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@ -2,25 +2,25 @@ ps命令的10个例子
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================================================================================
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### Linux ps 命令 ###
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linux的ps命令是一个浏览系统运行的进程的一个最基础的工具。它提供了一个当前进程的快照，还带有一些具体的信息，比如用户id，cpu使用率，内存使用，命令名等它不会像top或者htop一样实时显示数据。即使他在功能和输出上更见但，但是它仍是一个每个linux新人需要了解和学习的一个必要的进程管理/检测工具。
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linux的ps命令是一个查看系统运行的进程的一个最基础的工具。它提供了一个当前进程的快照，还带有一些具体的信息，比如用户id，cpu使用率，内存使用，命令名等，它不会像top或者htop一样实时显示数据。虽然它在功能和输出上更加简单，但它仍然是每个linux新手需要了解和学好的必要进程管理/检测工具。
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在本篇中，我门会复习ps命令基本的用法:检测、过滤、以不同的方式排序进程来更好地适应。
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在本篇中，我们会学习ps命令基本的用法：查找、过滤，以不同的方式排序。
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### 语法说明 ###
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ps命令有两种不同风格的语法规则。它们是BSD和UNIX。新人经常感到困惑并会误解这两种风格。因此在继续本篇之前有一些基本的信息要澄清。
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ps命令有两种不同风格的语法规则：BSD风格和UNIX风格。Linux新手经常感到困惑并会误解这两种风格，所以在继续下一步之前，我们来弄清楚一些基本的信息。
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> 注意: "ps aux"不等同于"ps -aux"。比如"-u"用于显示用户的进程，但是"u"意味着显示具体信息。
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BSD 形式 - BSD形式的语法的选项前没有破折号。
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BSD 形式 - BSD形式的语法的选项前没有破折号，如：
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ps aux
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UNIX/LINUX 形式 - linux形式的语法的选项前有破折号。
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UNIX/LINUX 形式 - linux形式的语法的选项前有破折号，如：
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ps -ef
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在linux系统上混合这两种语法是可以的。比如 "ps ax -f"。但是本章中我们主要讨论unix形式语法。
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> 在linux系统上混合这两种语法是可以的。比如 "ps ax -f"。但是本章中我们主要讨论UNIX形式语法。
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### 如何使用ps命令 ###
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@ -31,16 +31,15 @@ UNIX/LINUX 形式 - linux形式的语法的选项前有破折号。
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$ ps ax
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$ ps -ef
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通过管道输出到"less"可以使它滚动。
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通过管道输出到"less"可以分页。
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使用"u"或者"-f"选项可以显示进程的具体信息。
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$ ps aux
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$ ps -ef -f
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> 为什么USER列显示的不是我的用户名而是其他的像root，www-data等等？
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对于所有的用户(包括你们的)，如果长度大于8个字符，那么ps只会显示你的UID而不是用户名。
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> 为什么USER列显示的不是我的用户名，但是其他的像root，www-data等却显示？
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> 对于所有的用户(包括你们的)，如果长度大于8个字符，那么ps只会显示你的UID而不是用户名。
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#### 2. 显示用户进程 ####
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@ -68,20 +67,19 @@ UNIX/LINUX 形式 - linux形式的语法的选项前有破折号。
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4525 ? 00:00:00 apache2
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...
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要通过进程id显示进程，就使用"-p"选项，并且它还提供使用逗号来分割进程id。
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要通过进程id显示进程，就使用"-p"选项，并且还可以通过逗号分隔来指定多个进程id。
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$ ps -f -p 3150,7298,6544
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$ ps -f -p 3150,7298,6544
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"-C"必须提供精确的进程名，并且它并不能通过部分名字或者通配符查找。为了更弹性地搜索进程列表，通常使用grep命令。
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"-C"必须提供精确的进程名，并且它并不能通过部分名字或者通配符查找。为了更灵活地搜索进程列表，通常使用grep命令。
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$ ps -ef | grep apache
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#### 4. 通过cpu或者内存使用排序进程 ####
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系统管理员通常想要找出那些消耗最多内存或者CPU的进程。排序选项会基于特性的字段或者参数排序进程列表。
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多个字段可以用'--sort'指定，并用逗号分割。除此之外，字段前面还可以跟上'-'或者'+'的前缀来相应地表示递减和递增排序。这里有很多的用于排序的选项。通过man页来获取完整的列表。
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系统管理员通常想要找出那些消耗最多内存或者CPU的进程。排序选项会基于特定的字段或者参数来排序进程列表。
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可以用'--sort'指定多个字段，并用逗号分割。除此之外，字段前面还可以跟上'-'或者'+'的前缀来相应地表示递减和递增排序。这里有很多的用于排序的选项，通过man页来获取完整的列表。
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$ ps aux --sort=-pcpu,+pmem
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@ -96,7 +94,7 @@ UNIX/LINUX 形式 - linux形式的语法的选项前有破折号。
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#### 5. 以树的形式显示进程层级 ####
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许多进程实际上是从同一个父进程fork出来的，并且了解父子关系通常是很有用的。"--forest" 选项会构造一个ascii艺术形式的进程层级视图。
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许多进程实际上是从同一个父进程fork出来的，了解父子关系通常是很有用的。"--forest" 选项会构造一个ascii艺术形式的进程层级视图。
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下面的命令会用apache2的进程名来搜索并构造一个树来显示具体信息。
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@ -109,7 +107,7 @@ UNIX/LINUX 形式 - linux形式的语法的选项前有破折号。
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www-data 4527 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
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www-data 4528 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
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> 尽量不要在排序中使用树状显示，因为两者都会以不同方式影响显示的顺序。
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> 不要在排序中使用树状显示，因为两者都会以不同方式影响显示的顺序。
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#### 6. 显示父进程的子进程 ####
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@ -123,11 +121,9 @@ UNIX/LINUX 形式 - linux形式的语法的选项前有破折号。
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4526 www-data apache2
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4527 www-data apache2
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4528 www-data apache2
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[term]
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第一个属于root的进程是apache2的主进程，其他的apache进程都是从主进程fork出来的。下面的命令使用apache2主进程的pid列出了所有的apache2的子进程。
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第一个属于root的进程是apache2的主进程，其他的apache进程都是从主进程fork出来的。下面的命令使用apache2主进程的pid列出了所有的apache2的子进程。
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[term]
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$ ps --ppid 2359
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PID TTY TIME CMD
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4524 ? 00:00:00 apache2
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@ -138,7 +134,7 @@ UNIX/LINUX 形式 - linux形式的语法的选项前有破折号。
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#### 7. 显示进程的线程 ####
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"-L"选项会随着进程一起显示线程。它可用于显示所有特定进程或者所有进程的线程。
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"-L"选项会随着进程一起显示线程。它可用于显示所有指定进程或者所有进程的线程。
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下面的命令会显示进程id为3150的进程的所有线程。
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@ -146,7 +142,7 @@ UNIX/LINUX 形式 - linux形式的语法的选项前有破折号。
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#### 8. 改变显示的列 ####
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ps命令可以被配置用来只显示被选中的列。很多列可以被用来显示，并且完整的列表在man页中。
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ps命令可以被配置用来只显示被选中的列。很多列可以被用来显示，完整的列表可以查看man页。
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下面的命令会只显示pid、用户名、cpu、内存、命令列。
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@ -166,7 +162,7 @@ ps命令可以被配置用来只显示被选中的列。很多列可以被用来
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9 root 0.0 0.0 rcuob/0
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10 root 0.0 0.0 rcuob/1
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非常弹性化。
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非常灵活。
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#### 9. 显示进程运行的时间 ####
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@ -176,12 +172,11 @@ ps命令可以被配置用来只显示被选中的列。很多列可以被用来
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#### 10. 将ps转换为实时进程查看器 ####
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As usual, the watch command can be used to turn ps into a realtime process reporter. Simple example is like this
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通常上，watch命令可将ps命令变成实时进程查看器。像这个简单的命令
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$ watch -n 1 'ps -e -o pid,uname,cmd,pmem,pcpu --sort=-pmem,-pcpu | head -15'
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我桌面上的输出就像这样。
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我桌面上的输出如下。
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Every 1.0s: ps -e -o pid,uname,cmd,pmem,pcpu --... Sun Dec 1 18:16:08 2013
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@ -201,16 +196,14 @@ As usual, the watch command can be used to turn ps into a realtime process repor
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3677 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.5 0.4
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3639 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.4 0.4
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输出会每秒刷新状态。但不要认为这和top相似。
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输出会每秒刷新状态，但是这其实很top不同。你会发现top/htop命令的输出相比上面的ps命令刷新得更频繁。
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你会发现top/htop命令的输出相比上面的ps命令刷新得更频繁。
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这是因为top输出会cpu使用和内存使用值混合排序后的输出。但是上面的ps命令是一个更简单的行为的排序，每次获取一列(像学校的数学)。因此它不会像top那样快速更新。
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这是因为top输出是结合了cup使用值和内存使用值后的排序值。但是上面的ps命令是一个更简单的行为的排序，每次获取一列(像学校的数学)，因此它不会像top那样快速更新。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.binarytides.com/linux-ps-command/
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|
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译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
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@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
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||||
通俗易懂的设计故事更能激发你的创意
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
伴随着产品品质、性能稳定和灵活性的提高，Ubuntu渐渐吸引了一批富有经验的设计师，这些设计师覆盖了越来越多的Ubuntu角落，其中就包括操作系统界面美化、优化行为、以及更为贴心的交互实现等等。
|
||||
|
||||
Faenza和Faience的发明者， **Ubuntu设计师 Matthieu "Tiheum" James**，发布了一篇富有见地的有趣文章，这篇文章围绕着几个图标的发明展开，使得对此感兴趣的用户和第三方开发人员能够直观地了解一个专业的设计师是怎样创作一个图标的。
|
||||
|
||||
这里提到的图标专为Juju设计，在最近的OpenStack峰会香港站上，在与Ubuntu展台的参观者们见面的时候发布，这些图标采用了一个有趣的特性，“为了向参观Ubuntu展台的观众说明Juju可以做什么，**我们想**用更特殊的一些东西来代替普通的Juju图标。我们决定使用这样一个创意，将不同的配料与酱汁与冰淇淋自由搭配创作出图标，这样用户就能理解，他们能够使用同样的方法，自由搭配建立Juju中的服务。
|
||||
|
||||
这篇文章介绍了在真实的图标创作过程中的真实心路历程，使读者沉浸在一个学习但却易于掌握的旅程中，在旅程之中包括寻找好的概念、最初的草图、为图标添加立体感、采用不同的设计方法、选择图标背景、精炼图标等等。总之，这是一个通俗易懂的设计故事。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在这里享受全文[http://design.canonical.com/2013/11/juju-ice-cream-icon-design/][1]。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://iloveubuntu.net/deepen-your-creative-knowledge-explanatory-user-friendly-icon-creation-design-story
|
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|
||||
译者：[crowner](https://github.com/crowner) 校对：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
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|
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[1]:http://design.canonical.com/2013/11/juju-ice-cream-icon-design/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
|
||||
如何在Linux上制作一个屏幕录像视频教程
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
一图胜千言，一个精心设计的指导视频更是能给你带来良好体验。Linux上有你需要的制作有用且高质量教学视频的所有工具。我们将用强大的kdenlive视频编辑器和Audacity音频录制器和编辑器制作一个简单的屏幕录像，并学习如何在YouTube上分享精彩的屏幕录像。
|
||||
|
||||
一台安装了Kdenlive和Audacit软件的Linux系统PC，一个质量好的麦克风或耳机，和一个YouTube的帐号就是你需要准备的全部。（是的，除了Youtube还有很多其他的免费视频共享服务，你也可以使用它们。）YouTube属于Google，Google想让你与全世界共享任何人和事。如果这不是你想做的，请说no。
|
||||
|
||||
我们的工作流程是这样的：
|
||||
|
||||
- 用Kdenlive录制屏幕录像
|
||||
- 用Audacity录制音轨
|
||||
- 添加音轨到Kdenlive
|
||||
- 上传到YouTube
|
||||
- 全世界看你的视频，好开心
|
||||
|
||||
kdenlive支持最流行的数字视频格式，包括AVI，MP4，H.264，和MOV。它支持的图像文件包括GIF，PNG，SVG和TIFF；支持的音频文件格式，包括非压缩的PCM，Vorbis，WAV，MP3和 AC3。你甚至可以阅读和编辑Flash文件。总之，它可以处理很多东西。
|
||||
|
||||
你的配音与你的视频一样重要。请一定要重视你的音频。使音频保持干净和简单，去除杂乱的题外话、方言，并将背景噪声降到最低点。我喜欢用一个质量好的耳麦做讲述，这样你不必担心话筒位置，你可以反复听你自己的讲述而不会影响到你身边的人。
|
||||
|
||||
Kdenlive的文档已过期，它会告诉你制作屏幕录像需要RecordMyDesktop软件。我用的是kdenlive 0.9.4，其实不需要Recordmydesktop。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*图 1：默认配置*
|
||||
|
||||
### 制作屏幕录像 ###
|
||||
|
||||
首次安装kdenlive,第一次运行时会启动配置向导。不必在意默认设置，因为你随时都可以改变它们。
|
||||
|
||||
这是我的屏幕录像的设置：高清720p每秒30帧，1280x720的屏幕尺寸。如何知道该使用什么设置项？ [Google上有一些说明][1]。设置这些值可到Settings > Configure Kdenlive > Project Defaults > Default Profile > HD 720p 30fps（图1）。
|
||||
|
||||
设置捕捉屏幕的大小到 Settings > Configure Kdenlive > Capture > Screen Grab（图2）。虽然你也可以选择捕捉全屏幕，但最好还是坚持用YouTube规定的尺寸。因为如果使用的尺寸与YouTube规定的不一样，则YouTube将增加黑边来达到合适的尺寸。热切的观众会更加希望看到一个充满生动的内容的屏幕，而不是黑边。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*图 2：屏幕录像的屏幕大小*
|
||||
|
||||
默认的YouTube视频播放器的大小是640x360标清320p，又小又模糊。播放器有小屏，大屏，全屏，和多个质量等级的控制。这些设置只有你的观众会使用，640x360标清320p看起来真的不咋样，但郁闷的是你无法改变这个缺陷。尽管如此，你仍然想制作高质量视频的话，你可以添加一些文字来提醒观众尝试更好的配置。
|
||||
|
||||
### 保存你的项目 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在你做任何其他事情之前，点击 File->Save as 保存您的项目，并记住周期性地保存它。
|
||||
|
||||
### 抓取屏幕 ###
|
||||
|
||||
抓屏小菜一碟。到Record Monitor，选择Screen Grab，然后点击Record按钮。屏幕上将打开一个带虚线的框，框里面的所有内容都将被录制下来。因此，你需要做的所有事就是移动框并调整框的大小到你想要l录制的范围。完成后点击停止按钮（图3）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*图 3：屏幕抓取*
|
||||
|
||||
单击Stop，自动打开Clip Monitor，你可以预览你的裁剪效果。如果你觉得不错，把它从Project Tree中拖到Video 1轨道。现在你可以编辑你的视频了。总会有需要你修剪的地方；一个快速的方法是，你在Project Monitor里播放你的剪辑片，直到播放到你需要移除部分的末尾。然后暂停，然后按下Shift+r。你的剪辑片将会在你按下停止的时间轴上的点上被切割为两个剪辑。点击你要删除的片断，按下Delete键，噗！它就消失了。
|
||||
|
||||
对于剩下的剪辑片断，可能你想要从时间轴上的某一点开始播放，也可能你想要加入一些好的变换。比如一些简单的渐变就相当不错；右键点击你的剪辑片断，点击Add Effect > Fade > Fade from black 和 Fade to black，然后Kdenlive将自动将这两个效果放到开头和末尾。
|
||||
|
||||
### 添加配音 ###
|
||||
|
||||
请参阅[Whirlwind Intro to Audacity on Linux: From Recording to CD in One Lesson][2]来学习使用Audacity录音的基础操作。以16bit的wav格式导出你的音频文件，然后通过Project > Add Clip导入到Kdenlive。然后将你的新音频剪辑拖到Audio tracks。一个简单的制作视频讲述的方式是边播视频边说。运气好的话，你不需要做很多的清理工作，你的讲述就会与视频同步。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*图 4：用Shift+r切割音轨，然后将其中一个剪辑片从切割点拖离，创建一个静音间隙*
|
||||
|
||||
如果你的语速比视频快,你可以在音轨中添加空档时间.很简单,用Shift+r切割音轨，然后将其中一个剪辑片从切割点拖离，创建一个静音间隙。（图4）。
|
||||
|
||||
### Rendering Your Project ### 渲染你的项目
|
||||
|
||||
当你满意自己的编辑，并准备导出你的最终格式时，点击Render按钮。这需要几分钟的时间，取决于你的电脑速度和项目大小。已有为网站预先设定的值，如果你选择File Rendering， 你可以调整你的设置（图5）。我用File Rendering中的H.264，Video比特率12000， Audio比特率384取得了不错的效果。H.264是一种超压缩格式，使用这种格式发布的文件小但质量好。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*图 5：选择文件渲染，调整你的网页设置*
|
||||
|
||||
### 发布到YouTube ###
|
||||
|
||||
