mirror of
https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git
synced 2025-03-03 01:10:13 +08:00
Locez
GitHub
commit
8d4f617bb7
@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
|
||||
Linux/Unix App For Prevention Of RSI (Repetitive Strain Injury)
|
||||
======
|
||||
![workrave-image][1]
|
||||
|
||||
[A repetitive strain injury][2] (RSI) is occupational overuse syndrome, non-specific arm pain or work related upper limb disorder. RSI caused from overusing the hands to perform a repetitive task, such as typing, writing, or clicking a mouse. Unfortunately, most people do not understand what RSI is or how dangerous it can be. You can easily prevent RSI using open source software called Workrave.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### What are the symptoms of RSI?
|
||||
|
||||
I'm quoting from this [page][3]. Do you experience:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Fatigue or lack of endurance?
|
||||
2. Weakness in the hands or forearms?
|
||||
3. Tingling, numbness, or loss of sensation?
|
||||
4. Heaviness: Do your hands feel like dead weight?
|
||||
5. Clumsiness: Do you keep dropping things?
|
||||
6. Lack of strength in your hands? Is it harder to open jars? Cut vegetables?
|
||||
7. Lack of control or coordination?
|
||||
8. Chronically cold hands?
|
||||
9. Heightened awareness? Just being slightly more aware of a body part can be a clue that something is wrong.
|
||||
10. Hypersensitivity?
|
||||
11. Frequent self-massage (subconsciously)?
|
||||
12. Sympathy pains? Do your hands hurt when someone else talks about their hand pain?
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### How to reduce your risk of Developing RSI
|
||||
|
||||
* Take breaks, when using your computer, every 30 minutes or so. Use software such as workrave to prevent RSI.
|
||||
* Regular exercise can prevent all sort of injuries including RSI.
|
||||
* Use good posture. Adjust your computer desk and chair to support muscles necessary for good posture.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Workrave
|
||||
|
||||
Workrave is a free open source software application intended to prevent computer users from developing RSI or myopia. The software periodically locks the screen while an animated character, "Miss Workrave," walks the user through various stretching exercises and urges them to take a coffee break. The program frequently alerts you to take micro-pauses, rest breaks and restricts you to your daily limit. The program works under MS-Windows and Linux, UNIX-like operating systems.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Install workrave
|
||||
|
||||
Type the following [apt command][4]/[apt-get command][5] under a Debian / Ubuntu Linux:
|
||||
`$ sudo apt-get install workrave`
|
||||
Fedora Linux user should type the following dnf command:
|
||||
`$ sudo dnf install workrave`
|
||||
RHEL/CentOS Linux user should enable EPEL repo and install it using [yum command][6]:
|
||||
```
|
||||
### [ **tested on a CentOS/RHEL 7.x and clones** ] ###
|
||||
$ sudo yum install epel-release
|
||||
$ sudo yum install https://rpms.remirepo.net/enterprise/remi-release-7.rpm
|
||||
$ sudo yum install workrave
|
||||
```
|
||||
Arch Linux user type the following pacman command to install it:
|
||||
`$ sudo pacman -S workrave`
|
||||
FreeBSD user can install it using the following pkg command:
|
||||
`# pkg install workrave`
|
||||
OpenBSD user can install it using the following pkg_add command
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ doas pkg_add workrave
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### How to configure workrave
|
||||
|
||||
Workrave works as an applet which is a small application whose user interface resides within a panel. You need to add workrave to panel to control behavior and appearance of the software.
|
||||
|
||||
##### Adding a New Workrave Object To Panel
|
||||
|
||||
* Right-click on a vacant space on a panel to open the panel popup menu.
|
||||
* Choose Add to Panel.
|
||||
* The Add to Panel dialog opens.The available panel objects are listed alphabetically, with launchers at the top. Select workrave applet and click on Add button.
|
||||
|
||||
![Fig.01: Adding an Object \(Workrave\) to a Panel][7]
|
||||
Fig.01: Adding an Object (Workrave) to a Panel
|
||||
|
||||
##### How Do I Modify Properties Of Workrave Software?
|
||||
|
||||
To modify the properties of an object workrave, perform the following steps:
|
||||
|
||||
* Right-click on the workrave object to open the panel object popup.
|
||||
* Choose Preference. Use the Properties dialog to modify the properties as required.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Fig.02: Modifying the Properties of The Workrave Software
|
||||
|
||||
#### Workrave in Action
|
||||
|
||||
The main window shows the time remaining until it suggests a pause. The windows can be closed and you will the time remaining on the panel itself:
|
||||
![Fig.03: Time reaming counter ][8]
|
||||
Fig.03: Time reaming counter
|
||||
|
||||
![Fig.04: Miss Workrave - an animated character walks you through various stretching exercises][9]
|
||||
Fig.04: Miss Workrave - an animated character walks you through various stretching exercises
|
||||
|
||||
The break prelude window, bugging you to take a micro-pause:
|
||||
![Fig.05: Time for a micro-pause remainder ][10]
|
||||
Fig.05: Time for a micro-pause remainder
|
||||
|
||||
![Fig.06: You can skip Micro-break ][11]
|
||||
Fig.06: You can skip Micro-break
|
||||
|
||||
##### References:
|
||||
|
||||
1. [Workrave project][12] home page.
|
||||
2. [pokoy][13] lightweight daemon that helps prevent RSI and other computer related stress.
|
||||
3. [A Pomodoro][14] timer for GNOME 3.
|
||||
4. [RSI][2] from the wikipedia.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### about the author
|
||||
|
||||
The author is the creator of nixCraft and a seasoned sysadmin and a trainer for the Linux operating system/Unix shell scripting. He has worked with global clients and in various industries, including IT, education, defense and space research, and the nonprofit sector. Follow him on [Twitter][15], [Facebook][16], [Google+][17].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/repetitive-strain-injury-prevention-software.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Vivek Gite][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/11/workrave-image.jpg (workrave-image)
|
||||
[2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury
|
||||
[3]:https://web.eecs.umich.edu/~cscott/rsi.html##symptoms
|
||||
[4]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/ubuntu-lts-debian-linux-apt-command-examples/ (See Linux/Unix apt command examples for more info)
|
||||
[5]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-debian-package-management-cheat-sheet.html (See Linux/Unix apt-get command examples for more info)
|
||||
[6]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-centos-fedora-linux-yum-command-howto/ (See Linux/Unix yum command examples for more info)
|
||||
[7]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/11/add-workwave-to-panel.png (Adding an Object (Workrave) to a Gnome Panel)
|
||||
[8]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/11/screenshot-workrave.png (Workrave main window shows the time remaining until it suggests a pause.)
|
||||
[9]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/11/miss-workrave.png (Miss Workrave Sofrware character walks you through various RSI stretching exercises )
|
||||
[10]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/11/time-for-micro-pause.gif (Workrave RSI Software Time for a micro-pause remainder )
|
||||
[11]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/11/Micro-break.png (Workrave RSI Software Micro-break )
|
||||
[12]:http://www.workrave.org/
|
||||
[13]:https://github.com/ttygde/pokoy
|
||||
[14]:http://gnomepomodoro.org
|
||||
[15]:https://twitter.com/nixcraft
|
||||
[16]:https://facebook.com/nixcraft
|
||||
[17]:https://plus.google.com/+CybercitiBiz
|
||||
@ -1,242 +0,0 @@
|
||||
translated by cyleft
|
||||
|
||||
Top 10 Command Line Games For Linux
|
||||
======
|
||||
Brief: This article lists the **best command line games for Linux**.
|
||||
|
||||
Linux has never been the preferred operating system for gaming. Though [gaming on Linux][1] has improved a lot lately. You can [download Linux games][2] from a number of resources.
|
||||
|
||||
There are dedicated [Linux distributions for gaming][3]. Yes, they do exist. But, we are not going to see the Linux gaming distributions today.
|
||||
|
||||
Linux has one added advantage over its Windows counterpart. It has got the mighty Linux terminal. You can do a hell lot of things in terminal including playing **command line games**.
|
||||
|
||||
Yeah, hardcore terminal lovers, gather around. Terminal games are light, fast and hell lotta fun to play. And the best thing of all, you've got a lot of classic retro games in Linux terminal.
|
||||
|
||||
[Suggested read: Gaming On Linux:All You Need To Know][20]
|
||||
|
||||
### Best Linux terminal games
|
||||
|
||||
So let's crack this list and see what are some of the best Linux terminal games.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Bastet
|
||||
|
||||
Who hasn't spent hours together playing [Tetris][4]? Simple, but totally addictive. Bastet is the Tetris of Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
![Bastet Linux terminal game][5]
|
||||
|
||||
Use the command below to get Bastet:
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt install bastet
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To play the game, run the below command in terminal:
|
||||
```
|
||||
bastet
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Use spacebar to rotate the bricks and arrow keys to guide.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Ninvaders
|
||||
|
||||
Space Invaders. I remember tussling for high score with my brother on this. One of the best arcade games out there.
|
||||
|
||||
![nInvaders command line game in Linux][6]
|
||||
|
||||
Copy paste the command to install Ninvaders.
