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[Translated]20150601 How to monitor Linux servers with SNMP and Cacti.md
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Translating by GOLinux!
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How to monitor Linux servers with SNMP and Cacti
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================================================================================
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SNMP (or Simple Network Management Protocol) is used to gather data on what is going on within a device, such as load, hard disk states, bandwidth. These data are used by network monitoring tools such as Cacti to generate graphs for monitoring purposes.
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In a typical deployment of Cacti and SNMP, there will be one or more SNMP-enabled devices, and a separate monitoring server where Cacti collects SNMP feeds from those devices. Please keep in mind that all the devices that need to be monitored must be SNMP enabled. In this tutorial, we will be configuring Cacti and SNMP on the same Linux server for demonstration purpose.
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### Configure SNMP on Debian or Ubuntu ###
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To install SNMP agent (snmpd) on a Debian-based system, run the following command.
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root@server:~# apt-get install snmpd
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Then edit its configuration like the following.
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root@server:~# vim /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf
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----------
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# this will make snmpd listen on all interfaces
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agentAddress udp:161
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# a read only community 'myCommunity' and the source network is defined
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rocommunity myCommunity 172.17.1.0/24
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sysLocation Earth
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sysContact email@domain.tld
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After editing the config file, restart snmpd.
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root@server:~# service snmpd restart
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### Configure SNMP on CentOS or RHEL ###
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To install SNMP tools and libraries, run the following command.
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root@server:~# sudo yum install net-snmp
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Then edit an SNMP config file like the following.
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root@server:~# vim /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf
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# A user 'myUser' is being defined with the community string 'myCommunity' and source network 172.17.1.0/24
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com2sec myUser 172.17.1.0/24 myCommunity
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# myUser is added into the group 'myGroup' and the permission of the group is defined
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group myGroup v1 myUser
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group myGroup v2c myUser
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view all included .1
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access myGroup "" any noauth exact all all none
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----------
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root@server:~# service snmpd restart
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root@server:~# chkconfig snmpd on
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Restart snmpd service, and add it to startup service list.
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### Testing SNMP ###
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SNMP can be tested by running the snmpwalk command. If SNMP has been successfully configured, this command will generate a ton of output.
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root@server:~# snmpwalk -c myCommunity 172.17.1.44 -v1
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----------
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iso.3.6.1.2.1.1.1.0 = STRING: "Linux mrtg 3.5.0-17-generic #28-Ubuntu SMP Tue Oct 9 19:31:23 UTC 2012 x86_64"
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iso.3.6.1.2.1.1.2.0 = OID: iso.3.6.1.4.1.8072.3.2.10
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iso.3.6.1.2.1.1.3.0 = Timeticks: (2097) 0:00:20.97
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~~ OUTPUT TRUNCATED ~~
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iso.3.6.1.2.1.92.1.1.2.0 = Gauge32: 1440
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iso.3.6.1.2.1.92.1.2.1.0 = Counter32: 1
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iso.3.6.1.2.1.92.1.2.2.0 = Counter32: 0
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iso.3.6.1.2.1.92.1.3.1.1.2.7.100.101.102.97.117.108.116.1 = Timeticks: (1) 0:00:00.01
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iso.3.6.1.2.1.92.1.3.1.1.3.7.100.101.102.97.117.108.116.1 = Hex-STRING: 07 DD 0B 12 00 39 27 00 2B 06 00
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### Configure Cacti with SNMP ###
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In this tutorial, we are setting up both Cacti and SNMP on the same Linux server. So go ahead and [install Cacti][2] on your Linux server on which SNMP was just configured.
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After installation, Cacti web interface can be accessed using the link "http://172.17.1.44/cacti", of course, in your case, the IP address of your server.
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The paths during Cacti installation are usually correct. But they can be double checked if necessary.
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During the first-time installation, the default username and password for Cacti are "admin" and "admin". You will be forced to change the password after first login.
