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Xingyu Wang
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[#]: subject: "Linux Jargon Buster: What is sudo rm -rf? Why is it Dangerous?"
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[#]: via: "https://itsfoss.com/sudo-rm-rf/"
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[#]: author: "Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/"
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[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
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[#]: translator: "wxy"
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[#]: reviewer: " "
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[#]: publisher: " "
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[#]: url: " "
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Linux Jargon Buster: What is sudo rm -rf? Why is it Dangerous?
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======
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When you are new to Linux, you’ll often come across advice to never run `sudo rm -rf /`. There are so many memes in the Linux world around `sudo rm -rf`.
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![][1]
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But it seems that there are some confusions around it. In the tutorial on [cleaning Ubuntu to make free space][2], I advised running some command that involved sudo and rm -rf. An It’s FOSS reader asked me why I am advising that if sudo rm -rf is a dangerous Linux command that should not be run.
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And thus I thought of writing this chapter of Linux jargon buster and clear the misconceptions.
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### sudo rm -rf: what does it do?
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Let’s learn things in steps.
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The rm command is used for [removing files and directories in Linux command line][3].
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```
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[email protected]:$ rm agatha
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[email protected]:$
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```
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But some files will not be removed immediate because of read only [file permissions][4]. They have to be forced delete with the option `-f`.
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```
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[email protected]:$ rm books
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rm: remove write-protected regular file 'books'? y
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[email protected]:$ rm -f christie
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[email protected]:$
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```
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However, rm command cannot be used to delete directories (folders) directly. You have to use the recursive option `-r` with the rm command.
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```
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[email protected]:$ rm new_dir
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rm: cannot remove 'new_dir': Is a directory
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```
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And thus ultimately, rm -rf command means recursively force delete the given directory.
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```
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[email protected]:~$ rm -r new_dir
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rm: remove write-protected regular file 'new_dir/books'? ^C
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[email protected]:$ rm -rf new_dir
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[email protected]:$
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```
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Here’s a screenshot of all the above commands:
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![Example explaining rm command][5]
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If you add sudo to the rm -rf command, you are deleting files with root power. That means you could delete system files owned by [root user][6].
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### So, sudo rm -rf is a dangerous Linux command?
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Well, any command that deletes something could be dangerous if you are not sure of what you are deleting.
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Consider **rm -rf command** as a knife. Is knife a dangerous thing? Possibly. If you cut vegetables with the knife, it’s good. If you cut your fingers with the knife, it is bad, of course.
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The same goes for rm -rf command. It is not dangerous in itself. It is used for deleting files after all. But if you use it to delete important files unknowingly, then it is a problem.
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Now coming to ‘sudo rm -rf /’.
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You know that with sudo, you run a command as root, which allows you to make any changes to the system.
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/ is the symbol for the root directory. /var means the var directory under root. /var/log/apt means apt directory under log, under root.
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![Linux directory hierarchy representation][7]
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As per [Linux directory hierarchy][8], everything in a Linux file system starts at root. If you delete root, you are basically removing all the files of your system.
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And this is why it is advised to not run `sudo rm -rf /` command because you’ll wipe out your entire Linux system.
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Please note that in some cases, you could be running a command like ‘sudo rm -rf /var/log/apt’ which could be fine. Again, you have to pay attention on what you are deleting, the same as you have to pay attention on what you are cutting with a knife.
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### I play with danger: what if I run sudo rm -rf / to see what happens?
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Most Linux distributions provide a failsafe protection against accidentally deleting the root directory.
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```
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[email protected]:~$ sudo rm -rf /
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[sudo] password for abhishek:
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rm: it is dangerous to operate recursively on '/'
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rm: use --no-preserve-root to override this failsafe
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```
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I mean it is human to make typos and if you accidentally typed “/ var/log/apt” instead of “/var/log/apt” (a space between / and var meaning that you are providing / and var directories to for deletion), you’ll be deleting the root directory.
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![Pay attention when using sudo rm -rf][9]
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That’s quite good. Your Linux system takes care of such accidents.
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Now, what if you are hell-bent on destroying your system with sudo rm -rf /? You’ll have to use It will ask you to use –no-preserve-root with it.
