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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (lkxed)
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[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
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[#]: publisher: (wxy)
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[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-14427-1.html)
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[#]: subject: (Linux Jargon Buster: What is Grub in Linux? What is it Used for?)
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[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/what-is-grub/)
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[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
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Linux 黑话解释：Linux 中的 GRUB 是什么？
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======
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如果你曾经使用过 Linux 桌面，你一定见过这个屏幕。这就是所谓的 GRUB 屏幕。是的，它的字母全部都是大写的。
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![Remember this screen? This is GRUB][1]
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在 “<ruby>Linux 黑话解释<rt>Linux Jargon Buster</rt></ruby>”系列的这一个章节中，我将告诉你 GRUB 是什么，以及它有什么用处。此外，我还会简要地介绍一下配置和定制的部分。
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### GRUB 是什么？
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[GRUB][2] 是一个用于加载和管理系统启动的完整程序。它是 Linux 发行版中最常见的<ruby>引导程序<rt>bootloader</rt></ruby>。引导程序是计算机启动时运行的第一个软件。它加载 [操作系统的内核][3]，然后再由内核初始化操作系统的其他部分（包括 Shell、[显示管理器][4]、[桌面环境][5] 等等）。
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### 引导程序和引导管理器
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我不想现在就把你搞糊涂，但是我认为这个话题是不可避免的。<ruby>引导程序<rt>boot loader</rt></ruby>和<ruby>引导管理器<rt>boot manager</rt></ruby>之间有着一条模糊的界限。
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你已经知道了引导程序是什么。它会首先启动，然后将内核加载到内存中并执行它。引导管理器则允许你在不同的操作系统之间进行选择（如果你的电脑上不止一个操作系统的话）。引导管理器并不会直接加载系统。
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随着 Linux 内核 3.3 版本的推出，[Linux 内核包括了一个内置的 EFI 引导程序][6]。事实上，任何一个[支持 EFI 的系统都包括一个 EFI 引导程序][7]。在支持 EFI 的系统中，固件会读取 <ruby>EFI 系统分区<rt>EFI System Partition</rt></ruby>（ESP）中的 EFI 文件，从而获得启动信息。
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这里插入一张图片，图中显示了带有 ESP 分区的分区表：
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![][8]
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GRUB 既是一个引导程序，也是一个引导管理器。一会儿我再来谈 GRUB。让我们先看看其他类似 GRUB 的程序。
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> 小知识：GRUB 是 **GR**and **U**nified **B**ootloader（大一统引导程序） 的首字母缩写。
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### GRUB 屏幕上的那些行是什么意思？
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你会在 GRUB 屏幕上看到几行字。这些行对于不同的设置、不同的发行版会有所不同。
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通常情况下，第一行是你的 Linux 发行版。如果你看到类似高级选项的东西，你可以进入其中，找到一些以 “linux-generic-x-y-z” 等开头的行。
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当你的 Linux 发行版更新内核版本时，它至少会保留一个旧版本。你可以选择启动到旧的 Linux 内核，以防你的系统遇到新更新的 Linux 内核的任何问题。
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在基于 Ubuntu 的发行版中，你也可以看到一个恢复选项。
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![][8a]
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*在高级选项下，通常有一个旧的内核版本和恢复选项*
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在最后，你可能会看到一个条目，如系统设置或 UEFI 设置，以访问系统的 BIOS 设置。
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### 还有哪些类似 GRUB 的引导管理器？
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GRUB 是 Linux 中最流行的引导管理器。但它并不是唯一的一个。有一个高度可定制的引导管理器，名字叫做 [rEFInd 引导管理器][9]，它同样受到了一些 Linux 用户的喜爱。
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![定制化的 rEFInd 引导管理器屏幕 | 图片来源：kofler.info/pop_os][10]
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还有一个基于文本的引导管理器，名字叫做 [systemd-boot][11]。你可以猜到这是专为基于 systemd 的 Linux 发行版准备的。有一些发行版正在使用 systemd-boot，比如 Pop OS。
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![Pop OS 中的 systemd-boot | 图片来源：kofler.info/pop_os][12]
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### 访问或编辑 GRUB
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通常你看到的 GRUB 屏幕是它的菜单界面。如果你安装了一个以上的操作系统，它会允许你在其中选择一个来启动。如果你的 Linux 发行版安装了不止一个内核，你也可以选择加载不同的内核。
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根据不同的 Linux 发行版的配置，你的 GRUB 菜单上可能会有一些其他选项。
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你可以在 GRUB 菜单界面按 `e` 键来编辑菜单项。这样你就可以在内核加载前修改它的参数。例如，在某些情况下，[禁用内核提供的图形驱动可以帮助你解决 Linux 系统在启动时卡住的问题][13]。