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### Add and Manage Devices to Cacti ###
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Cacti will poll devices based on SNMP string that was configured earlier. In this tutorial, we will add only the local server where SNMP is already enabled.
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To add devices, we login as admin and go to console in the Cacti admin panel. We click Console > Devices.
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There may already be a device named 'localhost'. We do not need it as we will create fresh graphs. We can delete this device from the list. We add a new device by using the 'add' button.
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Next, we set the device parameters.
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Now that the device has been added, we specify the graph templates that we want to create. This section can be found in the bottom section of the page.
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And then we proceed to creating the graphs.
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Here, we create graphs for load average, RAM and hard disk, processor.
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### Interface Graphs and 64-bit Counters ###
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By default, Cacti uses 32-bit counters in SNMP queries. 32-bit counters are sufficient for most bandwidth graphs, but they do not work correctly for graphs greater than 100 Mbps. If it is known that the bandwidth will exceed more than 100 Mbps, it is always advisable to use 64-bit counters. Using 64-bit counters is not hard at all.
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**Note**: It takes around 15 minutes for Cacti to populate new graphs. There are not alternatives to being patient.
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### Creating Graph Trees ###
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These snapshots illustrate how to create graph trees and how to add graph to those trees.
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We can verify the graph in the graph tree.
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### User Management ###
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Finally, we create a user with view permission to only the graph that we have created. Cacti has built in user management system, and it is highly customizable.
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After completing these steps, we can log in with the user 'user1' and verify that only this user is able to view the graph.
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And thus we have deployed a Cacti server in the network monitoring system. Cacti servers are stable, and can deal with tons of graphs without any problems.
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Hope this helps.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://xmodulo.com/monitor-linux-servers-snmp-cacti.html
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作者：[Sarmed Rahman][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/sarmed
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[1]:http://xmodulo.com/install-configure-cacti-linux.html
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@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
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使用SNMP和Cacti监控Linux服务器
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================================================================================
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SNMP（或者叫简单网络管理协议）用于收集设备内部发生的数据，如负载、磁盘状态、带宽之类。像Cacti这样的网络监控工具用这些数据来生成图标以达到监控的目的。
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在一个典型的Cacti和SNMP部署中，会有一台或多台启用了SNMP的设备，以及一台独立的用来从那些设备收集SNMP回馈的监控服务器。请记住，所有需要监控的设备必须启用SNMP。在本教程中，出于演示目的，我们将在同一台Linux服务器上配置Cacti和SNMP。
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### 在Debian或Ubuntu上配置SNMP ###
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要安装SNMP代理（snmpd）到基于Debian的系统，请运行以下命令：
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root@server:~# apt-get install snmpd
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然后，如下编辑配置文件。
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root@server:~# vim /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf
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----------
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# this will make snmpd listen on all interfaces
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agentAddress udp:161
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# a read only community 'myCommunity' and the source network is defined
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rocommunity myCommunity 172.17.1.0/24
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sysLocation Earth
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sysContact email@domain.tld
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在编辑完配置文件后，重启snmpd。
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root@server:~# service snmpd restart
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### 在CentOS或RHEL上配置SNMP ###
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要安装SNMP工具和库，请运行以下命令。
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root@server:~# sudo yum install net-snmp
