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[Translated]20150505 How to Manage 'Systemd' Services and Units Using 'Systemctl' in Linux.md
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sources/tech/20150505 How to Manage 'Systemd' Services and Units Using 'Systemctl' in Linux.md → translated/tech/20150505 How to Manage 'Systemd' Services and Units Using 'Systemctl' in Linux.md
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Translating by GOLinux!
How to Manage ‘Systemd’ Services and Units Using ‘Systemctl’ in Linux
在Linux中使用‘Systemctl’管理‘Systemd’服务和单元
================================================================================
Systemctl is a systemd utility which is responsible for Controlling the systemd system and service manager.
Systemctl是一个systemd工具，主要负责控制systemd系统和服务管理器。
Systemd is a collection of system management daemons, utilities and libraries which serves as a replacement of System V init daemon. Systemd functions as central management and configuration platform for UNIX like system.
Systemd是一个系统管理守护进程、工具和库的集合，用于取代System V初始进程。Systemd的功能是用于集中管理和配置类UNIX系统。
In the Linux Ecosystem Systemd has been implemented on most of the standard Linux Distribution with a few exception. Systemd is the parent Process of all other daemons oftenly but not always.
在Linux生态系统中，Systemd被部署到了大多数的标准Linux发行版中，只有位数不多的几个尚未部署。Systemd通常是所有其它守护进程的父进程，但并非总是如此。
![Manage Linux Services Using Systemctl](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Manage-Linux-Services-Using-Systemctl.jpg)
Manage Linux Services Using Systemctl
使用Systemctl管理Linux服务
This article aims at throwing light on “How to control System and Services” on a system running systemd.
本文旨在阐明在运行systemd的系统上“如何控制系统和服务”。
### Starting with Systemtd and Systemctl Basics ###
### Systemd初体验和Systemctl基础 ###
#### 1. First check if systemd is installed on your system or not and what is the version of currently installed Systemd? ####
#### 1. 首先检查你的系统中是否安装有systemd并确定当前安装的版本 ####
# systemd --version
systemd 215
+PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX +IMA +SYSVINIT +LIBCRYPTSETUP +GCRYPT +ACL +XZ -SECCOMP -APPARMOR
It’s clear from the above example, that we have systemd 215 version Installed.
上例中很清楚地表明，我们安装了215版本的systemd。
#### 2. Check where the binaries and libraries of systemd and systemctl are installed. ####
#### 2. 检查systemd和systemctl的二进制文件和库文件的安装位置 ####
# whereis systemd
systemd: /usr/lib/systemd /etc/systemd /usr/share/systemd /usr/share/man/man1/systemd.1.gz
@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ It’s clear from the above example, that we have systemd 215 version Installed.
# whereis systemctl
systemctl: /usr/bin/systemctl /usr/share/man/man1/systemctl.1.gz
#### 3. Check whether systemd is running or not. ####
#### 3. 检查systemd是否运行 ####
# ps -eaf | grep [s]ystemd
@ -42,18 +41,18 @@ It’s clear from the above example, that we have systemd 215 version Installed.
root 555 1 0 16:27 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-logind
dbus 556 1 0 16:27 ? 00:00:00 /bin/dbus-daemon --system --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation
**Notice**: systemd is running as parent daemon (PID=1). In the above command ps with (-e) select all Processes, (-
**注意**：systemd是作为父进程（PID=1）运行的。在上面带（-e）参数的ps命令输出中，选择所有进程，（-
a) select all processes except session leaders and (-f) for full format listing (i.e. -eaf).
a）选择除会话前导外的所有进程，并使用（-f）参数输出完整格式列表（如 -eaf）。
Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to follow. Square Bracket expression is part of grep’s character class pattern matching.
也请注意上例中后随的方括号和样例剩余部分。方括号表达式是grep的字符类表达式的一部分。
#### 4. Analyze systemd boot process. ####
#### 4. 分析systemd启动进程 ####
# systemd-analyze
Startup finished in 487ms (kernel) + 2.776s (initrd) + 20.229s (userspace) = 23.493s
#### 5. Analyze time taken by each process at boot. ####
#### 5. 分析启动时各个进程花费的时间 ####
# systemd-analyze blame
@ -69,7 +68,7 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f
1.126s systemd-logind.service
....
