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sources/tech/20221209.0 ⭐️⭐️ Install open source solar power at home.md
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[#]: subject: "Install open source solar power at home"
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/12/open-source-solar-power-home"
[#]: author: "Joshua Pearce https://opensource.com/users/joshuapearce"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: "geekpi"
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
Install open source solar power at home
======
You might have already given some thought to powering your home with solar. Solar photovoltaic panels, which convert sunlight directly into electricity, have fallen so far down in cost that it makes economic sense everywhere. That is why large companies have put in a lot of solar, and even the electric utilities have started installing massive solar farms—it simply costs less than antiquated fossil fuels. Like most homeowners, you would like to save money and eviscerate your electric bill, but you are probably cringing a bit at the upfront cost. To get a rough idea of the cost, a 5kW system that would power an average home installed at $3/W would cost about $15,000, while a larger home might need 10kW to offset all of their electricity purchases and cost $30,000. If you want batteries, double the cost (you don’t need batteries as most solar arrays connect to the grid, but if the grid goes down, so does your solar array until it is turned back on.) Paying for all your electricity for the next several decades is an investment, even if you save a lot of money.
There is some good financial news. First, both the US and Canada have enacted a 30% tax credit for solar. This credit drops the price down to about $2/W. Second, [Opensource.com previously discussed][1] how you could get a free book, [_To Catch the Sun_][2], that walks you through how to design your own system (you will still need a certified electrician and inspections to attach it to the grid). If you are a little handy, you can cut the remaining cost by about 50%. These costs are primarily for materials, including solar panels, wiring, electronics, and racking. Amazingly, solar panel costs have dropped so low for small solar systems (like the ones for your house) the racking (mechanical structures that hold the solar panels up) can cost more than the panels!
### Open source to the rescue again
Applying the open source development paradigm to software results in faster innovation, better products, and lower costs. The same is true of open source hardware—and even in the relatively obscure area of photovoltaic racking. Nearly all commercial photovoltaic racking is made from proprietary odd aluminum extrusions. They cost a lot of money. If you have a bit of unshaded backyard, you have a few open source racking solutions to choose from.
### Open source solar rack designs
The first DIY solar rack design meets the following criteria: (1) made from locally-accessible renewable materials, (2) 25-year lifetime to match solar warranties, (3) able to be fabricated by average consumers, (4) able to meet Canadian structural building codes (if you live where there is no snow this is a bit overkill, but, hey, you might have other weather extremes like hurricanes to deal with), (5) low cost and (6) that it is shared using an open source license. [The open source wood-based fixed-tilt ground-mounted bifacial photovoltaic rack design][3] works throughout North America. The racking system saves from 49% to 77% compared to commercial proprietary racking. The racking design, however, is highly dependent on the cost of lumber, which varies worldwide.
Check your local cost of wood before you dive into this open source design.
![Non-tilting solar rack plans][4]
If you are even more adventurous, you might consider this second design that allows you to change the tilt angle. The results of [the second study][5] show the racking systems with an optimal variable seasonal tilt angle have the best lifetime energy production, with 5.2% more energy generated compared to the fixed-tilt system (or 4.8% more energy, if limited to a maximum tilt angle of 60°). Both fixed and variable wooden racking systems show similar electricity costs, which are only 29% of that of proprietary commercial metal racking. The variable tilt rack provides the lowest cost option even when modest labor costs are included and also may provide specific advantages for applications such as [agrivoltaics][6] (i.e., you can garden underneath the panels and amazingly get increases in yields for shade-tolerant crops like lettuce). This design has been certified by [OSHWA with CERN-OHL-S-2.0 licenses][7].
IMAGE
![Tilt-adjustable solar racks][8]
There is about 1kW for each of the 2 PV module racks shown. So a house would need about five of them. Both papers provide full calculations and step-by-step build instructions.
As anyone with a solar system will tell you, getting a negative electricity bill is pretty rewarding. This happens if you size your system to meet all of your load and live in a net-metered part of the country. Please note that the electric utilities don’t pay you; the credit carries over until you use it in the winter.