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![][14]
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你也可以在 GRUB 菜单界面上按 `c` 键来进入 GRUB 的命令行菜单。
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### GRUB 配置文件
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你在菜单界面里对 GRUB 所做的任何改变都是暂时的。如果你想对 GRUB 做一些永久性的改变，比如改变默认的超时时间，你可以在 Linux 系统启动后修改 GRUB 配置文件。
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默认的 GRUB 配置文件是 `/etc/default/grub`。还有一个 `/etc/default/grub.d` 目录，里面也存放一些配置。你可以直接编辑 `/etc/default/grub` 文件，但是我还是建议通过在这个目录中添加配置文件（`.cfg` 文件）进行额外的修改。
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![默认的 GRUB 配置文件][15]
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你必须 [更新 GRUB 才能使这些修改生效][16]。
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### 使用 GRUB 定制器来定制 GRUB
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如果你不太习惯 [在终端里使用文本编辑器编辑文件][17]，你可以 [使用一个叫做 GRUB 定制器的图形工具][18]。
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它允许你改变启动顺序、默认超时时间等等。你还可以用它来把 GRUB 的背景设置成一张自定义的墙纸。
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![][19]
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GRUB 定制器可以在 Ubuntu 20.04 中从 Universe 仓库安装，在 Ubuntu 18.04 中 [通过 PPA 安装][22]。它可以 [通过 AUR][23] 在基于 Arch Linux 的发行版中使用。
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### 总结
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至此，本文几乎涉及到了所有与 GRUB 相关的简单内容。至于 EFI、引导加载和 GRUB 本身，它们都是详细而复杂的话题，因此不在本文的讨论范围之内。这篇文章旨在给你一个关于 GRUB 引导程序的总体概述。
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或许我以后会写一篇关于 GRUB 的详细指南，解释它底层的一些细节。目前，如果你想了解更多关于 GRUB 的信息，你可以在你的 Linux 终端里使用 `info grub` 命令访问到 GRUB 文档。
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![你可以在终端中访问 GRUB 手册][20]
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我希望你现在对什么是 GRUB 有了一点点的了解。这里有一个 GIF 动图供你一乐。
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![什么是 GRUB? UEFI 再也伤害不到我了 :)][21]
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或许我没有回答你关于 GRUB 的所有疑问，但请随时在评论区告诉我。我可能会根据你的问题或建议来更新这篇文章。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-grub/
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作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[lkxed](https://github.com/lkxed)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/grub-screen-linux.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
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[2]: https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/
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[3]: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-linux/
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[4]: https://linux.cn/article-12773-1.html
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[5]: https://linux.cn/article-12579-1.html
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[6]: https://www.rodsbooks.com/efi-bootloaders/efistub.html
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[7]: https://jdebp.eu/FGA/efi-boot-process.html
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[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/disk-partition-gparted.png?resize=744%2C385&ssl=1
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[8a]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/boot-into-recovery-mode-ubuntu-1.jpg?w=635&ssl=1
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[9]: https://www.rodsbooks.com/refind/
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[10]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/refind-boot-manager.png?resize=800%2C602&ssl=1
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[11]: https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Systemd-boot
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[12]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/systemd-boot.png?resize=714%2C333&ssl=1
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[13]: https://itsfoss.com/fix-ubuntu-freezing/
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[14]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/editing-grub-to-fix-nvidia-issue.jpg?resize=800%2C343&ssl=1
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[15]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/default-grub-config-file.png?resize=759%2C437&ssl=1