#### 6. Analyze critical chain at boot. ####
#### 6. 分析启动时的关键链 ####
# systemd-analyze critical-chain
@ -95,9 +94,9 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f
└─systemd-fsck@dev-disk-by\x2duuid-79f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d19608096
└─dev-disk-by\x2duuid-79f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d196080964.device @4
**Important**: Systemctl accepts services (.service), mount point (.mount), sockets (.socket) and devices (.device) as units.
**重要**：Systemctl接受服务（.service），挂载点（.mount），套接口（.socket）和设备（.device）作为单元。
#### 7. List all the available units. ####
#### 7. 列出所有可用单元 ####
# systemctl list-unit-files
@ -113,7 +112,7 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f
brandbot.path disabled
.....
#### 8. List all running units. ####
#### 8. 列出所有运行中单元 ####
# systemctl list-units
@ -134,7 +133,7 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f
sys-module-configfs.device loaded active plugged /sys/module/configfs
...
#### 9. List all failed units. ####
#### 9. 列出所有失败单元 ####
# systemctl --failed
@ -148,13 +147,13 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f
1 loaded units listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too.
To show all installed unit files use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.
#### 10. Check if a Unit (cron.service) is enabled or not?. ####
#### 10. 检查某个单元（cron.service）是否启用 ####
# systemctl is-enabled crond.service
enabled
#### 11. Check whether a Unit or Service is running or not?. ####
#### 11. 检查某个单元或服务是否运行 ####
# systemctl status firewalld.service
@ -168,9 +167,9 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f
Apr 28 16:27:51 tecmint systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon...
Apr 28 16:27:55 tecmint systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.
### Control and Manage Services Using Systemctl ###
### 使用Systemctl控制并管理服务 ###
#### 12. List all services (including enabled and disabled). ####
#### 12. 列出所有服务（包括启用的和禁用的） ####
# systemctl list-unit-files --type=service
@ -188,7 +187,7 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f
dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service enabled
....
#### 13. How do I start, restart, stop, reload and check the status of a service (httpd.service) in Linux. ####
#### 13. Linux中如何启动、重启、停止、重载服务以及检查服务（httpd.service）状态 ####
# systemctl start httpd.service
# systemctl restart httpd.service
@ -215,15 +214,15 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f
Apr 28 17:21:30 tecmint systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
**Note**: When we use commands like start, restart, stop and reload with systemctl, we will not get any output on the terminal, only status command will print the output.
**注意**：当我们使用systemctl的start，restart，stop和reload命令时，我们不会不会从终端获取到任何输出内容，只有status命令可以打印输出。
#### 14. How to active a service and enable or disable a service at boot time (auto start service at system boot). ####
#### 14. 如何激活服务并在启动时启用或禁用服务（系统启动时自动启动服务） ####
# systemctl is-active httpd.service
# systemctl enable httpd.service
# systemctl disable httpd.service
#### 15. How to mask (making it impossible to start) or unmask a service (httpd.service). ####
#### 15. 如何屏蔽（让它不能启动）或显示服务（httpd.service） ####
# systemctl mask httpd.service
ln -s '/dev/null' '/etc/systemd/system/httpd.service'
@ -231,7 +230,7 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f
# systemctl unmask httpd.service
rm '/etc/systemd/system/httpd.service'
#### 16. How to a Kill a service using systemctl command. ####
#### 16. 使用systemctl命令杀死服务 ####
# systemctl kill httpd
# systemctl status httpd
@ -254,9 +253,9 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f
Apr 28 18:01:42 tecmint systemd[1]: Unit httpd.service entered failed state.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
### Control and Manage Mount Points using Systemctl ###
### 使用Systemctl控制并管理挂载点 ###
#### 17. List all system mount points. ####
#### 17. 列出所有系统挂载点 ####
# systemctl list-unit-files --type=mount
@ -269,7 +268,7 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f
sys-kernel-debug.mount static
tmp.mount disabled
#### 18. How do I mount, unmount, remount, reload system mount points and also check the status of mount points on the system. ####
#### 18. 挂载、卸载、重新挂载、重载系统挂载点并检查系统中挂载点状态 ####
# systemctl start tmp.mount
# systemctl stop tmp.mount
@ -292,13 +291,13 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f
Apr 28 17:46:06 tecmint systemd[1]: tmp.mount: Directory /tmp to mount over is not empty, mounting anyway.
