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59
sources/tech/20160602 Building a data science portfolio - Storytelling with data.md
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@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
@poodarchu 翻译中
Building a data science portfolio: Storytelling with data
========
@ -419,13 +422,13 @@ data["class_size"].head()
Out[4]:
| | CSD | BOROUGH | SCHOOL CODE | SCHOOL NAME | GRADE | PROGRAM TYPE | CORE SUBJECT (MS CORE and 9-12 ONLY) | CORE COURSE (MS CORE and 9-12 ONLY) | SERVICE CATEGORY(K-9* ONLY) | NUMBER OF STUDENTS / SEATS FILLED | NUMBER OF SECTIONS | AVERAGE CLASS SIZE | SIZE OF SMALLEST CLASS | SIZE OF LARGEST CLASS | DATA SOURCE | SCHOOLWIDE PUPIL-TEACHER RATIO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | 1 | M | M015 | P.S. 015 Roberto Clemente | 0K | GEN ED | - | - | - | 19.0 | 1.0 | 19.0 | 19.0 | 19.0 | ATS | NaN |
| 1 | 1 | M | M015 | P.S. 015 Roberto Clemente | 0K | CTT | - | - | - | 21.0 | 1.0 | 21.0 | 21.0 | 21.0 | ATS | NaN |
| 2 | 1 | M | M015 | P.S. 015 Roberto Clemente | 01 | GEN ED | - | - | - | 17.0 | 1.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | ATS | NaN |
| 3 | 1 | M | M015 | P.S. 015 Roberto Clemente | 01 | CTT | - | - | - | 17.0 | 1.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | ATS | NaN |
| 4 | 1 | M | M015 | P.S. 015 Roberto Clemente | 02 | GEN ED | - | - | - | 15.0 | 1.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | ATS | NaN |
| | CSD | BOROUGH | SCHOOL CODE | SCHOOL NAME | GRADE | PROGRAM TYPE | CORE SUBJECT (MS CORE and 9-12 ONLY) | CORE COURSE (MS CORE and 9-12 ONLY) | SERVICE CATEGORY(K-9* ONLY) | NUMBER OF STUDENTS / SEATS FILLED | NUMBER OF SECTIONS | AVERAGE CLASS SIZE | SIZE OF SMALLEST CLASS | SIZE OF LARGEST CLASS | DATA SOURCE | SCHOOLWIDE PUPIL-TEACHER RATIO |
| ---- | ---- | ------- | ----------- | ------------------------- | ----- | ------------ | ------------------------------------ | ----------------------------------- | --------------------------- | --------------------------------- | ------------------ | ------------------ | ---------------------- | --------------------- | ----------- | ------------------------------ |
| 0 | 1 | M | M015 | P.S. 015 Roberto Clemente | 0K | GEN ED | - | - | - | 19.0 | 1.0 | 19.0 | 19.0 | 19.0 | ATS | NaN |
| 1 | 1 | M | M015 | P.S. 015 Roberto Clemente | 0K | CTT | - | - | - | 21.0 | 1.0 | 21.0 | 21.0 | 21.0 | ATS | NaN |
| 2 | 1 | M | M015 | P.S. 015 Roberto Clemente | 01 | GEN ED | - | - | - | 17.0 | 1.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | ATS | NaN |
| 3 | 1 | M | M015 | P.S. 015 Roberto Clemente | 01 | CTT | - | - | - | 17.0 | 1.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | ATS | NaN |
| 4 | 1 | M | M015 | P.S. 015 Roberto Clemente | 02 | GEN ED | - | - | - | 15.0 | 1.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | ATS | NaN |
As you can see above, it looks like the `DBN` is actually a combination of `CSD`, `BOROUGH`, and `SCHOOL CODE`. For those unfamiliar with New York City, it is composed of `5` boroughs. Each borough is an organizational unit, and is about the same size as a fairly large US City.`DBN` stands for `District Borough Number`. It looks like `CSD` is the District, `BOROUGH` is the borough, and when combined with the `SCHOOL CODE`, forms the `DBN`. There’s no systematized way to find insights like this in data, and it requires some exploration and playing around to figure out.
@ -468,13 +471,13 @@ survey.head()
```
Out[16]:
| | N_p | N_s | N_t | aca_p_11 | aca_s_11 | aca_t_11 | aca_tot_11 | bn | com_p_11 | com_s_11 | ... | t_q8c_1 | t_q8c_2 | t_q8c_3 | t_q8c_4 | t_q9 | t_q9_1 | t_q9_2 | t_q9_3 | t_q9_4 | t_q9_5 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | 90.0 | NaN | 22.0 | 7.8 | NaN | 7.9 | 7.9 | M015 | 7.6 | NaN | ... | 29.0 | 67.0 | 5.0 | 0.0 | NaN | 5.0 | 14.0 | 52.0 | 24.0 | 5.0 |
| 1 | 161.0 | NaN | 34.0 | 7.8 | NaN | 9.1 | 8.4 | M019 | 7.6 | NaN | ... | 74.0 | 21.0 | 6.0 | 0.0 | NaN | 3.0 | 6.0 | 3.0 | 78.0 | 9.0 |
| 2 | 367.0 | NaN | 42.0 | 8.6 | NaN | 7.5 | 8.0 | M020 | 8.3 | NaN | ... | 33.0 | 35.0 | 20.0 | 13.0 | NaN | 3.0 | 5.0 | 16.0 | 70.0 | 5.0 |
| 3 | 151.0 | 145.0 | 29.0 | 8.5 | 7.4 | 7.8 | 7.9 | M034 | 8.2 | 5.9 | ... | 21.0 | 45.0 | 28.0 | 7.0 | NaN | 0.0 | 18.0 | 32.0 | 39.0 | 11.0 |
| 4 | 90.0 | NaN | 23.0 | 7.9 | NaN | 8.1 | 8.0 | M063 | 7.9 | NaN | ... | 59.0 | 36.0 | 5.0 | 0.0 | NaN | 10.0 | 5.0 | 10.0 | 60.0 | 15.0 |
| | N_p | N_s | N_t | aca_p_11 | aca_s_11 | aca_t_11 | aca_tot_11 | bn | com_p_11 | com_s_11 | ... | t_q8c_1 | t_q8c_2 | t_q8c_3 | t_q8c_4 | t_q9 | t_q9_1 | t_q9_2 | t_q9_3 | t_q9_4 | t_q9_5 |
| ---- | ----- | ----- | ---- | -------- | -------- | -------- | ---------- | ---- | -------- | -------- | ---- | ------- | ------- | ------- | ------- | ---- | ------ | ------ | ------ | ------ | ------ |
| 0 | 90.0 | NaN | 22.0 | 7.8 | NaN | 7.9 | 7.9 | M015 | 7.6 | NaN | ... | 29.0 | 67.0 | 5.0 | 0.0 | NaN | 5.0 | 14.0 | 52.0 | 24.0 | 5.0 |
| 1 | 161.0 | NaN | 34.0 | 7.8 | NaN | 9.1 | 8.4 | M019 | 7.6 | NaN | ... | 74.0 | 21.0 | 6.0 | 0.0 | NaN | 3.0 | 6.0 | 3.0 | 78.0 | 9.0 |
| 2 | 367.0 | NaN | 42.0 | 8.6 | NaN | 7.5 | 8.0 | M020 | 8.3 | NaN | ... | 33.0 | 35.0 | 20.0 | 13.0 | NaN | 3.0 | 5.0 | 16.0 | 70.0 | 5.0 |
| 3 | 151.0 | 145.0 | 29.0 | 8.5 | 7.4 | 7.8 | 7.9 | M034 | 8.2 | 5.9 | ... | 21.0 | 45.0 | 28.0 | 7.0 | NaN | 0.0 | 18.0 | 32.0 | 39.0 | 11.0 |
| 4 | 90.0 | NaN | 23.0 | 7.9 | NaN | 8.1 | 8.0 | M063 | 7.9 | NaN | ... | 59.0 | 36.0 | 5.0 | 0.0 | NaN | 10.0 | 5.0 | 10.0 | 60.0 | 15.0 |
