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20151126-2 选题
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Microsoft and Linux: True Romance or Toxic Love?
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================================================================================
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Every now and then, you come across a news story that makes you choke on your coffee or splutter hot latte all over your monitor. Microsoft's recent proclamations of love for Linux is an outstanding example of such a story.
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Common sense says that Microsoft and the FOSS movement should be perpetual enemies. In the eyes of many, Microsoft embodies most of the greedy excesses that the Free Software movement rejects. In addition, Microsoft previously has labeled Linux as a cancer and the FOSS community as a "pack of thieves".
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We can understand why Microsoft has been afraid of a free operating system. When combined with open-source applications that challenge Microsoft's core line, it threatens Microsoft's grip on the desktop/laptop market.
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In spite of Microsoft's fears over its desktop dominance, the Web server marketplace is one arena where Linux has had the greatest impact. Today, the majority of Web servers are Linux boxes. This includes most of the world's busiest sites. The sight of so much unclaimed licensing revenue must be painful indeed for Microsoft.
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Handheld devices are another realm where Microsoft has lost ground to free software. At one point, its Windows CE and Pocket PC operating systems were at the forefront of mobile computing. Windows-powered PDA devices were the shiniest and flashiest gadgets around. But, that all ended when Apple released its iPhone. Since then, Android has stepped into the limelight, with Windows Mobile largely ignored and forgotten. The Android platform is built on free and open-source components.
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The rapid expansion in Android's market share is due to the open nature of the platform. Unlike with iOS, any phone manufacturer can release an Android handset. And, unlike with Windows Mobile, there are no licensing fees. This has been really good news for consumers. It has led to lots of powerful and cheap handsets appearing from manufacturers all over the world. It's a very definite vindication of the value of FOSS software.
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Losing the battle for the Web and mobile computing is a brutal loss for Microsoft. When you consider the size of those two markets combined, the desktop market seems like a stagnant backwater. Nobody likes to lose, especially when money is on the line. And, Microsoft does have a lot to lose. You would expect Microsoft to be bitter about it. And in the past, it has been.
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Microsoft has fought back against Linux and FOSS using every weapon at its disposal, from propaganda to patent threats, and although these attacks have slowed the adoption of Linux, they haven't stopped it.
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So, you can forgive us for being shocked when Microsoft starts handing out t-shirts and badges that say "Microsoft Loves Linux" at open-source conferences and events. Could it be true? Does Microsoft really love Linux?
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Of course, PR slogans and free t-shirts do not equal truth. Actions speak louder than words. And when you consider Microsoft's actions, Microsoft's stance becomes a little more ambiguous.
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On the one hand, Microsoft is recruiting hundreds of Linux developers and sysadmins. It's releasing its .NET Core framework as an open-source project with cross-platform support (so that .NET apps can run on OS X and Linux). And, it is partnering with Linux companies to bring popular distros to its Azure platform. In fact, Microsoft even has gone so far as to create its own Linux distro for its Azure data center.
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On the other hand, Microsoft continues to launch legal attacks on open-source projects directly and through puppet corporations. It's clear that Microsoft hasn't had some big moral change of heart over proprietary vs. free software, so why the public declarations of adoration?
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To state the obvious, Microsoft is a profit-making entity. It's an investment vehicle for its shareholders and a source of income for its employees. Everything it does has a single ultimate goal: revenue. Microsoft doesn't act out of love or even hate (although that's a common accusation).
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So the question shouldn't be "does Microsoft really love Linux?" Instead, we should ask how Microsoft is going to profit from all this.
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Let's take the open-source release of .NET Core. This move makes it easy to port the .NET runtime to any platform. That extends the reach of Microsoft's .NET framework far beyond the Windows platform.
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Opening .NET Core ultimately will make it possible for .NET developers to produce cross-platform apps for OS X, Linux, iOS and even Android--all from a single codebase.
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From a developer's perspective, this makes the .NET framework much more attractive than before. Being able to reach many platforms from a single codebase dramatically increases the potential target market for any app developed using the .NET framework.
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What's more, a strong Open Source community would provide developers with lots of code to reuse in their own projects. So, the availability of open-source projects would make the .NET framework.
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On the plus side, opening .NET Core reduces fragmentation across different platforms and means a wider choice of apps for consumers. That means more choice, both in terms of open-source software and proprietary apps.