Apr 28 17:46:06 tecmint systemd[1]: Mounted Temporary Directory.
#### 19. How to active, enable or disable a mount point at boot time (auto mount at system boot). ####
#### 19. 在启动时激活、启用或禁用挂载点（系统启动时自动挂载） ####
# systemctl is-active tmp.mount
# systemctl enable tmp.mount
# systemctl disable tmp.mount
#### 20. How to mask (making it impossible to start) or unmask a mount points in Linux. ####
#### 20. 在Linux中屏蔽（让它不能启动）或显示挂载点 ####
# systemctl mask tmp.mount
@ -308,9 +307,9 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f
rm '/etc/systemd/system/tmp.mount'
### Control and Manage Sockets using Systemctl ###
### 使用Systemctl控制并管理套接口 ###
#### 21. List all available system sockets. ####
#### 21. 列出所有可用系统套接口 ####
# systemctl list-unit-files --type=socket
@ -329,7 +328,7 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f
11 unit files listed.
#### 22. How do I start, restart, stop, reload and check the status of a socket (example: cups.socket) in Linux. ####
#### 22. 在Linux中启动、重启、停止、重载套接口并检查其状态####
# systemctl start cups.socket
# systemctl restart cups.socket
@ -345,13 +344,13 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f
Apr 28 18:10:59 tecmint systemd[1]: Starting CUPS Printing Service Sockets.
Apr 28 18:10:59 tecmint systemd[1]: Listening on CUPS Printing Service Sockets.
#### 23. How to active a socket and enable or disable at boot time (auto start socket at system boot). ####
#### 23. 在启动时激活套接口，并启用或禁用它（系统启动时自启动） ####
# systemctl is-active cups.socket
# systemctl enable cups.socket
# systemctl disable cups.socket
#### 24. How to mask (making it impossible to start) or unmask a socket (cups.socket). ####
#### 24. 屏蔽（使它不能启动）或显示套接口 ####
# systemctl mask cups.socket
ln -s '/dev/null' '/etc/systemd/system/cups.socket'
@ -359,31 +358,31 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f
# systemctl unmask cups.socket
rm '/etc/systemd/system/cups.socket'
### CPU Utilization (Shares) of a Service ###
### 服务的CPU利用率（分配额） ###
#### 25. Get the current CPU Shares of a Service (say httpd). ####
#### 25. 获取当前某个服务的CPU分配额（如httpd） ####
# systemctl show -p CPUShares httpd.service
CPUShares=1024
**Note**: The default each service has a CPUShare = 1024. You may increase/decrease CPU share of a process.
**注意**：各个服务的默认CPU分配份额=1024，你可以增加/减少某个进程的CPU分配份额。
#### 26. Limit the CPU Share of a service (httpd.service) to 2000 CPUShares/ ####
#### 26. 将某个服务（httpd.service）的CPU分配份额限制为2000 CPUShares/ ####
# systemctl set-property httpd.service CPUShares=2000
# systemctl show -p CPUShares httpd.service
CPUShares=2000
**Note**: When you set CPUShare for a service, a directory with the name of service is created (httpd.service.d) which contains a file 90-CPUShares.conf which contains the CPUShare Limit information. You may view the file as:
**注意**：当你为某个服务设置CPUShares，会自动创建一个以服务名命名的目录（httpd.service），里面包含了一个名为90-CPUShares.conf的文件，该文件含有CPUShare限制信息，你可以通过以下方式查看该文件：
# vi /etc/systemd/system/httpd.service.d/90-CPUShares.conf
[Service]
CPUShares=2000
#### 27. Check all the configuration details of a service. ####
#### 27. 检查某个服务的所有配置细节 ####
# systemctl show httpd
@ -402,7 +401,7 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f
FragmentPath=/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service
....