5 rows × 2773 columns
@ -513,13 +516,13 @@ data["class_size"].head()
Out[18]:
| | CSD | BOROUGH | SCHOOL CODE | SCHOOL NAME | GRADE | PROGRAM TYPE | CORE SUBJECT (MS CORE and 9-12 ONLY) | CORE COURSE (MS CORE and 9-12 ONLY) | SERVICE CATEGORY(K-9* ONLY) | NUMBER OF STUDENTS / SEATS FILLED | NUMBER OF SECTIONS | AVERAGE CLASS SIZE | SIZE OF SMALLEST CLASS | SIZE OF LARGEST CLASS | DATA SOURCE | SCHOOLWIDE PUPIL-TEACHER RATIO | DBN |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | 1 | M | M015 | P.S. 015 Roberto Clemente | 0K | GEN ED | - | - | - | 19.0 | 1.0 | 19.0 | 19.0 | 19.0 | ATS | NaN | 01M015 |
| 1 | 1 | M | M015 | P.S. 015 Roberto Clemente | 0K | CTT | - | - | - | 21.0 | 1.0 | 21.0 | 21.0 | 21.0 | ATS | NaN | 01M015 |
| 2 | 1 | M | M015 | P.S. 015 Roberto Clemente | 01 | GEN ED | - | - | - | 17.0 | 1.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | ATS | NaN | 01M015 |
| 3 | 1 | M | M015 | P.S. 015 Roberto Clemente | 01 | CTT | - | - | - | 17.0 | 1.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | ATS | NaN | 01M015 |
| 4 | 1 | M | M015 | P.S. 015 Roberto Clemente | 02 | GEN ED | - | - | - | 15.0 | 1.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | ATS | NaN | 01M015 |
| | CSD | BOROUGH | SCHOOL CODE | SCHOOL NAME | GRADE | PROGRAM TYPE | CORE SUBJECT (MS CORE and 9-12 ONLY) | CORE COURSE (MS CORE and 9-12 ONLY) | SERVICE CATEGORY(K-9* ONLY) | NUMBER OF STUDENTS / SEATS FILLED | NUMBER OF SECTIONS | AVERAGE CLASS SIZE | SIZE OF SMALLEST CLASS | SIZE OF LARGEST CLASS | DATA SOURCE | SCHOOLWIDE PUPIL-TEACHER RATIO | DBN |
| ---- | ---- | ------- | ----------- | ------------------------- | ----- | ------------ | ------------------------------------ | ----------------------------------- | --------------------------- | --------------------------------- | ------------------ | ------------------ | ---------------------- | --------------------- | ----------- | ------------------------------ | ------ |
| 0 | 1 | M | M015 | P.S. 015 Roberto Clemente | 0K | GEN ED | - | - | - | 19.0 | 1.0 | 19.0 | 19.0 | 19.0 | ATS | NaN | 01M015 |
| 1 | 1 | M | M015 | P.S. 015 Roberto Clemente | 0K | CTT | - | - | - | 21.0 | 1.0 | 21.0 | 21.0 | 21.0 | ATS | NaN | 01M015 |
| 2 | 1 | M | M015 | P.S. 015 Roberto Clemente | 01 | GEN ED | - | - | - | 17.0 | 1.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | ATS | NaN | 01M015 |
| 3 | 1 | M | M015 | P.S. 015 Roberto Clemente | 01 | CTT | - | - | - | 17.0 | 1.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | ATS | NaN | 01M015 |
| 4 | 1 | M | M015 | P.S. 015 Roberto Clemente | 02 | GEN ED | - | - | - | 15.0 | 1.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | ATS | NaN | 01M015 |
There are several rows for each high school (as you can see by the repeated `DBN` and `SCHOOL NAME` fields). However, if we take a look at the `sat_results` dataset, it only has one row per high school:
@ -531,13 +534,13 @@ data["sat_results"].head()
Out[21]:
| | DBN | SCHOOL NAME | Num of SAT Test Takers | SAT Critical Reading Avg. Score | SAT Math Avg. Score | SAT Writing Avg. Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | 01M292 | HENRY STREET SCHOOL FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES | 29 | 355 | 404 | 363 |
| 1 | 01M448 | UNIVERSITY NEIGHBORHOOD HIGH SCHOOL | 91 | 383 | 423 | 366 |
| 2 | 01M450 | EAST SIDE COMMUNITY SCHOOL | 70 | 377 | 402 | 370 |
| 3 | 01M458 | FORSYTH SATELLITE ACADEMY | 7 | 414 | 401 | 359 |
| 4 | 01M509 | MARTA VALLE HIGH SCHOOL | 44 | 390 | 433 | 384 |
| | DBN | SCHOOL NAME | Num of SAT Test Takers | SAT Critical Reading Avg. Score | SAT Math Avg. Score | SAT Writing Avg. Score |
| ---- | ------ | ---------------------------------------- | ---------------------- | ------------------------------- | ------------------- | ---------------------- |
| 0 | 01M292 | HENRY STREET SCHOOL FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES | 29 | 355 | 404 | 363 |
| 1 | 01M448 | UNIVERSITY NEIGHBORHOOD HIGH SCHOOL | 91 | 383 | 423 | 366 |
| 2 | 01M450 | EAST SIDE COMMUNITY SCHOOL | 70 | 377 | 402 | 370 |
| 3 | 01M458 | FORSYTH SATELLITE ACADEMY | 7 | 414 | 401 | 359 |
| 4 | 01M509 | MARTA VALLE HIGH SCHOOL | 44 | 390 | 433 | 384 |
In order to combine these datasets, we’ll need to find a way to condense datasets like `class_size` to the point where there’s only a single row per high school. If not, there won’t be a way to compare SAT scores to class size. We can accomplish this by first understanding the data better, then by doing some aggregation. With the `class_size`dataset, it looks like `GRADE` and `PROGRAM TYPE` have multiple values for each school. By restricting each field to a single value, we can filter most of the duplicate rows. In the below code, we:

69
sources/tech/20160604 Microfluidic cooling may prevent the demise of Moore's Law.md
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@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
**************Translating By messon007**************
Microfluidic cooling may prevent the demise of Moore's Law
============================================================
![](http://tr1.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2015/12/09/a7cb82d1-96e8-43b5-bfbd-d4593869b230/resize/620x/9607388a284e3a61a39f4399a9202bd7/networkingistock000042544852agsandrew.jpg)
>Image: iStock/agsandrew
Existing technology's inability to keep microchips cool is fast becoming the number one reason why [Moore's Law][1] may soon meet its demise.