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然后，如下编辑SNMP配置文件。
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root@server:~# vim /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf
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----------
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# A user 'myUser' is being defined with the community string 'myCommunity' and source network 172.17.1.0/24
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com2sec myUser 172.17.1.0/24 myCommunity
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# myUser is added into the group 'myGroup' and the permission of the group is defined
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group myGroup v1 myUser
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group myGroup v2c myUser
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view all included .1
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access myGroup "" any noauth exact all all none
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----------
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root@server:~# service snmpd restart
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root@server:~# chkconfig snmpd on
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重启snmpd服务，然后添加到启动服务列表。
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### 测试SNMP ###
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SNMP可以通过运行snmpwalk命令进行测试。如果SNMP已经配置成功，该命令会生成大量输出。
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root@server:~# snmpwalk -c myCommunity 172.17.1.44 -v1
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----------
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iso.3.6.1.2.1.1.1.0 = STRING: "Linux mrtg 3.5.0-17-generic #28-Ubuntu SMP Tue Oct 9 19:31:23 UTC 2012 x86_64"
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iso.3.6.1.2.1.1.2.0 = OID: iso.3.6.1.4.1.8072.3.2.10
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iso.3.6.1.2.1.1.3.0 = Timeticks: (2097) 0:00:20.97
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~~ OUTPUT TRUNCATED ~~
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iso.3.6.1.2.1.92.1.1.2.0 = Gauge32: 1440
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iso.3.6.1.2.1.92.1.2.1.0 = Counter32: 1
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iso.3.6.1.2.1.92.1.2.2.0 = Counter32: 0
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iso.3.6.1.2.1.92.1.3.1.1.2.7.100.101.102.97.117.108.116.1 = Timeticks: (1) 0:00:00.01
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iso.3.6.1.2.1.92.1.3.1.1.3.7.100.101.102.97.117.108.116.1 = Hex-STRING: 07 DD 0B 12 00 39 27 00 2B 06 00
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### 配置带有SNMP的Cacti ###
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在本教程中，我们将在同一台Linux服务器上设置Cacti和SNMP。所以，去[安装Cacti][2]到刚刚配置SNMP的Linux服务器上吧。
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安装完后，Cacti网页接口可以通过“http://172.17.1.44/cacti”来访问，当然，在你的环境中，请将IP地址换成你的服务器的地址。
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安装过程中Cacti的路径一般都是正确的，但是如有必要，请再次检查以下。
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在首次安装过程中，Cacti默认的用户名和密码是“admin”和“admin”。在首次登录后会强制你修改密码。
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### 添加设备到Cacti并管理 ###
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Cacti将根据先前配置的SNMP字符串注册设备。在本教程中，我们将只添加启用了SNMP的本地服务器。
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要添加设备，我们必须以管理员登录，然后转到Cacti管理员面板中的控制台。点击控制台 > 设备。
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那里可能已经有一个名为‘localhost’的设备。我们不需要它，因为我们要创建全新的图表。我们可以将该设备从列表中删除，使用“添加”按钮来添加新设备。
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接下来，我们设置设备参数。
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由于设备已经添加，我们来指定想要创建的图表模板。你可以在该页的最后章节中找到本节内容。
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然后，我们继续来创建图表。
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这里，我们创建用于平均负载、RAM和硬盘、处理器的图表。
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### 接口图表和64位计数器 ###
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默认情况下，Cacti在SNMP查询中使用32位计数器。32位计数器对于大多数带宽图表而言已经足够了，但是对于超过100Mbps的带宽，它就无能为力了。如果已经知道带宽会超过100Mbps，建议你使用64位计数器。使用64位计数器一点也不麻烦。
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**注意**： Cacti会花费大约15分钟来产生新图表，除了耐心等待，你别无选择。
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### 创建图表树 ###
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这些截图展示了如何创建图表树，以及如何添加图表到这些树中。
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我们可以验证图表树中的图表。
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### 用户管理 ###
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最后，我们创建一个只具有查看我们刚创建的图表权限的用户。Cacti内建了用户管理系统，而且是高度可定制的。
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在完成这些步骤后，我们可以使用‘user1’来登录进去，并验证只有该用户可以查看该图表。
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至此，我们在网络监控系统中部署了一台Cacti服务器。Cacti服务器比较稳定，可以处理大量图表而不会出问题。
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希望本文对你有所帮助。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://xmodulo.com/monitor-linux-servers-snmp-cacti.html
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作者：[Sarmed Rahman][a]
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译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/sarmed
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[1]:http://xmodulo.com/install-configure-cacti-linux.html
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