#### 28. Analyze critical chain for a services(httpd). ####
#### 28. 分析某个服务（httpd）的关键链 ####
# systemd-analyze critical-chain httpd.service
@ -427,7 +426,7 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f
└─systemd-fsck@dev-disk-by\x2duuid-79f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d196080964.service @4.092s +149ms
└─dev-disk-by\x2duuid-79f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d196080964.device @4.092s
#### 29. Get a list of dependencies for a services (httpd). ####
#### 29. 获取某个服务（httpd）的依赖性列表 ####
# systemctl list-dependencies httpd.service
@ -449,7 +448,7 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f
│ ├─dbus.socket
....
#### 30. List control groups hierarchically. ####
#### 30. 按等级列出控制组 ####
# systemd-cgls
@ -473,7 +472,7 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f
│ └─721 /usr/lib/polkit-1/polkitd --no-debug
....
#### 31. List control group according to CPU, memory, Input and Output. ####
#### 31. 按CPU、内存、输入和输出列出控制组 ####
# systemd-cgtop
@ -502,9 +501,9 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f
/system.slice/webmin.service 1 - - - -
/user.slice/user-0.slice/session-1.scope 3 - - - -
### Control System Runlevels ###
### 控制系统运行等级 ###
#### 32. How to start system rescue mode. ####
#### 32. 启动系统救援模式 ####
# systemctl rescue
@ -512,7 +511,7 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f
The system is going down to rescue mode NOW!
#### 33. How to enter into emergency mode. ####
#### 33. 进入紧急模式 ####
# systemctl emergency
@ -520,31 +519,31 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f
system logs, "systemctl reboot" to reboot, "systemctl default" to try again
to boot into default mode.
#### 34. List current run levels in use. ####
#### 34. 列出当前使用的运行等级 ####
# systemctl get-default
multi-user.target
#### 35. How to start Runlevel 5 aka graphical mode. ####
#### 35. 启动运行等级5，即图形模式 ####
# systemctl isolate runlevel5.target
OR
# systemctl isolate graphical.target
#### 36. How to start Runlevel 3 aka multiuser mode (commandline). ####
#### 36. 启动运行等级3，即多用户模式（命令行） ####
# systemctl isolate runlevel3.target
OR
# systemctl isolate multiuser.target
#### 36. How to set multiusermode or graphical mode as default runlevel. ####
#### 36. 设置多用户模式或图形模式为默认运行等级 ####
# systemctl set-default runlevel3.target
# systemctl set-default runlevel5.target
#### 37. How to reboot, halt, suspend, hibernate or put system in hybrid-sleep. ####
#### 37. 重启、停止、挂起、休眠系统或使系统进入混合睡眠 ####
# systemctl reboot
@ -556,23 +555,23 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f
# systemctl hybrid-sleep
For those who may not be aware of runlevels and what it does.
对于不知运行等级为何物的人，说明如下。
- Runlevel 0 : Shut down and Power off the system.
- Runlevel 1 : Rescue?Maintainance Mode.
- Runlevel 3 : multiuser, no-graphic system.
- Runlevel 4 : multiuser, no-graphic system.
- Runlevel 5 : multiuser, graphical system.
- Runlevel 6 : Shutdown and Reboot the machine.
- Runlevel 0 : 关闭系统
- Runlevel 1 : 救援？维护模式
- Runlevel 3 : 多用户，无图形系统
- Runlevel 4 : 多用户，无图形系统
- Runlevel 5 : 多用户，图形化系统
- Runlevel 6 : 关闭并重启机器
That’s all for now. Keep connected! Keep commenting. Don’t forget to provide us with your valuable feedback in the comments below. Like and share us and help us get spread.
到此为止吧。保持连线，进行评论。别忘了在下面的评论中为我们提供一些有价值的反馈哦。喜欢我们、与我们分享，求扩散。
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via: http://www.tecmint.com/manage-services-using-systemd-and-systemctl-in-linux/
作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
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