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get install ninvaders
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To play this game, use the command below:
|
||||
```
|
||||
ninvaders
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Arrow keys to move the spaceship. Space bar to shoot at the aliens.
|
||||
|
||||
[Suggested read:Top 10 Best Linux Games eleased in 2016 That You Can Play Today][21]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Pacman4console
|
||||
|
||||
Yes, the King of the Arcade is here. Pacman4console is the terminal version of the popular arcade hit, Pacman.
|
||||
|
||||
![Pacman4console is a command line Pacman game in Linux][7]
|
||||
|
||||
Use the command to get pacman4console:
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get install pacman4console
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Open a terminal, and I suggest you maximize it. Type the command below to launch the game:
|
||||
```
|
||||
pacman4console
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Use the arrow keys to control the movement.
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. nSnake
|
||||
|
||||
Remember the snake game in old Nokia phones?
|
||||
|
||||
That game kept me hooked to the phone for a really long time. I used to devise various coiling patterns to manage the grown up snake.
|
||||
|
||||
![nsnake : Snake game in Linux terminal][8]
|
||||
|
||||
We have the [snake game in Linux terminal][9] thanks to [nSnake][9]. Use the command below to install it.
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get install nsnake
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To play the game, type in the below command to launch the game.
|
||||
```
|
||||
nsnake
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Use arrow keys to move the snake and feed it.
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Greed
|
||||
|
||||
Greed is little like Tron, minus the speed and adrenaline.
|
||||
|
||||
Your location is denoted by a blinking '@'. You are surrounded by numbers and you can choose to move in any of the 4 directions,
|
||||
|
||||
The direction you choose has a number and you move exactly that number of steps. And you repeat the step again. You cannot revisit the visited spot again and the game ends when you cannot make a move.
|
||||
|
||||
I made it sound more complicated than it really is.
|
||||
|
||||
![Greed : Tron game in Linux command line][10]
|
||||
|
||||
Grab greed with the command below:
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get install greed
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To launch the game use the command below. Then use the arrow keys to play the game.
|
||||
```
|
||||
greed
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Air Traffic Controller
|
||||
|
||||
What's better than being a pilot? An air traffic controller. You can simulate an entire air traffic system in your terminal. To be honest, managing air traffic from a terminal kinda feels, real.
|
||||
|
||||
![Air Traffic Controller game in Linux][11]
|
||||
|
||||
Install the game using the command below:
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get install bsdgames
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Type in the command below to launch the game:
|
||||
```
|
||||
atc
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
ATC is not a child's play. So read the man page using the command below.
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Backgammon
|
||||
|
||||
Whether You have played [Backgammon][12] before or not, You should check this out. The instructions and control manuals are all so friendly. Play it against computer or your friend if you prefer.
|
||||
|
||||
![Backgammon terminal game in Linux][13]
|
||||
|
||||
Install Backgammon using this command:
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get install bsdgames
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Type in the below command to launch the game:
|
||||
```
|
||||
backgammon
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Press 'y' when prompted for rules of the game.
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Moon Buggy
|
||||
|
||||
Jump. Fire. Hours of fun. No more words.
|
||||
|
||||
![Moon buggy][14]
|
||||
|
||||
Install the game using the command below:
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get install moon-buggy
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Use the below command to start the game:
|
||||
```
|
||||
moon-buggy
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Press space to jump, 'a' or 'l' to shoot. Enjoy
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. 2048
|
||||
|
||||
Here's something to make your brain flex. [2048][15] is a strategic as well as a highly addictive game. The goal is to get a score of 2048.
|
||||
|
||||
![2048 game in Linux terminal][16]
|
||||
|
||||
Copy paste the commands below one by one to install the game.
|
||||
```
|
||||
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mevdschee/2048.c/master/2048.c
|
||||
|
||||
gcc -o 2048 2048.c
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Type the below command to launch the game and use the arrow keys to play.
|
||||
```
|
||||
./2048
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. Tron
|
||||
|
||||
How can this list be complete without a brisk action game?
|
||||
|
||||
![Tron Linux terminal game][17]
|
||||
|
||||
Yes, the snappy Tron is available on Linux terminal. Get ready for some serious nimble action. No installation hassle nor setup hassle. One command will launch the game. All You need is an internet connection.
|
||||
```
|
||||
ssh sshtron.zachlatta.com
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You can even play this game in multiplayer if there are other gamers online. Read more about [Tron game in Linux][18].
|
||||
|
||||
### Your pick?
|
||||
|
||||
There you have it, people. Top 10 Linux terminal games. I guess it's ctrl+alt+T now. What is Your favorite among the list? Or got some other fun stuff for the terminal? Do share.
|
||||
|
||||
With inputs from [Abhishek Prakash][19].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/best-command-line-games-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Aquil Roshan][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://itsfoss.com/author/aquil/
|
||||
[1]:https://itsfoss.com/linux-gaming-guide/
|
||||
[2]:https://itsfoss.com/download-linux-games/
|
||||
[3]:https://itsfoss.com/manjaro-gaming-linux/
|
||||
[4]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetris
|
||||
[5]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/bastet.jpg
|
||||
[6]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ninvaders.jpg
|
||||
[7]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/pacman.jpg
|
||||
[8]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/nsnake.jpg
|
||||
[9]:https://itsfoss.com/nsnake-play-classic-snake-game-linux-terminal/
|
||||
[10]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/greed.jpg
|
||||
[11]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/atc.jpg
|
||||
[12]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon
|
||||
[13]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/backgammon.jpg
|
||||
[14]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/moon-buggy.jpg
|
||||
[15]:https://itsfoss.com/2048-offline-play-ubuntu/
|
||||
[16]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/2048.jpg
|
||||
[17]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/tron.jpg
|
||||
[18]:https://itsfoss.com/play-tron-game-linux-terminal/
|
||||
[19]:https://twitter.com/abhishek_pc
|
||||
[20]:https://itsfoss.com/linux-gaming-guide/
|
||||
[21]:https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-games/
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
||||
Translating by jessie-pang
|
||||
|
||||
How to use special permissions: the setuid, setgid and sticky bits
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
||||
Translating by jessie-pang
|
||||
|
||||
Protecting Your Website From Application Layer DOS Attacks With mod
|
||||
======
|
||||
There exist many ways of maliciously taking a website offline. The more complicated methods involve technical knowledge of databases and programming. A far simpler method is known as a "Denial Of Service", or "DOS" attack. This attack derives its name from its goal which is to deny your regular clients or site visitors normal website service.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
XYenChi is translating
|
||||
Why You Should Still Love Telnet
|
||||
======
|
||||
Telnet, the protocol and the command line tool, were how system administrators used to log into remote servers. However, due to the fact that there is no encryption all communication, including passwords, are sent in plaintext meant that Telnet was abandoned in favour of SSH almost as soon as SSH was created.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,143 +0,0 @@
|
||||
translating by lujun9972
|
||||
Linux size Command Tutorial for Beginners (6 Examples)
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
As some of you might already know, an object or executable file in Linux consists of several sections (like txt and data). In case you want to know the size of each section, there exists a command line utility - dubbed **size** \- that provides you this information. In this tutorial, we will discuss the basics of this tool using some easy to understand examples.
|
||||
|
||||
But before we do that, it's worth mentioning that all examples mentioned in this article have been tested on Ubuntu 16.04LTS.
|
||||
|
||||
## Linux size command
|
||||
|
||||
The size command basically lists section sizes as well as total size for the input object file(s). Here's the syntax for the command:
|
||||
```
|
||||
size [-A|-B|--format=compatibility]
|
||||
[--help]
|
||||
[-d|-o|-x|--radix=number]
|
||||
[--common]
|
||||
[-t|--totals]
|
||||
[--target=bfdname] [-V|--version]
|
||||
[objfile...]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
And here's how the man page describes this utility:
|
||||
```
|
||||
The GNU size utility lists the section sizes---and the total size---for each of the object or archive files objfile in its argument list. By default, one line of output is generated for each object file or each module in an archive.