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From Microsoft's point of view, it would gain a huge army of developers. Microsoft profits by selling training, certification, technical support, development tools (including Visual Studio) and proprietary extensions.
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The question we should ask ourselves is does this benefit or hurt the Free Software community?
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Widespread adoption of the .NET framework could mean the eventual death of competing open-source projects, forcing us all to dance to Microsoft's tune.
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Moving beyond .NET, Microsoft is drawing a lot of attention to its Linux support on its Azure cloud computing platform. Remember, Azure originally was Windows Azure. That's because Windows Server was the only supported operating system. Today, Azure offers support for a number of Linux distros too.
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There's one reason for this: paying customers who need and want Linux services. If Microsoft didn't offer Linux virtual machines, those customers would do business with someone else.
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It looks like Microsoft is waking up to the fact that Linux is here to stay. Microsoft cannot feasibly wipe it out, so it has to embrace it.
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This brings us back to the question of why there is so much buzz about Microsoft and Linux. We're all talking about it, because Microsoft wants us to think about it. After all, all these stories trace back to Microsoft, whether it's through press releases, blog posts or public announcements at conferences. The company is working hard to draw attention to its Linux expertise.
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What other possible purpose could be behind Chief Architect Kamala Subramaniam's blog post announcing Azure Cloud Switch? ACS is a custom Linux distro that Microsoft uses to automate the configuration of its switch hardware in the Azure data centers.
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ACS is not publicly available. It's intended for internal use in the Azure data center, and it's unlikely that anyone else would be able to find a use for it. In fact, Subramaniam states the same thing herself in her post.
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So, Microsoft won't be making any money from selling ACS, and it won't attract a user base by giving it away. Instead, Microsoft gets to draw attention to Linux and Azure, strengthening its position as a Linux cloud computing platform.
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Is Microsoft's new-found love for Linux good news for the community?
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We shouldn't be slow to forget Microsoft's mantra of Embrace, Extend and Exterminate. Right now, Microsoft is very much in the early stages of embracing Linux. Will Microsoft seek to splinter the community through custom extensions and proprietary "standards"?
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Let us know what you think in the comments below.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/microsoft-and-linux-true-romance-or-toxic-love-0
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作者：[James Darvell][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/users/james-darvell
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How to Install Nginx as Reverse Proxy for Apache on FreeBSD 10.2
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================================================================================
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Nginx is free and open source HTTP server and reverse proxy, as well as an mail proxy server for IMAP/POP3. Nginx is high performance web server with rich of features, simple configuration and low memory usage. Originally written by Igor Sysoev on 2002, and until now has been used by a big technology company including Netflix, Github, Cloudflare, WordPress.com etc.
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In this tutorial we will "**install and configure nginx web server as reverse proxy for apache on freebsd 10.2**". Apache will run with php on port 8080, and then we need to configure nginx run on port 80 to receive a request from user/visitor. If user request for web page from the browser on port 80, then nginx will pass the request to apache webserver and PHP that running on port 8080.
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#### Prerequisite ####
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- FreeBSD 10.2.
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- Root privileges.
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### Step 1 - Update the System ###
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Log in to your freebsd server with ssh credential and update system with command below :
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freebsd-update fetch
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freebsd-update install
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### Step 2 - Install Apache ###
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pache is open source HTTP server and the most widely used web server. Apache is not installed by default on freebsd, but we can install it from the ports or package on "/usr/ports/www/apache24" or install it from freebsd repository with pkg command. In this tutorial we will use pkg command to install from the freebsd repository :
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pkg install apache24
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### Step 3 - Install PHP ###
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Once apache is installed, followed with installing php for handling a PHP file request by a user. We will install php with pkg command as below :
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pkg install php56 mod_php56 php56-mysql php56-mysqli
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### Step 4 - Configure Apache and PHP ###
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Once all is installed, we will configure apache to run on port 8080, and php working with apache. To configure apache, we can edit the configuration file "httpd.conf", and for PHP we just need to copy the php configuration file php.ini on "/usr/local/etc/" directory.
