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Translating by MjSeven
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How to configure multiple websites with Apache web server
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======
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In my [last post][1], I explained how to configure an Apache web server for a single website. It turned out to be very easy. In this post, I will show you how to serve multiple websites using a single instance of Apache.
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Note: I wrote this article on a virtual machine using Fedora 27 with Apache 2.4.29. If you have another distribution or release of Fedora, the commands you will use and the locations and content of the configuration files may be different.
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As my previous article mentioned, all of the configuration files for Apache are located in `/etc/httpd/conf` and `/etc/httpd/conf.d`. The data for the websites is located in `/var/www` by default. With multiple websites, you will need to provide multiple locations, one for each site you host.
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### Name-based virtual hosting
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With name-based virtual hosting, you can use a single IP address for multiple websites. Modern web servers, including Apache, use the `hostname` portion of the specified URL to determine which virtual web host responds to the page request. This requires only a little more configuration than for a single site.
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Even if you are starting with only a single website, I recommend that you set it up as a virtual host, which will make it easier to add more sites later. In this article, I'll pick up where we left off in the previous article, so you'll need to set up the original website, a name-based virtual website.
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### Preparing the original website
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Before you set up a second website, you need to get name-based virtual hosting working for the existing site. If you do not have an existing website, [go back and create one now][1].
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Once you have your site, add the following stanza to the bottom of its `/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf` configuration file (adding this stanza is the only change you need to make to the `httpd.conf` file):
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```
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<VirtualHost 127.0.0.1:80>
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DocumentRoot /var/www/html
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ServerName www.site1.org
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</VirtualHost>
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```
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This will be the first virtual host stanza, and it should remain first, to make it the default definition. That means that HTTP access to the server by IP address, or by another name that resolves to this IP address but that does not have a specific named host configuration stanza, will be directed to this virtual host. All other virtual host configuration stanzas should follow this one.
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You also need to set up your websites with entries in `/etc/hosts` to provide name resolution. Last time, we just used the IP address for `localhost`. Normally, this would be done using whichever name service you use; for example, Google or Godaddy. For your test website, do this by adding a new name to the `localhost` line in `/etc/hosts`. Add the entries for both websites so you don't need to edit this file again later. The result looks like this:
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```
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127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4 www.site1.org www.site2.org
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```
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Let’s also change the `/var/www/html/index.html` file to be a little more explicit. It should look like this (with some additional text to identify this as website number 1):
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```
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<h1>Hello World</h1>
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Web site 1.
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```
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Restart the HTTPD server to enable the changes to the `httpd` configuration. You can then look at the website using the Lynx text mode browser from the command line.
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```
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[root@testvm1 ~]# systemctl restart httpd
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[root@testvm1 ~]# lynx www.site1.org
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Hello World
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Web site 1.
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<snip>
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Commands: Use arrow keys to move, '?' for help, 'q' to quit, '<-' to go back.
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Arrow keys: Up and Down to move. Right to follow a link; Left to go back.
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H)elp O)ptions P)rint G)o M)ain screen Q)uit /=search [delete]=history list
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```
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You can see that the revised content for the original website is displayed and that there are no obvious errors. Press the “Q” key, followed by “Y” to exit the Lynx web browser.
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### Configuring the second website
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Now you are ready to set up the second website. Create a new website directory structure with the following command:
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```
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[root@testvm1 html]# mkdir -p /var/www/html2
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```
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Notice that the second website is simply a second `html` directory in the same `/var/www` directory as the first site.
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Now create a new index file, `/var/www/html2/index.html`, with the following content (this index file is a bit different, to distinguish it from the one for the original website):
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```
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<h1>Hello World -- Again</h1>
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Web site 2.
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```
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Create a new configuration stanza in `httpd.conf` for the second website and place it below the previous virtual host stanza (the two should look very similar). This stanza tells the web server where to find the HTML files for the second site.
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```
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<VirtualHost 127.0.0.1:80>
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DocumentRoot /var/www/html2
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ServerName www.site2.org
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</VirtualHost>
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```
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Restart HTTPD again and use Lynx to view the results.