现在你可以在VLC或MPlayer或你喜欢的任何播放器中播放你的视频了，如果它看起来很好，那么你就可以将它上传到你的YouTube帐户里了。YouTube是典型的Google风格，信息中心和视频管理器会混乱又复杂，不过请坚持多研究下，你会理出头绪的。在你做任何事情之前，你必须对你的账户做资格认证，也就是通过短信和邮件获得一个验证码。通过输入验证码证明你不是一个网络爬虫后，你就能上传你的视频了。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以上传你的视频，然后标记它们为私人可见或所有人可见。Google有一些编辑工具，你可能会喜欢，比如自动纠错和配背景音乐。不过以我的拙见，几乎没有人是这样子做背景音乐的，所以这种工具只会令人讨厌。不过你有可能是第一个正确使用这个工具的人哦。
|
||||
|
||||
最有用的编辑工具是自动字幕。我推荐在你所有的视频上使用此功能，不光是为了那些听觉障碍的人，也为了那些需要保持低音量观看的人，确保所有的人都明白你在说什么。字幕工具也能创建副本。
|
||||
|
||||
另一个有用的工具是注释工具，它支持对话气泡，标题，聚光灯和标签。当然，在Kdenlive中，这些你都可以做到，所以都可以尝试一下。
|
||||
|
||||
好吧，到这里就结束了，但似乎我们刚刚开始。请分享你的视频，并在评论中添加Youtube的小建议和技巧。如果可以的话，请在[video.linux.com][3]分享你的新的视频教程，并参加100个Linux教程比赛。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
来源于: http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/745745-how-to-make-a-youtube-instructional-screencast-video-on-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[coolpigs](https://github.com/coolpigs) 校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/1722171?hl=en&ref_topic=2888648
|
||||
[2]:http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/422799-whirlwind-intro-to-audacity-on-linux
|
||||
[3]:http://video.linux.com/100-linux-tutorials
|
||||
@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
|
||||
用Briquolo,打砖块游戏,测试你的反应速度
|
||||
|
||||
打砖块游戏Briquolo，测试你的反应速度
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
[Briquolo][2]是一款快速而又迷人的游戏，用一个球来破坏不同的物体，经典而又令人愉悦。
|
||||
[Briquolo][2]是一款快速而又迷人的游戏，用一个球来破坏不同的物体，经典而又好玩。
|
||||
|
||||
Briquolo十分考验敏捷，因此，游戏玩家必需时刻注意球的反弹走向，一不留神就可能让球掉落。
|
||||
Briquolo十分考验反应速度，因此，游戏玩家必需时刻注意球的反弹走向，一不留神就可能让球掉落。
|
||||
|
||||
启动游戏后，玩家会意识到这是一款3D游戏，以3D对象展现的华丽木块浮动在一个多彩的环境里，当击破木块时有机率掉落特殊物体，毫无疑问获取它们是至关重要的，这会改变球或滑板的状态，比如球会加速，但有时候也会给你带来麻烦。
|
||||
启动游戏后，你会看到这是一款3D游戏，以3D对象展现的华丽木块浮动在一个多彩的环境里，当击破木块时有机率掉落特殊物体，毫无疑问获取它们是至关重要的，这会改变球或滑板的状态，比如球会加速，但有时候也会给你带来麻烦。
|
||||
|
||||
音乐及特效选项还提供了更精致的效果(包括游戏全屏，高分辨率，--可调至1920×1080--)，进而呈现一个有趣而又更富挑战性的Briquolo。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Briquolo 0.5.7是[可靠的][2]自由软件,可通过Ubuntu软件中心安装(Ubuntu 12.04, Ubuntu 12.04, Ubuntu 13.04, Ubuntu 13.10, Ubuntu 14.04)。
|
||||
Briquolo 0.5.7可以通过Ubuntu软件中心(Ubuntu 12.04, Ubuntu 12.04, Ubuntu 13.04, Ubuntu 13.10, Ubuntu 14.04)[免费安装][2]。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -29,15 +29,15 @@
|
||||
###用户推荐###
|
||||
|
||||
- [YouCompleteMe][14]，由Reddit用户hnasarat推荐。它安装起来稍微麻烦一些，但是支持非常强大的语法补全，包括C、Ruby、Python、PHP等许多语言。
|
||||
- [Ag][15]，由*gckjk*推荐，大多数Reddit用户都知道它，这是升级版的`ack`，速度快了3到5倍。通过读取 `.gitignore`和 `.hgignore`，甚至`.agignore`，从而达到忽略匹配文件的作用。
|
||||
- [Ag][15]，由*gckjk*推荐，大多数Reddit用户都知道它，这是升级版的`ack`，速度快了3到5倍。它能读取 `.gitignore`和 `.hgignore`，或者`.agignore`，从而忽略一些被版本控制软件所忽略的匹配文件（译注：不加入版本库的文件，我想你大多数时候没有搜索它的意图）。
|
||||
- [Emmet][16]，由另一个资深reddit用户*damnated*推荐。这是一款`Sparkup`的替代品，可以非常方便快速地用标签标记字符串。链接里有示例演示视频。
|
||||
- [Unite][17]由网友 basetta推荐，它可以作为前面多个插件的替代品。你可以用它搜索文件（就像`CtrlP`），搜索文档内容（就像`ack`或`ag`），还可以在下拉历史或缓冲区间进行自由移动和切换。所有这些功能都集成在了这一个插件里，非常方便！
|
||||
- [Unite][17]由网友 basetta推荐，它可以作为前面多个插件的集大成者。你可以用它搜索文件（就像`CtrlP`），搜索文档内容（就像`ack`或`ag`），还可以在下拉历史或缓冲区间进行自由移动和切换。所有这些功能都集成在了这一个插件里，非常方便！
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://devcharm.com/pages/18-vim-is-your-new-ide
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
|
||||
tomatoKiller 翻译中
|
||||
|
||||
10 Linux Interview Questions and Answers for Linux Beginners – Part 3
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Continuing the **Interview Questions** series, with a big thanks for the nice feedback on last two articles of this series, we are here presenting **10 questions** again for interactive learning.
|
||||
|
||||
- [11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers – Part 1][1]
|
||||
- [10 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers – Part II][2]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. How will you add a new user (say, tux) to your system.? ###
|
||||
|
||||
- useradd command
|
||||
- adduser command
|
||||
- linuxconf command
|
||||
- All of the above
|
||||
- None of the above
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : All of the above commands i.e., **useradd, adduser** and **linuxconf** will add an user to the Linux system.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. How many primary partition is possible on one drive? ###
|
||||
|
||||
- 1
|
||||
- 2
|
||||
- 4
|
||||
- 16
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : There are a maximum of ‘**4**‘ primary partition possible on a drive.
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. The default port for Apache/Http is? ###
|
||||
|
||||
- 8080
|
||||
- 80
|
||||
- 8443
|
||||
- 91
|
||||
- None of the above.
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : By default Apache/Http is configured on port **80**.
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. What does GNU stand for? ###
|
||||
|
||||
- GNU’s not Unix
|
||||
- General Unix
|
||||
- General Noble Unix
|
||||
- Greek Needed Unix
|
||||
- None of the above
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : GNU stands for ‘**GNU**‘s not **Unix**‘.
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. You typed at shell prompt “mysql” and what you got in return was “can’t connect to local MySQL server through socket ‘/var/mysql/mysql.sock’”, what would you check first. ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : Seeing the error message, I will first check if mysql is running or not using commands **service mysql status** or **service mysqld status**. If mysql service is not running, starting of the service is required.
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**:The above error message can be the result of ill configured **my.cnf** or mysql **user permission**. If mysql service starting doesn’t help, you need to see into the above said issues.
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. How to Mount a windows ntfs partition on Linux? ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : First install **ntfs3g** pack on the system using **apt** or **yum** tool and then use “**mount sudo mount t ntfs3g /dev/<Windowspartition>/<Mountpoint>**” command to mount Windows partition on Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. From the following which is not an RPM based OS.? ###
|
||||
|
||||
- RedHat Linux
|
||||
- Centos
|
||||
- Scientific Linux
|
||||
- Debian
|
||||
- Fedora
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : The ‘**Debian**‘ operating system is not an **RPM** based and all listed above are ‘**RPM**‘ based except Debian.
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Which command can be used to rename a file in Linux.? ###
|
||||
|
||||
- mv
|
||||
- ren
|
||||
- rename
|
||||
- change
|
||||
- None of the Above
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : The **mv** command is used to rename a file in Linux. For example, **mv /path_to_File/original_file_name.extension /Path_to_File/New_name.extension**.
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. Which command is used to create and display file in Linux? ###
|
||||
|
||||
- ed
|
||||
- vi
|
||||
- cat
|
||||
- nano
|
||||
- None of the above
|
||||
|
||||
Answer : The ‘**cat**‘ command can be used to create and display file in Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. What layer protocol is responsible for user and the application program support such as passwords, resource sharing, file transfer and network management? ###
|
||||
|
||||
- Layer 4 protocols
|
||||
- Layer 5 protocols
|
||||
- Layer 6 protocols
|
||||
- Layer 7 protocols
|
||||
- None of the above
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : The ‘**Layer 7 Protocol**‘ is responsible for user and the application program support such as passwords, resource sharing, file transfer and network management.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/linux-interview-questions-and-answers-for-linux-beginners/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/basic-linux-interview-questions-and-answers/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/basic-linux-interview-questions-and-answers-part-ii/
|
||||
63
sources/7 Tips For Becoming A Linux Terminal Power User.md
Normal file
63
sources/7 Tips For Becoming A Linux Terminal Power User.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
|
||||
Translate by SteveArcher╮(╯▽╰)╭
|
||||
7 Tips For Becoming A Linux Terminal Power User
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
The Linux terminal is much more than merely entering commands into it. If you master the basic tricks, it will assist you in mastering the Bash shell that is used as default on a number of Linux distributions.
|
||||
|
||||
As stated on howtogeek.com, here are some tips for new users as well as advanced users who may have missed out on something along the way-
|
||||
|
||||
**1. Tab Completion** – This saves time and is also handy if you’re unsure of a file or command’s exact name. For instance, there’s a file named “really long file name” in the current directory and you wish to delete it. You can type the entire file name, however, you will have to ensure that you escape the space characters properly. In case of multiple files in the current directory which start with the letter r, Bash will not be aware of the one you want.
|
||||
|
||||
In the event you have another file named “really very long file name” in the current directory and you hit Tab. Bash will fill in the “really\ “ part for both the files start with that. Post that press Tab again and you’ll find a list of matching file names.
|
||||
|
||||
**2. Pipes** – This permits you to transmit the output of a command to another command. In the UNIX philosophy, every program is a small utility that performs one thing well. For instance, the ls command lists out the files in the current directory and the grep command searches its input for a specified term.
|
||||
|
||||
You can combine these with pipes (the | character) and search for a file in the current directory. The command given below searches for the word “word”:
|
||||
|
||||
ls | grep word
|
||||
|
||||
**3. Wild Cards** - The * (asterisk) character is a wild card for matching anything. For instance, if you want to delete both “really long file name” and “really very long file name” from the current directory, you can run the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
rm really*name
|
||||
|
||||
This command deletes all files with file names starting with “really” and ending with “name.” However, in case you ran rm * instead, you would end up deleting every file in the current directory.
|
||||
|
||||
**4. Output Redirection** - The > character redirects a command’s output to a file in place of another command. For instance, the following line runs the ls command to list the files in the current directory and in lieu of printing that list to the terminal, it prints to a file named “file1” in the current directory:
|
||||
|
||||
ls > file1
|
||||
|
||||
**5. Command History** – Bash memorizes history of the commands you enter into it. The up and down arrow keys can be used to scroll through recent commands used by you. The history command prints out a list of these commands for piping it to grep in order to search for commands used by you recently.
|
||||
|
||||
~, . & ..
|
||||
|
||||
The ~ character also called the tilde is used to show the current user’s home directory. So in lieu of typing cd /home/name for going to your home directory, you can type cd ~. This also functions with relative paths – cd ~/Desktop to go to the current user’s desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
In the same way, the . is for the current directory and the .. is for the directory above the current directory. So, cd .. goes up a directory. It functions with relative paths for instance when you are in your Desktop folder and wish to go to the Documents folder, that is in the same directory as the Desktop folder, you can make use of the cd ../Documents command.
|
||||
|
||||
**6. Running a Command in the Background** – Bash by default executes every command that is run by you in the current terminal. It’s normally okay but what if you wish to launch an application and maintain utilizing the terminal? By typing firefox for launching Firefox, it will take charge of your terminal and show error messages and other output till you have closed it. You can use the & operator to the end of the command for Bash to execute the program in the backdrop.
|
||||
|
||||
firefox &
|
||||
|
||||
**7. Conditional Execution** – Bash can also run two commands sequentially. The second command can only execute when the first command is completed with success. For doing this, you can put both commands on the same line segregated by a &&, or double ampersand. The command given below will wait for five seconds, and start the gnome-screenshot tool:
|
||||
|
||||
sleep 5 && gnome-screenshot
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=123564
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:
|
||||
[2]:
|
||||
[3]:
|
||||
[4]:
|
||||
[5]:
|
||||
[6]:
|
||||
[7]:
|
||||
[8]:
|
||||
[9]:
|
||||
[10]:
|
||||
[11]:
|
||||
[12]:
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
(whatever1992 ing)
|
||||
Built in Audit Trail Tool – Last Command in Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
@ -177,4 +178,4 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-last-command/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
|
||||
Daily Ubuntu Tips – TeamViewer 9 Is Available For Download
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
TeamViewer, the popular remote support and desktop sharing tool has been updated to version 9 for Windows, Mac OS X and Linux computers, including Ubuntu. TeamViewer allows you to control any computer over the internet from anywhere.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s a also a great tool to have if you’re in the business or helping folks troubleshoot computer related issues such as virus removal and/or sharing your screen with someone who is at a remote location.
|
||||
|
||||
Here is an example of how this support tool can be used.
|
||||
|
||||
I recently got a call from my mother who was trying to figure out how to get a program installed. After spending few minutes over the phone trying to help her get the program without success, I decided to do it myself.
|
||||
|
||||
So we both download TeamViewer and within minutes, I was connected to her computer and installing the program myself.
|
||||
|
||||
That’s an example of how TeamViewer helps you get stuff done. If you’re going to be using TeamViewer to help your customers or clients, you may have to purchase a license to comply with the company’s policy.
|
||||
|
||||
Another reason I prefer TeamViewer over all other remote support tools is that it allows you to use the program without actually installing it, at least on Windows machines. If you only need to use it once, then just run it without taking up valuable disk space.
|
||||
|
||||
Now TeamViewer works on almost all operating systems, including Android and IOS.
|
||||
|
||||
Windows users can [download TeamViewer from here][1].