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Go to "/usr/local/etc/" directory and copy php.ini-production file to php.ini :
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cd /usr/local/etc/
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cp php.ini-production php.ini
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Next, configure apache by editing file "httpd.conf" on apache directory :
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cd /usr/local/etc/apache24
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nano -c httpd.conf
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Port configuration on line **52** :
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Listen 8080
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ServerName configuration on line **219** :
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ServerName 127.0.0.1:8080
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Add DirectoryIndex file that apache will serve it if a directory requested on line **277** :
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DirectoryIndex index.php index.html
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Configure apache to work with php by adding script below under line **287** :
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<FilesMatch "\.php$">
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SetHandler application/x-httpd-php
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</FilesMatch>
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<FilesMatch "\.phps$">
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SetHandler application/x-httpd-php-source
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</FilesMatch>
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Save and exit.
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Now add apache to start at boot time with sysrc command :
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sysrc apache24_enable=yes
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And test apache configuration with command below :
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apachectl configtest
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If there is no error, start apache :
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service apache24 start
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If all is done, verify that php is running well with apache by creating phpinfo file on "/usr/local/www/apache24/data" directory :
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cd /usr/local/www/apache24/data
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echo "<?php phpinfo(); ?>" > info.php
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Now visit the freebsd server IP : 192.168.1.123:8080/info.php.
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Apache is working with php on port 8080.
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### Step 5 - Install Nginx ###
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Nginx high performance web server and reverse proxy with low memory consumption. In this step we will use nginx as reverse proxy for apache, so let's install it with pkg command :
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pkg install nginx
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### Step 6 - Configure Nginx ###
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Once nginx is installed, we must configure it by replacing nginx file "**nginx.conf**" with new configuration below. Change the directory to "/usr/local/etc/nginx/" and backup default nginx.conf :
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cd /usr/local/etc/nginx/
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mv nginx.conf nginx.conf.oroginal
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Now create new nginx configuration file :
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nano -c nginx.conf
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and paste configuration below :
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user www;
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worker_processes 1;
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error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
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events {
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worker_connections 1024;
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}
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http {
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include mime.types;
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default_type application/octet-stream;
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log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
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'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
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'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
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access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
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sendfile on;
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keepalive_timeout 65;
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# Nginx cache configuration
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proxy_cache_path /var/nginx/cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=my-cache:8m max_size=1000m inactive=600m;
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proxy_temp_path /var/nginx/cache/tmp;
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proxy_cache_key "$scheme$host$request_uri";
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gzip on;
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server {
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#listen 80;
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server_name _;
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location /nginx_status {
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stub_status on;
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access_log off;
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}
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# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
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#
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error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
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location = /50x.html {
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root /usr/local/www/nginx-dist;
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}
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# proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:8080
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#
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location ~ \.php$ {
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proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
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include /usr/local/etc/nginx/proxy.conf;
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}
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}
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include /usr/local/etc/nginx/vhost/*;
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}
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Save and exit.
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Next, create new file called **proxy.conf** for reverse proxy configuration on nginx directory :
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cd /usr/local/etc/nginx/
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nano -c proxy.conf
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Paste configuration below :
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proxy_buffering on;
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proxy_redirect off;
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proxy_set_header Host $host;
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proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
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proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
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client_max_body_size 10m;
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client_body_buffer_size 128k;
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proxy_connect_timeout 90;
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proxy_send_timeout 90;
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proxy_read_timeout 90;
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proxy_buffers 100 8k;
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add_header X-Cache $upstream_cache_status;
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Save and exit.
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And the last, create new directory for nginx cache on "/var/nginx/cache" :
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mkdir -p /var/nginx/cache
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### Step 7 - Configure Nginx VirtualHost ###
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In this step we will create new virtualhost for domain "saitama.me", with document root on "/usr/local/www/saitama.me" and the log file on "/var/log/nginx" directory.
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First thing we must do is creating new directory to store the virtualhost file, we here use new directory called "**vhost**". Let's create it :
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cd /usr/local/etc/nginx/
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mkdir vhost
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vhost directory has been created, now go to the directory and create new file virtualhost. I'me here will create new file "**saitama.conf**" :
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cd vhost/
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nano -c saitama.conf
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Paste virtualhost configuration below :
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server {
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# Replace with your freebsd IP
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listen 192.168.1.123:80;
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# Document Root
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root /usr/local/www/saitama.me;
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index index.php index.html index.htm;
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# Domain
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server_name www.saitama.me saitama.me;
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# Error and Access log file
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error_log /var/log/nginx/saitama-error.log;
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access_log /var/log/nginx/saitama-access.log main;
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# Reverse Proxy Configuration
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location ~ \.php$ {
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proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
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include /usr/local/etc/nginx/proxy.conf;
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# Cache configuration
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proxy_cache my-cache;
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proxy_cache_valid 10s;
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proxy_no_cache $cookie_PHPSESSID;
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proxy_cache_bypass $cookie_PHPSESSID;
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proxy_cache_key "$scheme$host$request_uri";
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}
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# Disable Cache for the file type html, json
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location ~* .(?:manifest|appcache|html?|xml|json)$ {
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expires -1;
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}
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# Enable Cache the file 30 days
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location ~* .(jpg|png|gif|jpeg|css|mp3|wav|swf|mov|doc|pdf|xls|ppt|docx|pptx|xlsx)$ {
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proxy_cache_valid 200 120m;
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expires 30d;
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proxy_cache my-cache;
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access_log off;
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}
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}
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Save and exit.