In the ongoing need for digital speed, scientists and engineers are working hard to squeeze more transistors and support circuitry onto an already-crowded piece of silicon. However, as complex as that seems, it pales in comparison to the [problem of heat buildup][2].
"Right now, we're limited in the power we can put into microchips," says John Ditri, principal investigator at Lockheed Martin in [this press release][3]. "One of the biggest challenges is managing the heat. If you can manage the heat, you can use fewer chips, and that means using less material, which results in cost savings as well as reduced system size and weight. If you manage the heat and use the same number of chips, you'll get even greater performance in your system."
Resistance to the flow of electrons through silicon causes the heat, and packing so many transistors in such a small space creates enough heat to destroy components. One way to eliminate heat buildup is to reduce the flow of electrons by [using photonics at the chip level][4]. However, photonic technology is not without its set of problems.
SEE: [Silicon photonics will revolutionize data centers in 2015][5]
### Microfluid cooling might be the answer
To seek out other solutions, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has initiated a program called [ICECool Applications][6] (Intra/Interchip Enhanced Cooling). "ICECool is exploring disruptive thermal technologies that will mitigate thermal limitations on the operation of military electronic systems while significantly reducing the size, weight, and power consumption," explains the [GSA website FedBizOpps.gov][7].
What is unique about this method of cooling is the push to use a combination of intra- and/or inter-chip microfluidic cooling and on-chip thermal interconnects.
![](http://tr4.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2016/05/25/fd3d0d17-bd86-4d25-a89a-a7050c4d59c4/resize/300x/e9c18034bde66526310c667aac92fbf5/microcooling-1.png)
>MicroCooling 1 Image: DARPA
The [DARPA ICECool Application announcement][8] notes, "Such miniature intra- and/or inter-chip passages (see right) may take the form of axial micro-channels, radial passages, and/or cross-flow passages, and may involve micro-pores and manifolded structures to distribute and re-direct liquid flow, including in the form of localized liquid jets, in the most favorable manner to meet the specified heat flux and heat density metrics."
Using the above technology, engineers at Lockheed Martin have experimentally demonstrated how on-chip cooling is a significant improvement. "Phase I of the ICECool program verified the effectiveness of Lockheed's embedded microfluidic cooling approach by showing a four-times reduction in thermal resistance while cooling a thermal demonstration die dissipating 1 kW/cm2 die-level heat flux with multiple local 30 kW/cm2 hot spots," mentions the Lockheed Martin press release.
In phase II of the Lockheed Martin project, the engineers focused on RF amplifiers. The press release continues, "Utilizing its ICECool technology, the team has been able to demonstrate greater than six times increase in RF output power from a given amplifier while still running cooler than its conventionally cooled counterpart."
### Moving to production
Confident of the technology, Lockheed Martin is already designing and building a functional microfluidic cooled transmit antenna. Lockheed Martin is also collaborating with Qorvo to integrate its thermal solution with Qorvo's high-performance [GaN process][9].
The authors of the research paper [DARPA's Intra/Interchip Enhanced Cooling (ICECool) Program][10] suggest ICECool Applications will produce a paradigm shift in the thermal management of electronic systems. "ICECool Apps performers will define and demonstrate intra-chip and inter-chip thermal management approaches that are tailored to specific applications and this approach will be consistent with the materials sets, fabrication processes, and operating environment of the intended application."
If this microfluidic technology is as successful as scientists and engineers suggest, it seems Moore's Law does have a fighting chance.
For more about networking, subscribe to our Data Centers newsletter.
[SUBSCRIBE](https://secure.techrepublic.com/user/login/?regSource=newsletter-button&position=newsletter-button&appId=true&redirectUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techrepublic.com%2Farticle%2Fmicrofluidic-cooling-may-prevent-the-demise-of-moores-law%2F&)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.techrepublic.com/article/microfluidic-cooling-may-prevent-the-demise-of-moores-law/
作者：[Michael Kassner][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: http://www.techrepublic.com/search/?a=michael+kassner
[1]: http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/history/museum-gordon-moore-law.html
[2]: https://books.google.com/books?id=mfec2Zw_b7wC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=does+heat+destroy+transistors&source=bl&ots=-aNdbMD7FD&sig=XUUiaYG_6rcxHncx4cI4Cqe3t20&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwif4M_Yu_PMAhVL7oMKHW3GC3cQ6AEITTAH#v=onepage&q=does%20heat%20destroy%20transis
[3]: http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/news/press-releases/2016/march/160308-mst-cool-technology-turns-down-the-heat-on-high-tech-equipment.html
[4]: http://www.techrepublic.com/article/silicon-photonics-will-revolutionize-data-centers-in-2015/
[5]: http://www.techrepublic.com/article/silicon-photonics-will-revolutionize-data-centers-in-2015/
[6]: https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=0be99f61fbac0501828a9d3160883b97&tab=core&_cview=1
[7]: https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=0be99f61fbac0501828a9d3160883b97&tab=core&_cview=1
[8]: https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=0be99f61fbac0501828a9d3160883b97&tab=core&_cview=1
[9]: http://electronicdesign.com/communications/what-s-difference-between-gaas-and-gan-rf-power-amplifiers
[10]: http://www.csmantech.org/Digests/2013/papers/050.pdf

87
sources/tech/20161011 COOLEST PRIVACY FOCUSED OPEN SOURCE CHAT APP WIRE COMES TO LINUX.md
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@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
translating by ucasFL
COOLEST PRIVACY FOCUSED OPEN SOURCE CHAT APP WIRE COMES TO LINUX
===========
[![Open Source messaging app Wire comes to Linux](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wire-on-desktop-linux.jpeg)][21]
Around two years back, a few people behind [Skype][20] launched a beautiful new messaging app, [Wire][19]. When I say beautiful, I am talking about the looks. Wire has an uncluttered, sleek look which many other messaging apps don’t have. But that’s not it’s best selling point.