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu users can [download and run TeamViewer from this link][2].
|
||||
|
||||
To easily install TeamViewer in Ubuntu, run the commands below to download the installer.
|
||||
|
||||
wget http://download.teamviewer.com/download/teamviewer_linux.deb
|
||||
|
||||
For **64-bit systems**, use the link below.
|
||||
|
||||
wget http://download.teamviewer.com/download/teamviewer_linux_x64.deb
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, run the commands below to install it.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo dpkg -i teamviewer_linux*.deb; sudo apt-get -f install
|
||||
|
||||
Enjoy!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If the commands above don’t work for you, then go to TeamViewer [download page and download a copy][2].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/12/daily-ubuntu-tips-teamviewer-9-is-available-for-download/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.teamviewer.com/en/download/windows.aspx
|
||||
[2]:http://www.teamviewer.com/en/download/linux.aspx
|
||||
@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[翻译中]by stduolc
|
||||
How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WEP Password with BackTrack
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You already know that if you want to lock down your Wi-Fi network, you should [opt for WPA encryption][1] because WEP is easy to crack. But did you know how easy? Take a look.
|
||||
|
||||
*Note: This post demonstrates how to crack WEP passwords, an older and less often used network security protocol. If the network you want to crack is using the more popular WPA encryption, see our [guide to cracking a Wi-Fi network's WPA password with Reaver][2] instead.*
|
||||
|
||||
Today we're going to run down, step-by-step, how to crack a Wi-Fi network with WEP security turned on. But first, a word: Knowledge is power, but power doesn't mean you should be a jerk, or do anything illegal. Knowing [how to pick a lock][3] doesn't make you a thief. Consider this post educational, or a proof-of-concept intellectual exercise.
|
||||
|
||||
Dozens of tutorials on how to crack WEP are already all over the internet using this method. Seriously—Google it. This ain't what you'd call "news." But what is surprising is that someone like me, with minimal networking experience, can get this done with free software and a cheap Wi-Fi adapter. Here's how it goes.
|
||||
|
||||
### What You'll Need ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Unless you're a computer security and networking ninja, chances are you don't have all the tools on hand to get this job done. Here's what you'll need:
|
||||
|
||||
- **A compatible wireless adapter**—This is the biggest requirement. You'll need a wireless adapter that's capable of packet injection, and chances are the one in your computer is not. After consulting with my friendly neighborhood security expert, I purchased an Alfa AWUS050NH USB adapter, pictured here, and it set me back about $50 on Amazon. Update: Don't do what I did. Get the [Alfa AWUS036H][4], not the US050NH, instead. [The guy in this video][5] below is using a $12 model he bought on Ebay (and is even [selling his router of choice)][6]. There are [plenty of resources on getting aircrack-compatible adapters out there][7].
|
||||
|
||||
- **[A BackTrack Live CD][8]**. We already took you on a [full screenshot tour of how to install and use BackTrack 3][9], the Linux Live CD that lets you do all sorts of security testing and tasks. Download yourself a copy of the CD and burn it, or load it up in VMware to get started.
|
||||
|
||||
- **A nearby WEP-enabled Wi-Fi network**. The signal should be strong and ideally people are using it, connecting and disconnecting their devices from it. The more use it gets while you collect the data you need to run your crack, the better your chances of success.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Patience with the command line**. This is an ten-step process that requires typing in long, arcane commands and waiting around for your Wi-Fi card to collect data in order to crack the password. Like the doctor said to the short person, be a little patient.
|
||||
|
||||
### Crack That WEP ###
|
||||
|
||||
To crack WEP, you'll need to launch Konsole, BackTrack's built-in command line. It's right there on the taskbar in the lower left corner, second button to the right. Now, the commands.
|
||||
|
||||
First run the following to get a list of your network interfaces:
|
||||
|
||||
airmon-ng
|
||||
|
||||
The only one I've got there is labeled ra0. Yours may be different; take note of the label and write it down. From here on in, substitute it in everywhere a command includes (interface).
|
||||
|
||||
Now, run the following four commands. See the output that I got for them in the screenshot below.
|
||||
|
||||
airmon-ng stop (interface)
|
||||
ifconfig (interface) down
|
||||
macchanger —mac 00:11:22:33:44:55 (interface)
|
||||
airmon-ng start (interface)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If you don't get the same results from these commands as pictured here, most likely your network adapter won't work with this particular crack. If you do, you've successfully "faked" a new MAC address on your network interface, 00:11:22:33:44:55.
|
||||
|
||||
Now it's time to pick your network. Run:
|
||||
|
||||
airodump-ng (interface)
|
||||
|
||||
To see a list of wireless networks around you. When you see the one you want, hit Ctrl+C to stop the list. Highlight the row pertaining to the network of interest, and take note of two things: its BSSID and its channel (in the column labeled CH), as pictured below. Obviously the network you want to crack should have WEP encryption (in the ENC) column, not WPA or anything else.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Like I said, hit Ctrl+C to stop this listing. (I had to do this once or twice to find the network I was looking for.) Once you've got it, highlight the BSSID and copy it to your clipboard for reuse in the upcoming commands.
|
||||
|
||||
Now we're going to watch what's going on with that network you chose and capture that information to a file. Run:
|
||||
|
||||
airodump-ng -c (channel) -w (file name) —bssid (bssid) (interface)
|
||||
|
||||
Where (channel) is your network's channel, and (bssid) is the BSSID you just copied to clipboard. You can use the Shift+Insert key combination to paste it into the command. Enter anything descriptive for (file name). I chose "yoyo," which is the network's name I'm cracking.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You'll get output like what's in the window in the background pictured below. Leave that one be. Open a new Konsole window in the foreground, and enter this command:
|
||||
|
||||
aireplay-ng -1 0 -a (bssid) -h 00:11:22:33:44:55 -e (essid) (interface)
|
||||
|
||||
Here the ESSID is the access point's SSID name, which in my case is yoyo. What you want to get after this command is the reassuring "Association successful" message with that smiley face.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You're almost there. Now it's time for:
|
||||
|
||||
aireplay-ng -3 -b (bssid) -h 00:11:22:33:44:55 (interface)
|
||||
|
||||
Here we're creating router traffic to capture more throughput faster to speed up our crack. After a few minutes, that front window will start going crazy with read/write packets. (Also, I was unable to surf the web with the yoyo network on a separate computer while this was going on.) Here's the part where you might have to grab yourself a cup of coffee or take a walk. Basically you want to wait until enough data has been collected to run your crack. Watch the number in the "#Data" column—you want it to go above 10,000. (Pictured below it's only at 854.)
|
||||
|
||||
Depending on the power of your network (mine is inexplicably low at -32 in that screenshot, even though the yoyo AP was in the same room as my adapter), this process could take some time. Wait until that #Data goes over 10k, though—because the crack won't work if it doesn't. In fact, you may need more than 10k, though that seems to be a working threshold for many.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Once you've collected enough data, it's the moment of truth. Launch a third Konsole window and run the following to crack that data you've collected:
|
||||
|
||||
aircrack-ng -b (bssid) (file name-01.cap)
|
||||
|
||||
Here the filename should be whatever you entered above for (file name). You can browse to your Home directory to see it; it's the one with .cap as the extension.
|
||||
|
||||
If you didn't get enough data, aircrack will fail and tell you to try again with more. If it succeeds, it will look like this:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The WEP key appears next to "KEY FOUND." Drop the colons and enter it to log onto the network.
|
||||
|
||||
### Problems Along the Way ###
|
||||
|
||||
With this article I set out to prove that cracking WEP is a relatively "easy" process for someone determined and willing to get the hardware and software going. I still think that's true, but unlike the guy in the video below, I had several difficulties along the way. In fact, you'll notice that the last screenshot up there doesn't look like the others—it's because it's not mine. Even though the AP which I was cracking was my own and in the same room as my Alfa, the power reading on the signal was always around -30, and so the data collection was very slow, and BackTrack would consistently crash before it was complete. After about half a dozen attempts (and trying BackTrack on both my Mac and PC, as a live CD and a virtual machine), I still haven't captured enough data for aircrack to decrypt the key.
|
||||
|
||||
So while this process is easy in theory, your mileage may vary depending on your hardware, proximity to the AP point, and the way the planets are aligned. Oh yeah, and if you're on deadline—Murphy's Law almost guarantees it won't work if you're on deadline.
|
||||
|
||||
To see the video version of these exact instructions, check out this dude's YouTube video.
|
||||
|
||||
[http://www.youtube.com/embed/kDD9PjiQ2_U?wmode=transparent&rel=0&autohide=1&showinfo=0&enablejsapi=1][10]
|
||||
|
||||
Got any experience with the WEP cracking courtesy of BackTrack? What do you have to say about it? Give it up in the comments.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://lifehacker.com/5305094/how-to-crack-a-wi+fi-networks-wep-password-with-backtrack
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://lifehacker.com/386675/secure-your-home-wi+fi-network
|
||||
[2]:http://lifehacker.com/5873407/how-to-crack-a-wi+fi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver
|
||||
[3]:http://lifehacker.com/399735/how-to-pick-a-lock-with-a-bump-key
|
||||
[4]:http://www.amazon.com/Alfa-AWUS036H-802-11b-Wireless-network/dp/B002WCEWU8?tag=lifehackeramzn-20&ascsubtag=[referrer|lifehacker.com[type|link[postId|5305094[asin|B002WCEWU8[authorId|5774310829120954491
|
||||
[5]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHq-cKoYcr8
|
||||
[6]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFlOHMj7Qoc
|
||||
[7]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aircrack-ng.org%2Fdoku.php%3Fid%3Dcompatible_cards&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5305094%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wep-password-with-backtrack&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1
|
||||
[8]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.backtrack-linux.org%2F&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5305094%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wep-password-with-backtrack&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1
|
||||
[9]:http://lifehacker.com/5166530/backtrack-is-a-security+focused-live-cd-packed-with-system-tools
|
||||
[10]:http://www.youtube.com/embed/kDD9PjiQ2_U?wmode=transparent&rel=0&autohide=1&showinfo=0&enablejsapi=1
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
|
||||
Luox 翻译
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
How to Repack Deb Files on Debian and Ubuntu
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**The following tutorial will teach Ubuntu, Linux Mint and Debian GNU/Linux users how to easily unpack and repack a .deb file on their Debian-based Linux operating system.**
|
||||
@ -43,4 +46,4 @@ via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Repack-Deb-Files-on-Debian-and-Ubuntu
|
||||
[9]:
|
||||
[10]:
|
||||
[11]:
|
||||
[12]:
|
||||
[12]:
|
||||
|
||||
99
sources/How to Upgrade to GNOME 3.10 in Ubuntu 13.10.md
Normal file
99
sources/How to Upgrade to GNOME 3.10 in Ubuntu 13.10.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
|
||||
How to Upgrade to GNOME 3.10 in Ubuntu 13.10
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Ubuntu 13.10 ships with the GNOME 3.8 desktop available in its archives. While a dependable, stable and featured alternative to Unity, it’s also outdated.**
|
||||
|
||||
The newer version of the GNOME desktop was released back in September 2013 and comes with a raft of improved features, apps and usability tweaks. From hi-res screen support to new client-side decoration of app windows, GNOME 3.10 is a compelling upgrade.
|
||||
|
||||
The good news is that – providing you’re running Ubuntu 13.10, have a decent internet connection, and some command line aptitude (pun fully intended) – you don’t have to stick with a stale version of GNOME.
|
||||
|
||||
### How To Upgrade to GNOME 3.10 in Ubuntu 13.10 ###
|
||||
|
||||
For the benefit of the skim readers whose eyes dropped straight to the point I’ll reiterate: you **need to be running Ubuntu 13.10 to install GNOME 3.10**.
|
||||
|
||||
First, let’s add the GNOME 3 PPA to Ubuntu’s Software Sources. This can be done using a GUI but it is far easier to achieve using the command line.
|
||||
|
||||
Open a new *Terminal* window and enter the following command, entering your user password when asked:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-next && sudo apt-get update
|
||||
|
||||
With the PPA added and our package list updated we can move on to installing GNOME 3.10 itself. To do this run the following command, again entering your user password when prompted:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install gnome-shell ubuntu-gnome-desktop
|
||||
|
||||
It can take a while for all the necessary packages and components to be fetched and installed, so try to be patient.
|
||||
|
||||
Midway through the installation a prompt will appear in the Terminal asking you to choose what display manager – aka “login screen” – should be used by default.
|
||||
|
||||
This decision is entirely up to you; both Ubuntu’s Unity Greeter and the **GNOME Display Manager** let you easily switch between desktop sessions (handy if you want to keep Unity or another desktop around) but only GDM offers GNOME-specific features such as lock-screen notifications.
|
||||
|
||||
When you’re ready to decide make your selection using the up/down arrow keys and hit ‘Enter/Return’ to confirm. The installation will then proceed.
|
||||
|
||||
### Adding The Extra Stuff ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME 3.10 comes with some great new features, applications – [including GNOME Weather, Music and Maps][1] – and other miscellaneous changes. Because not all of these are considered ‘stable’ enough to be included in the main GNOME 3 PPA we added earlier, you’ll need to make use of an additional pair of GNOME PPAs if you want to use them.
|
||||
|
||||
Now – and it’s important you’re aware of this – some of the packages in these repositories are reported to have stability issues. Most of these will be minor – i.e., the odd app crash or broken feature – but the potential for more major issues, like making GNOME crash entirely, is possible.
|
||||
|
||||
Warning out of the way, open up a new tab in a Terminal and punch in the following:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-staging
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3
|
||||
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
|
||||
|
||||
To add some of the cool apps we mentioned earlier run:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install gnome-weather gnome-music gnome-maps cheese gnome-documents
|
||||
|
||||
With that we’re done!
|
||||
|
||||
You may wish to log out and back in (remembering to select the ‘GNOME’ session) to ensure that everything takes effect correctly.
|
||||
|
||||
### Minor Differences ###
|
||||
|
||||
If you’ve kept Unity installed alongside GNOME 3.10 then there are a few things you’ll need to note down.
|
||||
|
||||
First off, you’ll find **two entries for ‘Online Accounts’ in System Settings**. The one with the key-themed icon is the Unity version, and the one with the plug emblem is GNOME’s.
|
||||
|
||||
Some apps will require you to add accounts to the Unity version (Shotwell, Gwibber, Empathy) and some to the GNOME one (Evolution, Documents, Contacts).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The ‘Notifications’ and ‘Search’ entries are GNOME-specific, both letting you pick and choose which applications and sources are able to show notifications or appear in the Activities Overlay.
|
||||
|
||||
### Uninstalling GNOME 3.10 ###
|
||||
|
||||
So you’ve tried it and didn’t like it. Now what?
|
||||
|
||||
Removing GNOME 3.10 is a fairly straightforward processing providing we use a command-line tool called ‘PPA Purge’. It can be found in the Ubuntu Software Center and is by far the easiest way to automatically remove and/or downgrade packages installed from PPAs.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Install PPA Purge from Ubuntu Software Center][2]
|
||||
|
||||
To use the tool we’ll need to go back to the terminal and enter the following, taking care to look out for any prompts that may appear during the downgrade process.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo ppa-purge ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-next
|
||||
|
||||
If you also added the optional extra PPAs you will also need to purge those as well:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo ppa-purge ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-staging
|
||||
sudo ppa-purge ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3
|
||||
|
||||
Once completed you should be left with the stock GNOME 3.8 desktop. If you don’t want to keep GNOME Shell around at all you can proceed to remove it:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get remove gnome-shell ubuntu-gnome-desktop
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, manually remove any remaining applications that persist after downgrade (e.g., Epiphany and GNOME Documents), then reboot.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/12/upgrade-gnome-3-10-ubuntu-13-10
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/09/gnome-3-10-released-with-new-apps-experimental-wayland-support
|
||||
[2]:apt:ppa-purge
|
||||
370
sources/How to install and configure Nagios on Linux.md
Normal file
370
sources/How to install and configure Nagios on Linux.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
|
||||
Translating by icybreaker
|
||||
How to install and configure Nagios on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
[Nagios][1] is one of the most powerful network monitoring systems, which is widely used in the industry. It can actively monitor any network, and generate audio/email warnings and alerts when any problem is detected. The check types and alert timers are fully customizable.
|
||||
|
||||
Another incredible capability of Nagios is that it can monitor both hosts and services e.g., it can monitor IP addresses and TCP/UDP port numbers. To explain a little, let us assume that there is a web server that we want to monitor. Nagios can check whether the server is online by running ping on the IP/name of the server as well as it can be set up to provide warnings in case the round trip time (RTT) to the server increases. Further, Nagios can also check whether TCP port 80 (web server) is reachable e.g., the server is online but Apache/IIS is not responding.
|
||||
|
||||
There are also 3rd party monitoring tools that are based on Nagios, such as [Centreon][2], [FAN][3] , [op5 Monitor][4], which supplement standalone Nagios engine in terms of interface, automation, and technical support.
|
||||
|
||||
This tutorial explains **how to install and configure Nagios on Linux**.
|
||||
|
||||
### Install Nagios on Debian or Ubuntu ###
|
||||
|
||||
On a Debian-based system, the installation in itself is a very simple process thanks to apt-get.