Have fun with a little open source solar!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/22/12/open-source-solar-power-home
作者：[Joshua Pearce][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/joshuapearce
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://opensource.com/article/21/11/open-source-solar-power
[2]: https://tocatchthesun.com/
[3]: https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6030041
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-11/nontilt.png
[5]: https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6030054
[6]: https://www.academia.edu/18406368/The_potential_of_agrivoltaic_systems
[7]: https://certification.oshwa.org/ca000013.html
[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-11/tilt.png

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sources/tech/20221211.0 ⭐️ Simplify your Linux PC with the PCManFM file manager.md
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[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/12/linux-file-manager-pcmanfm"
[#]: author: "Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: translator: "geekpi"
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "

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translated/tech/20221209.0 ⭐️⭐️ Install open source solar power at home.md Normal file
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[#]: subject: "Install open source solar power at home"
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/12/open-source-solar-power-home"
[#]: author: "Joshua Pearce https://opensource.com/users/joshuapearce"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: "geekpi"
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
在家里安装开源太阳能
======
你可能已经考虑过用太阳能为您的家供电。将太阳光直接转化为电能的太阳能光伏电池板的成本已大幅下降，因此在任何地方都具有经济意义。这就是为什么大公司投入大量太阳能，甚至电力公司也开始安装大型太阳能发电场的原因，因为它的成本低于过时的化石燃料。像大多数房主一样，你想省钱并节省电费，但你可能对前期费用有点畏缩。为了大致了解成本，以 3 美元/瓦的价格为普通家庭供电的 5kW 系统的成本约为 15,000 美元，而更大的家庭可能需要 10kW 才能抵消所有电力购买，成本为 30,000 美元。如果你想要电池，成本加倍（你不需要电池，因为大多数太阳能电池阵列连接到电网，但如果电网瘫痪，你的太阳能电池阵列也会瘫痪，直到它重新开启）支付你未来几十年所有的电费是一种投资，即使你存了很多钱。
有一些好消息。首先，美国和加拿大都对太阳能实行了 30% 的税收抵免。此项优惠将价格降至约 2 美元/W。其次，[Opensource.com 之前讨论][1]过你可以获得一本免费书籍[_捕捉阳光_][2]，它会引导你完成如何设计自己的系统（你仍然需要一个合格的电工和检查来把它连接到电网）。如果你有一点手艺，你可以将剩余成本削减约 50%。这些成本主要用于材料，包括太阳能电池板、布线、电子设备和支架。令人惊讶的是，对于小型太阳能系统（比如你家的太阳能系统）来说，太阳能电池板的成本下降得如此之低，以至于支架（支撑太阳能电池板的机械结构）的成本可能比面板还高！
### 开源再次拯救
将开源开发范式应用于软件可以加快创新速度、改进产品并降低成本。开源硬件也是如此，甚至在光伏支架这个相对不为人知的领域也是如此。几乎所有的商业光伏支架都是由专有的奇特铝型材制成。它们会花很多钱。如果你有一些没有遮挡的后院，你有一些开源的支架解决方案可以选择。
### 开源太阳能支架设计
第一个 DIY 太阳能支架设计符合以下标准：(1) 由当地可获得的可再生材料制成，(2) 25 年的使用寿命与太阳能保修相匹配，(3) 能够由普通消费者制造，(4) 能够 符合加拿大结构建筑规范（如果你住在没有雪的地方，这有点矫枉过正，但是，嘿，你可能有其他极端天气需要应对，例如飓风），（5）低成本，（6）它是共享的 使用开源许可证。[开源的木质固定倾斜地面安装双面光伏支架设计][3]在整个北美都适用。与商业专有支架相比，该支架系统可节省 49% 至 77%。然而，支架设计高度依赖于世界各地不同的木材成本。
在深入研究这个开源设计之前，请检查你当地的木材成本。
![Non-tilting solar rack plans][4]
如果你更喜欢冒险，你可能会考虑第二种允许改变倾斜角度的设计。[第二项研究][5]的结果表明，具有最佳可变季节性倾斜角的支架系统具有最佳的终身能量产生，与固定倾斜系统相比，产生的能量多 5.2%（或者，如果最大倾斜角限制为 60°，能量多 4.8%）。固定和可变木制支架系统的电力成本相似，仅为专有商业金属货架的 29%。可变倾斜支架提供了最低成本的选择，即使包括适度的劳动力成本，也可能为[农业光伏][6]等应用提供特定优势（即，你可以在面板下面种菜，对于莴苣等耐阴作物来说，能惊人地增加产量）。此设计已通过[具有 CERN-OHL-S-2.0 许可证的 OSHWA][7] 的认证。
图片
![Tilt-adjustable solar racks][8]
所示的 2 个 PV 模块架中的每一个大约有 1kW。所以一所房子大约需要五个。这两篇论文都提供了完整的计算和分步建造说明。
正如拥有太阳能系统的任何人都会告诉你的那样，获得负电费是非常有益的。如果你的系统规模能满足你所有的负荷，并且住在该国的净计量地区，就会出现这种情况。请注意，电力公司不会向你付款； 额度会一直延续到你在冬天使用它为止。
享受一点开源太阳能带来的乐趣！
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/22/12/open-source-solar-power-home
作者：[Joshua Pearce][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/joshuapearce
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://opensource.com/article/21/11/open-source-solar-power
[2]: https://tocatchthesun.com/
[3]: https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6030041
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-11/nontilt.png
[5]: https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6030054
[6]: https://www.academia.edu/18406368/The_potential_of_agrivoltaic_systems
[7]: https://certification.oshwa.org/ca000013.html
[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-11/tilt.png