|
||||
|
||||
objfile... are the object files to be examined. If none are specified, the file "a.out" will be used.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Following are some Q&A-styled examples that'll give you a better idea about how the size command works.
|
||||
|
||||
## Q1. How to use size command?
|
||||
|
||||
Basic usage of size is very simple. All you have to do is to pass the object/executable file name as input to the tool. Following is an example:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
size apl
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Following is the output the above command produced on our system:
|
||||
|
||||
[![How to use size command][1]][2]
|
||||
|
||||
The first three entries are for text, data, and bss sections, with their corresponding sizes. Then comes the total in decimal and hexadecimal formats. And finally, the last entry is for the filename.
|
||||
|
||||
## Q2. How to switch between different output formats?
|
||||
|
||||
The default output format, the man page for size says, is similar to the Berkeley's format. However, if you want, you can go for System V convention as well. For this, you'll have to use the **\--format** option with SysV as value.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
size apl --format=SysV
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Here's the output in this case:
|
||||
|
||||
[![How to switch between different output formats][3]][4]
|
||||
|
||||
## Q3. How to switch between different size units?
|
||||
|
||||
By default, the size of sections is displayed in decimal. However, if you want, you can have this information on octal as well as hexadecimal. For this, use the **-o** and **-x** command line options.
|
||||
|
||||
[![How to switch between different size units][5]][6]
|
||||
|
||||
Here's what the man page says about these options:
|
||||
```
|
||||
-d
|
||||
-o
|
||||
-x
|
||||
--radix=number
|
||||
|
||||
Using one of these options, you can control whether the size of each section is given in decimal
|
||||
(-d, or --radix=10); octal (-o, or --radix=8); or hexadecimal (-x, or --radix=16). In
|
||||
--radix=number, only the three values (8, 10, 16) are supported. The total size is always given in
|
||||
two radices; decimal and hexadecimal for -d or -x output, or octal and hexadecimal if you're using
|
||||
-o.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Q4. How to make size command show totals of all object files?
|
||||
|
||||
If you are using size to find out section sizes for multiple files in one go, then if you want, you can also have the tool provide totals of all column values. You can enable this feature using the **-t** command line option.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
size -t [file1] [file2] ...
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The following screenshot shows this command line option in action:
|
||||
|
||||
[![How to make size command show totals of all object files][7]][8]
|
||||
|
||||
The last row in the output has been added by the **-t** command line option.
|
||||
|
||||
## Q5. How to make size print total size of common symbols in each file?
|
||||
|
||||
If you are running the size command with multiple input files, and want the command to display common symbols in each file, then you can do this with the **\--common** command line option.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
size --common [file1] [file2] ...
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
It's also worth mentioning that when using Berkeley format these are included in the bss size.
|
||||
|
||||
## Q6. What are the other available command line options?
|
||||
|
||||
Aside from the ones discussed until now, size also offers some generic command line options like **-v** (for version info) and **-h** (for summary of eligible arguments and options)
|
||||
|
||||
[![What are the other available command line options][9]][10]
|
||||
|
||||
In addition, you can also make size read command-line options from a file. This you can do using the **@file** option. Following are some details related to this option:
|
||||
```
|
||||
The options read are inserted in place of the original @file option. If file does not exist, or
|
||||
cannot be read, then the option will be treated literally, and not removed. Options in file are
|
||||
separated by whitespace. A whitespace character may be included in an option by surrounding the
|
||||
entire option in either single or double quotes. Any character (including a backslash) may be
|
||||
included by prefixing the character to be included with a backslash. The file may itself contain
|
||||
additional @file options; any such options will be processed recursively.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
One thing is clear, the size command isn't for everybody. It's aimed at only those who deal with the structure of object/executable files in Linux. So if you are among the target audience, practice the options we've discussed here, and you should be ready to use the tool on daily basis. For more information on size, head to its [man page][11].
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.howtoforge.com/linux-size-command/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Himanshu Arora][a]
|
||||
译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.howtoforge.com
|
||||
[1]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/size-basic-usage.png
|
||||
[2]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/size-basic-usage.png
|
||||
[3]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/size-format-option.png
|
||||
[4]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/size-format-option.png
|
||||
[5]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/size-o-x-options.png
|
||||
[6]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/size-o-x-options.png
|
||||
[7]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/size-t-option.png
|
||||
[8]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/size-t-option.png
|
||||
[9]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/size-v-x1.png
|
||||
[10]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/size-v-x1.png
|
||||
[11]:https://linux.die.net/man/1/size
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
|
||||
8 KDE Plasma Tips and Tricks to Improve Your Productivity
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
KDE's Plasma is easily one of the most powerful desktop environments available for Linux. It's highly configurable, and it looks pretty good, too. That doesn't amount to a whole lot unless you can actually get things done.
|
||||
|
||||
You can easily configure Plasma and make use of a lot of its convenient and time-saving features to boost your productivity and have a desktop that empowers you, rather than getting in your way.
|
||||
|
||||
These tips aren't in any particular order, so you don't need to prioritize. Pick the ones that best fit your workflow.
|
||||
|
||||
**Related** : [10 of the Best KDE Plasma Applications You Should Try][1]
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Multimedia Controls
|
||||
|
||||
This isn't so much of a tip as it is something that's good to keep in mind. Plasma keeps multimedia controls everywhere. You don't need to open your media player every time you need to pause, resume, or skip a song; you can mouse over the minimized window or even control it via the lock screen. There's no need to scramble to log in to change a song or because you forgot to pause one.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. KRunner
|
||||
|
||||
![KDE Plasma KRunner][2]
|
||||
|
||||
KRunner is an often under-appreciated feature of the Plasma desktop. Most people are used to digging through the application launcher menu to find the program that they're looking to launch. That's not necessary with KRunner.
|
||||
|
||||
To use KRunner, make sure that your focus is on the desktop itself. (Click on it instead of a window.) Then, start typing the name of the program that you want. KRunner will automatically drop down from the top of your screen with suggestions. Click or press Enter on the one you're looking for. It's much faster than remembering which category your program is under.
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Jump Lists
|
||||
|
||||
![KDE Plasma Jump Lists][3]
|
||||
|
||||
Jump lists are a fairly recent addition to the Plasma desktop. They allow you to launch an application directly to a specific section or feature.
|
||||
|
||||
So if you have a launcher on a menu bar, you can right-click and get a list of places to jump to. Select where you want to go, and you're off.
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. KDE Connect
|
||||
|
||||
![KDE Connect Menu Android][4]
|
||||
|
||||
[KDE Connect][5] is a massive help if you have an Android phone. It connects the phone to your desktop so you can share things seamlessly between the devices.
|
||||
|
||||
With KDE Connect, you can see your [Android device's notification][6] on your desktop in real time. It also enables you to send and receive text messages from Plasma without ever picking up your phone.
|
||||
|
||||
KDE Connect also lets you send files and share web pages between your phone and your computer. You can easily move from one device to the other without a lot of hassle or losing your train of thought.
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Plasma Vaults
|
||||
|
||||
![KDE Plasma Vault][7]
|
||||
|
||||
Plasma Vaults are another new addition to the Plasma desktop. They are KDE's simple solution to encrypted files and folders. If you don't work with encrypted files, this one won't really save you any time. If you do, though, vaults are a much simpler approach.
|
||||
|
||||
Plasma Vaults let you create encrypted directories as a regular user without root and manage them from your task bar. You can mount and unmount the directories on the fly without the need for external programs or additional privileges.
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Pager Widget
|
||||
|
||||
![KDE Plasma Pager][8]
|
||||
|
||||
Configure your desktop with the pager widget. It allows you to easily access three additional workspaces for even more screen room.
|
||||
|
||||
Add the widget to your menu bar, and you can slide between multiple workspaces. These are all the size of your screen, so you gain multiple times the total screen space. That lets you lay out more windows without getting confused by a minimized mess or disorganization.
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Create a Dock
|
||||
|
||||
![KDE Plasma Dock][9]
|
||||
|
||||
Plasma is known for its flexibility and the room it allows for configuration. Use that to your advantage. If you have programs that you're always using, consider setting up an OS X style dock with your most used applications. You'll be able to get them with a single click rather than going through a menu or typing in their name.