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No, please do not do that on your own. Let me show it to you.
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So, I have elementary OS running in a virtual machine. I run `sudo rm -rf / --no-preserve-root` and you can see the lights going out literally in the video below (around 1 minute).
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[Subscribe to our YouTube channel for more Linux videos][10]
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### Clear or still confused?
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Linux has an active community where most people try to help new users. Most people because there are some evil trolls lurking to mess with the new users. They will often suggest running rm -rf / for the simplest of the problems faced by beginners. These idiots get some sort of supremacist satisfaction I think for such evil acts. I ban them immediately from the forums and groups I administer.
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I hope this article made things clearer for you. It’s possible that you still have some confusion, specially because it involves root, file permissions and other things new users might not be familiar with. If that’s the case, please let me know your doubts in the comment section and I’ll try to clear them.
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In the end, remember. Don’t drink and root. Stay safe while running your Linux system :)
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![][11]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://itsfoss.com/sudo-rm-rf/
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作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/sudo-rm-rf.gif?resize=400%2C225&ssl=1
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[2]: https://itsfoss.com/free-up-space-ubuntu-linux/
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[3]: https://linuxhandbook.com/remove-files-directories/
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[4]: https://linuxhandbook.com/linux-file-permissions/
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[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/rm-rf-command-example-800x487.png?resize=800%2C487&ssl=1
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[6]: https://itsfoss.com/root-user-ubuntu/
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[7]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/linux-directory-structure.png?resize=800%2C400&ssl=1
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[8]: https://linuxhandbook.com/linux-directory-structure/
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[9]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/sudo-rm-rf-example.png?resize=798%2C346&ssl=1
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[10]: https://www.youtube.com/c/itsfoss?sub_confirmation=1
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[11]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/dont-drink-and-root.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
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@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
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[#]: subject: "Linux Jargon Buster: What is sudo rm -rf? Why is it Dangerous?"
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[#]: via: "https://itsfoss.com/sudo-rm-rf/"
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[#]: author: "Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/"
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[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
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[#]: translator: "wxy"
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[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
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[#]: publisher: " "
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[#]: url: " "
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Linux 黑话解释：什么是 sudo rm -rf？为什么如此危险？
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======
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当你刚接触 Linux 时，你会经常遇到这样的建议：永远不要运行 `sudo rm -rf /`。在 Linux 世界里，围绕着 `sudo rm -rf` 有很多梗。
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![][1]
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但似乎关于它有一些混乱的现象。在 [清理 Ubuntu 以腾出空间][2] 的教程中，我建议运行一些涉及 `sudo` 和 `rm -rf` 的命令。一位读者问我，如果 `sudo rm -rf` 是一个不应该运行的危险的 Linux 命令，我为什么要建议这样做。
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因此，我想到了写一篇 Linux 黑话解释，以消除误解。
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### sudo rm -rf：在做什么？
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让我们按步骤来学习。
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`rm` 命令用于 [在 Linux 命令行中删除文件和目录][3]。
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```
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$ rm agatha
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$
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```
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但是因为有只读的 [文件权限][4]，有些文件不会被立即删除。它们必须用选项 `-f` 强制删除。
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```
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$ rm books
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rm: remove write-protected regular file 'books'? y
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$ rm -f christie
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$
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```
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另外，`rm` 命令不能被用来直接删除目录（文件夹）。你必须在 `rm` 命令中使用递归选项 `-r`。
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```