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[16]: https://itsfoss.com/update-grub/
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[17]: https://itsfoss.com/command-line-text-editors-linux/
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[18]: https://itsfoss.com/grub-customizer-ubuntu/
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[19]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/make-windows-default-grub-2.jpeg?resize=799%2C435&ssl=1
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[20]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/grub-manual-Linux-terminal.png?resize=800%2C462&ssl=1
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[21]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/what_is_GRUB.gif?resize=500%2C343&ssl=1
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[22]: https://itsfoss.com/ppa-guide/
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[23]: https://itsfoss.com/aur-arch-linux/
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@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (lkxed)
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[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
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||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
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||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-14431-1.html)
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[#]: subject: (Power up your Linux terminal text editor with ed)
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[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/12/gnu-ed)
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[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth)
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在 Linux 终端上使用行编辑器 ed
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======
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> 这个看似简单的编辑器为用户提供了许多易于学习和使用的命令。
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GNU `ed` 命令是一个行编辑器。它被认为是标准的 Unix 文本编辑器，因为它是首个出现在 Unix 的文本编辑器，并且它曾经无处不在，你在任何一个 POSIX 系统中都能找到它（通常来说，你现在也可以）。在某种程度上，你可以很容易看出来它是第一个文本编辑器，因为它在许多方面的功能都十分基础。和其他大多数的文本编辑器不同，它不会打开一个属于自己的窗口或显示区域，事实上，在默认情况下，它甚至不会提示用户输入文字。从另一个方面来说，它在交互功能上的缺失也可以成为一个优点。它是一个多功能的编辑器，你可以用简短的命令控制它，无论是在交互式的命令行中，还是在编写的 shell 脚本里。
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### 安装 ed
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如果你正在使用 Linux 或者 BSD 的话，你很可能已经默认安装了 `ed`（在 Linux 上是 GNU 版 `ed`，而在 BSD 上是 BSD 版 `ed`）。但是，一些极简的环境可能没有包括 `ed`，这也没关系，你的发行版的软件仓库中很可能有 `ed` 可供下载。macOS 默认安装了 BSD 版 `ed`。
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### 启动 ed
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当你启动 `ed` 的时候，你的终端提示符不见了，看起来好像是 `ed` 停止运行了。其实它没有，它只是在等待你输入指令而已。
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```
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$ ed
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```
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为使 `ed` 显示更详细的信息，你可以输入命令 `p` 让它返回一个提示符：
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```
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$ ed
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p
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?
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```
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这个问号（`?`）是默认的 `ed` 提示符。
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### 缓冲区
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当 `ed` 激活时，你其实是在和一个叫 <ruby>缓冲区<rt>buffer</rt></ruby> 的东西打交道。缓冲区是内存中的一块区域。你并不会直接编辑文件，而是在编辑它对应的缓冲区。当你退出 `ed` 却没有把修改保存到磁盘的文件上时，所有的修改都会丢失，因为它们只在缓冲区里存在。（这对于一个已经习惯了初始的 <ruby>草图缓冲区<rt>scratch buffer</rt></ruby> 的资深 Emacs 用户可能很耳熟。）
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### 使用 ed 输入文本
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启动 `ed` 后，你处于命令模式。这意味着你可以向编辑器发送指令，比如让它显示一个提示符，而不是空白区域。你可以使用 `a` 命令开始附加文本到当前的缓冲区，使用一个实心的点 `.` 来终止输入。比如，下面的这个例子往缓冲区里附加了两行文字（“hello world” 和 “hello ed”）：
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```
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?
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a
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hello world
|
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hello ed
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.