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Add a File Tree to Dolphin
|
||||
|
||||
![Plasma Dolphin Directory][10]
|
||||
|
||||
It's much easier to navigate folders in a directory tree. Dolphin, Plasma's default file manager, has built-in functionality to display a directory listing in the form of a tree on the side of the folder window.
|
||||
|
||||
To enable the directory tree, click on the "Control" tab, then "Configure Dolphin," "View Modes," and "Details." Finally, select "Expandable Folders."
|
||||
|
||||
Remember that these tips are just tips. Don't try to force yourself to do something that's getting in your way. You may hate using file trees in Dolphin. You may never use Pager. That's alright. There may even be something that you personally like that's not listed here. Do what works for you. That said, at least a few of these should shave some serious time out of your work day.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/kde-plasma-tips-tricks-improve-productivity/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Nick Congleton][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/nickcongleton/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/10-best-kde-plasma-applications/ (10 of the Best KDE Plasma Applications You Should Try)
|
||||
[2]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/10/pe-krunner.jpg (KDE Plasma KRunner)
|
||||
[3]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/10/pe-jumplist.jpg (KDE Plasma Jump Lists)
|
||||
[4]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/05/kde-connect-menu-e1494899929112.jpg (KDE Connect Menu Android)
|
||||
[5]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/send-receive-sms-linux-kde-connect/
|
||||
[6]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/android-notifications-ubuntu-kde-connect/
|
||||
[7]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/10/pe-vault.jpg (KDE Plasma Vault)
|
||||
[8]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/10/pe-pager.jpg (KDE Plasma Pager)
|
||||
[9]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/10/pe-dock.jpg (KDE Plasma Dock)
|
||||
[10]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/10/pe-dolphin.jpg (Plasma Dolphin Directory)
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
|
||||
2 scientific calculators for the Linux desktop
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Image by : opensource.com
|
||||
|
||||
Every Linux desktop environment comes with at least a simple desktop calculator, but most of those simple calculators are just that: a simple tool for simple calculations.
|
||||
|
||||
Fortunately, there are exceptions; programs that go far beyond square roots and a couple of trigonometric functions, yet are still easy to use. Here are two powerful calculator tools for Linux, plus a couple of bonus options.
|
||||
|
||||
### SpeedCrunch
|
||||
|
||||
[SpeedCrunch][1] is a high-precision scientific calculator with a simple Qt5 graphical interface and strong focus on the keyboard.
|
||||
|
||||
![SpeedCrunch graphical interface][3]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
SpeedCrunch at work
|
||||
|
||||
It supports working with units and comes loaded with all kinds of functions.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, by writing:
|
||||
`2 * 10^6 newton / (meter^2)`
|
||||
|
||||
you get:
|
||||
`= 2000000 pascal`
|
||||
|
||||
By default, SpeedCrunch delivers its results in the international unit system, but units can be transformed with the "in" instruction.
|
||||
|
||||
For example:
|
||||
`3*10^8 meter / second in kilo meter / hour`
|
||||
|
||||
produces:
|
||||
`= 1080000000 kilo meter / hour`
|
||||
|
||||
With the `F5` key, all results will turn into scientific notation (`1.08e9 kilo meter / hour`), while with `F2` only numbers that are small enough or big enough will change. More options are available on the Configuration menu.
|
||||
|
||||
The list of available functions is really impressive. It works on Linux, Windows, and MacOS, and it's licensed under GPLv2; you can access its source code on [Bitbucket][4].
|
||||
|
||||
### Qalculate!
|
||||
|
||||
[Qalculate!][5] (with the exclamation point) has a long and complex history.
|
||||
|
||||
The project offers a powerful library that can be used by other programs (the Plasma desktop can use it to perform calculations from krunner) and a graphical interface built on GTK3. It allows you to work with units, handle physical constants, create graphics, use complex numbers, matrices, and vectors, choose arbitrary precision, and more.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
![Qalculate! Interface][7]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Looking for some physical constants on Qalculate!
|
||||
|
||||
Its use of units is far more intuitive than SpeedCrunch's and it understands common prefixes without problem. Have you heard of an exapascal pressure? I hadn't (the Sun's core stops at `~26 PPa`), but Qalculate! has no problem understanding the meaning of `1 EPa`. Also, Qalculate! is more flexible with syntax errors, so you don't need to worry about closing all those parentheses: if there is no ambiguity, Qalculate! will give you the right answer.
|
||||
|
||||
After a long period on which the project seemed orphaned, it came back to life in 2016 and has been going strong since, with more than 10 versions in just one year. It's licensed under GPLv2 (with source code on [GitHub][8]) and offers versions for Linux and Windows, as well as a MacOS port.
|
||||
|
||||
### Bonus calculators
|
||||
|
||||
#### ConvertAll
|
||||
|
||||
OK, it's not a "calculator," yet this simple application is incredibly useful.
|
||||
|
||||
Most unit converters stop at a long list of basic units and a bunch of common combinations, but not [ConvertAll][9]. Trying to convert from astronomical units per year into inches per second? It doesn't matter if it makes sense or not, if you need to transform a unit of any kind, ConvertAll is the tool for you.
|
||||
|
||||
Just write the starting unit and the final unit in the corresponding boxes; if the units are compatible, you'll get the transformation without protest.
|
||||
|
||||
The main application is written in PyQt5, but there is also an [online version written in JavaScript][10].
|
||||
|
||||
#### (wx)Maxima with the units package
|
||||
|
||||
Sometimes (OK, many times) a desktop calculator is not enough and you need more raw power.
|
||||
|
||||
[Maxima][11] is a computer algebra system (CAS) with which you can do derivatives, integrals, series, equations, eigenvectors and eigenvalues, Taylor series, Laplace and Fourier transformations, as well as numerical calculations with arbitrary precision, graph on two and three dimensions… we could fill several pages just listing its capabilities.
|
||||
|
||||
[wxMaxima][12] is a well-designed graphical frontend for Maxima that simplifies the use of many Maxima options without compromising others. On top of the full power of Maxima, wxMaxima allows you to create "notebooks" on which you write comments, keep your graphics with your math, etc. One of the (wx)Maxima combo's most impressive features is that it works with dimension units.
|
||||
|
||||
On the prompt, just type:
|
||||
`load("unit")`
|
||||
|
||||
press Shift+Enter, wait a few seconds, and you'll be ready to work.
|
||||
|
||||
By default, the unit package works with the basic MKS units, but if you prefer, for instance, to get `N` instead of `kg*m/s2`, you just need to type:
|
||||
`setunits(N)`
|
||||
|
||||
Maxima's help (which is also available from wxMaxima's help menu) will give you more information.
|
||||
|
||||
Do you use these programs? Do you know another great desktop calculator for scientists and engineers or another related tool? Tell us about them in the comments!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/18/1/scientific-calculators-linux
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ricardo Berlasso][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/rgb-es
|
||||
[1]:http://speedcrunch.org/index.html
|
||||
[2]:/file/382511
|
||||
[3]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/u128651/speedcrunch.png (SpeedCrunch graphical interface)
|
||||
[4]:https://bitbucket.org/heldercorreia/speedcrunch
|
||||
[5]:https://qalculate.github.io/
|
||||
[6]:/file/382506
|
||||
[7]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/u128651/qalculate-600.png (Qalculate! Interface)
|
||||
[8]:https://github.com/Qalculate
|
||||
[9]:http://convertall.bellz.org/
|
||||
[10]:http://convertall.bellz.org/js/
|
||||
[11]:http://maxima.sourceforge.net/
|
||||
[12]:https://andrejv.github.io/wxmaxima/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
|
||||
How To Create A Bootable Zorin OS USB Drive
|
||||
======
|
||||
![Zorin OS][17]
|
||||
|
||||
### Introduction
|
||||
|
||||
In this guide I will show you how to create a bootable Zorin OS USB Drive.
|
||||
|
||||
To be able to follow this guide you will need the following:
|
||||
|
||||
* A blank USB drive
|
||||
* An internet connection
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### What Is Zorin OS?
|
||||
|
||||
Zorin OS is a Linux based operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
If you are a Windows user you might wonder why you would bother with Zorin OS. If you are a Linux user then you might also wonder why you would use Zorin OS over other distributions such as Linux Mint or Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
If you are using an older version of Windows and you can't afford to upgrade to Windows 10 or your computer doesn't have the right specifications for running Windows 10 then Zorin OS provides a free (or cheap, depending how much you choose to donate) upgrade path allowing you to continue to use your computer in a much more secure environment.