Since the beginning, Wire marketed itself as the [world’s most private messaging app][18]. It offers end to end encryption to text and voice calls, graphics, images, basically every content you share.
WhatsApp also offers ‘end to end encryption’ but considering that its owner [Facebook is sharing WhatsApp data for ad targeting][17], I have less faith in WhatsApp and its encryption.
What makes Wire even more special for us FOSS lovers is that a few months back [Wire went open source][16]. Few months down the line and we have a beta version of Wire desktop application for Linux.
The desktop client is nothing more than a wrapper of its web version. Thank [open source project Electron][15] for providing a way to easily make cross-platform desktop applications. Many other applications have used Electron to bring a native desktop app for Linux, including [Skype][14].
### WIRE FEATURES:
Before we see more about the Linux version of Wire, let’s have a quick look at some of its main features.
* Open source application
* Complete encryption for all type of contents
* No ads, no data gathering, no data sharing
* Text, voice and video chats
* Group chats and calls
* [Audio filters][1] (no need to inhale Helium, just apply that filter and talk in a funny voice)
* No phone numbers required, can be signed up with email
* Sleek, modern interface
* Cross platform messaging app with iOS, Android, Web, Mac, Windows and Linux clients
* Protected by European laws (which are more privacy oriented that the US ones)
Wire has some seriously cool features up its sleeve, especially those audio filters akin to [Snapchat][13].
### INSTALL WIRE ON LINUX
Before you go on installing Wire on Linux, let me warn you that it is still in beta phase. So, if you encounter a few bugs, don’t get miffed.
Wire has a .deb client available for 64 bit systems. You can use these tips to find out if you got [32 bit or 64 bit system][12]. You can download the .deb file from the link below:
[Download Wire for Linux [Beta]][11]
If you are interested, you can have a look at the source code also:
[Wire Desktop Source Code][10]
This is what the default interface of Wire look like in [elementary OS Loki][9]:
[![Wire desktop application in Linux](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Wire-desktop-appl-linux.jpeg)][8]
You see, they have even got bots here :)
Have you been already using Wire? If yes, how is your experience with it? If no, will you give it a try since it’s [open source][7] now and available for Linux?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://itsfoss.com/wire-messaging-linux/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+ItsFoss+%28Its+FOSS%21+An+Open+Source+Blog%29
作者：[ Abhishek Prakash ][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
[1]:https://medium.com/colorful-conversations/the-tune-for-this-summer-audio-filters-eca8cb0b4c57#.c8gvs143k
[2]:http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://itsfoss.com/wire-messaging-linux/&description=Coolest+Privacy+Focused+Open+Source+Chat+App+Wire+Comes+To+Linux&media=https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wire-on-desktop-linux.jpeg
[3]:https://www.linkedin.com/cws/share?url=https://itsfoss.com/wire-messaging-linux/
[4]:https://twitter.com/share?original_referer=https%3A%2F%2Fitsfoss.com%2F&source=tweetbutton&text=Coolest+Privacy+Focused+Open+Source+Chat+App+Wire+Comes+To+Linux&url=https%3A%2F%2Fitsfoss.com%2Fwire-messaging-linux%2F&via=%40itsfoss
[5]:https://itsfoss.com/wire-messaging-linux/#comments
[6]:https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
[7]:https://itsfoss.com/tag/open-source
[8]:https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Wire-desktop-appl-linux.jpeg
[9]:https://itsfoss.com/tag/elementary-os-loki/
[10]:https://github.com/wireapp/wire-desktop
[11]:https://wire.com/download/
[12]:https://itsfoss.com/32-bit-64-bit-ubuntu/
[13]:https://www.snapchat.com/
[14]:https://itsfoss.com/skpe-alpha-linux/
[15]:http://electron.atom.io/
[16]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/3099194/security/wire-open-sources-messaging-client-woos-developers.html
[17]:https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/25/whatsapp-to-share-user-data-with-facebook-for-ad-targeting-heres-how-to-opt-out/
[18]:http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/wire-worlds-most-private-messaging-app-offers-total-encryption-calls-texts-1548964
[19]:https://wire.com/
[20]:https://www.skype.com/en/
[21]:https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wire-on-desktop-linux.jpeg

550
sources/tech/20161024 Getting Started with Webpack 2.md Normal file
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# Getting Started with Webpack 2
![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/2000/1*yI44h8Df-l-2LUqvXIi8JQ.png)
Webpack 2 will be out of beta [once the documentation has been finished][26]. But that doesn’t mean you can’t start using version 2 now if you know how to configure it.
### What is Webpack?
At its simplest, Webpack is a module bundler for your JavaScript. However, since its release it’s evolved into a manager of all your front-end code (either intentionally or by the community’s will).
![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*yBt2rFj2DbckFliGE0LEyg.png)
A task runner such as _Gulp _can handle many different preprocessers and transpilers, but in all cases, it will take a source _input_ and crunch it into a compiled _output. _However, it does this on a case-by-case basis with no concern for the system at large. That is the burden of the developer: to pick up where the task runner left off and find the proper way for all these moving parts to mesh together in production.
Webpack attempts to lighten the developer load a bit by asking a bold question: _what if there were a part of the development process that handled dependencies on its own? What if we could simply write code in such a way that the build process managed itself, based on only what was necessary in the end?_
![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*TOFfoH0cXTc8G3Y_F6j3Jg.png)
If you’ve been a part of the web community for the past few years, you already know the preferred method of solving a problem: _build this with JavaScript._And so Webpack attempts to make the build process easier by passing dependencies through JavaScript. But the true power of its design isn’t simply the code _management_ part; it’s that this management layer is 100% valid JavaScript (with Node features). Webpack gives you the ability to write valid JavaScript that has a better sense of the system at large.
In other words: _you don’t write code for Webpack. You write code for your projec_t. And Webpack keeps up (with some config, of course).