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```
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[root@testvm1 httpd]# systemctl restart httpd
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[root@testvm1 httpd]# lynx www.site2.org
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Hello World -- Again
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Web site 2.
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<snip>
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Commands: Use arrow keys to move, '?' for help, 'q' to quit, '<-' to go back.
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Arrow keys: Up and Down to move. Right to follow a link; Left to go back.
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H)elp O)ptions P)rint G)o M)ain screen Q)uit /=search [delete]=history list
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```
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Here I have compressed the resulting output to fit this space. The difference in the page indicates that this is the second website. To show both websites at the same time, open another terminal session and use the Lynx web browser to view the other site.
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### Other considerations
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This simple example shows how to serve up two websites with a single instance of the Apache HTTPD server. Configuring the virtual hosts becomes a bit more complex when other factors are considered.
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For example, you may want to use some CGI scripts for one or both of these websites. To do this, you would create directories for the CGI programs in `/var/www`: `/var/www/cgi-bin` and `/var/www/cgi-bin2`, to be consistent with the HTML directory naming. You would then need to add configuration directives to the virtual host stanzas to specify the directory location for the CGI scripts. Each website could also have directories from which files could be downloaded; this would also require entries in the appropriate virtual host stanza.
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The [Apache website][2] describes other methods for managing multiple websites, as well as configuration options from performance tuning to security.
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Apache is a powerful web server that can be used to manage websites ranging from simple to highly complex. Although its overall share is shrinking, Apache remains the single most commonly used HTTPD server on the Internet.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/18/3/configuring-multiple-web-sites-apache
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作者：[David Both][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://opensource.com/users/dboth
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[1]:https://opensource.com/article/18/2/how-configure-apache-web-server
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[2]:https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/
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@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
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如何使用 Apache Web 服务器配置多个站点
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=====
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在我的[上一篇文章][1]中，我解释了如何为单个站点配置 Apache Web 服务器，事实证明这很容易。在这篇文章中，我将向你展示如何使用单个 Apache 实例来服务多个站点。
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注意：我写这篇文章的环境是 Fedora 27 虚拟机，配置了 Apache 2.4.29。如果你有另一个 Fedora 的发行版，那么你使用的命令以及配置文件的位置和内容可能会有所不同。
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正如我之前的文章中提到的，Apache 的所有配置文件都位于 `/etc/httpd/conf` 和 `/etc/httpd/conf.d`。默认情况下，站点的数据位于 `/var/www` 中。对于多个站点，你需要提供多个位置，每个位置对应托管的站点。
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### 基于名称的虚拟主机
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使用基于名称的虚拟主机，你可以为多个站点使用一个 IP 地址。现代 Web 服务器，包括 Apache，使用指定 URL 的 `hostname` 部分来确定哪个虚拟 Web 主机响应页面请求。这仅仅需要比一个站点更多的配置。
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即使你只从单个站点开始，我也建议你将其设置为虚拟主机，这样可以在以后更轻松地添加更多站点。在本文中，我将在上一篇文章中介绍我们停止的位置，因此你需要设置原始站点，即基于名称的虚拟站点。
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### 准备原始站点
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在设置第二个站点之前，你需要为现有网站提供基于名称的虚拟主机。如果你现在没有网站，[请返回并立即创建一个][1]。
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一旦你有了站点，将以下内容添加到 `/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf` 配置文件的底部（添加此内容是你需要对 `httpd.conf` 文件进行的唯一更改）：
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```
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<VirtualHost 127.0.0.1:80>
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DocumentRoot /var/www/html
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ServerName www.site1.org
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</VirtualHost>
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```
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这将是第一个虚拟主机节（to 校正：这里虚拟主机节不太清除），它应该保持为第一个，以使其成为默认定义。这意味着通过 IP 地址或解析为此 IP 地址但没有特定命名主机配置节的其它名称对服务器的 HTTP 访问将定向到此虚拟主机。所有其它虚拟主机配置节都应遵循此节。
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你还需要使用 `/etc/hosts` 中的条目设置你的网站以提供名称解析。上次，我们只使用了 `localhost` 的 IP 地址。通常，这可以使用你使用的任何名称服务来完成，例如 Google 或 Godaddy。对于你的测试网站，通过在 `/etc/hosts` 中的 `localhost` 行添加一个新名称来完成此操作。添加两个网站的条目，方便你以后不需再次编辑此文件。结果如下：
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```
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127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4 www.site1.org www.site2.org
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```
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让我们将 `/var/www/html/index.html` 文件改变得更加明显一点。它应该看起来像这样（带有一些额外的文本来识别这是站点 1）：
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```
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<h1>Hello World</h1>
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Web site 1.