|
||||
|
||||
root@mrtg:~# apt-get install nagios3
|
||||
|
||||
The mail server setting can be done during Nagios installation. It can also be configured later when needed.
|
||||
|
||||
Note: A valid SMTP configuration is needed for Nagios to be able send email notifications.
|
||||
|
||||
[][5]
|
||||
|
||||
As it can be seen, Nagios supports multiple options for email delivery. The most common options would be Internet Site where the server sends email directly to the recipient. Another widely used option is using smarthost or relay server, in which the server sends the email to an intermediary mail server which in turn is responsible for delivering the mail to the recipient.
|
||||
|
||||
Next, the domain name of the server has to be included in the next step.
|
||||
|
||||
[][6]
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, the password for the Nagios admin user ‘nagiosadmin’ is set. This value can also be changed later.
|
||||
|
||||
[][7]
|
||||
|
||||
### Install Nagios on CentOS or RHEL ###
|
||||
|
||||
yum is used for installation. After [setting up the repoforge repository][8], run yum as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@mrtg ~]# yum install nagios nagios-plugins
|
||||
|
||||
### Requirements for Monitoring ###
|
||||
|
||||
In this tutorial, we want to monitor the following.
|
||||
|
||||
1. All Linux server will be checked every 3 minutes.
|
||||
1. All Cisco Routers will be checked every 3 minutes.
|
||||
1. All email alerts should go to the address sentinel@example.tst.
|
||||
1. Nagios will verify 3 times before sending out any alerts just to be sure that the problem is real.
|
||||
1. If the RTT to any device exceeds 100 ms and/or packet loss exceeds 20%, email alert will be generated.
|
||||
|
||||
The rest of the tutorial will guide you to configure Nagios on Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
### Nagios Configuration on Ubuntu ###
|
||||
|
||||
It is important to know where Nagios configuration files are located. The following table shows the location of Nagios configuration files on Debian-based systems.
|
||||
|
||||
/etc/nagios-plugins Customizable scripts used for monitoring
|
||||
/etc/nagios3 Configuration files to add hosts, services, define checks and timers
|
||||
/usr/lib/nagios/plugins Executable files used for monitoring
|
||||
|
||||
The following steps are inter-related. Hosts, groups for hosts and adding services to host groups are defined.
|
||||
|
||||
### Adding Host Template ###
|
||||
|
||||
The templates defining what to do with a type host is defined. We use the files provided with the installation as sample.
|
||||
|
||||
First, define a host template for Linux devices
|
||||
|
||||
root@mrtg:~# cd /etc/nagios3/conf.d
|
||||
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# cp generic-host_nagios2.cfg linux-server.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
Edit linux-server.cfg as follows. The parts with bold font are modified.
|
||||
|
||||
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim linux-server.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
> define host{
|
||||
> name linux-server
|
||||
> notifications_enabled 1
|
||||
> event_handler_enabled 1
|
||||
> flap_detection_enabled 1
|
||||
> failure_prediction_enabled 1
|
||||
> process_perf_data 1
|
||||
> retain_status_information 1
|
||||
> retain_nonstatus_information 1
|
||||
> check_command example-host-check ; the script to be used while checking
|
||||
> check_interval 3 ; the interval between consecutive checks
|
||||
> max_check_attempts 3 ; number of rechecking before generating email alerts
|
||||
> notification_interval 0
|
||||
> notification_period 24x7
|
||||
> notification_options d,u,r
|
||||
> contact_groups admins ; the group where emails will be sent
|
||||
> register0
|
||||
> }
|
||||
|
||||
Next, define a host template for Cisco devices.
|
||||
|
||||
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# cp linux-server.cfg cisco-device.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
Modify cisco-device.cfg as follows. The bold-font parts are modified.
|
||||
|
||||
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim cisco-device.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
> # The highlighted parts are modified
|
||||
> define host{
|
||||
> name cisco-device
|
||||
> notifications_enabled 1
|
||||
> event_handler_enabled 1
|
||||
> flap_detection_enabled 1
|
||||
> failure_prediction_enabled 1
|
||||
> process_perf_data 1
|
||||
> retain_status_information 1
|
||||
> retain_nonstatus_information 1
|
||||
> check_command example-host-check ; the script to be used while checking
|
||||
> check_interval 3 ; the interval between consecutive checks
|
||||
> max_check_attempts 3 ; number of rechecking before generating email alerts
|
||||
> notification_interval 0
|
||||
> notification_period 24x7
|
||||
> notification_options d,u,r
|
||||
> contact_groups admins ; the group where emails will be sent
|
||||
> register 0
|
||||
> }
|
||||
|
||||
### Adding Host ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now that the host template is defined, the actual host to be monitored is added. Again, the files provided by default are used as sample.
|
||||
|
||||
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# cp localhost_nagios2.cfg example.cfg
|
||||
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim example.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
> # Host 1
|
||||
> define host{
|
||||
> use linux-server ; Name of host template to use
|
||||
> host_name our-server ; The hostname to be used by nagios
|
||||
> alias our-server
|
||||
> address 172.17.1.23 ; The IP address of the host
|
||||
> }
|
||||
>
|
||||
> # Host 2
|
||||
> define host{
|
||||
> use cisco-device ; Name of host template to use
|
||||
> host_name our-router ; The hostname to be used by nagios
|
||||
> alias our-router
|
||||
> address 172.17.1.1 ; The IP address of the host
|
||||
> }
|
||||
|
||||
### Host Group Definition ###
|
||||
|
||||
For ease of management when there are multiple hosts, it is advisable that hosts of similar types are grouped together.
|
||||
|
||||
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim hostgroups_nagios2.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
> definehostgroup {
|
||||
> hostgroup_name linux-server ; the name of the host group
|
||||
> alias Linux Servers
|
||||
> members our-server ; comma separated list of members
|
||||
> }
|
||||
>
|
||||
> definehostgroup {
|
||||
> hostgroup_name cisco-device ; the name of the host group
|
||||
> alias Cisco Devices
|
||||
> members our-server ; comma separated list of members
|
||||
> }
|
||||
|
||||
### Service Definition ###
|
||||
|
||||
First, the command example-host-check is defined with warning value of 100 ms for latency and 20% for packet loss. Critical values are 5000 ms for latency and 100% packet loss. One IPv4 ping request is transmitted.
|
||||
|
||||
root@mrtg:~# vim /etc/nagios-plugins/config/ping.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
> define command{
|
||||
> command_name example-host-check
|
||||
> command_line /usr/lib/nagios/plugins/check_ping -H '$HOSTADDRESS$' -w 100,20% -c 5000,100% -p 1 -4
|
||||
> }
|
||||
|
||||
Then, the command is associated with host groups.
|
||||
|
||||
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim services_nagios2.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
> define service {
|
||||
> hostgroup_name linux-server
|
||||
> service_description Linux Servers
|
||||
> check_command example-host-check
|
||||
> use generic-service
|
||||
> notification_interval 0 ; set 0 if you want to be renotified
|
||||
> }
|
||||
>
|
||||
> define service {
|
||||
> hostgroup_name cisco-device
|
||||
> service_description Cisco Devices
|
||||
> check_command example-host-check
|
||||
> use generic-service
|
||||
> notification_interval 0 ; set 0 if you want to be renotified
|
||||
> }
|
||||
|
||||
### Contact Definition ###
|
||||
|
||||
The required address for sending email added to Nagios.
|
||||
|
||||
> define contact{
|
||||
> contact_name root
|
||||
> alias Root
|
||||
> service_notification_period 24x7
|
||||
> host_notification_period 24x7
|
||||
> service_notification_options w,u,c,r
|
||||
> host_notification_options d,r
|
||||
> service_notification_commands notify-service-by-email
|
||||
> host_notification_commands notify-host-by-email
|
||||
> email root@localhost, sentinel@example.tst
|
||||
> }
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, a dry run is initiated to check whether there are any configuration errors. If there are no errors, Nagios can be (re)started safely.
|
||||
|
||||
root@mrtg:~#nagios –v /etc/nagios3/nagios.cfg
|
||||
root@mrtg:~# service nagios3 restart
|
||||
|
||||
### Nagios Configuration on CentOS/RHEL ###
|
||||
|
||||
The following shows the locations of Nagios configuration files on Redhat-based systems.
|
||||
|
||||
> /etc/nagios/objects Configuration files to add hosts, services, define checks and timers
|
||||
> /usr/lib/nagios/plugins Executable files used for monitoring
|
||||
|
||||
### Adding Host Template ###
|
||||
|
||||
A template is created to define what needs to be done for a specific type of host. The files provided with the installation is modified.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@mrtg objects]# cd /etc/nagios/objects/
|
||||
[root@mrtg objects]# vim templates.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
> define host{
|
||||
> name linux-server
|
||||
> use generic-host
|
||||
> check_period 24x7
|
||||
> check_interval 3
|
||||
> retry_interval 1
|
||||
> max_check_attempts 3
|
||||
> check_command example-host-check
|
||||
> notification_period 24x7
|
||||
> notification_interval 0
|
||||
> notification_options d,u,r
|
||||
> contact_groups admins
|
||||
> register 0
|
||||
> }
|
||||
>
|
||||
> define host{
|
||||
> name cisco-router
|
||||
> use generic-host
|
||||
> check_period 24x7
|
||||
> check_interval 3
|
||||
> retry_interval 1
|
||||
> max_check_attempts 3
|
||||
> check_command example-host-check
|
||||
> notification_period 24x7
|
||||
> notification_interval 0
|
||||
> notification_options d,u,r
|
||||
> contact_groups admins
|
||||
> register 0
|
||||
> }
|
||||
|
||||
### Adding Hosts and Host Groups ###
|
||||
|
||||
The configuration file provided with by default is used as a sample. The hosts and host groups are added in the same file.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@mrtg objects]# cp localhost.cfg example.cfg
|
||||
[root@mrtg objects]# vim example.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
> #Adding Linux server
|
||||
> define host{
|
||||
> use linux-server
|
||||
> host_name our-server
|
||||
> alias our-server
|
||||
> address 172.17.1.23
|
||||
> }
|
||||
>
|
||||
> #Adding Cisco Router
|
||||
> define host{
|
||||
> use cisco-router
|
||||
> host_name our-router
|
||||
> alias our-router
|
||||
> address 172.17.1.1
|
||||
> }
|
||||
>
|
||||
> # HOST GROUP DEFINITION
|
||||
> define hostgroup{
|
||||
> hostgroup_name linux-servers
|
||||
> alias Linux Servers
|
||||
> members our-server
|
||||
> }
|
||||
>
|
||||
> define hostgroup{
|
||||
> hostgroup_name cisco-router
|
||||
> alias cisco-router
|
||||
> members our-router
|
||||
> }
|
||||
|
||||
### Service Definition ###
|
||||
|
||||
A service called example-host-check is defined with warning values of 100 ms for latency and 20% for packet loss. The critical values are 5000 ms for latency and 100% for packet loss. Only one IPv4 ping request will be transmitted.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@mrtg objects]# vim commands.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
> define command{
|
||||
> command_name example-host-check
|
||||
> command_line $USER1$/check_ping -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -w 100.0,20% -c 5000.0,100% -p 1 -4
|
||||
> }
|
||||
|
||||
### Contact Definition ###
|
||||
|
||||
The email address where alerts will be sent is added into Nagios.
|
||||
|
||||
> define command{
|
||||
> command_name example-host-check
|
||||
> command_line $USER1$/check_ping -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -w 100.0,20% -c 5000.0,100% -p 1 -4
|
||||
> }
|
||||
|
||||
### Contact Definition ###
|
||||
|
||||
The email address where alerts will be sent is added into Nagios.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@objects objects]# vim contacts.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
> define contact{
|
||||
> contact_name nagiosadmin
|
||||
> use generic-contact
|
||||
> alias Nagios Admin
|
||||
> email nagios@localhost, sentinel@example.tst
|
||||
> }
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, we are ready to start the Nagios service. A dry run is recommended to find out errors in configuration.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@mrtg ~]# nagios –v /etc/nagios/nagios.cfg
|
||||
[root@mrtg ~]# service nagios restart
|
||||
[root@mrtg ~]# chkconfig nagios on
|
||||
|
||||
### Access Nagios after Configuration ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now you are ready to use Nagios. Nagios can be accessed by opening the URL http://IP/nagios3 in case of Ubuntu/Debian or http://IP/nagios in case of CentOS/RHEL e.g. http://172.17.1.23/nagios3. The user "nagiosadmin" needs to be authenticated to access the page.
|
||||
|
||||
[][9]
|
||||
|
||||
When Nagios is not running the way it is supposed to, the first thing to do would be to initiate a dry run.
|
||||
|
||||
On Debian or Ubuntu:
|
||||
|
||||
# nagios3 -v /etc/nagios3/nagios.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
On CentOS or RHEL:
|
||||
|
||||
# nagios -v /etc/nagios/nagios.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
The log file may also shed some important clue. The path to the log file is located at /var/log/nagios/nagios.log.
|
||||
|
||||
Hope this helps.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/install-configure-nagios-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.nagios.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.centreon.com/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.fullyautomatednagios.org/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.op5.com/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11198373625/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11198394746/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11198378964/
|
||||
[8]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/01/how-to-set-up-rpmforge-repoforge-repository-on-centos.html
|
||||
[9]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11198394806/
|
||||
204
sources/How to integrate Google Calendar in Linux desktop.md
Normal file
204
sources/How to integrate Google Calendar in Linux desktop.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
|
||||
How to integrate Google Calendar in Linux desktop
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Google Calendar is one of the most popular web applications. One can access or sync Google Calendar across multiple devices either via web interface or with native apps. In Linux, there are several ways to access Google Calendar natively, such as by using email client plugins (e.g., Evolution or Thunderbird) or calendar apps (e.g., Sunbird or Rainlendar). These solutions, however, typically involve installing unnecessarily bulky software which you will probably not need.
|
||||
|
||||
If all you want is to access and get reminded by Google Calendar natively on Linux, then you can consider [Google Calendar command line interface (or gcalcli)][1], which is much more light-weight. Even better for Linux desktop, you can use gcalcli together with [Conky][2], to integrate Google Calendar into your desktop theme transparently.
|
||||
|
||||
In this tutorial, I will demonstrate **how to integrate Google Calendar into Linux desktop, by using gcalcli and Conky**.
|
||||
|
||||
### Install gcalcli on Linux ###
|
||||
|
||||
Before installing gcalcli, verify that you are using Python 2, as gcalcli is not compatible with Python 3.
|
||||
|
||||
To install gcalcli on Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint, use the following commands.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install git python-pip python-gdata python-dateutil python-gflags python-vobject python-parsedatetime
|
||||
$ sudo pip install google-api-python-client
|
||||
$ sudo pip install apiclient urllib3
|
||||
$ git clone https://github.com/insanum/gcalcli.git
|
||||
$ cd gcalcli
|
||||
$ sudo python setup.py install
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: gcalcli is included in the standard repository of Ubuntu or Linux mint. However, that version is not updated with the latest features and bug fixes. So I recommend building gcalcli from the source, as documented above.
|
||||
|
||||
To install gcalcli on Fedora, CentOS or RHEL, run the following.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum install git python-pip python-gdata python-dateutil python-gflags python-vobject
|
||||
$ sudo pip install google-api-python-client
|
||||
$ sudo pip install apiclient urllib3
|
||||
$ git clone https://github.com/insanum/gcalcli.git
|
||||
$ cd gcalcli
|
||||
$ sudo python setup.py install
|
||||
|
||||
### Google Authentication for gcalcli ###
|
||||
|
||||
To be able to access Google Calendar with gcalcli, you need to go through OAuth2 authention with your Google account, in order to grant gcalcli permission to access your Google Calendar.
|
||||
|
||||
The first time you run gcalcl, OAuth2 authentication will automatically be initiated. Thus run the following command to start.
|
||||
|
||||
$ gcalcli agenda
|
||||
|
||||
The command will print out a URL as shown below.
|
||||
|
||||
[][3]
|
||||
|
||||
At the same time, it will pop up a web browser window, and direct you to the URL. If a web browser window fails to open for any reason, you can copy and paste the URL into a web browser window manually.
|
||||
|
||||
If you are not logged in to your Google account, you will be asked to log in. After logging in, you will see the following message, asking you to allow gcalcl to manage your Google Calendar. Click on "Accept" button.