In a nutshell, if you’ve ever struggled with any of the following:
* Accidentally including stylesheets and JS libraries you don’t need into production, bloating the size
* Encountering scoping issues—both from CSS and JavaScript
* Finding a good system for using Node/Bower modules in your JavaScript, or relying on a crazy backend configuration to properly utilize those modules
* Needing to optimize asset delivery better but fearing you’ll break something
…then you could benefit from Webpack. It handles all the above effortlessly by letting JavaScript worry about your dependencies and load order instead of your developer brain. The best part? Webpack can even run purely on the server side, meaning you can still build [progressively-enhanced][25] websites using Webpack.
### First Steps
We’ll use [Yarn][24] (`brew install yarn`) in this tutorial instead of `npm`, but it’s totally up to you; they do the same thing. From our project folder, we’ll run the following in a terminal window to add Webpack 2 to both our global packages and our local project:
```
yarn global add webpack@2.1.0-beta.25 webpack-dev-server@2.1.0-beta.9
yarn add --dev webpack@2.1.0-beta.25 webpack-dev-server@2.1.0-beta.9
```
We’ll then declare a webpack configuration with a `webpack.config.js` file in the root of our project directory:
```
`'use strict';
const webpack = require("webpack");
module.exports = {
context: __dirname + "/src",
entry: {
app: "./app.js",
},
output: {
path: __dirname + "/dist",
filename: "[name].bundle.js",
},
};`
```
_Note: _`___dirname_`_ refers to the root of your project._
Remember that Webpack “knows” what’s going in your project? It _knows_ by reading your code (don’t worry; it signed an NDA). Webpack basically does the following:
1. Starting from the `context` folder, …
2. … it looks for `entry` filenames …
3. … and reads the content. Every `import` ([ES6][7]) or `require()` (Node) dependency it finds as it parses the code, it bundles for the final build. It then searches _those_ dependencies, and those dependencies’ dependencies, until it reaches the very end of the “tree”—only bundling what it needed to, and nothing else.
4. From there, Webpack bundles everything to the `output.path` folder, naming it using the `output.filename` naming template (`[name]` gets replaced with the object key from `entry`)
So if our `src/app.js` file looked something like this (assuming we ran `yarn add --dev moment` beforehand):
```
'use strict';
```
```
import moment from 'moment';
var rightNow = moment().format('MMMM Do YYYY, h:mm:ss a');
console.log( rightNow );
```
```
// "October 23rd 2016, 9:30:24 pm"
```
We’d run
```
webpack -p
```
_Note: The _`_p_`_ flag is “production” mode and uglifies/minifies output._
And it would output a `dist/app.bundle.js` that logged the current date & time to the console. Note that Webpack automatically knew what `'moment'`referred to (although if you had a `moment.js` file in your directory, by default Webpack would have prioritized this over your `moment` Node module).
### Working with Multiple Files
You can specify any number of entry/output points you wish by modifying only the `entry` object.
#### Multiple files, bundled together
```
`'use strict';
const webpack = require("webpack");
module.exports = {
context: __dirname + "/src",
entry: {
app: ["./home.js", "./events.js", "./vendor.js"],
},
output: {
path: __dirname + "/dist",
filename: "[name].bundle.js",
},
};`
```
Will all be bundled together as one `dist/app.bundle.js` file, in array order.
#### Multiple files, multiple outputs
```
`const webpack = require("webpack");
module.exports = {
context: __dirname + "/src",
entry: {
home: "./home.js",
events: "./events.js",
contact: "./contact.js",
},
output: {
path: __dirname + "/dist",
filename: "[name].bundle.js",
},
};`
```
Alternately, you may choose to bundle multiple JS files to break up parts of your app. This will be bundled as 3 files: `dist/home.bundle.js`, `dist/events.bundle.js`, and `dist/contact.bundle.js`.
#### Advanced auto-bundling
If you’re breaking up your application into multiple `output` bundles (useful if one part of your app has a ton of JS you don’t need to load up front), there’s a likelihood you may be duplicating code across those files, because it will resolve each dependency separately from one another. Fortunately, Webpack has a built-in _CommonsChunk_ plugin to handle this:
```
module.exports = {
// …
```
```
plugins: [
new webpack.optimize.CommonsChunkPlugin({
name: "commons",
filename: "commons.js",
minChunks: 2,
}),
],
```
```
// …
};
```
Now, across your `output` files, if you have any modules that get loaded `2` or more times (set by `minChunks`), it will bundle that into a `commons.js` file which you can then cache on the client side. This will result in an additional header request, sure, but you prevent the client from downloading the same libraries more than once. So there are many scenarios where this is a net gain for speed.
### Developing
Webpack actually has its own development server, so whether you’re developing a static site or are just prototyping your front-end, it’s perfect for either. To get that running, just add a `devServer` object to `webpack.config.js`:
```
module.exports = {
context: __dirname + "/src",
entry: {
app: "./app.js",
},
output: {
filename: "[name].bundle.js",
path: __dirname + "/dist/assets",
publicPath: "/assets", // New
},
devServer: {
contentBase: __dirname + "/src", // New
},
};
```
Now make a `src/index.html` file that has:
```
<script src="/assets/app.bundle.js"></script>
```
… and from your terminal, run:
```
webpack-dev-server
```
Your server is now running at `localhost:8080`. _Note how _`_/assets_`_ in the script tag matches _`_output.publicPath_`_—you can name this whatever you want (useful if you need a CDN)._
Webpack will hotload any JavaScript changes as you make them without the need to refresh your browser. However, any changes to the`webpack.config.js` file will require a server restart to take effect.
### Globally-accessible methods
Need to use some of your functions from a global namespace? Simply set `output.library` within `webpack.config.js`:
```
module.exports = {
output: {
library: 'myClassName',
}
};
```
… and it will attach your bundle to a `window.myClassName` instance. So using that name scope, you could call methods available to that entry point (you can read more about this setting [on the documentation][23]).
### Loaders
Up until now, we’ve only covered working with JavaScript. It’s important to start with JavaScript because _that’s the only language Webpack speaks_. We can work with virtually any file type, as long as we pass it into JavaScript. We do that with _Loaders_.
A loader can refer to a preprocessor such as Sass, or a transpiler such as Babel. On NPM, they’re usually named `*-loader` such as `sass-loader` or `babel-loader`.
#### Babel + ES6
If we wanted to use ES6 via [Babel][22] in our project, we’d first install the appropriate loaders locally:
```
yarn add --dev babel-loader babel-core babel-preset-es2015
```
… and then add it to `webpack.config.js` so Webpack knows where to use it.