|
||||
|
||||
If your current operating system is Windows XP or Windows Vista then you might consider using Zorin OS Lite as opposed to Zorin OS Core.
|
||||
|
||||
The features of Zorin OS Lite are generally the same as the Zorin OS Core product but some of the applications installed and the desktop environment used for displaying menus and icons and other Windowsy features take up much less memory and processing power.
|
||||
|
||||
If you are running Windows 7 then your operating system is coming towards the end of its life. You could probably upgrade to Windows 10 but at a hefty price.
|
||||
|
||||
Not everybody has the finances to pay for a new Windows license and not everybody has the money to buy a brand new computer.
|
||||
|
||||
Zorin OS will help you extend the life of your computer and you will still feel you are using a premium product and that is because you will be. The product with the highest price doesn't always provide the best value.
|
||||
|
||||
Whilst we are talking about value for money, Zorin OS allows you to install the best free and open source software available and comes with a good selection of packages pre-installed.
|
||||
|
||||
For the home user, using Zorin OS doesn't have to feel any different to running Windows. You can browse the web using the browser of your choice, you can listen to music and watch videos. There are mail clients and other productivity tools.
|
||||
|
||||
Talking of productivity there is LibreOffice. LibreOffice has everything the average home user requires from an office suite with a word processor, spreadsheet and presentations package.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to run Windows software then you can use the pre-installed PlayOnLinux and WINE packages to install and run all manner of packages including Microsoft Office.
|
||||
|
||||
By running Zorin OS you will get the extra security benefits of running a Linux based operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
Are you fed up with Windows updates stalling your productivity? When Windows wants to install updates it requires a reboot and then a long wait whilst it proceeds to install update after update. Sometimes it even forces a reboot whilst you are busy working.
|
||||
|
||||
Zorin OS is different. Updates download and install themselves whilst you are using the computer. You won't even need to know it is happening.
|
||||
|
||||
Why Zorin over Mint or Ubuntu? Zorin is the happy stepping stone between Windows and Linux. It is Linux but you don't need to care that it is Linux. If you decide later on to move to something different then so be it but there really is no need.
|
||||
|
||||
### The Zorin OS Website
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You can visit the Zorin OS website by visiting [www.zorinos.com][18].
|
||||
|
||||
The homepage of the Zorin OS website tells you everything you need to know.
|
||||
|
||||
"Zorin OS is an alternative to Windows and macOX, designed to make your computer faster, more powerful and secure".
|
||||
|
||||
There is nothing that tells you that Zorin OS is based on Linux. There is no need for Zorin to tell you that because even though Windows used to be heavily based on DOS you didn't need to know DOS commands to use it. Likewise you don't necessarily need to know Linux commands to use Zorin.
|
||||
|
||||
If you scroll down the page you will see a slide show highlighting the way the desktop looks and feels under Zorin.
|
||||
|
||||
The good thing is that you can customise the user interface so that if you prefer a Windows layout you can use a Windows style layout but if you prefer a Mac style layout you can go for that as well.
|
||||
|
||||
Zorin OS is based on Ubuntu Linux and the website uses this fact to highlight that underneath it has a stable base and it highlights the security benefits provided by Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to see what applications are available for Zorin then there is a link to do that and Zorin never sells your data and protects your privacy.
|
||||
|
||||
### What Are The Different Versions Of Zorin OS
|
||||
|
||||
#### Zorin OS Ultimate
|
||||
|
||||
The ultimate edition takes the core edition and adds other features such as different layouts, more applications pre-installed and extra games.
|
||||
|
||||
The ultimate edition comes at a price of 19 euros which is a bargain compared to other operating systems.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Zorin OS Core
|
||||
|
||||
The core version is the standard edition and comes with everything the average person could need from the outset.
|
||||
|
||||
This is the version I will show you how to download and install in this guide.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Zorin OS Lite
|
||||
|
||||
Zorin OS Lite also has an ultimate version available and a core version. Zorin OS Lite is perfect for older computers and the main difference is the desktop environments used to display menus and handle screen elements such as icons and panels.
|
||||
|
||||
Zorin OS Lite is less memory intensive than Zorin OS.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Zorin OS Business
|
||||
|
||||
Zorin OS Business comes with business applications installed as standard such as finance applications and office applications.
|
||||
|
||||
### How To Get Zorin OS
|
||||
|
||||
To download Zorin OS visit <https://zorinos.com/download/>.
|
||||
|
||||
To get the core version scroll past the Zorin Ultimate section until you get to the Zorin Core section.
|
||||
|
||||
You will see a small pay panel which allows you to choose how much you wish to pay for Zorin Core with a purchase now button underneath.
|
||||
|
||||
#### How To Pay For Zorin OS
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You can choose from the three preset amounts or enter an amount of your choice in the "Custom" box.
|
||||
|
||||
When you click "Purchase Zorin OS Core" the following window will appear:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You can now enter your email and credit card information.
|
||||
|
||||
When you click the "pay" button a window will appear with a download link.
|
||||
|
||||
#### How To Get Zorin OS For Free
|
||||
|
||||
If you don't wish to pay anything at all you can enter zero (0) into the custom box. The button will change and will show the words "Download Zorin OS Core".
|
||||
|
||||
#### How To Download Zorin OS
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Whether you have bought Zorin or have chosen to download for free, a window will appear with the option to download a 64 bit or 32 bit version of Zorin.
|
||||
|
||||
Most modern computers are capable of running 64 bit operating systems but in order to check within Windows click the "start" button and type "system information".
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Click on the "System Information" desktop app and halfway down the right panel you will see the words "system type". If you see the words "x64 based PC" then the system is capable of running 64-bit operating systems.
|
||||
|
||||
If your computer is capable of running 64-bit operating systems click on the "Download 64 bit" button otherwise click on "Download 32 bit".
|
||||
|
||||
The ISO image file for Zorin will now start to download to your computer.
|
||||
|
||||
### How To Verify If The Zorin OS Download Is Valid
|
||||
|
||||
It is important to check whether the download is valid for many reasons.
|
||||
|
||||
If the file has only partially downloaded or there were interruptions whilst downloading and you had to resume then the image might not be perfect and it should be downloaded again.
|
||||
|
||||
More importantly you should check the validity to make sure the version you downloaded is genuine and wasn't uploaded by a hacker.
|
||||
|
||||
In order to check the validity of the ISO image you should download a piece of software called QuickHash for Windows from <https://www.quickhash-gui.org/download/quickhash-v2-8-4-for-windows/>.
|
||||
|
||||
Click the "download" link and when the file has downloaded double click on it.
|
||||
|
||||
Click on the relevant application file within the zip file. If you have a 32-bit system click "Quickhash-v2.8.4-32bit" or for a 64-bit system click "Quickhash-v2.8.4-64bit".
|
||||
|
||||
Click on the "Run" button.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Click the SHA256 radio button on the left side of the screen and then click on the file tab.
|
||||
|
||||
Click "Select File" and navigate to the downloads folder.
|
||||
|
||||
Choose the Zorin ISO image downloaded previously.
|
||||
|
||||
A progress bar will now work out the hash value for the ISO image.
|
||||
|
||||
To compare this with the valid keys available for Zorin visit <https://zorinos.com/help/install-zorin-os/> and scroll down until you see the list of checksums as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Select the long list of scrambled characters next to the version of Zorin OS that you downloaded and press CTRL and C to copy.
|
||||
|
||||
Go back to the Quickhash screen and paste the value into the "Expected hash value" box by pressing CTRL and V.
|
||||
|
||||
You should see the words "Expected hash matches the computed file hash, OK".
|
||||
|
||||
If the values do not match you will see the words "Expected hash DOES NOT match the computed file hash" and you should download the ISO image again.
|
||||
|
||||
### How To Create A Bootable Zorin OS USB Drive
|
||||
|
||||
In order to be able to install Zorin you will need to install a piece of software called Etcher. You will also need a blank USB drive.
|
||||
|
||||
You can download Etcher from <https://etcher.io/>.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If you are using a 64 bit computer click on the "Download for Windows x64" link otherwise click on the little arrow and choose "Etcher for Windows x86 (32-bit) (Installer)".
|
||||
|
||||
Insert the USB drive into your computer and double click on the "Etcher" setup executable file.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
When the license screen appears click "I Agree".
|
||||
|
||||
Etcher should start automatically after the installation completes but if it doesn't you can press the Windows key or click the start button and search for "Etcher".