|
||||
|
||||
[][4]
|
||||
|
||||
Enable Google Calendar API
|
||||
|
||||
After authentication, the next step is to enable API access for Google Calendar. gcalcli accesses your Google Calendar via Google Calendar API. In order to use Google Calendar API, however, you need to explicitly enable the API under your Google account.
|
||||
|
||||
First go to: [https://cloud.google.com/console][5]. Click on "API Project" under project list.
|
||||
|
||||
Go to "APIs & auth" --> "APIs" to see a list of Google APIs. Click on toggle button for "Calendar API" to enable the API.
|
||||
|
||||
Now go to "APIs & auth" --> "Registered apps" to register gcalcli app. Click on "Register app" button on the top.
|
||||
|
||||
[][6]
|
||||
|
||||
Fill in the app name (e.g., "My Gcalcli"), and choose "Native" as a platform. Click on "Register" button to finalize.
|
||||
|
||||
This will create and show OAuth client ID and secret as follows. Make a note of this information. You can ignore the warning saying that "You have not set up your product name".
|
||||
|
||||
[][7]
|
||||
|
||||
The result of OAuth authentication will be saved in ~/.gcalcli_oauth text file.
|
||||
|
||||
### Access Google Calendar from the Command Line with gcalcli ###
|
||||
|
||||
You are almost ready to access Google Calendar with gcalcli.
|
||||
|
||||
Create a gcalcli configuration file in your home directory as follows. Put OAuth client ID and secret that you obtained before, in the following format.
|
||||
|
||||
$ vi ~/.gcalclirc
|
||||
|
||||
> --client_id='XXXXXXXXXX.apps.googleusercontent.com'
|
||||
> --client_secret='YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY'
|
||||
|
||||
At this point, you should be able to run gcalcli from the command line.
|
||||
|
||||
Try the following two commands, which will print a list of your Google Calendars, and an agenda for the next 5 days, respectively.
|
||||
|
||||
$ gcalcli list
|
||||
$ gcalcli agenda
|
||||
|
||||
[][8]
|
||||
|
||||
### Integrate gcalcli with Conky ###
|
||||
|
||||
The final step is to integrate the output of gcalcli into your desktop theme. For that, you need Conky, which is a very powerful tool that can display a wide range of information directly on desktop theme.
|
||||
|
||||
First [install Conky][9] on your Linux system.
|
||||
|
||||
Then, create a following script somewhere in your home directory (e.g., ~/bin).
|
||||
|
||||
$ vi ~/bin/gcal.sh
|
||||
|
||||
> #!/bin/sh
|
||||
>
|
||||
> gcalcli --conky calw 2 |
|
||||
> sed -e 's/^[(0\x71^[(B/?/g' \
|
||||
> -e 's/^[(0\x78^[(B/?/g' \
|
||||
> -e 's/^[(0\x6A^[(B/?/g' \
|
||||
> -e 's/^[(0\x6B^[(B/?/g' \
|
||||
> -e 's/^[(0\x6C^[(B/?/g' \
|
||||
> -e 's/^[(0\x6D^[(B/?/g' \
|
||||
> -e 's/^[(0\x6E^[(B/?/g' \
|
||||
> -e 's/^[(0\x74^[(B/?/g' \
|
||||
> -e 's/^[(0\x75^[(B/?/g' \
|
||||
> -e 's/^[(0\x76^[(B/?/g' \
|
||||
> -e 's/^[(0\x77^[(B/?/g'
|
||||
|
||||
$ chmod +x ~/bin/gcal.sh
|
||||
|
||||
**Important Note**: '^[' in the above script must be the **actual ESCAPE key** (i.e. press Ctrl-V ESC in vi editor).
|
||||
|
||||
This script translates VT100 escape sequences to Unicode box drawing characters. This is a [needed workaround][10] because Conky does not support ASCII line art used by gcalcli.
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, create a Conky configuration file in your home directory as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
$ vi ~/.conkyrc
|
||||
|
||||
> alignment top_right
|
||||
> maximum_width 630
|
||||
> minimum_size 330 10
|
||||
> gap_x 25
|
||||
> gap_y 50
|
||||
>
|
||||
> own_window yes
|
||||
> own_window_type conky
|
||||
> own_window_hints undecorated,below,sticky,skip_taskbar,skip_pager
|
||||
> own_window_transparent yes
|
||||
> own_window_argb_visual yes
|
||||
> own_window_argb_value 0
|
||||
>
|
||||
> update_interval 300
|
||||
> background no
|
||||
>
|
||||
> border_width 1
|
||||
> default_color cornflowerblue
|
||||
> default_outline_color white
|
||||
> default_shade_color white
|
||||
> double_buffer no
|
||||
> draw_borders no
|
||||
> draw_graph_borders no
|
||||
> draw_outline no
|
||||
> draw_shades no
|
||||
> max_port_monitor_connections 64
|
||||
> max_specials 512
|
||||
> max_user_text 16384
|
||||
> text_buffer_size 8096
|
||||
> no_buffers yes
|
||||
> out_to_console no
|
||||
> uppercase no
|
||||
> use_xft yes
|
||||
> xftfont Bitstream Vera Sans Mono:size=10
|
||||
>
|
||||
> TEXT
|
||||
> *** Google Calendar Agenda ***
|
||||
> ${execpi 300 gcalcli --conky agenda}
|
||||
> ${execpi 300 ~/bin/gcal.sh}
|
||||
|
||||
This Conky configuration will display an agenda and two weeks' worth of schedules of your Google Calendar, directly in your desktop theme. The displayed info is updated every 5 minutes.
|
||||
|
||||
Now you can activate Conky by running the following.
|
||||
|
||||
$ conky
|
||||
|
||||
You should see Google Calendar in the right side of your Linux desktop as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
[][11]
|
||||
|
||||
Once you verify that Google Calendar shows up correctly, you can set Conky to auto-start every time you log in to your desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
### Set up Google Calendar Reminder ###
|
||||
|
||||
gcalcli can also send a reminder for any upcoming schedule in your Google Calendar. It uses notify-send command to send desktop notifications. For Google Calendar reminder, you can set up a cron job like the following.
|
||||
|
||||
$ crontab -l
|
||||
|
||||
> */10 * * * * /usr/local/bin/gcalcli remind
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/integrate-google-calendar-linux-desktop.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://github.com/insanum/gcalcli
|
||||
[2]:http://conky.sourceforge.net/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11216331146/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11216308465/
|
||||
[5]:https://cloud.google.com/console
|
||||
[6]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11216363656/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11216593546/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11216465043/
|
||||
[9]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/install-configure-conky-linux.html
|
||||
[10]:https://github.com/insanum/gcalcli/issues/97
|
||||
[11]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11216377436/
|
||||
103
sources/How to stitch photos together on Linux.md
Normal file
103
sources/How to stitch photos together on Linux.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
|
||||
How to stitch photos together on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
If you are an avid photographer, you will probably have several stunning panoramic photos in your portfolio. You don't have to be a professional photographer, nor need specialized equipment to create dramatic panoramic pictures. In fact, there are quite a few picture stitch apps (online or offline, desktop or mobile), which can easily create a panoramic view of a scene from two or more overlapping pictures.
|
||||
|
||||
In this tutorial, I will explain **how to stitch photos together on Linux**. For that, I am going to use panoramic photo stitching software called [Hugin][1].
|
||||
|
||||
Hugin is an open-source (GPLv2) free panorama photo stitching tool. It is available on multiple platforms including Linux, Windows, OS X, and FreeBSD. Being open-source freeware does not mean that Hugin won't match up to other commercial photo stitchers in terms of features and quality. On the contrary, Hugin is extremely powerful, capable of creating a 360-degree panoramic image, and featuring various advanced photometric corrections and optimizations.
|
||||
|
||||
### Install Hugin on Linux ###
|
||||
|
||||
To install Hugin on Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install hugin
|
||||
|
||||
To install Hugin on Fedora:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum install hugin
|
||||
|
||||
### Launch Hugin ###
|
||||
|
||||
Use hugin command to launch Hugin.
|
||||
|
||||
$ hugin
|
||||
|
||||
The first thing to do is to load photos that you want to stitch together. For that, click on "Load images" button, and load (two or more) pictures to join. It should be obvious, but individual pictures need to be overlapping with each other.
|
||||
|
||||
[][2]
|
||||
|
||||
### First Round of Photo Stitching ###
|
||||
|
||||
After loading pictures, click on "Align" button for the first round of stitching.
|
||||
|
||||
[][3]
|
||||
|
||||
Hugin will then run stitching assistant in a separate window, which analyzes common keypoints (or control points) between photos to combine the photos properly. After analysis is completed, you will see a panorama preview window, which will display panorama preview.
|
||||
|
||||
Switch back to the Hugin's main window. Under the "Align" button, you will see the status of photo stitching (i.e., number of control points, mean error). It will also say whether fit is good or bad.
|
||||
|
||||
[][4]
|
||||
|
||||
If it says "bad" or "really bad" fit, you can go ahead and fine-tune picture alignment as demonstrated below.
|
||||
|
||||
### Add or Remove Control Points ###
|
||||
|
||||
In the main Hugin window, go to "Control Points" tab. In this tab, Hugin shows which common control points are used to join multiple photos. It shows a pair of photos in left/right panels, and common key points between them are visualized with small boxes of the same color. You can remove any spurious points, or add new common points by hand. The more accurately matched points there are, the better quality stitching you will get. Also, if matched control points are well spread-out, they will be more helpful (than highly clustered control points).
|
||||
|
||||
[][5]
|
||||
|
||||
Using the left/right arrow buttons located at the top-center, find a pair of photos which have least common control points. Given such a pair, try adding more common points by hand as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
Click one spot on a left-side photo, and then click on the corresponding identical spot on a right-side photo. Hugin will try to fine-tune the match automatically. Click on "Add" button at the bottom to add the matched pair. Repeat this process to add additional common points.
|
||||
|
||||
[][6]
|
||||
|
||||
### Other Optimizations ###
|
||||
|
||||
You can also try re-optimization. Either click on "Re-optimize" button in the toolbar, or go to "Optimizer" tab to fine-tune the optimization.
|
||||
|
||||
[][5]
|
||||
|
||||
Go back to "Assistant" tab in the main Hugin window, and click on "Align" button again to see if you get a better result.
|
||||
|
||||
If the combined panoramic view has a wavy horizon, you can straighten out the horizon. For that, click on "Preview panorama" button in the toolbar.
|
||||
|
||||
[][6]
|
||||
|
||||
Then click on "Straighten" button in the Panorama preview window.
|
||||
|
||||
[][7]
|
||||
|
||||
Once you are satisfied with the stitch result, you can go ahead, and export it to an image file. For that, go to "Stitcher" tab in the Hugin's main window, and do the following.
|
||||
|
||||
Adjust canvas size, and amount of crop. Also, select output format (e.g., TIFF, JPEG, PNG). Finally, click on "Stitch!" button.
|
||||
|
||||
[][8]
|
||||
|
||||
You will be asked to save a current project file (*.pto), and then specify output file name for the stitched photo.
|
||||
|
||||
It will take a couple of seconds to finalize photo stitch.
|
||||
|
||||
Here is the output of my experiment with Hugin. This is a beautiful panoramic view of luxury beach front in Cancun, Mexico. :-)
|
||||
|
||||
[][9]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/stitch-photos-together-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://hugin.sourceforge.net/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230363115/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230471403/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230471243/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230392866/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230376534/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230470413/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230361845/
|
||||
[9]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230470463/
|
||||
[10]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230376234/
|
||||
[11]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230423496/
|
||||
@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Intel Haswell Linux Virtualization: KVM vs. Xen vs. VirtualBox
|
||||
==============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
The latest chapter to our lengthy [Intel Haswell][1] on [Linux saga][2] is virtualization benchmarks. From Fedora 19 with the very latest software components for Linux virtualization, the performance of KVM, Xen, and VirtualBox were benchmarked from the Intel Core i7 4770K "Haswell" CPU.
|
||||
|
||||
Since last month's Haswell launch we have published many benchmarks of the new Intel CPUs but not being covered at Phoronix until today is the Linux virtualization performance for Haswell. With Intel hardware virtualization enabled, KVM, Xen, and VirtualBox were compared from a clean Fedora 19 64-bit installation.
|
||||
|
||||
Fedora 19 presently has the Linux 3.9.8 kernel with GCC 4.8.1, Mesa 9.2.0-devel, and an EXT4 file-system. All of the virtualization components were obtained from the Fedora 19 repository, including QEMU 1.4.2, Xen 4.2.2, and the libvirt / virt-manager components. Xen and KVM virtualization were setup through virt-manager. VirtualBox 4.2.16 was obtained from VirtualBox.org and installed on Fedora 19.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The Intel Core i7 4770K system had 16GB of RAM and a 240GB OCZ Vertex 3 SSD. During testing, each VM had access to all eight logical cores (four physical cores + Hyper Threading), access to 12GB of the system's 16GB of RAM, and a 16GB virtual disk.
|
||||
|
||||
The KVM, Xen, and VirtualBox performance from Fedora 19 Linux 3.9 with the Intel Core i7 "Haswell" processor were also compared to the "bare metal" results when the benchmarks were running on the host without any form of virtualization or other means of abstraction. VMware's products weren't benchmarked in this article since their EULA restricts public benchmarking (though VMware has been okay with us running such benchmarks in the past) and their trial software being limited to running on four CPU cores, but a separate article will look at the Xen/KVM/VMware performance on other hardware in the future.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
All of this Linux virtualization benchmarking was handled in a fully automated and reproducible manner using the open-source [Phoronix Test Suite][3] software and hosting by [OpenBenchmarking.org][4]. With using a virtual disk and with Xen/KVM not having a reliable means of shared 3D access to the host's driver/GPU, most of the benchmarks within this article are computational focused to look at the performance overhead for the different Linux virtualization methods.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Disk benchmarking wasn't a main focus of this virtualization testing since only a virtual disk was being used on the host's file-system. However, when comparing these three Linux virtualization methods against the bare metal results, KVM on the Linux 3.9 kernel was performing the best followed by Xen. Oracle's VirtualBox was running just 66% the speed of the host's PostMark mail server performance while KVM was at 96% the performance and Xen at 83% the host's speed.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
For the Dolfyn Computational Fluid Dynamics workload, there aren’t any major changes in performance against the bare metal results when running on KVM or Xen. However, VirtualBox is noticeably slower.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The FFTE and HMMer results were similar to Dolfyn where Xen and KVM were leading to great performance results with very little overhead, but Oracle VM VirtualBox was much slower.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
John The Ripper was crashing when being run under VirtualBox.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Xen virtualization on the Linux 3.9 kernel with Fedora 19 strikes its first performance win when running the TTSIOD renderer.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Overall, Xen and KVM virtualization worked out great on Fedora 19 in conjunction with the Intel Core i7 4770K CPU. The performance overhead of these virtualization methods were minimal on the Haswell processor. While Xen and KVM were running great on the new Intel CPU, Oracle's VirtualBox (the latest release, v4.2.16) was much slower than Xen and KVM. The benefit VirtualBox has though is means of guest 3D acceleration, which will be benchmarked again in a future Phoronix article. Also to be benchmarked soon on Phoronix will be the relative overhead of the different virtualization methods when comparing Haswell to previous generations of Intel processors as well as AMD's competition.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=intel_haswell_virtualization
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](http://blog.csdn.net/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=search&q=Haswell
|
||||
[2]:http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTM5MzU
|
||||
[3]:http://www.phoronix-test-suite.com/
|
||||
[4]:http://openbenchmarking.org/
|
||||
|
||||
69
sources/Juju ice-cream icon design.md
Normal file
69
sources/Juju ice-cream icon design.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
|
||||
Juju ice-cream icon design
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Who doesn’t like ice-cream? Here in the design team we sure do! In the last few weeks we’ve been preparing a special Juju demo for the OpenStack Summit in Hong Kong and we’ve created some very ‘tasty’ icons for it. We thought it would be nice to show you how those icons were created, so here’s a little insight on the design process.
|
||||
|
||||
### The brief ###
|
||||
|
||||
We wanted to replace the normal Juju icons for something a little bit more special in order to explain to people that visited the Ubuntu stand what kind of things Juju can do. We decided to use the idea of an ice-cream with toppings and sauce which you can build in the same way that you can build services in Juju.