```
module.exports = {
// …
```
```
module: {
rules: [
{
test: /\.js$/,
use: [{
loader: "babel-loader",
options: { presets: ["es2015"] }
}],
},
// Loaders for other file types can go here
```
```
],
},
```
```
// …
};
```
_A note for Webpack 1 users: the core concept for Loaders remains the same, but the syntax has improved. Until they finish the docs this may/may not be the exact preferred syntax._
This looks for the `/\.js$/` RegEx search for any files that end in `.js` to be loaded via Babel. Webpack relies on RegEx tests to give you complete control—it doesn’t limit you to file extensions or assume your code must be organized in a certain way. For example: maybe your `/my_legacy_code/` folder isn’t written in ES6\. So you could modify the `test` above to be `/^((?!my_legacy_folder).)*\.js$/` which would exclude that specific folder, but process the rest with Babel.
#### CSS + Style Loader
If we wanted to only load CSS as our application needed, we could do that as well. Let’s say we have an `index.js` file. We’ll import it from there:
```
import styles from './assets/stylesheets/application.css';
```
We’ll get the following error: `You may need an appropriate loader to handle this file type`. Remember that Webpack can only understand JavaScript, so we’ll have to install the appropriate loader:
```
yarn add --dev css-loader style-loader
```
… and then add a rule to `webpack.config.js`:
```
module.exports = {
// …
```
```
module: {
rules: [
{
test: /\.css$/,
use: ["style-loader", "css-loader"],
},
```
```
// …
],
},
};
```
_Loaders are processed in __reverse array order__. That means _`_css-loader_`_ will run before _`_style-loader_`_._
You may notice that even in production builds, this actually bundles your CSS in with your bundled JavaScript, and `style-loader` manually writes your styles to the `<head>`. At first glance it may seem a little kooky, but slowly starts to make more sense the more you think about it. You’ve saved a header request—saving valuable time on some connections—and if you’re loading your DOM with JavaScript anyway, this essentially eliminates [FOUC][21] on its own.
You’ll also notice that—out of the box—Webpack has automatically resolved all of your `@import` queries by packaging those files together as one (rather than relying on CSS’s default import which can result in gratuitious header requests and slow-loading assets).
Loading CSS from your JS is pretty amazing, because you now can modularize your CSS in powerful new ways. Say you loaded `button.css`only through `button.js`. This would mean if `button.js` is never actually used_, _its CSS wouldn’t bloat out our production build. If you adhere to component-oriented CSS practices such as SMACSS or BEM, you see the value in pairing your CSS more closely with your markup + JavaScript.
#### CSS + Node modules
We can use Webpack to take advantage of importing Node modules using Node’s `~` prefix. If we ran `yarn add normalize.css`, we could use:
```
@import "~normalize.css";
```
… and take full advantage of NPM managing our third party styles for us—versioning and all—without any copy + pasting on our part. Further, getting Webpack to bundle CSS for us has obvious advantages over using CSS’s default import, saving the client from gratuitous header requests and slow load times.
_Update: this and the following section have been updated for accuracy, no longer confusing using CSS Modules to simply import Node modules. Thanks to _[_Albert Fernández_][20]_ for the help!_
#### CSS Modules
You may have heard of [CSS Modules][19], which takes the _C_ out of _CSS_. It typically works best only if you’re building the DOM with JavaScript, but in essence, it magically scopes your CSS classes to the JavaScript file that loaded it ([learn more about it here][18]). If you plan on using it, CSS Modules comes packaged with `css-loader` (`yarn add --dev css-loader`):
```
module.exports = {
// …
```
```
module: {
rules: [
{
test: /\.css$/,
use: [
"style-loader",
{ loader: "css-loader", options: { modules: true } }
],
},
```
```
// …
],
},
};
```
_Note: for _`_css-loader_`_ we’re now using the __expanded object syntax__ to pass an option to it. You can use a string instead as shorthand to use the default options, as we’re still doing with _`_style-loader_`_._
* * *
It’s worth noting that you can actually drop the `~` when importing Node Modules with CSS Modules enabled (e.g.: `@import "normalize.css";`). However, you may encounter build errors now when you `@import` your own CSS. If you’re getting “can’t find ___” errors, try adding a `resolve` object to `webpack.config.js` to give Webpack a better understanding of your intended module order.
```
const path = require("path");
```
```
module.exports = {
//…
```
```
resolve: {
modules: [path.resolve(__dirname, "src"), "node_modules"]
},
};
```
We specified our source directory first, and then `node_modules`. So Webpack will handle resolution a little better, first looking through our source directory and then the installed Node modules, in that order (replace `"src"` and `"node_modules"` with your source and Node module directories, respectively).
#### Sass
Need to use Sass? No problem. Install:
```
yarn add --dev sass-loader node-sass
```
And add another rule:
```
module.exports = {
// …
```
```
module: {
rules: [
{
test: /\.(sass|scss)$/,
use: [
"style-loader",
"css-loader",
"sass-loader",
]
}
```
```
// …
],
},
};
```
Then when your Javascript calls for an `import` on a `.scss` or `.sass` file, Webpack will do its thing.
#### CSS bundled separately
Maybe you’re dealing with progressive enhancement; maybe you need a separate CSS file for some other reason. We can do that easily by swapping out `style-loader` with `extract-text-webpack-plugin` in our config without having to change any code. Take our example `app.js` file:
```
import styles from './assets/stylesheets/application.css';
```
Let’s install the plugin locally (we need the beta version for this as of Oct 2016)…
```
yarn add --dev extract-text-webpack-plugin@2.0.0-beta.4
```
… and add to `webpack.config.js`:
```
const ExtractTextPlugin = require("extract-text-webpack-plugin");
```
```
module.exports = {
// …
```
```
module: {
rules: [
{
test: /\.css$/,
use: [
ExtractTextPlugin.extract("css"),
{ loader: "css-loader", options: { modules: true } },
],
},
// …
]
},
plugins: [
new ExtractTextPlugin({
filename: "[name].bundle.css",
allChunks: true,
}),
],
};
```
Now when running `webpack -p` you’ll also notice an `app.bundle.css` file in your `output` directory. Simply add a `<link>` tag to that file in your HTML as you would normally.
#### HTML
As you might have guessed, there’s also an `[html-loader][6]`[ plugin][17] for Webpack. However, when we get to loading HTML with JavaScript, this is about the point where we branch off into a myriad of differing approaches, and I can’t think of one single example that would set you up for whatever you’re planning on doing next. Typically, you’d load HTML for the purpose of using JavaScript-flavored markup such as [JSX][16] or [Mustache][15] or [Handlebars][14] to be used within a larger system such as [React][13], [Angular][12], [Vue][11], or [Ember][10].
So I’ll end the tutorial here: you _can_ load markup with Webpack, but by this point you’ll be making your own decisions about your architecture that neither I nor Webpack can make for you. But using the above examples for reference and searching for the right loaders on NPM should be enough to get you going.
