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How To Set Readonly File Permissions On Linux / Unix Web Server DocumentRoot
======
How do I set a read-only permission for all of my files stored in /var/www/html/ directory?
You can use the chmod command to set read-only permission for all files on a Linux / Unix / macOS / Apple OS X / *BSD operating systems. This page explains how to setup read only file permission on Linux or Unix web server such as Nginx, Lighttpd, Apache and more.
[![Proper read-only permissions for Linux/Unix Nginx/Apache web server's directory][1]][1]
### How to set files in read-only mode
The syntax is:
```
### use only for files ##
chmod 0444 /var/www/html/*
chmod 0444 /var/www/html/*.php
```
### How to to set directories in read-only mode
TO set directories in read-only mode, enter:
```
### use only for dirs ##
chmod 0444 /var/www/html/
chmod 0444 /path/to/your/dir/
# ***************************************************************************
# Say webserver user/group is www-data, and file-owned by ftp-data user/group
# ***************************************************************************
# All files/dirs are read-only
chmod -R 0444 /var/www/html/
# All files/dir owned by ftp-data
chown -R ftp-data:ftp-data /var/www/html/
# All directories and sub-dirs has 0445 permission (so that webserver user www-data can read our files)
find /var/www/html/ -type d -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} chmod 0445 "{}"
```
To find all files (including sub-directories in /var/www/html) and set read-only permission, enter:
```
### works on files only ##
find /var/www/html -type f -iname "*" -print0 | xargs -I {} -0 chmod 0444 {}
```
However, you need to set set read-only and execute permission on /var/www/html and all sub-directories so that web server can enter into your DocumentRoot, enter:
```
### works on dirs only ##
find /var/www/html -type d -iname "*" -print0 | xargs -I {} -0 chmod 0544 {}
```
### A warning about write permission
Please note that write access on a directory /var/www/html/ allows anyone to remove or add new files. In other words, you may need to set a read-only permission for /var/www/html/ directory itself:
```
### read-only web-root but web server allowed to read files ##
chmod 0555 /var/www/html
```
In some cases you can change file owner and group to set tight permissions as per your setup:
```
### Say /var/www/html is owned by normal user, you can set it to root:root or httpd:httpd (recommended) ###
chown -R root:root /var/www/html/
### Make sure apache user owns /var/www/html/ ##
chown -R apache:apache /var/www/html/
```
### A note about NFS exported directories
You can specify whether the directory should have [read-only or read/write permissions using /etc/exports][2] file. This file defines the various shares on the NFS server and their permissions. A few examples:
```
# Read-only access to anyone
/var/www/html *(ro,sync)
# Read-write access to a client on 192.168.1.10 (upload.example.com)
/var/www/html 192.168.1.10(rw,sync)
```
### A note about read-only Samba (CIFS) share for MS-Windows clients
To share sales as read-only, update smb.conf as follows:
```
[sales]
comment = Sales Data
path = /export/cifs/sales
read only = Yes
guest ok = Yes
```
### A note about file systems table
You can use the /etc/fstab file on Unix or Linux to configure to mount certain files in read-only mode. You need to have a dedicated partition. Do not set / or other system partitions in read-only mode. In this example /srv/html is set to read-only mode using /etc/fstab file:
```
/dev/sda6 /srv/html ext4 ro 1 1
```
You can use the mount command to [remount partition in read-only mode][3] (run it as the root user):
```
# mount -o remount,ro /dev/sda6 /srv/html
```
OR
```
# mount -o remount,ro /srv/html
```
The above command will try to attempt to remount an already-mounted filesystem at /srv/html. This is commonly used to change the mount flags for a filesystem, especially to make a readonly filesystem writeable. It does not change device or mount point. To make file system writable again, enter:
```
# mount -o remount,rw /dev/sda6 /srv/html
```
OR
```
# mount -o remount,rw /srv/html
```
### Linux: chattr Command
You can change file [attributes on a Linux file system to read-only][4] using the chattr command:
```
chattr +i /path/to/file.php
chattr +i /var/www/html/
# find everything in /var/www/html and set to read-only #
find /var/www/html -iname "*" -print0 | xargs -I {} -0 chattr +i {}
```
To remove read-only attribute pass the -i option:
```
# chattr -i /path/to/file.php
```
FreeBSD, Mac OS X and other BSD unix user can use the [chflags command][5]:
```
### set read-only ##
chflags schg /path/to/file.php
# remove read-only ##
chflags noschg /path/to/file.php
```
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-set-readonly-file-permission-in-linux-unix/
作者:[Vivek Gite][a]
译者:[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://www.cyberciti.biz
[1]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/faq/2012/04/linux-unix-set-read-only-file-system-permission-for-apache-nginx.jpg
[2]:https://www.cyberciti.biz//www.cyberciti.biz/faq/centos-fedora-rhel-nfs-v4-configuration/
[3]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-freebsd-remount-partition/
[4]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-password-trick.html
[5]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/howto-write-protect-file-with-immutable-bit.html

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如何在Linux/Unix中的Web服务根文档目录(DocumentRoot)上设置只读文件权限
======
我是如何对存放在/var/www/html/目录中的所有我的文件设置只读权限的?