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$ rm new_dir
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rm: cannot remove 'new_dir': Is a directory
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```
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因此最终，`rm -rf` 命令意味着递归地、强制删除指定的目录。
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```
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$ rm -r new_dir
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rm: remove write-protected regular file 'new_dir/books'? ^C
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$ rm -rf new_dir
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$
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```
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下面是上述所有命令的截图。
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![解释 rm 命令的例子][5]
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如果你在 `rm -rf` 命令前加入 `sudo`，你就是在删除具有 root 权限的文件。这意味着你可以删除由 [root 用户][6] 拥有的系统文件。
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### 所以，sudo rm -rf 是一个危险的 Linux 命令？
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嗯，任何删除东西的命令都可能是危险的，如果你不确定你正在删除什么。
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把 `rm -rf` 命令看作一把刀。刀是一个危险的东西吗？有可能。如果你用刀切蔬菜，那是好事。如果你用刀切手指，那当然是不好的。
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`rm -rf` 命令也是如此。它本身并不危险。它毕竟是用来删除文件的。但是，如果你在不知情的情况下用它来删除重要文件，那就有问题了。
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现在来看看 `sudo rm -rf /`。
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你知道，使用 `sudo`，你以 root 身份运行一个命令，这允许你对系统进行任何改变。
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`/` 是根目录的符号。`/var` 表示根目录下的 `var` 目录。`/var/log/apt` 指的是根目录的 `log` 目录下的 `apt` 目录。
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![Linux 目录层次表示法][7]
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按照 [Linux 目录层次结构][8]，Linux 文件系统中的一切都从根目录开始。如果你删除了根目录，你基本上就是删除了系统中的所有文件。
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这就是为什么建议不要运行 `sudo rm -rf /` 命令，因为你会抹去你的整个 Linux 系统。
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请注意，在某些情况下，你可能正在运行像 `sudo rm -rf /var/log/apt` 这样的命令，这可能是好的。同样，你必须注意你正在删除的东西，就像你必须注意你正在用刀切割的东西一样。
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### 我在玩火：如果我运行 sudo rm -rf /，看看会发生什么呢？
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大多数 Linux 发行版都提供了一个故障安全保护，防止意外删除根目录。
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```
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$ sudo rm -rf /
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[sudo] password for abhishek:
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rm: it is dangerous to operate recursively on '/'
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rm: use --no-preserve-root to override this failsafe
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```
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我的意思是，人是会打错字的，如果你不小心打了 `/ var/log/apt`，而不是 `/var/log/apt`（`/` 和 `var` 之间的空格意味着你给出了 `/` 和 `var` 目录来删除），你将会删除根目录。
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![使用 sudo rm -rf 时要注意][9]
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别担心。你的 Linux 系统会照顾到这种意外。
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现在，如果你一心想用 `sudo rm -rf /` 来破坏你的系统呢？你将必须使用它将要求你使用的 `-no-preserve-root` 选项与之配合。
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不，请不要自己这样做。让我做给你看看。
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所以，我在一个虚拟机中运行基本的操作系统。我运行 `sudo rm -rf / --no-preserve-root`，你可以在下面的视频中看到灯光熄灭（大约 1 分钟）。
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### 清楚了么？
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Linux 有一个活跃的社区，大多数人都会帮助新用户。 之所以说是大多数，是是因为有一些的邪恶坏人潜伏着捣乱新用户。他们经常会建议对初学者所面临的最简单的问题运行 `rm -rf /`。我认为这些白痴在这种邪恶行为中得到了某种至上主义的满足。我会立即将他们从我管理的论坛和群组中踢出去。
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我希望这篇文章能让你更清楚地了解这些情况。你有可能仍然有一些困惑，特别是因为它涉及到根目录、文件权限和其他新用户可能不熟悉的东西。如果是这样的话，请在评论区告诉我你的疑惑，我会尽力去解决。
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最后，请记住。<ruby>不要喝酒胡搞<rt>Don’t drink and root</rt></ruby>。在运行你的 Linux 系统时要安全驾驶。
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![][11]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://itsfoss.com/sudo-rm-rf/
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作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/sudo-rm-rf.gif?resize=400%2C225&ssl=1
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[2]: https://itsfoss.com/free-up-space-ubuntu-linux/
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[3]: https://linuxhandbook.com/remove-files-directories/
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[4]: https://linuxhandbook.com/linux-file-permissions/
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[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/rm-rf-command-example-800x487.png?resize=800%2C487&ssl=1
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[6]: https://itsfoss.com/root-user-ubuntu/
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[7]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/linux-directory-structure.png?resize=800%2C400&ssl=1
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[8]: https://linuxhandbook.com/linux-directory-structure/
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[9]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/sudo-rm-rf-example.png?resize=798%2C346&ssl=1
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[10]: https://www.youtube.com/c/itsfoss?sub_confirmation=1
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[11]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/dont-drink-and-root.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
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