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Click on "Select Image" and select the "Zorin" ISO image downloaded previously.
|
||||
|
||||
Click "Flash".
|
||||
|
||||
Windows will ask for your permission to continue. Click "Yes" to accept.
|
||||
|
||||
After a while a window will appear with the words "Flash Complete".
|
||||
|
||||
### How To Buy A Zorin OS USB Drive
|
||||
|
||||
If the above instructions seem too much like hard work then you can order a Zorin USB Drive by clicking one of the following links:
|
||||
|
||||
* [Zorin OS Core – 32-bit DVD][1]
|
||||
|
||||
* [Zorin OS Core – 64-bit DVD][2]
|
||||
|
||||
* [Zorin OS Core – 16 gigabyte USB drive (32-bit)][3]
|
||||
|
||||
* [Zorin OS Core – 32 gigabyte USB drive (32-bit)][4]
|
||||
|
||||
* [Zorin OS Core – 64 gigabyte USB drive (32-bit)][5]
|
||||
|
||||
* [Zorin OS Core – 16 gigabyte USB drive (64-bit)][6]
|
||||
|
||||
* [Zorin OS Core – 32 gigabyte USB drive (64-bit)][7]
|
||||
|
||||
* [Zorin OS Core – 64 gigabyte USB drive (64-bit)][8]
|
||||
|
||||
* [Zorin OS Lite – 32-bit DVD][9]
|
||||
|
||||
* [Zorin OS Lite – 64-bit DVD][10]
|
||||
|
||||
* [Zorin OS Lite – 16 gigabyte USB drive (32-bit)][11]
|
||||
|
||||
* [Zorin OS Lite – 32 gigabyte USB drive (32-bit)][12]
|
||||
|
||||
* [Zorin OS Lite – 64 gigabyte USB drive (32-bit)][13]
|
||||
|
||||
* [Zorin OS Lite – 16 gigabyte USB drive (64-bit)][14]
|
||||
|
||||
* [Zorin OS Lite – 32 gigabyte USB drive (64-bit)][15]
|
||||
|
||||
* [Zorin OS Lite – 64 gigabyte USB drive (64-bit)][16]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### How To Boot Into Zorin OS Live
|
||||
|
||||
On older computers simply insert the USB drive and restart the computer. The boot menu for Zorin should appear straight away.
|
||||
|
||||
On modern computers insert the USB drive, restart the computer and before Windows loads press the appropriate function key to bring up the boot menu.
|
||||
|
||||
The following list shows the key or keys you can press for the most popular computer manufacturers.
|
||||
|
||||
* Acer - Escape, F12, F9
|
||||
* Asus - Escape, F8
|
||||
* Compaq - Escape, F9
|
||||
* Dell - F12
|
||||
* Emachines - F12
|
||||
* HP - Escape, F9
|
||||
* Intel - F10
|
||||
* Lenovo - F8, F10, F12
|
||||
* Packard Bell - F8
|
||||
* Samsung - Escape, F12
|
||||
* Sony - F10, F11
|
||||
* Toshiba - F12
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Check the manufacturer's website to find the key for your computer if it isn't listed or keep trying different function keys or the escape key.
|
||||
|
||||
A screen will appear with the following three options:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Try Zorin OS without Installing
|
||||
2. Install Zorin OS
|
||||
3. Check disc for defects
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Choose "Try Zorin OS without Installing" by pressing enter with that option selected.
|
||||
|
||||
### Summary
|
||||
|
||||
You can now try Zorin OS without damaging your current operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
To get back to your original operating system reboot and remove the USB drive.
|
||||
|
||||
### How To Remove Zorin OS From The USB Drive
|
||||
|
||||
If you have decided that Zorin OS is not for you and you want to get the USB drive back into its pre-Zorin state follow this guide:
|
||||
|
||||
[How To Fix A USB Drive After Linux Has Been Installed On It][19]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://dailylinuxuser.com/2018/01/how-to-create-a-bootable-zorin-os-usb-drive.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[admin][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:
|
||||
[1]:https://www.osdisc.com/products/zorinos/zorin-os-122-core-install-live-dvd-32bit.html?affiliate=everydaylinuxuser
|
||||
[2]:https://www.osdisc.com/products/zorinos/zorin-os-122-core-install-live-dvd-64bit.html?affiliate=everydaylinuxuser
|
||||
[3]:https://www.osdisc.com/products/zorinos/zorin-os-122-core-16gb-usb-flash-drive-32bit.html?affiliate=everydaylinuxuser
|
||||
[4]:https://www.osdisc.com/products/zorinos/zorin-os-122-core-32gb-usb-flash-drive-32bit.html?affiliate=everydaylinuxuser
|
||||
[5]:https://www.osdisc.com/products/zorinos/zorin-os-122-core-64gb-usb-flash-drive-32bit.html?affiliate=everydaylinuxuser
|
||||
[6]:https://www.osdisc.com/products/zorinos/zorin-os-122-core-16gb-usb-flash-drive-64bit.html?affiliate=everydaylinuxuser
|
||||
[7]:https://www.osdisc.com/products/zorinos/zorin-os-122-core-32gb-usb-flash-drive-64bit.html?affiliate=everydaylinuxuser
|
||||
[8]:https://www.osdisc.com/products/zorinos/zorin-os-122-core-64gb-usb-flash-drive-64bit.html?affiliate=everydaylinuxuser
|
||||
[9]:https://www.osdisc.com/products/zorinos/zorin-os-122-lite-install-live-dvd-32bit.html?affiliate=everydaylinuxuser
|
||||
[10]:https://www.osdisc.com/products/zorinos/zorin-os-122-lite-install-live-dvd-64bit.html?affiliate=everydaylinuxuser
|
||||
[11]:https://www.osdisc.com/products/zorinos/zorin-os-122-lite-16gb-usb-flash-drive-32bit.html?affiliate=everydaylinuxuser
|
||||
[12]:https://www.osdisc.com/products/zorinos/zorin-os-122-lite-32gb-usb-flash-drive-32bit.html?affiliate=everydaylinuxuser
|
||||
[13]:https://www.osdisc.com/products/zorinos/zorin-os-122-lite-64gb-usb-flash-drive-32bit.html?affiliate=everydaylinuxuser
|
||||
[14]:https://www.osdisc.com/products/zorinos/zorin-os-122-lite-16gb-usb-flash-drive-64bit.html?affiliate=everydaylinuxuser
|
||||
[15]:https://www.osdisc.com/products/zorinos/zorin-os-122-lite-32gb-usb-flash-drive-64bit.html?affiliate=everydaylinuxuser
|
||||
[16]:https://www.osdisc.com/products/zorinos/zorin-os-122-lite-64gb-usb-flash-drive-64bit.html?affiliate=everydaylinuxuser
|
||||
[17]:http://dailylinuxuser.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/zorindesktop-678x381.png (Zorin OS)
|
||||
[18]:http://www.zorinos.com
|
||||
[19]:http://dailylinuxuser.com/2016/04/how-to-fix-usb-drive-after-linux-has.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
|
||||
Why building a community is worth the extra effort
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
When we launched [Nethesis][1] in 2003, we were just system integrators. We only used existing open source projects. Our business model was clear: Add multiople forms of value to those projects: know-how, documentation for the Italian market, extra modules, professional support, and training courses. We gave back to upstream projects as well, through upstream code contributions and by participating in their communities.
|
||||
|
||||
Times were different then. We couldn't use the term "open source" too loudly. People associated it with words like: "nerdy," "no value" and, worst of all, "free." Not too good for a business.
|
||||
|
||||
On a Saturday in 2010, with pasties and espresso in hand, the Nethesis staff were discussing how to move things forward (hey, we like to eat and drink while we innovate!). In spite of the momentum working against us, we decided not to change course. In fact, we decided to push harder--to make open source, and an open way of working, a successful model for running a business.
|
||||
|
||||
Over the years, we've proven that model's potential. And one thing has been key to our success: community.
|
||||
|
||||
In this three-part series, I'll explain the important role community plays in an open organization's existence. I'll explore why an organization would want to build a community, and discuss how to build one--because I really do believe it's the best way to generate new innovations today.
|
||||
|
||||
### The crazy idea
|
||||
|
||||
Together with the Nethesis guys, we decided to build our own open source project: our own operating system, built on top of CentOS (because we didn't want to reinvent the wheel). We assumed that we had the experience, know-how, and workforce to achieve it. We felt brave.
|
||||
|
||||
And we very much wanted to build an operating system called [NethServer][2] with one mission: making a sysadmin's life easier with open source. We knew we could create a Linux distribution for a server that would be more accessible, easier to adopt, and simpler to understand than anything currently offered.
