
* **KEYBUF**
|
||||
* 在存储器中重新指定键盘缓冲区
|
||||
* **FILES** 或 **FILESHIGH**
|
||||
* 一次可以打开多少个文件
|
||||
* **LASTDRIVE** 或 **LASTDRIVEHIGH**
|
||||
* 设置可以使用的最后一个驱动器字母
|
||||
* **NUMLOCK**
|
||||
* 设置键盘数字锁的开或关
|
||||
* **SHELL** ，**SHELLHIGH** 或 **COMMAND**
|
||||
* 设置命令行 shell
|
||||
* **STACKS** 或 **STACKSHIGH**
|
||||
* 添加堆栈以处理硬件中断
|
||||
* **SWITCHAR**
|
||||
* 重新定义命令行选项开关字符
|
||||
* **SCREEN**
|
||||
* 设置在屏幕上的行数
|
||||
* **VERSION**
|
||||
* 设置向程序报告的 DOS 版本
|
||||
* **IDLEHALT**
|
||||
* 激活节能功能，在某些系统上有用
|
||||
* **DEVICE** 和 **DEVICEHIGH**
|
||||
* 加载一个驱动程序到存储器之中
|
||||
* **INSTALL** 和 **INSTALLHIGH**
|
||||
* 加载一个 "存储器驻留" (TSR) 程序
|
||||
* **SET**
|
||||
* 设置一个 DOS 环境变量
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Configuring in plain text
|
||||
|
||||
像 Linux 和 BSD 一样，FreeDOS 配置以纯文本的方式进行。不需要特殊指定的编辑工具，因此，深入研究，看看哪些选项最适合你。它很容易，但是功能很强大！
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/21/6/freedos-fdconfigsys
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jim Hall][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/laptop_screen_desk_work_chat_text.png?itok=UXqIDRDD (Person using a laptop)
|
||||
[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/boot-menu.png (The boot menu waits for 5 seconds before assuming menu item 1)
|
||||
[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/menu-select4.png (Use the arrow keys to select a boot menu configuration)
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user