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```
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重新启动 HTTPD 服务器，已启用对 `httpd` 配置的更改。然后，你可以从命令行使用 Lynx 文本模式查看网站。
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```
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[root@testvm1 ~]# systemctl restart httpd
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[root@testvm1 ~]# lynx www.site1.org
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Hello World
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Web site 1.
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<snip>
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Commands: Use arrow keys to move, '?' for help, 'q' to quit, '<-' to go back.
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Arrow keys: Up and Down to move. Right to follow a link; Left to go back.
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H)elp O)ptions P)rint G)o M)ain screen Q)uit /=search [delete]=history list
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```
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你可以看到原始网站的修改内容，没有明显的错误，先按下 "Q" 键，然后按 "Y" 退出 Lynx Web 浏览器。
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### 配置第二个站点
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现在你已经准备好建立第二个网站。使用以下命令创建新的网站目录结构：
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```
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[root@testvm1 html]# mkdir -p /var/www/html2
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```
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注意，第二个站点只是第二个 `html` 目录，与第一个站点位于同一 `/var/www` 目录下。
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现在创建一个新的索引文件 `/var/www/html2/index.html`，其中包含以下内容（此索引文件稍有不同，以区别于原始网站）：
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```
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<h1>Hello World -- Again</h1>
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Web site 2.
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```
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在 `httpd.conf` 中为第二个站点创建一个新的配置节，并将其放在上一个虚拟主机节下面（这两个应该看起来非常相似）。此节告诉 Web 服务器在哪里可以找到第二个站点的 HTML 文件。
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```
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<VirtualHost 127.0.0.1:80>
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DocumentRoot /var/www/html2
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ServerName www.site2.org
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</VirtualHost>
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```
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重启 HTTPD，并使用 Lynx 来查看结果。
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```
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[root@testvm1 httpd]# systemctl restart httpd
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[root@testvm1 httpd]# lynx www.site2.org
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Hello World -- Again
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Web site 2.
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<snip>
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Commands: Use arrow keys to move, '?' for help, 'q' to quit, '<-' to go back.
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Arrow keys: Up and Down to move. Right to follow a link; Left to go back.
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H)elp O)ptions P)rint G)o M)ain screen Q)uit /=search [delete]=history list
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```
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在这里，我压缩了输出结果以适应这个空间。页面的差异表明这是第二个站点。要同时显示两个站点，请打开另一个终端会话并使用 Lynx Web 浏览器查看另一个站点。
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### 其他考虑
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这个简单的例子展示了如何使用 Apache HTTPD 服务器的单个实例来服务于两个站点。当考虑其他因素时，配置虚拟主机会变得有点复杂。
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例如，你可能希望为这些网站中的一个或全部使用一些 CGI 脚本。为此，你可能为 CGI 程序在 `/var/www` 目录下创建一些目录：`/var/www/cgi-bin` 和 `/var/www/cgi-bin2`，以与 HTML 目录命名一致。然后，你需要将配置指令添加到虚拟主机节，以指定 CGI 脚本的目录位置。每个站点可以有下载文件的目录。这还需要相应虚拟主机节中的条目。
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[Apache 网站][2]描述了管理多个站点的其他方法，以及从性能调优到安全性的配置选项。
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Apache 是一个强大的 Web 服务器，可以用来管理从简单到高度复杂的网站。尽管其总体市场份额在缩小，但它仍然是互联网上最常用的 HTTPD 服务器。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/18/3/configuring-multiple-web-sites-apache
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作者：[David Both][a]
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译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://opensource.com/users/dboth
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[1]:https://opensource.com/article/18/2/how-configure-apache-web-server
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[2]:https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/
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