|
||||
|
||||
The best part of this demo is that people would actually get the ice-cream they had ‘built’ in Juju in real life!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*The Juju interface, with its default icons*
|
||||
|
||||
### Finding good concepts ###
|
||||
|
||||
The first thing I needed to do was to find good concepts to present ice-creams and toppings in an icon format. Toppings were going to be especially tricky, as they can be very small and therefore hard to make out at small sizes.
|
||||
|
||||
I initially sketched and designed some ideas that were using a kind of flat look. This worked well for the ice-cream, but not so much for the toppings — I soon noticed they had to be semi-realistic to be recognisable.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Initial sketches and designs following a flat and more simplified look*
|
||||
|
||||
At a second stage, I added perspective to the icons; it was important that the icons kept the same perspective for consistency.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Another set of sketches with added perspective*
|
||||
|
||||
The shape of the sauce bottles was also something that needed a bit of trial and error. The initial design looked too much like a ketchup bottle, so we’ve decided to try a different approach.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Before and after shape of the sauce*
|
||||
|
||||
For the backgrounds, I chose to use vibrant colours for the ice-cream icons, to contrast with the ice-creams’ monochrome palette, but paler colours for the toppings, as these are already quite colourful.
|
||||
|
||||
The amount of detail added to the icons is just enough for what we needed to show and for them to be recognised. I’ve also added larger pieces to the side of the toppings, to make them easier to be identified.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*The Oreo topping icon, with a side of Oreos*
|
||||
|
||||
### Working out the detail ###
|
||||
|
||||
The Oreo pieces were created from a single biscuit, which I cut into 9 different parts and then distributed in different layers — I guess in a similar way to what happens in real life.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*The 9 pieces used to create the icon*
|
||||
|
||||
The clone tool in Inkscape came in handy: repeating the same small set of different pieces made the final SVG file much lighter, and also Inkscape faster.
|
||||
|
||||
The whole process took 4 days from brief to final icons, which is quite a tight deadline, but it was a really fun project to work on.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*The final icon set*
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://design.canonical.com/2013/11/juju-ice-cream-icon-design/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
||||
Oracle adds DTrace debugger to its Linux distribution
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Oracle Linux administrators can finally take advantage of the powerful DTrace debugging tool that was first designed for Solaris
|
||||
|
||||
IDG News Service - Oracle has fully integrated the long-awaited Linux DTrace debugging tool into the latest release of its Linux distribution, potentially allowing administrators and developers to pinpoint the cause of thorny performance issues with more accuracy.
|
||||
|
||||
[Oracle Linux][1] 6.5 also includes an updated kernel and support for Linux Containers, allowing a single kernel to power multiple Linux virtual machines on a server.
|
||||
|
||||
Much like the CentOS distribution, Oracle Linux is largely a copy of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), version 6.5 of which Red Hat released last month. Oracle does include in the package its own kernel -- the core of an OS -- customized for security enhancements, as well as some additional administrative tools. Both the Oracle and Red Hat editions are targeted to enterprise use. (The volunteer-driven CentOS 6.5 distribution [was also recently released][2].)
|
||||
|
||||
For the first time, Oracle's customized kernel, Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3, is installed as the default kernel for the distribution -- the stock RHEL kernel is also included in the package as an alternative. As a result, Oracle Linux now supports the DTrace dynamic tracing framework out of the box, though it still needs to be downloaded separately. Oracle Linux 6.4 [offered][3] users a way to download and install DTrace, though it required changes to the kernel.
|
||||
|
||||
Originally developed by Sun Microsystems, which was acquired by Oracle in 2010, DTrace can help developers debug, or trace, problems that occur on a system. Known for its thoroughness in documenting system behavior, the software was originally designed for Sun's Solaris Unix distribution, and administrators have long agitated for a version [to run][4] on Linux as well.
|
||||
|
||||
DTrace allows administrators and developers "to get insight into the operating system and understand what is consuming resources," said Markus Flierl, Oracle's Solaris vice president of engineering. The software can not only investigate problems with the OS, but also identify potential problems with applications and the networking stack as well.
|
||||
|
||||
"If your customer is complaining that something is running slow, you can go in and see if there is a problem that is happening in your operating system, or if it is in your I/O stack. You will get a full top-to-bottom view, a single pane of glass to see what is happening," Flierl said. Having DTrace on board a server will also allow other Oracle debugging tools, such as those found in the Oracle 12c database, to use the DTrace instrumentations as well, he said.
|
||||
|
||||
With the introduction of Linux Containers in Linux Oracle 6.5, users now have another option for virtualizing workloads. In this approach, the server's kernel can drive any number of virtual Linux machines, with each one completely isolated from the others. The Linux Control Groups management software assures that each container is allotted a select amount of memory, CPU and disk I/O resources. Oracle also provides templates for quickly setting up containers.
|
||||
|
||||
Other updates in the Oracle Linux package support the latest technologies in InfiniBand networking, file systems, processors and solid state disks.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9244564/Oracle_adds_DTrace_debugger_to_its_Linux_distribution?taxonomyId=122
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.oracle.com/us/technologies/linux/overview/index.html
|
||||
[2]:http://lists.centos.org/pipermail/centos-announce/2013-December/020032.html
|
||||
[3]:http://www.infoworld.com/d/application-development/oracle-ports-dtrace-oracle-linux-213759
|
||||
[4]:http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2059311/whats-an-alternative-for-dtrace-on-linux
|
||||
24
sources/Proprietary Unix Continues to Fall.md
Normal file
24
sources/Proprietary Unix Continues to Fall.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
Proprietary Unix Continues to Fall
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Analysts at International Data Corporation (IDC) posted a [press release][1] Wednesday highlighting the rapid decline of IBM's AIX and P-Series hardware. Along side the drop in proprietary Unix systems is an associated rise in sales of X86 servers running Linux. IBM has clearly identified this as a long term trend, investing $1 billion dollars in Linux development on Power systems. With the reported 20% drop in sales, the writing my finally be on the wall for AIX.
|
||||
|
||||
I've had the dubious pleasure of administering both AIX and Linux systems for the past several years, and if I could pick and choose, I would take the flexibility and ease of use of Linux and the stability of Power. In my experience, AIX is difficult to set up, and difficult to change after it is set up, but once it is up and running it just runs. A properly configured AIX server can run for years without intervention, but when that time for modification comes, which it always does, prepare for a long hard slog. By contrast, Linux has become exponentially easier to manage over the years, thanks to the contributions of thousands of developers and sysadmins, as well as the contributions of big name corporations. As reported by [Infoworld][2]:
|
||||
|
||||
> The Linux server market is solidly on the rise as a percentage of total server sales up to 28 percent of total revenue so any investment that can improve market share is going to be worthwhile, even as the lion's share of Linux servers continues to be commodity x86 hardware.
|
||||
|
||||
Intel and AMD hardware has also grown by leaps and bounds, narrowing the performance gap with Power. I'm always a bit surprised when I hear that 10GB ethernet comes standard on a new blade, or that 256 GB of RAM is not considered unusual, or that it is considered the normal course of business to order a few servers with 16 cores each. Intel servers are nearly as powerful as IBM's Power, and normally cost much less. To businesses interested in escaping "consultingware" and IBM's vendor lock in, open source software running on industry standard x86 hardware is becoming increasingly attractive. However, IBM has lowered the prices of Power systems to remain competitive.
|
||||
|
||||
It is telling that IBM chose to invest in Linux on Power instead of AIX. IBM could have chosen to modernize AIX and provide better interoperability with common open source tools. While IBM claims that AIX is still important, the continuing drop in Power sales along with the Linux investment is beginning to tell a different story.
|
||||
|
||||
IBM may not be able to turn things around for AIX, but they could prolong its life indefinitely. It would be interesting to see how the market would react if AIX was released as open source.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ostatic.com/blog/proprietary-unix-continues-to-fall
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS24476413
|
||||
[2]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/unix/ibms-losing-ground-unix-and-oracle-may-follow-232234
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
|
||||
TeamViewer 9 Released – Install on RHEL/CentOS/Fedora and Debian/Ubuntu
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
This guide shows how to install **Teamviewer 9** on **RedHat, CentOS, Fedora** and **Debian**, **Ubuntu**, **Linux Mint**, **Xubuntu** systems. **Teamviewer** is a one of the most popular application for remote assistant, Desktop sharing or transferring files between computers, web conferencing and online meetings etc. Teamviewer is a proprietary application.
|
||||
|
||||
However, it’s a freeware for personal use. Teamviewer is available for **Windows, Linux, Mac OS, Android** and **iPhone**. Teamviewer uses **WINE** application which is integrated within it. We don’t have to [install WINE application][1]separately. **Teamviewer** is not a native **Linux** application.
|
||||
|
||||
Recently, the latest stable version of **TeamViewer 9** released with new features and many improvements. Following are some of the new features are added in **TeamViewer 9** which are highlighted below:
|
||||
|
||||
### Features for Windows, Linux and Mac ###
|
||||
|
||||
- Open multiple connections in different tabs
|
||||
- Support for Wake-on-LAN
|
||||
- Added two factor authentication for TeamViewer accounts
|
||||
- Support for Windows 8.1 and Mac OS X Mavericks
|
||||
- Save custom modules such as QuickSupport, QuickJoin, etc.
|
||||
- API Integration
|
||||
- Stronger security of the Teamviewer account
|
||||
- Quick connection via desktop shortcut
|
||||
- Visual notification
|
||||
- Copy and paste files and text between computers
|
||||
- Initiating file transfers to computers
|
||||
- Quick connection via desktop shortcut
|
||||
- Faster video transfers
|
||||
|
||||
### How do I Install Teamviewer 9 on RedHat, CentOS, Fedora ###
|
||||
|
||||
You may download package for rpm based Linux distributions at [teamviewer_linux.rpm][2].
|
||||
|
||||
Let us start installation. Go to the directory from where you have downloaded package and execute following yum command to install it. It will install missing dependencies.
|
||||
|
||||
# wget http://www.teamviewer.com/download/teamviewer_linux.rpm
|
||||
# yum install teamviewer_linux.rpm
|
||||
|
||||
If you get missing public key error, you can download public key and import it using the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
# wget http://www.teamviewer.com/link/?url=354858
|
||||
# rpm --import TeamViewer_Linux_PubKey.asc
|
||||
|
||||
After importing the public key, please run the “**yum install**” command again to install the Teamviewer rpm.
|
||||
|
||||
To start Teamviewer application, run the following command from the terminal.
|
||||
|
||||
# teamviewer
|
||||
|
||||
Teamviewer application running on my **Fedora 18** system.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Running TeamViewer in Fedora 18*
|
||||
|
||||
### How do I Install Teamviewer 9 on Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Xubuntu ###
|
||||
|
||||
You may download teamviewer package for **32-bit** or **64-bit** systems at [teamviewer linux .deb][3] packages. or you can download the package using **wget** command as shown below.
|
||||
|
||||
## 32 Bit System ##
|
||||
$ sudo wget http://www.teamviewer.com/download/teamviewer_linux.deb
|
||||
|
||||
## 64 Bit System ##
|
||||
$ sudo wget http://www.teamviewer.com/download/teamviewer_linux_x64.deb
|
||||
|
||||
Once you’ve downloaded the package, go to the directory where you’ve downloaded Teamviewer package and run the following command to install it.
|
||||
|
||||
## 32 Bit System ##
|
||||
$ sudo dpkg -i teamviewer_linux.deb
|
||||
|
||||
## 64 Bit System ##
|
||||
$ sudo dpkg -i teamviewer_linux_x64.deb
|
||||
|
||||
If you get missing dependencies error, please use the following command to install those dependencies.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install -f
|
||||
|
||||
Once installation is done. To start Teamviewer package on **Ubuntu** Linux, go to **Dash Home** and type **teamviewer** and click on **teamviewer** icon to run application.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Running TeamViewer in Ubuntu 13.10*
|
||||
|
||||
Teamviewer application running on my **Ubuntu 13.10** system.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*TeamViewer 9 Under Ubuntu 13.10*
|
||||
|
||||
To start on **Linux Mint**, Go to **Menu >> Internet >> Teamviewer** and click on **Accept License Agreement** to run application.
|
||||
|
||||
Teamviewer application running on my **Linux Mint 15**.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Running TeamViewer in Linux Mint 15*
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/how-to-install-teamviewer-on-linux-distributions/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-wine-in-rhel-centos-and-fedora/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.teamviewer.com/download/teamviewer_linux.rpm
|
||||
[3]:http://www.teamviewer.com/hi/download/linux.aspx
|
||||
34
sources/Top Email Encryption Tools.md
Normal file
34
sources/Top Email Encryption Tools.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
||||
Top Email Encryption Tools
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Email continues to be one of the most popular and useful functions of a Linux system. Being able to keep in touch with your friends, family, and colleagues is essential for any platform. As the scope of email threats keeps increasing, systems for email security and encryption have become more complex and more of a necessity. Protecting email from unauthorized access and inspection is important particularly because the protocols that govern email do not include encryption. Email was not designed with any privacy or security in mind. The consequence of the lack of security is that email can be compromised on the sender's device, on a network, on a server, and on the recipient's device.
|
||||
|
||||
Sending encrypted messages is one method of ensuring electronic privacy. By encrypting messages, this will help to keep your precious information safe by making messages look like garbled text to uninvited onlookers. Encrypting email may sound a little daunting, but it's actually simple with the right software.
|
||||
|
||||
OpenPGP is the most widely used email encryption standard. Whether you are using an email client or a web-based email solution, you can encrypt your email with OpenPGP.
|
||||
|
||||
There are very few email applications that have PGP encryption enabled by default. Fortunately, there are some good open source encryption applications available for Linux that are simple to use.
|
||||
|
||||
To provide an insight into the quality of software that is available, we have compiled the following list of email encryption tools.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, let's explore the 4 encryption tools at hand. For each title we have compiled its own portal page, a full description with an in-depth analysis of its features, together with links to relevant resources and reviews.
|
||||
|
||||
### Email Encryption Tools ###
|
||||
|
||||
- [Enigmail][1] OpenPGP Email Security for Mozilla Applications
|
||||
|
||||
- [Mailvelope][2] Extension for Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox
|
||||
- [GnuPG][3] Encrypt and sign data and communication
|
||||
- [Mymail-Crypt for Gmail][4] Simple solution to mail encryption
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/2013120707481589/EmailEncryption.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.enigmail.net/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.mailvelope.com/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.gnupg.org/
|
||||
[4]:https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/mymail-crypt-for-gmail/jcaobjhdnlpmopmjhijplpjhlplfkhba
|
||||
@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[翻译中] by KayGuoWhu
|
||||
Unvanquished Will Probably Be the Best Free Multiplayer Game on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Unvanquished, a free, open-source first-person shooter combining real-time strategy elements with a futuristic and sci-fi setting, has just received its 22nd update. Actually it's 22.1, but who's counting?**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Even if Unvanquished is still in its Alpha stages, the developers have added a lot of new features and the game has become a lot more playable.
|
||||
|
||||
The Unvanquished Alpha 22.1 has received a few engine changes, some gameplay changes, a new map, a new version of an existing map, and more.
|
||||
|
||||
Snowstation is the new map integrated in the game. According to the developer, it has a simple layout, essentially a loop, and a snow-covered outside area forming part of that loop.
|
||||
|
||||
“We're now using C++ for all engine code. A few things are a bit different – some commands are changed a little or renamed and some output looks different. One which you'll probably notice while playing is marking for deconstruction – you'll need to rebind that key. The reason is that /if has lost its modifier key support; you'll need to use /modcase instead,” reads the announcement.
|
||||
|
||||
### Highlight of Unvanquished Alpha 22.1: ###
|
||||
|
||||
• The jetpack has been added. Users have to hold down the jump key and fly – but you can't hover anymore and you only have a limited amount of fuel;
|
||||
• The reasons “under attack” messages are reported have been changed;
|
||||
• Human weapons will be refilled or recharged automatically when close to a suitable building and not in use;
|
||||
• Repeaters are now effectively small reactors and they will provide power even when there is no reactor around;
|
||||
• FXAA now works with Mesa in OpenGL 2.1 contexts.
|
||||
|
||||
More details about this amazingly-looking game can be found on the official [website][1]. Keep in mind that this is a work in progress and bugs are bound to appear.