你可以使用`chmod`命令对Linux / Unix / macOS / Apple OS X / *BSD操作系统上的所有文件来设置只读权限。这篇文章介绍如何在Linux/Unix的web服务器如 Nginx, Lighttpd, Apache等上来设置只读文件权限。
[![Proper read-only permissions for Linux/Unix Nginx/Apache web server's directory][1]][1]
### 如何设置文件为只读模式
语法为:
```
### 仅针对文件 ##
chmod 0444 /var/www/html/*
chmod 0444 /var/www/html/*.php
```
### 如何设置目录为只读模式
语法为:
```
### 仅针对目录##
chmod 0444 /var/www/html/
chmod 0444 /path/to/your/dir/
# ***************************************************************************
# Say webserver user/group is www-data, and file-owned by ftp-data user/group
# 假如webserver用户/用户组是www-data ,文件拥有者是ftp-data用户/用户组
# ***************************************************************************
# 设置目录所有文件为只读
chmod -R 0444 /var/www/html/
#设置文件/目录拥有者为ftp-data
chown -R ftp-data:ftp-data /var/www/html/
# 所有目录和子目录的权限为0445 (这样webserver用户或用户组就可以读取我们的文件)
find /var/www/html/ -type d -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} chmod 0445 "{}"
```
找到所有/var/www/html下的所有文件包括子目录键入
```
### 仅对文件有效##
find /var/www/html -type f -iname "*" -print0 | xargs -I {} -0 chmod 0444 {}
```
然而,你需要在/var/www/html目录及其子目录上设置只读和执行权限如此才能让web server能够访问根目录键入
```
### 仅对目录有效 ##
find /var/www/html -type d -iname "*" -print0 | xargs -I {} -0 chmod 0544 {}
```
### 警惕写权限
请注意在/var/www/html/目录上的写权限会允许任何人删除文件或添加新文件。也就是说,你可能需要设置一个只读权限给/var/www/html/目录本身。
```
### web根目录只读##
chmod 0555 /var/www/html
```
在某些情况下,根据你的设置要求,你可以改变文件的属主和属组来设置严格的权限。
```
### 如果/var/www/html目录的拥有人是普通用户你可以设置拥有人为 root:root 或 httpd:httpd (推荐) ###
chown -R root:root /var/www/html/
### 确保apache拥有/var/www/html/ ##
chown -R apache:apache /var/www/html/
```
### 关于NFS导出目录
你可以在/etc/exports文件中指定哪个目录应该拥有[只读或者读写权限 ][2] . 这个文件定义各种各样的共享在NFS服务器和他们的权限。如
```
# 对任何人只读权限
/var/www/html *(ro,sync)
# 对192.168.1.10(upload.example.com)客户端读写权限访问
/var/www/html 192.168.1.10(rw,sync)
```
### 关于Samba (CIFS)只读共享对MS-Windows客户端
共享sales为只读更新smb.conf如下
```
[sales]
comment = Sales Data
path = /export/cifs/sales
read only = Yes
guest ok = Yes
```
### 关于文件系统表file systems table
你可以在Unix/Linux上的/etc/fstab文件中配置挂载某些文件为只读模式。
你需要有专用分区,不要设置其他系统分区为只读模式。
如下在/etc/fstab文件中设置/srv/html为只读模式。
```
/dev/sda6 /srv/html ext4 ro 1 1
```
你可以使用`mount`命令[重新挂载分区为只读模式][3]使用root用户
```
# mount -o remount,ro /dev/sda6 /srv/html
```
或者
```
# mount -o remount,ro /srv/html
```
上面的命令会尝试重新挂载已挂载的文件系统在/srv/html上。这是改变文件系统挂载标志的常用方法特别是让只读文件改为可写的。这种方式不会改变设备或者挂载点。让文件变得再次可写,键入:
```
# mount -o remount,rw /dev/sda6 /srv/html
```
```
# mount -o remount,rw /srv/html
```
### Linux: chattr 命令
你可以在Linux文件系统上使用`chattr`命令[改变文件属性为只读][4],如:
```
chattr +i /path/to/file.php
chattr +i /var/www/html/
# 查找任何在/var/www/html下的文件并设置为只读#
find /var/www/html -iname "*" -print0 | xargs -I {} -0 chattr +i {}
```
通过提供`-i`选项可删除只读属性
```
chattr -i /path/to/file.php
```
FreeBSD, Mac OS X 和其他BSD Unix用户可使用[`chflags`命令][5]:
```
### 设置只读 ##
chflags schg /path/to/file.php
### 删除只读 ##
chflags noschg /path/to/file.php
```
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
来源: https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-set-readonly-file-permission-in-linux-unix/
作者:[Vivek Gite][a]
译者:[yizhuoyan](https://github.com/yizhuoyan)
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://www.cyberciti.biz
[1]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/faq/2012/04/linux-unix-set-read-only-file-system-permission-for-apache-nginx.jpg
[2]:https://www.cyberciti.biz//www.cyberciti.biz/faq/centos-fedora-rhel-nfs-v4-configuration/
[3]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-freebsd-remount-partition/
[4]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-password-trick.html
[5]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/howto-write-protect-file-with-immutable-bit.html