|
||||
|
||||
Above all, though, we decided to create a real, 100% open project with three primary rules:
|
||||
|
||||
* completely free to download,
|
||||
* openly developed, and
|
||||
* community-driven
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
That last one is important. We were a company; we were able to develop it by ourselves. We would have been more effective (and made quicker decisions) if we'd done the work in-house. It would be so simple, like any other company in Italy.
|
||||
|
||||
But we were so deeply into open source culture culture that we chose a different path.
|
||||
|
||||
We really wanted as many people as possible around us, around the product, and around the company. We wanted as many perspectives on the work as possible. We realized: Alone, you can go fast--but if you want to go far, you need to go together.
|
||||
|
||||
So we decided to build a community instead.
|
||||
|
||||
### What next?
|
||||
|
||||
We realized that creating a community has so many benefits. For example, if the people who use your product are really involved in the project, they will provide feedback and use cases, write documentation, catch bugs, compare with other products, suggest features, and contribute to development. All of this generates innovations, attracts contributors and customers, and expands your product's user base.
|
||||
|
||||
But quicky the question arose: How can we build a community? We didn't know how to achieve that. We'd participated in many communities, but we'd never built one.
|
||||
|
||||
We were good at code--not with people. And we were a company, an organization with very specific priorities. So how were we going to build a community and a foster good relationships between the company and the community itself?
|
||||
|
||||
We did the first thing you had to do: study. We learned from experts, blogs, and lots of books. We experimented. We failed many times, collected data from the outcomes, and tested them again.
|
||||
|
||||
Eventually we learned the golden rule of the community management: There is no golden rule of community management.
|
||||
|
||||
People are too complex and communities are too different to have one rule "to rule them all,"
|
||||
|
||||
One thing I can say, however, is that an healthy relationship between a community and a company is always a process of give and take. In my next article, I'll discuss what your organization should expect to give if it wants a flourishing and innovating community.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/18/1/why-build-community-1
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Alessio Fattorini][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/alefattorini
|
||||
[1]:http://www.nethesis.it/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.nethserver.org/
|
||||
237
translated/tech/20160808 Top 10 Command Line Games For Linux.md
Normal file
237
translated/tech/20160808 Top 10 Command Line Games For Linux.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
|
||||
Linux 命令行游戏 Top 10
|
||||
======
|
||||
概要： 本文列举了 **Linux 中最好的命令行游戏**。
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 从来都不是游戏的首选操作系统。尽管近日来 [Linux 的游戏][1] 提供了很多。你可以在 [下载 Linux 游戏][2] 得到许多资源。
|
||||
|
||||
这有专门的 [游戏版 Linux][3]。它确实存在。但是今天，我们并不是要欣赏游戏版 Linux。
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 有一个超过 Windows 的优势。它拥有一个强大的 Linux 终端。在 Linux 终端上，你可以做很多事情，包括玩 **命令行游戏**。
|
||||
|
||||
当然，毕竟是 Linux 终端的核心爱好者、拥护者。终端游戏轻便，快速，有地狱般的魔力。而这最有意思的事情是，你可以在 Linux 终端上重温大量经典游戏。
|
||||
|
||||
[推荐阅读：Linux 上游戏，你所需要了解的全部][20]
|
||||
|
||||
### 最好的 Linux 终端游戏
|
||||
|
||||
来揭秘这张榜单，找出 Linux 终端最好的游戏。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Bastet
|
||||
|
||||
谁还没花上几个小时玩 [俄罗斯方块][4] ？简单而且容易上瘾。 Bastet 就是 Linux 版的俄罗斯方块。
|
||||
|
||||
![Linux 终端游戏 Bastet][5]
|
||||
|
||||
使用下面的命令获取 Bastet:
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt install bastet
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
运行下列命令，在终端上开始这个游戏:
|
||||
```
|
||||
bastet
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
使用空格键旋转方块，方向键控制方块移动
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Ninvaders
|
||||
|
||||
Space Invaders（太空侵略者）。我任记得这个游戏里，和我弟弟（哥哥）在高分之路上扭打。这是最好的街机游戏之一。
|
||||
|
||||
![Linux 终端游戏 nInvaders][6]
|
||||
|
||||
复制粘贴这段代码安装 Ninvaders。
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get install ninvaders
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
使用下面的命令开始游戏:
|
||||
```
|
||||
ninvaders
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
方向键移动太空飞船。空格键设计外星人。
|
||||
|
||||
[推荐阅读：2016 你可以开始的 Linux 游戏 Top 10][21]
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Pacman4console
|
||||
|
||||
是的，这个就是街机之王。Pacman4console 是最受欢迎的街机游戏 Pacman（吃豆豆）终端版。
|
||||
|
||||
![Linux 命令行吃豆豆游戏 Pacman4console][7]
|
||||
|
||||
使用以下命令获取 pacman4console：
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get install pacman4console
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
打开终端，建议使用最大的终端界面（29x32）。键入以下命令启动游戏：
|
||||
```
|
||||
pacman4console
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
使用方向键控制移动。
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. nSnake
|
||||
|
||||
记得在老式诺基亚手机里玩的贪吃蛇游戏吗？
|
||||
|
||||
这个游戏让我保持对手机着迷很长时间。我曾经设计过各种姿态去获得更长的蛇身。
|
||||
|
||||
![nsnake : Linux 终端上的贪吃蛇游戏][8]
|
||||
|
||||
我们拥有 [Linux 终端上的贪吃蛇游戏][9] 得感谢 [nSnake][9]。使用下面的命令安装它：
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get install nsnake
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
键入下面的命令开始游戏：
|
||||
```
|
||||
nsnake
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
使用方向键控制蛇身，获取豆豆。
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Greed
|
||||
|
||||
Greed 有点像精简调加速和肾上腺素的 Tron（类似贪吃蛇的进化版）。
|
||||
|
||||
你当前的位置由‘@’表示。你被数字包围了，你可以在四个方向任意移动。你选择的移动方向上标识的数字，就是你能移动的步数。走过的路不能再走，如果你无路可走，游戏结束。
|
||||
|
||||
听起来，似乎我让它变得更复杂了。
|
||||
|
||||
![Greed : 命令行上的 Tron][10]
|
||||
|
||||
通过下列命令获取 Greed：
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get install greed
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
通过下列命令启动游戏，使用方向键控制游戏。
|
||||
```
|
||||
greed
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Air Traffic Controller
|
||||
|
||||
还有什么比做飞行员更有意思的？空中交通管制员。在你的终端中，你可以模拟一个空中要塞。说实话，在终端里管理空中交通蛮有意思的。
|
||||
|
||||
![Linux 空中交通管理员][11]
|
||||
|
||||
使用下列命令安装游戏：
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get install bsdgames
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
键入下列命令启动游戏：
|
||||
```
|
||||
atc
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
ATC 不是孩子玩的游戏。建议查看官方文档。
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Backgammon（双陆棋）
|
||||
|
||||
无论之前你有没有玩过 [双陆棋][12]，你都应该看看这个。 它的说明书和控制手册都非常友好。如果你喜欢，可以挑战你的电脑或者你的朋友。
|
||||
|
||||
![Linux 终端上的双陆棋][13]
|
||||
|
||||
使用下列命令安装双陆棋：
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get install bsdgames
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
键入下列命令启动游戏:
|
||||
```
|
||||
backgammon
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
当你需要提示游戏规则时，回复 ‘y’。
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Moon Buggy
|
||||
|
||||
跳跃。疯狂。欢乐时光不必多言。
|
||||
|
||||
![Moon buggy][14]
|
||||
|
||||
使用下列命令安装游戏：
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get install moon-buggy
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
使用下列命令启动游戏：
|
||||
```
|
||||
moon-buggy
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
空格跳跃，‘a’或者‘l’射击。尽情享受吧。
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. 2048
|
||||
|
||||
2048 可以活跃你的大脑。[2048][15] 是一个策咯游戏，很容易上瘾。以获取 2048 分为目标。
|
||||
|
||||
![Linux 终端上的 2048][16]
|
||||
|
||||
复制粘贴下面的命令安装游戏：
|
||||
```
|
||||
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mevdschee/2048.c/master/2048.c
|
||||
|
||||
gcc -o 2048 2048.c
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
键入下列命令启动游戏：
|
||||
```
|
||||
./2048
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. Tron
|
||||
|
||||
没有动作类游戏，这张榜单怎么可能结束？
|
||||
|
||||
![Linux 终端游戏 Tron][17]
|
||||
|
||||
是的，Linux 终端可以实现这种精力充沛的游戏 Tron。为接下来迅捷的反应做准备吧。无需被下载和安装困扰。一个命令即可启动游戏，你只需要一个网络连接
|
||||
```
|
||||
ssh sshtron.zachlatta.com
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果由别的在线游戏者，你可以多人游戏。了解更多：[Linux 终端游戏 Tron][18].