### Thinking in Modules
In order to get the most out of Webpack, you’ll have to think in modules—small, reusable, self-contained processes that do one thing and one thing well. That means taking something like this:
```
└── js/
└── application.js // 300KB of spaghetti code
```
… and turning it into this:
```
└── js/
├── components/
│ ├── button.js
│ ├── calendar.js
│ ├── comment.js
│ ├── modal.js
│ ├── tab.js
│ ├── timer.js
│ ├── video.js
│ └── wysiwyg.js
│
└── application.js // ~ 1KB of code; imports from ./components/
```
The result is clean, reusable code. Each individual component depends on `import`-ing its own dependencies, and `export`-ing what it wants to make public to other modules. Pair this with Babel + ES6, and you can utilize [JavaScript Classes][9] for great modularity, and _don’t-think-about-it _scoping that just works.
For more on modules, see [this excellent article by Preethi Kasreddy][8].
* * *
### Further Reading
* [What’s New in Webpack 2][5]
* [Webpack Config docs][4]
* [Webpack Examples][3]
* [React + Webpack Starter Kit][2]
* [Webpack How-to][1]
</section>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://blog.madewithenvy.com/getting-started-with-webpack-2-ed2b86c68783#.oozfpppao
作者：[Drew Powers][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://blog.madewithenvy.com/@an_ennui
[1]:https://github.com/petehunt/webpack-howto
[2]:https://github.com/kriasoft/react-starter-kit
[3]:https://github.com/webpack/webpack/tree/master/examples
[4]:https://webpack.js.org/configuration/
[5]:https://gist.github.com/sokra/27b24881210b56bbaff7
[6]:https://github.com/webpack/html-loader
[7]:https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/import
[8]:https://medium.freecodecamp.com/javascript-modules-a-beginner-s-guide-783f7d7a5fcc
[9]:https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Classes
[10]:http://emberjs.com/
[11]:http://vuejs.org/
[12]:https://angularjs.org/
[13]:https://facebook.github.io/react/
[14]:http://handlebarsjs.com/
[15]:https://github.com/janl/mustache.js/
[16]:https://jsx.github.io/
[17]:https://github.com/webpack/html-loader
[18]:https://github.com/css-modules/css-modules
[19]:https://github.com/css-modules/css-modules
[20]:https://medium.com/u/901a038e32e5
[21]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_of_unstyled_content
[22]:https://babeljs.io/
[23]:https://webpack.js.org/concepts/output/#output-library
[24]:https://yarnpkg.com/
[25]:https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2009/04/progressive-enhancement-what-it-is-and-how-to-use-it/
[26]:https://github.com/webpack/webpack/issues/1545#issuecomment-255446425

2
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**************Translating by messon007******************
# Perl and the birth of the dynamic web
>The fascinating story of Perl's role in the dynamic web spans newsgroups and mailing lists, computer science labs, and continents.

68
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微流冷却技术可能让摩尔定律起死回生
============================================================
![](http://tr1.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2015/12/09/a7cb82d1-96e8-43b5-bfbd-d4593869b230/resize/620x/9607388a284e3a61a39f4399a9202bd7/networkingistock000042544852agsandrew.jpg)
>Image: iStock/agsandrew
现有的技术无法对微芯片进行有效的冷却，这正快速成为摩尔定律消亡的第一原因。
随着对数字计算速度的需求，科学家和工程师正努力地将更多的晶体管和支撑电路放在已经很拥挤的硅片上。的确，它非常地复杂，然而，和复杂性相比，热量聚积引起的问题更严重。
洛克希德马丁公司首席研究员John Ditri在新闻稿中说到：当前，我们可以放入微芯片的功能是有限的，最主要的原因之一是发热的管理。如果你能管理好发热，你可以用较少的芯片，较少的材料，那样就可以节约成本，并能减少系统的大小和重量。如果你能管理好发热，用相同数量的芯片将能获得更好的系统性能。
硅对电子流动的阻力产生了热量，在如此小的空间封装如此多的晶体管累积了足以毁坏元器件的热量。一种消除热累积的方法是在芯片层用光子学技术减少电子的流动，然而光子学技术有它的一系列问题。
SEE:2015年硅光子将引起数据中心的革命 [Silicon photonics will revolutionize data centers in 2015][5]
### 微流冷却技术可能是问题的解决之道
为了寻找其他解决办法，国防高级研究计划局DARPA发起了一个关于ICECool应用[ICECool Applications][6] (片内/片间增强冷却技术)的项目。GSA网站 [GSA website FedBizOpps.gov][7] 报道：ICECool正在探索革命性的热技术，其将减轻热耗对军用电子系统的限制，同时能显著减小军用电子系统的尺寸，重量和功耗。
微流冷却方法的独特之处在于组合使用片内和(或)片间微流冷却技术和片上热互连技术。
![](http://tr4.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2016/05/25/fd3d0d17-bd86-4d25-a89a-a7050c4d59c4/resize/300x/e9c18034bde66526310c667aac92fbf5/microcooling-1.png)
>MicroCooling 1 Image: DARPA
DARPA ICECool应用项目 [DARPA ICECool Application announcement][8] 指出, 这种微型片内和(或)片间通道可采用轴向微通道，径向通道和(或)横流通道，采用微孔和歧管结构及局部液体喷射形式来疏散和重新引导微流，从而以最有利的方式来满足指定的散热指标。
通过上面的技术，洛克希德马丁的工程师已经实验性地证明了片上冷却是如何得到显著改善的。洛克希德马丁新闻报道：ICECool项目的第一阶段发现，当冷却具有多个局部30kW/cm2热点，发热为1kw/cm2的芯片时热阻减少了4倍，进而验证了洛克希德的嵌入式微流冷却方法的有效性。
第二阶段，洛克希德马丁的工程师聚焦于RF放大器。通过ICECool的技术，团队演示了RF的输出功率可以得到6倍的增长，而放大器仍然比其常规冷却的更凉。
### 投产
出于对技术的信心，洛克希德马丁已经在设计和制造实用的微流冷却发射天线。 Lockheed Martin还与Qorvo合作，将其热解决方案与Qorvo的高性能GaN工艺 [GaN process][9] 集成.