|
||||
|
||||
**Download Unvanquished Alpha 22.1 right now:**
|
||||
|
||||
- [Debian/Ubuntu DEB ALL][2][ubuntu_deb] [0 KB]
|
||||
- [Arch Linux package][2][binary] [0 KB]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Unvanquished-Will-Probably-Be-the-Best-Free-Multiplayer-Game-on-Linux-405956.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.unvanquished.net/news/111-it-s-release-time-again-alpha-22
|
||||
[2]:http://www.unvanquished.net/download#linux
|
||||
@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
|
||||
用解释性用户友好的图标的创作设计故事加深你的创意知识
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
伴随着质量性、稳定性和灵活性，Ubuntu自带了一批富有经验的设计师，这些设计师覆盖了越来越多的Ubuntu的角落，因此压印进这个闪耀着光芒的系统中的漂亮区域、优化行为、小心实现的交互等。
|
||||
|
||||
**Ubuntu的设计师 Matthieu "Tiheum" James**,--Faenza和Faience的发明者--, 发布了一篇有趣的文章，（这篇文章）围绕着几个图标的发明展开。这篇有见地的文章使得感兴趣的用户和第三方开发人员能够直观地了解一个专业的设计师是怎样创作一个图标的。
|
||||
|
||||
上面提到的最近在香港的OpenStack峰会上发布的图标是为Juju设计的，这个图标采用了一个有趣的特性，为了满足Ubuntu在香港峰会的参观者的需要，“**我们想**用比较特殊的一点的东西来代替正常的Juju图标，以向参观了Ubuntu站的人们解释说Juju可以做什么。我们决定使用的带配料和酱汁的冰淇淋的想法（来说明），你可以在同这个想法（用配料和酱汁调配出自己的冰淇淋）一样，建立Juju的服务。
|
||||
|
||||
这篇文章解释了在真实的图标创作过程中真实的心路历程，使读者沉浸在一个解释性同时易于掌握的旅程中，在旅程之中包括寻找好的概念，最初的草图，为图标添加角度，采用不同的设计方法，选择图标背景，精炼图标等。从本质上讲，一个易于阅读的设计故事。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在这里享受全文[http://design.canonical.com/2013/11/juju-ice-cream-icon-design/][1]。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://iloveubuntu.net/deepen-your-creative-knowledge-explanatory-user-friendly-icon-creation-design-story
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[crowner](https://github.com/crowner) 校对：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://design.canonical.com/2013/11/juju-ice-cream-icon-design/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
|
||||
[翻译中]by stduolc
|
||||
如何使用BackTrack破解WIFI无线网络的WEP密钥
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你可能已经知道如果你想要加锁自己的WIFI无线网络，你最好选择[WPA加密][3]方式，因为WEP加密很容易被人破解。但是，你知道有多么的容易么？下面我们来看看吧。
|
||||
|
||||
*注意：此帖是验证如何破解使用老的使用较少的WEP加密协议加密的密码。如果你希望破解的网络采用了更受欢迎的WPA加密，请看这篇[使用Reaver（掠夺者）破解WIFI的WPA加密指南][2].*
|
||||
|
||||
今天我们来看看如何一步一步的破解采用WEP加密方法加密的WIFI网络。但是，有言在先：知识是一种力量，但是力量并不意味着你应该成为一个混球或者做任何违法的事。知道[如何挑选一把锁具][3]并不会让你成为一个贼。请将此帖看成是教育性质或者概念验证性试验。
|
||||
|
||||
关于如何使用这个方案破解WEP加密的教程在互联网上有很多。认认真真的谷歌下。这个并不能被称作新闻。但是，让人惊讶的是如笔者一般的只有很少的网络经验的菜鸟，也可以使用一些免费的软件和廉价的WIFI适配器来完成这个做破解。下面就来看看吧！
|
||||
|
||||
### 你需要写什么 ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
除非你是一个电脑网络安全的忍者，否则你不太可能具有完成实验的所有工具。一下是你需要的：
|
||||
|
||||
- **一个可兼容的无线适配器**.这是最主要的需求。你需要一个无线适配器，能用来完成包注入，你的电脑很可能不具备这个功能。在和我的安全专家邻居讨论了以后，我从亚马逊上花了50美元购买了一个Alfa AWUS050NH适配器，图片如下。更新：别学我，应该买[Alfa AWUS036H][4]而不是US050NH。[视频][5]里的哥们儿用$12美金在Ebay上买了一个解调器（同时可以选择把[自己的路由器][6]卖掉）.网上有很多可以[兼容aircrack的适配器][7].
|
||||
|
||||
- **[一个BackTrack Live CD][8]**. 我们已经提供了一个完整的[BackTrack 3的安装使用教程][9],Linux Live CD可以让你完成所有的安全测试和测试工作。请自行下载一个CD，然后刻录或者从VMware中启动它。
|
||||
|
||||
- **一个靠近的WEP加密的WIFI网络**. 信号需要足够的强，理想的情况下最好有用户正在使用、连接和断开设备。越多的人使用网络，你就可以的到更多的破解数据，这样你就更可能成功。
|
||||
|
||||
- **使用命令行的耐心**. 这里总共有10步，总共需要出入很长、很难懂的命令，然后等你的wifi网卡手机足够破解密码的数据。就像一个医生和一个急躁的病人说，有点耐心。
|
||||
|
||||
### 破解WEP ###
|
||||
|
||||
为了破解WEP，你需要启动一个Konsole，BackTrack内置的命令行。现在，就剩下命令了。
|
||||
|
||||
第一步，运行下面的命令，获得你网卡列表：
|
||||
|
||||
airmon-ng
|
||||
|
||||
笔者只看见了一个ra0的结果。你的可能不一样；记录下这些label（找个纸或者截图）。现在开始，更改替换掉命令中每一个包括(interface)的地方。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，运行下面的四个命令。看看截图里的输入结果。
|
||||
airmon-ng stop (interface)
|
||||
ifconfig (interface) down
|
||||
macchanger —mac 00:11:22:33:44:55 (interface)
|
||||
airmon-ng start (interface)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果你没有获得截图一样的结果，最可能的情况就是你的无线网卡不能在特殊破解模式下工作。如果你成功了，你应该已经有效的在你的无线网卡上伪造了一个新的MAC地址，00:11:22:33:44:55.
|
||||
|
||||
现在，开始使用的你网络接口，运行：（译者注：interface在示范中就是ra0）
|
||||
airodump-ng (interface)
|
||||
|
||||
就可以看见你周围的wifi网络列表了。当你认准了你的目标后，按Ctrl+C结束列表。高亮你感兴趣的网络，同时记录下两样数据：它的BSSID和它的Channel(讯道,标签为CH的那列)，就像下面的截图。很明显你想要破解的网络需要是WEP加密的，而不是WPA或者其他加密方式。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
就像我说的，按Ctrl+C来终止列表。（我需要重复一两次来找到我需要的网络）一旦你找到了你需要破解的网络，高亮BSSID然后复制它到你的剪切板来为将要输入的命令做准备。
|
||||
|
||||
现在我们需要观察你选中的目标网络，并捕捉信息存入一个文件里，运行如下命令：
|
||||
airodump-ng -c (channel) -w (file name) —bssid (bssid) (interface)
|
||||
|
||||
Where (channel) is your network's channel, and (bssid) is the BSSID you just copied to clipboard. You can use the Shift+Insert key combination to paste it into the command. Enter anything descriptive for (file name). I chose "yoyo," which is the network's name I'm cracking.
|
||||
其中，(channel),(bssid)就是你之前获取的那些信息。你可以使用Shift+Insert来将剪切板中的bssid信息粘贴到命令行中。随便给你的文件取个名字。我用的是“YoYo”，我破解的网络的名字。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你能够得到如截图中的窗口输出。就这么放着这个窗口。在前台新建一个konsole窗口，输入如下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
aireplay-ng -1 0 -a (bssid) -h 00:11:22:33:44:55 -e (essid) (interface)
|
||||
|
||||
这里的ESSID是接入点SSID的名字，例如我的就是YoYo。你希望能在运行后得到“Association successful”的结果。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你如果到了这一步，现在是时候运行下面的命令了：
|
||||
|
||||
aireplay-ng -3 -b (bssid) -h 00:11:22:33:44:55 (interface)
|
||||
|
||||
现在，我们创建了一个路由通路来更快的抓取数据，从而加快我们的破解过程。几分钟以后，前台的窗口会开始疯狂的读写数据包。（同时，我可以利用YoYo的网络在另一台机器上上网）这里，你可以喝杯Java牌儿咖啡，然后出去走走。一般来说，你需要收集到足够的数据后再运行你的破解程序。看着“#Data”列里的数据，你需要它在10，000以上。（图里的数据只有854）
|
||||
|
||||
这个过程可能需要一些时间，这取决于你的网络信号强度（截图中可以看到，我的信号强度低于-32DB，虽然YoYo的AP和我的适配器在同一间屋里）。等待直到包数据到达10K，因为在此之前破解过程不会成功。实际上，你可能需要超过10K，虽然他可能是大多数情况下都足够了。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
一旦你收集了足够多的数据，就是见证奇迹的时刻了。启动第三个终端窗口，同时输入下面的命令来破解你收集到的数据：
|
||||
aircrack-ng -b (bssid) (file name-01.cap)
|
||||
|
||||
这里的filename就是你在上面输入的文件名。你可以在自己的Home目录下看到。他应该是一个.cap后缀名的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你没有足够的数据，破解可能失败，aircrack会告诉你获得更多的数据后重新尝试。如果成功了，你会看到如图结果：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
WEP密钥会接着显示“KEY FOUND”。去掉引号，然后输入他就可以登录到目标网络了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 这个过程中的问题 ###
|
||||
|
||||
通过这篇文章，我们可以证明想要破解WEP加密的网络对于任何一个具有硬件和软件人来说是如此简单的过程。我仍然认为是这样的。但是不像下面视频里的伙计，这个过程中我遇到了很多的问题。实际上，你应该可以注意到最后一张截图和其他的不一样，因为它不是我的截图。虽然我破解的AP是我自己的AP，和我的Alfa在同一间屋子里，而且读取的信号强度一直在-30左右，但是数据的收集速度依然很缓慢，而在数据收集完成以前，BackTrack不能破解他。在尝试了各种方案（在我的MAC和PC上），我始终没能抓取到足够的数据量来破解密钥。
|
||||
|
||||
所以，这个过程在理论上是很简单的，实际上因为设备、到AP的距离却又因人而异.
|
||||
|
||||
可以去Youtube上看看视频，感受下这个伙计的实际操作。
|
||||
|
||||
[http://www.youtube.com/embed/kDD9PjiQ2_U?wmode=transparent&rel=0&autohide=1&showinfo=0&enablejsapi=1][10]
|
||||
|
||||
感受到一点使用BackTrack破解WEP加密的作用了么？你想说些什么呢？赶快换掉它把。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://lifehacker.com/5305094/how-to-crack-a-wi+fi-networks-wep-password-with-backtrack
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[stduolc](https://github.com/stduolc) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://lifehacker.com/386675/secure-your-home-wi+fi-network
|
||||
[2]:http://lifehacker.com/5873407/how-to-crack-a-wi+fi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver
|
||||
[3]:http://lifehacker.com/399735/how-to-pick-a-lock-with-a-bump-key
|
||||
[4]:http://www.amazon.com/Alfa-AWUS036H-802-11b-Wireless-network/dp/B002WCEWU8?tag=lifehackeramzn-20&ascsubtag=[referrer|lifehacker.com[type|link[postId|5305094[asin|B002WCEWU8[authorId|5774310829120954491
|
||||
[5]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHq-cKoYcr8
|
||||
[6]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFlOHMj7Qoc
|
||||
[7]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aircrack-ng.org%2Fdoku.php%3Fid%3Dcompatible_cards&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5305094%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wep-password-with-backtrack&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1
|
||||
[8]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.backtrack-linux.org%2F&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5305094%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wep-password-with-backtrack&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1
|
||||
[9]:http://lifehacker.com/5166530/backtrack-is-a-security+focused-live-cd-packed-with-system-tools
|
||||
[10]:http://www.youtube.com/embed/kDD9PjiQ2_U?wmode=transparent&rel=0&autohide=1&showinfo=0&enablejsapi=1
|
||||
@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
|
||||
如何在Linux上制作一个YouTube屏幕录像视频教程
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
一幅画胜过一千句话，一个精心设计的指导视频几乎无价。Linux有你需要的制作有用且高质量教学视频的所有工具。我们将用强大的kdenlive视频编辑器和Audacity音频录制器和编辑器制作一个简单的屏幕录像，并学习如何在YouTube上分享精彩的屏幕录像。
|
||||
|
||||
一台安装了Kdenlive和Audacit软件的Linux系统PC,一个质量好的麦克风或耳机,和一个YouTube的帐号就是你需要准备的全部。（是的，除了Youtube还有很多其他的免费视频共享服务，欢迎您来探索它们。）YouTube属于Google，因此Google试图诱导你与全世界共享任何人和事。如果这不是你想做的，请说no。
|
||||
|
||||
我们的工作流程是这样的：
|
||||
|
||||
- 用Kdenlive录制屏幕录像
|
||||
- 用Audacity录制音轨
|
||||
- 添加音轨到Kdenlive
|
||||
- 上传到YouTube
|
||||
- 全世界看你的视频，好开心
|
||||
|
||||
kdenlive支持最流行的数字视频格式，包括AVI，MP4，H.264，和MOV。它支持的图像文件，如GIF，PNG，SVG和TIFF；支持的音频文件格式，包括非压缩的PCM，Vorbis，WAV，MP3和 AC3。你甚至可以阅读和编辑Flash文件。总之，它可以处理很多东西。
|
||||
|
||||
你的配音与你的视频一样重要。请一定要重视你的音频。使音频保持干净和简单，保持杂乱的题外话，方言，和去除背景噪声降到最低点。我喜欢用一个质量好的耳机做陈述，因为你不必担心话筒位置，你可以听你自己反复地诉说而不影响到你身边的人。
|
||||
|
||||
Kdenlive的文档已过期,它会告诉你制作屏幕录像需要RecordMyDesktop软件。我用的是kdenlive 0.9.4，其实不需要Recordmydesktop。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*图 1：默认配置*
|
||||
|
||||
### 制作屏幕录像 ###
|
||||
|
||||
首次安装kdenlive,第一次运行时会启动配置向导。不必在意默认设置，因为你随时都可以改变它们。这是我的屏幕录像的设置：高清720p每秒30帧，1280x720的屏幕尺寸。如何知道使用什么设置项？ [YouTube tells you][1]。设置这些值可到Settings > Configure Kdenlive > Project Defaults > Default Profile > HD 720p 30fps（图1），设置捕捉屏幕的大小到 Settings > Configure Kdenlive > Capture > Screen Grab（图2）。虽然你也可以选择捕捉全屏幕，但最好还是坚持用YouTube规定的尺寸。因为如果使用的尺寸与YouTube规定的不一样,则YouTube将增加Pillarboxes来达到合适的尺寸。热切的观众会更加希望看到一个充满生动的内容的屏幕，而不是Pillarboxes。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Figure 2: Screencast screen size.*图 2：屏幕录像的屏幕大小
|
||||
|
||||
默认的YouTube视频播放器的大小是640x360标清320p，又小又模糊。播放器控制着小屏，大屏，全屏，和多个质量等级。这些设置只有你的观众会使用，640x360标清320p看起来真的不咋样，但郁闷的是你无法改变这个缺陷。尽管如此，你仍然想制作高质量视频的话，你可以添加一些文字来提醒观众尝试更好的配置。
|
||||
|
||||
### 保存你的项目 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在你做任何其他事情之前，点击 File->Save as 保存您的项目，并记住周期性地保存它。
|
||||
|
||||
### 抓取屏幕 ###
|
||||
|
||||
抓屏小菜一碟。到Record Monitor，选择Screen Grab，然后点击Record按钮。屏幕上将打开一个带虚线的框，框里面的所有内容都将被录制下来。因此，你需要做的所有事就是移动框并调整框的大小到你想要l录制的范围。完成后点击停止按钮（图3）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*图 3：屏幕抓取*
|
||||
|
||||