|
||||
|
||||
### 你看上了哪一款?
|
||||
|
||||
朋友，Linux 终端游戏 Top 10，都分享给你了。我猜你现在正准备键入 ctrl+alt+T（终端快捷键） 了。榜单中，那个是你最喜欢的游戏？或者为终端提供其他的有趣的事物？尽情分享吧！
|
||||
|
||||
在 [Abhishek Prakash][19] 回复。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/best-command-line-games-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Aquil Roshan][a]
|
||||
译者：[CYLeft](https://github.com/CYleft)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://itsfoss.com/author/aquil/
|
||||
[1]:https://itsfoss.com/linux-gaming-guide/
|
||||
[2]:https://itsfoss.com/download-linux-games/
|
||||
[3]:https://itsfoss.com/manjaro-gaming-linux/
|
||||
[4]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetris
|
||||
[5]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/bastet.jpg
|
||||
[6]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ninvaders.jpg
|
||||
[7]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/pacman.jpg
|
||||
[8]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/nsnake.jpg
|
||||
[9]:https://itsfoss.com/nsnake-play-classic-snake-game-linux-terminal/
|
||||
[10]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/greed.jpg
|
||||
[11]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/atc.jpg
|
||||
[12]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon
|
||||
[13]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/backgammon.jpg
|
||||
[14]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/moon-buggy.jpg
|
||||
[15]:https://itsfoss.com/2048-offline-play-ubuntu/
|
||||
[16]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/2048.jpg
|
||||
[17]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/tron.jpg
|
||||
[18]:https://itsfoss.com/play-tron-game-linux-terminal/
|
||||
[19]:https://twitter.com/abhishek_pc
|
||||
[20]:https://itsfoss.com/linux-gaming-guide/
|
||||
[21]:https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-games/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
|
||||
六个例子带你入门 size 命令
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
正如你所知道的那样，Linux 中的目标文件或着说可执行文件由多个段组成(比如 txt 和 data)。若你想知道每个段的大小，那么确实存在这么一个命令行工具 - 那就是 `size`。在本教程中，我们将会用几个简单易懂的案例来讲解该工具的基本用法。
|
||||
|
||||
在我们开始前，有必要先声明一下，本文的所有案例都在 Ubuntu 16.04LTS 中测试过了 .04LTS。
|
||||
|
||||
## Linux size 命令
|
||||
|
||||
size 命令基本上就是输出指定木比奥文件各段及其总和的大小。下面是该命令的语法：
|
||||
```
|
||||
size [-A|-B|--format=compatibility]
|
||||
[--help]
|
||||
[-d|-o|-x|--radix=number]
|
||||
[--common]
|
||||
[-t|--totals]
|
||||
[--target=bfdname] [-V|--version]
|
||||
[objfile...]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
man 页是这样描述它的：
|
||||
```
|
||||
GNU的size程序列出参数列表objfile中,各目标文件(object)或存档库文件(archive)的段节(section)大小 — 以及总大小.默认情况下,对每目标文件或存档库中的每个模块都会产生一行输出.
|
||||
|
||||
objfile... 是待检查的目标文件(object). 如果没有指定, 则默认为文件 "a.out".
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
下面是一些问答方式的案例，希望能让你对 size 命令有所了解。
|
||||
|
||||
## Q1。如何使用 size 命令？
|
||||
|
||||
size 的基本用法很简单。你只需要将目标文件/可执行文件名称作为输入就行了。下面是一个例子：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
size apl
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
该命令在我的系统中的输出如下：
|
||||
|
||||
[![How to use size command][1]][2]
|
||||
|
||||
前三部分的内容是 text，data，和 bss 段及其相应的大小。然后是十进制格式和十六进制格式的总大小。最后是文件名。
|
||||
|
||||
## Q2。如何切换不同的输出格式？
|
||||
|
||||
根据 man 页的说法，size 的默认输出格式类似于 Berkeley 的格式。然而，如果你想的话，你也可以使用 System V 规范。要做到这一点，你可以使用 `--format` 选项加上 `SysV` 值。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
size apl --format=SysV
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
下面是它的输出：
|
||||
|
||||
[![How to switch between different output formats][3]][4]
|
||||
|
||||
## Q3。如何切换使用其他的单位？
|
||||
|
||||
默认情况下，段的大小是以十进制的方式来展示。然而，如果你想的话，也可以使用八进制或十六进制来表示。对应的命令行参数分别为 `o` 和 `-x`。
|
||||
|
||||
[![How to switch between different size units][5]][6]
|
||||
|
||||
关于这些参数，man 页是这么说的：
|
||||
```
|
||||
-d
|
||||
-o
|
||||
-x
|
||||
--radix=number
|
||||
|
||||
使用这几个选项,你可以让各个段节的大小以十进制(`-d',或`--radix 10');八进制(`-o',或`--radix 8');或十六进制(`-x',或`--radix 16')数字的格式显示.`--radix number' 只支持三个数值参数 (8, 10, 16).总共大小以两种进制给出; `-d'或`-x'的十进制和十六进制输出,或`-o'的 八进制和 十六进制 输出.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Q4。如何让 size 命令显示所有对象文件的总大小？
|
||||
|
||||
如果你用 size 一次性查找多个文件的段大小，则通过使用 `-t` 选项还可以让它显示各列值的总和。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
size -t [file1] [file2] ...
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
下面是该命令的执行的截屏：
|
||||
|
||||
[![How to make size command show totals of all object files][7]][8]
|
||||
|
||||
`-t` 选项让它多加了最后那一行。
|
||||
|
||||
## Q5。如何让 size 输出每个文件中公共符号的总大小？
|
||||
|
||||
若你为 size 提供多个输入文件作为参数，而且想让它显示每个文件中公共符号(指 common segment 中的 symbol) 的大小，则你可以带上 `--common` 选项。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
size --common [file1] [file2] ...
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
另外需要指出的是，当使用 Berkeley 格式时，和谐公共符号的大小被纳入了 bss 大小中。
|
||||
|
||||
## Q6。还有什么其他的选项？
|
||||
|
||||
除了刚才提到的那些选项外，size 还有一些一般性的命令行选项，比如 `v` (显示版本信息) 和 `-h` (可选参数和选项的 summary)
|
||||
|
||||
[![What are the other available command line options][9]][10]
|
||||
|
||||
除此之外，你也可以使用 `@file` 选项来让 size 从文件中读取命令行选项。下面是详细的相关说明：
|
||||
```
|
||||
读出来的选项会插入并替代原来的@file选项。若文件不存在或着无法读取，则该选项不会被删除，而是会以字面意义来解释该选项。
|
||||
|
||||
文件中的选项以空格分隔。当选项中要包含空格时需要用单引号或双引号将整个选项包起来。
|
||||
通过在字符前面添加一个反斜杠可以将任何字符（包括反斜杠本身）纳入到选项中。
|
||||
文件本身也能包含其他的@file选项;任何这样的选项都会被递归处理。
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## 结论
|
||||
|
||||
很明显，size 命令并不适用于所有人。它的目标群体是那些需要处理 Linux 中目标文件/可执行文件结构的人。因此，如果你刚好是目标受众，那么多试试我们这里提到的那些选项，你应该做好每天都使用这个工具的准备。想了解关于 size 的更多信息，请阅读它的 [man 页 ][11]。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.howtoforge.com/linux-size-command/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Himanshu Arora][a]
|
||||
译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.howtoforge.com
|
||||
[1]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/size-basic-usage.png
|
||||
[2]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/size-basic-usage.png
|
||||
[3]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/size-format-option.png
|
||||
[4]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/size-format-option.png
|
||||
[5]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/size-o-x-options.png
|
||||
[6]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/size-o-x-options.png
|
||||
[7]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/size-t-option.png
|
||||
[8]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/size-t-option.png
|
||||
[9]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/size-v-x1.png
|
||||
[10]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/size-v-x1.png
|
||||
[11]:https://linux.die.net/man/1/size
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user