研究论文 [DARPA's Intra/Interchip Enhanced Cooling (ICECool) Program][10] 的作者认为ICECool将使电子系统的热管理模式发生改变。ICECool应用的执行者将根据应用来定制片内和片间的热管理方法，这个方法需要兼顾应用的材料，制造工艺和工作环境。
如果微流冷却能像科学家和工程师所说的成功的话，似乎摩尔定律会起死回生。
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via: http://www.techrepublic.com/article/microfluidic-cooling-may-prevent-the-demise-of-moores-law/
作者：[Michael Kassner][a]
译者：[messon007](https://github.com/messon007)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: http://www.techrepublic.com/search/?a=michael+kassner
[1]: http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/history/museum-gordon-moore-law.html
[2]: https://books.google.com/books?id=mfec2Zw_b7wC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=does+heat+destroy+transistors&source=bl&ots=-aNdbMD7FD&sig=XUUiaYG_6rcxHncx4cI4Cqe3t20&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwif4M_Yu_PMAhVL7oMKHW3GC3cQ6AEITTAH#v=onepage&q=does%20heat%20destroy%20transis
[3]: http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/news/press-releases/2016/march/160308-mst-cool-technology-turns-down-the-heat-on-high-tech-equipment.html
[4]: http://www.techrepublic.com/article/silicon-photonics-will-revolutionize-data-centers-in-2015/
[5]: http://www.techrepublic.com/article/silicon-photonics-will-revolutionize-data-centers-in-2015/
[6]: https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=0be99f61fbac0501828a9d3160883b97&tab=core&_cview=1
[7]: https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=0be99f61fbac0501828a9d3160883b97&tab=core&_cview=1
[8]: https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=0be99f61fbac0501828a9d3160883b97&tab=core&_cview=1
[9]: http://electronicdesign.com/communications/what-s-difference-between-gaas-and-gan-rf-power-amplifiers
[10]: http://www.csmantech.org/Digests/2013/papers/050.pdf

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WIRE：一个极酷、专注于个人隐私的开源聊天应用程序已经来到了 LINUX 上
===========
[![开源聊天应用程序 WIRE 来到了 Linux 上](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wire-on-desktop-linux.jpeg)][21]
回到大约两年前，[Skype][20]背后的一些开发人员发行了一个漂亮的新聊天应用个程序：[Wire][19]。当我说它漂亮的时候，只是谈论它的“外貌”。Wire 具有一个许多其他聊天应用程序所没有的整洁优美的“外貌”，但这并不是它最大的卖点。
从一开始，Wire 就推销自己是[世界上最注重隐私的聊天应用程序][18]。无论是文本、语音电话，还是图表、图像等基本的内容，它都提供端到端的加密。
WhatsApp 也提供‘端到端加密’，但是考虑一下它的所有者[Facebook 为了吸引用户而把 WhatsApp 的数据分享出去][17]。我不太相信 WhatsApp 以及它的加密手段。
使 Wire 对于我们这些 FOSS【自由/开源软件】爱好者来说更加特殊的是，几个月前[Wire 开源了][16]。几个月下来我们开发了一个针对 Linux 的 beta 版本 Wire 桌面应用程序。
除了一个包装器以外，桌面版的 Wire 并没有比 web 版多任何东西。感谢[Electron 开源项目][15]提供了一种开发跨平台桌面应用程序的简单方式。许多其他应用程序也通过使用 Electron 为 Linux 带去了一个本地桌面应用程序，包括[Skype][14]。
### WIRE 的特性：
在我们了解有关 Linux 版 Wire 应用程序的更多信息之前，让我们先快速看一下它的一些主要特性。
* 开源应用程序
* 针对所有类型内容的全加密
* 无广告，无数据收集，无数据分享
* 支持文本，语音以及视频聊天
* 支持群聊和群电话
* [音频过滤器][1]（不需要吸入氦元素，只需要使用过滤器就可以用有趣的声音说话）
* 不需要电话号码，可以使用邮箱登录
* 优美、现代化的界面
* 跨平台聊天应用程序，iOS，Android，Web，Mac，Windows 和 Linux 客户机均有相应版本
* 欧洲法保护（欧洲法比美国法更注重隐私）
Wire 有一些更棒的特性，尤其是和[Snapchat][13]类似的音频过滤器。
### 在 Linux 上安装 WIRE
在安装 Wire 到 Linux 上之前，让我先警告你它目前还处于 beta 阶段。所以，如果你遇到一些故障，请不要生气。
Wire 有一个 64 位系统可使用的 .deb 客户机。如果你有一台[32 位或者 64 位系统][12]的电脑，你可以使用这些技巧来找到它。你可以从下面的链接下载 .deb 文件。
[下载 Linux 版 Wire [Beta]][11]
如果感兴趣的话，你也可以看一看它的源代码：
[桌面版 Wire 源代码][10]
这是 Wire 的默认界面，看起来像[初级 Loki 操作系统][9]:
[![Linux 上的 Wire 桌面应用程序](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Wire-desktop-appl-linux.jpeg)][8]
你看，它们甚至能在这儿得到机器人：）
你已经开始使用 Wire 了吗？如果是，你的体验是什么样的？如果没有，你将尝试一下吗？因为它现在是[开源的][7]并且可以在 Linux 上使用。
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作者：[ Abhishek Prakash ][a]
译者：[ucasFL](https://github.com/ucasFL)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
[1]:https://medium.com/colorful-conversations/the-tune-for-this-summer-audio-filters-eca8cb0b4c57#.c8gvs143k
[2]:http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://itsfoss.com/wire-messaging-linux/&description=Coolest+Privacy+Focused+Open+Source+Chat+App+Wire+Comes+To+Linux&media=https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wire-on-desktop-linux.jpeg
[3]:https://www.linkedin.com/cws/share?url=https://itsfoss.com/wire-messaging-linux/
[4]:https://twitter.com/share?original_referer=https%3A%2F%2Fitsfoss.com%2F&source=tweetbutton&text=Coolest+Privacy+Focused+Open+Source+Chat+App+Wire+Comes+To+Linux&url=https%3A%2F%2Fitsfoss.com%2Fwire-messaging-linux%2F&via=%40itsfoss
[5]:https://itsfoss.com/wire-messaging-linux/#comments
[6]:https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
[7]:https://itsfoss.com/tag/open-source
[8]:https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Wire-desktop-appl-linux.jpeg
[9]:https://itsfoss.com/tag/elementary-os-loki/
[10]:https://github.com/wireapp/wire-desktop
[11]:https://wire.com/download/
[12]:https://itsfoss.com/32-bit-64-bit-ubuntu/
[13]:https://www.snapchat.com/
[14]:https://itsfoss.com/skpe-alpha-linux/
[15]:http://electron.atom.io/
[16]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/3099194/security/wire-open-sources-messaging-client-woos-developers.html
[17]:https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/25/whatsapp-to-share-user-data-with-facebook-for-ad-targeting-heres-how-to-opt-out/
[18]:http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/wire-worlds-most-private-messaging-app-offers-total-encryption-calls-texts-1548964
[19]:https://wire.com/
[20]:https://www.skype.com/en/
[21]:https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wire-on-desktop-linux.jpeg