单击Stop，自动打开Clip Monitor，你可以预览你的裁剪效果。如果你喜欢它，把它从Project Tree中拖到Video 1轨道。现在你可以编辑你的视频了。总会有需要你修剪的地方；一个快速的方法是，你在Project Monitor里播放你的剪辑片，直到播放到你需要移除部分的末尾。然后暂停，然后按下Shift+r。你的剪辑片将会在你按下停止的时间轴上的点上被切割为两个剪辑。点击你要删除的片断，按下Delete键，噗！它就消失了。
|
||||
|
||||
对于剩下的剪辑片断，可能你想要从时间轴上的某一点开始播放，也可能你想要加入一些好的变换。比如一些简单的渐变就相当不错；右键点击你的剪辑片断，点击Add Effect > Fade > Fade from black 和 Fade to black，然后Kdenlive将自动将这两个效果放到开头和末尾。
|
||||
|
||||
### 添加配音 ###
|
||||
|
||||
请参阅[Whirlwind Intro to Audacity on Linux: From Recording to CD in One Lesson][2]来学习使用Audacity录音的基础。以16bit的wav格式导出你的音频文件，然后通过Project > Add Clip导入到Kdenlive。然后将你的新音频剪辑拖到Audio tracks。一个简单的制作视频陈述的方式是边播视频边说。运气好的话，你不需要做很多的清理工作，你的评述就会与视频同步。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*图 4：用Shift+r切割音轨，然后将其中一个剪辑片从切割点拖离，创建一个静音间隙*
|
||||
|
||||
如果你的语速比视频快,你可以在音轨中添加空档时间.很简单,用Shift+r切割音轨，然后将其中一个剪辑片从切割点拖离，创建一个静音间隙。（图4）。
|
||||
|
||||
### Rendering Your Project ### 渲染你的项目
|
||||
|
||||
当你满意自己的编辑，并准备导出你的最终格式时，点击Render按钮。这需要几分钟的时间，取决于你的电脑速度和项目大小。网页已有预先设定的值，如果你选择File Rendering， 你可以调整你的设置（图5）。我用File Rendering中的H.264，Video比特率12000， Audio比特率384取得了不错的效果。H.264是一种超压缩格式，使用这种格式发布的文件小但质量好。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*图 5：选择文件渲染，调整你的网页设置*
|
||||
|
||||
### YouTube Bound ###YouTube的装订
|
||||
|
||||
现在你可以在VLC或MPlayer或你喜欢的任何播放器中播放你的视频了,如果它看起来很好,那么你就可以将它上传到你的YouTube帐户里了。以典型的Google风格，你的信息中心和视频管理器会混乱又复杂，不过请坚持到处瞅瞅，你会理出头绪的。在你做任何事情之前，你必须对你的账户做资格认证，也就是通过短信和邮件获得一个验证码。通过输入验证码证明你不是一个网络爬虫后，你就能上传你的视频了。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你可以上传你的视频，然后标记它们为私人可见或所有人可见。Google有一些编辑工具，你可能会喜欢，比如自动纠错和配背景音乐。不过以我的拙见，几乎没有人是这样子做背景音乐的，所以这种工具只会令人讨厌。不过你有可能是第一个正确使用这个工具的人哦。
|
||||
|
||||
最有用的编辑工具是自动闭路字幕。我推荐在你所有的视频上使用此功能，不光是为了那些听觉障碍的人，也为了那些需要保持低音量观看的人，确保所有的人都明白你在说什么。字幕工具还创建一个副本。
|
||||
|
||||
另一个有用的工具是注释工具，它支持言语泡沫，标题，聚光灯和标签。当然，在Kdenlive中，这些你都可以做到，所以都可以尝试一下。
|
||||
|
||||
好吧，到这里就结束了，但似乎我们刚刚开始。请分享你的视频，并在评论中添加Youtube的小建议和技巧。如果可以的话，请在[video.linux.com][3]分享你的新的视频教程，并加入100个Linux教程活动。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
来源于: http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/745745-how-to-make-a-youtube-instructional-screencast-video-on-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[coolpigs](https://github.com/coolpigs) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/1722171?hl=en&ref_topic=2888648
|
||||
[2]:http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/422799-whirlwind-intro-to-audacity-on-linux
|
||||
[3]:http://video.linux.com/100-linux-tutorials
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
|
||||
英特尔Haswell上的Linux虚拟化：KVM，Xen与VirtualBox的比较
|
||||
==============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
我们在[Linux saga][2]上漫长的[Intel Haswell][1]的最新章节是虚拟化基准测试。为Linux虚拟化搭载了最新软件组件的Fedora 19，KVM，Xen和VirtualBox的性能都是在Intel酷睿i7 4770K的“Haswell”处理器上进行基准测试。
|
||||
|
||||
自从上个月推出Haswell以来，我们已经发布了许多和这款全新的英特尔处理器相关的基准测试，但并没有涵盖Phoronix,一直到今天才发布Haswell的Linux虚拟化性能测试。在启用英特尔硬件虚拟化下，把从一个纯净的Fedora 19 的64位安装KVM，Xen和Virtualbox进行了比较。
|
||||
|
||||
目前Fedora 19拥有搭载GCC 4.8.1的Linux 3.9.8版本内核，Mesa 9.2.0开发库和一个EXT4文件系统。所有的虚拟化组件都从Fedora 19的仓库中获取的，包括QEMU 1.4.2, Xen 4.2.2和libvirt/virt-manager组件。Xen和KVM的虚拟化通过virt-manager来建立。VirtualBox 4.2.16则是通过VirtualBox.org获取并安装在Fedora 19中。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
英特尔酷睿i7 4770K系统拥有16GB的内存和240GB的OCZ Vertex 3 固态硬盘。在测试中，每一个虚拟机有机会获取全部八个逻辑核心（四个物理核心和超线程），16GB内存中的12GB以及16GB的虚拟磁盘。
|
||||
|
||||
在采用英特尔酷睿i7 “Haswell”处理器的Linux 3.9版本内核的Fedora 19上获得的KVM，Xen和VirtualBox的性能也和在没有任何形式的虚拟化或其它抽象方式上运行基准测试的“裸机”的性能进行了对比。VMWare的产品没有在这篇文章里被测试，因为它们的EULA特性限制了公用基准测试（尽管VMware在过去能够正常地运行这样的基准测试）和它们的试用软件只能限制运行在四核CPU上。但另外一篇文章会着眼于未来在其它硬件上XEN/KVM/VMware的性能。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这一切的Linux虚拟化基准测试采用完全自动化和可重复的方式进行处理，使用开源软件[Phoronix Test Suite][3]以及由[OpenBenchmarking.org][4]支持。在使用虚拟磁盘而且Xen/KVM都没有采用访问主机驱动或GPU以共享3D的可靠手段的情况下，这篇文章里的大部分基准测试都是集中在为不同Linux虚拟化方法计算性能开销上。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
磁盘测试在这里并不是虚拟化测试的一个重点，因为只有一个虚拟磁盘被主机的文件系统使用。然而，当把这三种Linux虚拟化方法与裸机结果进行比较时，运行在Linux 3.9内核上的KVM性能最好，其次是Xen。Oracle的Virtual仅仅跑出了主机上PostMark邮件服务器性能的66%，而KVM跑出了性能的96%，Xen是83%。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
对于Dolfyn计算流体动力学的工作量，当运行在KVM或Xen上时，和裸机的运行结果相比并没有任何重大的变化。然而，VirtualBox则是明显变慢了。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
FFTE和HMMer的结果和Dolfyn类似：Xen和KVM在很小的工作负载下获得很好的性能，但Oracle的VirtualBox则满得多。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
当约翰开膛手这款游戏在VirtualBox中运行时，则直接崩溃了。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
运行TTSIOD渲染器时，在Linux 3.9 内核的Fedora 19上运行的Xen虚拟化方法获得了它的第一次性能胜利。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
总之，运行在搭载英特尔酷睿i7 4770K处理器Fedora 19上的Xen和KVM虚拟化技术工作良好。这些虚拟化方法在Haswell处理器上的性能开销是最小的。当Xen和KVM在这款全新的英特尔处理器上运行良好的时候，Oracle的VirtualBox（最新版本，v4.2.16）相对慢得多。虽然VirtualBox的一个优点是客户机3D加速，但这会在未来的一篇Phoronix文章中再次进行测试。当把Haswell和前几代的英特尔处理器和AMD处理器比较时不同虚拟化方法的性对开销也会在不久之后在Phoronix上进行测试。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=intel_haswell_virtualization
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[KayGuoWhu](http://github.com/KayGuoWhu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=search&q=Haswell
|
||||
[2]:http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTM5MzU
|
||||
[3]:http://www.phoronix-test-suite.com/
|
||||
[4]:http://openbenchmarking.org/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
|
||||
Linux date命令 - 显示和设置系统日期与时间
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
操作系统上的时间或许只被认为是时钟。特别在控制台下, 我们通常不认为date重要。但是对于管理员,这个假设是错误的。你知道错误的日期和时间会使你不能编译程序么?
|
||||
|
||||
因为日期和时间的重要,这或许就是开发网络时间协议(Network Time Protocol)的原因。让我们开始了解date命令是如何工作的。
|
||||
|
||||
### 显示系统日期 ###
|
||||
|
||||
要显示系统日期,只要输入:
|
||||
|
||||
$ date
|
||||
Thu Dec 5 22:55:41 WIB 2013
|
||||
|
||||
### 格式化日期 ###
|
||||
|
||||
日期有很多格式。如果你不喜欢默认的格式,你可以转换它。你可能会想"为什么我需要改变格式? 默认的输出对我足够了。" 是这样的。但是当你在编程时,默认输出或许无法满足用户的需求。因此这里有一些自定义输出。
|
||||
|
||||
### RFC 2822 的日期与时间输出格式 ###
|
||||
|
||||
$ date -R
|
||||
Thu, 05 Dec 2013 23:40:53 +0700
|
||||
|
||||
**RFC 2822** 的格式像这样 : **星期, 日-月-年, 小时:分钟:秒 时区**
|
||||
时区 +0700 等同于 GMT +7。
|
||||
|
||||
默认上**date**使用的是定义在**/etc/localtime**的时区。有效时区数据定义在**/usr/share/timezones**。
|
||||
|
||||
### 打印或者设置协调世界时 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在 [Wikipedia][1]上, UTC 意思是
|
||||
|
||||
> 主要的调节世界时钟和时间的标准。这是格林位置标准时间几个非常相近的继任者之一。
|
||||
|
||||
以UTC形式显示日期和时间, 使用 -u 参数
|
||||
|
||||
$ date -u
|
||||
Thu Dec 5 16:45:58:UTC 2013
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用格式化选项 ###
|
||||
|
||||
要自定义你的日期格式, **使用加号 (+)**
|
||||
|
||||
$ date +”Day : %d Month : %m Year : %Y”
|
||||
Day: 05 Month: 12 Year: 2013
|
||||
|
||||
$ date +%D
|
||||
12/05/13
|
||||
|
||||
**%D** 格式遵循 **年/月/日 的格式**.
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想的话,你可以输出日期的名字。下面是一些例子:
|
||||
|
||||
$ date +”%a %b %d %y”
|
||||
Fri 06 Dec 2013
|
||||
|
||||
$ date +”%A %B %d %Y”
|
||||
Friday December 06 2013
|
||||
|
||||
$ date +”%A %B %d %Y %T”
|
||||
Friday December 06 2013 00:30:37
|
||||
|
||||
$ date +”%A %B-%d-%Y %c”
|
||||
Friday December-06-2013 12:30:37 AM WIB
|
||||
|
||||
还有很多的日期格式。只要输入:
|
||||
|
||||
$ date –help
|
||||
|
||||
或者
|
||||
|
||||
$ man date
|
||||
|
||||
来显示date命令的语法和参数。
|
||||
|
||||
基本上,date命令会翻译所有所有的百分号(%)和打印打印在引号("")内所有的内容。
|
||||
|
||||
### 设置系统日期和时间 ###
|
||||
|
||||
通常地,你希望你的系统日期和时间是自动设置的。如果由于一些原因,你想要手动修改它,我们可以使用这个命令。
|
||||
|
||||
# date –set=”20140125 09:17:00”
|
||||
|
||||
这会**设置**你当前的系统日期和时间到**一月 25, 2014 and 09:17:00 AM。请注意**,你**必须**拥有特权来这么做。不然你会得到这样一个错误。
|
||||
|
||||
date: cannot set date: Operation not permitted
|
||||
Sat Jan 25 09:17:00 WIB 2014
|
||||
|
||||
### 重置你的时间 ###
|
||||
|
||||
如果你希望重置你的系统日期和时间到原始值,你可以用这个技巧。
|
||||
|
||||
# hwclock
|
||||
Fri 06 Dec 2013 03:44:10 AM WIB -0.314082 seconds
|
||||
|
||||
这回设置你的系统日期和时间到hwclock命令的输出的样子
|
||||
|
||||
### 在脚本中使用date命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
还记得我之前说为什么你需要改变date的输出么?一个答案是你或许需要编程。让我们看下bash脚本下的一个例子。
|
||||
|
||||
$ vi display.date
|
||||
|
||||
#! /bin/bash
|
||||
DATETIME=$(date +”DATE: %a %b-%d-%Y TIME: %T WEEK NUMBER: %W”)
|
||||
echo $DATETIME
|
||||
|
||||
保存并运行它:
|
||||
|
||||
$ ./display.date
|
||||
DATE : Fri Dec-06-2013 TIME: 03:08:19 WEEK Number :40
|
||||
|
||||
如果你发现权限拒绝错误信息,输入:
|
||||
|
||||
$ chmod 755 display.date
|
||||
|
||||
### 在备份流程中使用date ###
|
||||
|
||||
另外一个例子是子你备份流程中使用date。
|
||||
|
||||
$ date +%F
|
||||
2013-12-06
|
||||
|
||||
$ tar zcfv /daily_backup/backup-`date +%F`.tar.gz /home/pungki/Documents
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
它会压缩文件夹**/home/pungki/Documents**到一个位于**/daily_backup folder**的文件**backup-2013-12-06.tar.gz**中。
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结 ###
|
||||
|
||||
date可能被认为在某些方面不重要。但是date扮演了一个重要的角色。通常上,要想知道关于date命令更多的细节,在你的控制台下输入man date访问man页面。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/date-command-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
|
||||
[翻译中] by KayGuoWhu
|
||||
Unvanquished 可能成为Linux上最好的免费多人游戏
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Unvanquished，一款免费的、开源的并将实时策略元素和未来科幻设定相结合的第一人称视角的射击游戏，已经收到了它的第22次更新。事实上，版本是22.1，但是是谁在计数呢？**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
即便Unvanquished仍处在内部测试阶段，但开发者们已经添加了很多新特性，使得这款游戏的可玩性更强。
|
||||
|
||||
Unvanquished的内部测试版22. 1已经接受了一些改变。包括引擎，游戏设置，一个新地图，一个已有地图的新版本，
|
||||
还有更多。
|
||||
|
||||
Snowstation是集成在这款游戏中的新地图。据开发者透露，它拥有一个简单的设计，必要的环路和用来形成这个环路的一部分的雪地场景。
|
||||
|
||||
公告里写道：“我们使用C++编写所有的引擎代码。一些地方变得有点不同——一些指令被略微更改或重命名，一些输出看起来不同。你可能会注意到在进行标记结构时，需要重新绑定关键字。原因是/if已经失去修改关键字的支持，你需要使用/modcase代替”。
|
||||
|
||||
### Unvanquished Alpha 22.1的亮点：###
|
||||
|
||||
• 喷气机已经被加入。玩家必须按住跳跃键然后飞翔 - 但你不能一直翱翔，你只有有限的燃料；
|
||||
• 被报告的“受到攻击”消息的原因已经被改变；
|
||||
• 当接近合适的建筑时，人类的武器将被自动填充或充电,而不是使用；
|
||||
• 中继器现在是有效的小型反应堆，当周围没有反应堆时，它们能提供能量；
|
||||
• 在OpenGL 2.1的环境中FXAA和Mesa一起工作。
|
||||
|
||||
关于这款看起来让人很惊奇的游戏的更多细节可以在官方网站 [网址][1]上找到。请注意这是一个正在进行中的工作，所以错误是一定会出现的。
|
||||
|
||||
**立即下载Unvanquished Alpha 22.1**
|
||||
|
||||
- [Debian/Ubuntu DEB ALL][2][ubuntu_deb] [0 KB]
|
||||
- [Arch Linux package][2][binary] [0 KB]
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Unvanquished-Will-Probably-Be-the-Best-Free-Multiplayer-Game-on-Linux-405956.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuowhu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.unvanquished.net/news/111-it-s-release-time-again-alpha-22
|
||||
[2]:http://www.unvanquished.net/download#linux
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user