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Next, create new log directory for nginx and virtualhost on "/var/log/" :
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mkdir -p /var/log/nginx/
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If all is done, let's create a directory for document root for saitama.me :
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cd /usr/local/www/
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mkdir saitama.me
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### Step 8 - Testing ###
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This step is just test our nginx configuration and test the nginx virtualhost.
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Test nginx configuration with command below :
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nginx -t
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If there is no problem, add nginx to boot time with sysrc command, and then start it and restart apache:
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sysrc nginx_enable=yes
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service nginx start
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service apache24 restart
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All is done, now verify the the php is working by adding new file phpinfo on saitama.me directory :
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cd /usr/local/www/saitama.me
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echo "<?php phpinfo(); ?>" > info.php
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Visit the domain : **www.saitama.me/info.php**.
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Nginx as reverse proxy for apache is working, and php is working too.
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And this is another results :
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Test .html file with no-cache.
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curl -I www.saitama.me
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Test .css file with 30day cache.
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curl -I www.saitama.me/test.css
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Test .php file with cache :
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curl -I www.saitama.me/info.php
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All is done.
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### Conclusion ###
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Nginx is most popular HTTP server and reverse proxy. Has a rich of features with high performance and low memory/RAM usage. Nginx use too for caching, we can cache a static file on the web to make the web fast load, and cache for php file if a user request for it. Nginx is easy to configure and use, use for HTTP server or act as reverse proxy for apache.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/install-nginx-reverse-proxy-apache-freebsd-10-2/
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||||
|
||||
作者：[Arul][a]
|
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arulm/
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@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
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Linux FAQs with Answers--How to remove trailing whitespaces in a file on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Question: I have a text file in which I need to remove all trailing whitespsaces (e.g., spaces and tabs) in each line for formatting purpose. Is there a quick and easy Linux command line tool I can use for this?
|
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|
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When you are writing code for your program, you must understand that there are standard coding styles to follow. For example, "trailing whitespaces" are typically considered evil because when they get into a code repository for revision control, they can cause a lot of problems and confusion (e.g., "false diffs"). Many IDEs and text editors are capable of highlighting and automatically trimming trailing whitepsaces at the end of each line.
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|
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Here are a few ways to **remove trailing whitespaces in Linux command-line environment**.
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### Method One ###
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A simple command line approach to remove unwanted whitespaces is via sed.
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The following command deletes all spaces and tabs at the end of each line in input.java.
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$ sed -i 's/[[:space:]]*$//' input.java
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If there are multiple files that need trailing whitespaces removed, you can use a combination of find and sed. For example, the following command deletes trailing whitespaces in all *.java files recursively found in the current directory as well as all its sub-directories.
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|
||||
$ find . -name "*.java" -type f -print0 | xargs -0 sed -i 's/[[:space:]]*$//'
|
||||
|
||||
### Method Two ###
|
||||
|
||||
Vim text editor is able to highlight and trim whitespaces in a file as well.
|
||||
|
||||
To highlight all trailing whitespaces in a file, open the file with Vim editor and enable text highlighting by typing the following in Vim command line mode.
|
||||
|
||||
:set hlsearch
|
||||
|
||||
Then search for trailing whitespaces by typing:
|
||||
|
||||
/\s\+$
|
||||
|
||||
This will show all trailing spaces and tabs found throughout the file.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Then to clean up all trailing whitespaces in a file with Vim, type the following Vim command.
|
||||
|
||||
:%s/\s\+$//
|
||||
|
||||
This command means substituting all whitespace characters found at the end of the line (\s\+$) with no character.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/remove-trailing-whitespaces-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user