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```
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使用点 `.` 终止输入后，你将回到命令模式。
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### 查看缓冲区
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怎样查看当前缓冲区里都有什么呢？你可以输入想要查看的行号，也可以使用 `,p` 命令来显示所有的行：
|
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```
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?
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||||
1
|
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hello world
|
||||
2
|
||||
hello ed
|
||||
,p
|
||||
hello world
|
||||
hello ed
|
||||
```
|
||||
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### 写入文件
|
||||
|
||||
如果你现在对文本很满意，你可以使用 `w` 命令把缓冲区写入到文件中，后面跟上目标文件名：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
?
|
||||
w example.txt
|
||||
19
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
写操作后显示的那个数字代表着写入到文件中的字符数。
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||||
|
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### 读取文件
|
||||
|
||||
除了使用 `ed` 来读取文本，你也可以使用 `r` 命令把一个已经存在的文件加载到到缓冲区里：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
?
|
||||
r myfile.txt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
另外，你也可以在启动 `ed` 时，在它后面加上你想要加载到缓冲区里的文件名：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ed myfile.txt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 编辑缓冲区
|
||||
|
||||
鉴于 `ed` 是一个文本编辑器，你当然可以使用一种特殊的语法来编辑缓冲区里的文本。使用 `sed` 或 `vim` 的用户或许会觉得这个语法很熟悉。假设现在缓冲区里已经加载了一个文件：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ed myfile.txt
|
||||
,p
|
||||
This is an example document.
|
||||
There is some text, but not much.
|
||||
There is some errors, but not much.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果你要把第一句话中的 `document` 修改为 `file`，你可以先选择目标行（`1`），然后使用 `s` 命令调用搜索函数，后面跟着搜索文本和替换文本：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
?
|
||||
1
|
||||
This is an example document.
|
||||
s/document/file/
|
||||
1
|
||||
This is an example file.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果你要编辑其他行，步骤也是一样的，只需提供一个不同的行号即可：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
?
|
||||
3
|
||||
There is some errors, but not much.
|
||||
s/is/are/
|
||||
s/much/many/
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你可以使用 `,p` 命令来看到你对缓冲区的历史编辑记录：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
This is an example file.
|
||||
There is some text, but not much.
|
||||
There are some errors, but not many.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
当然，这些修改只存在于缓冲区里。你如果在 `ed` 编辑器外查看这个文件，你只会看到原始的文本：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ cat myfile.txt
|
||||
This is an example document.
|
||||
There is some text, but not much.
|
||||
There is some errors, but not much.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果你要把这些修改保存回文件中，使用 `w` 命令即可：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
w myfile.txt
|
||||
258
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 清空缓冲区
|
||||
|
||||
如果想要得到一个新的缓冲区，以此来打开一个新的文件，或者把一个新的文件加载到不同的环境中，你可以使用 `c` 命令。使用这个清空缓冲区后，什么也不会输出，因为缓冲已经是空的了：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
c
|
||||
,p
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 退出
|
||||
|
||||
如果要退出当前的 `ed` 会话，你可以使用 `q` 命令。它并不会给你一个保存缓冲区的机会，所以你要确保自己在这之前执行了保存操作。
|
||||
|
||||
### 尝试一下 ed 吧
|
||||
|
||||
`ed` 还可以做到很多事情，学习 `ed` 可以让你知道它和部分的 `vim` 是如何工作的。我并没有尝试使用 `ed` 来写这篇文章，老实说，我也不认为它是通常意义上的最佳文本编辑器。但是，`ed` 仍然是一个出色的编辑器。通过阅读它的文档，你可以很轻松地学会它。在 GNU 系统上，你可以使用 `info ed` 来查看它的操作手册。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/20/12/gnu-ed
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[lkxed](https://github.com/lkxed)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/terminal_command_linux_desktop_code.jpg?itok=p5sQ6ODE (Terminal command prompt on orange background)
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "hwlife"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-14419-1.html"
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Install Privacy-friendly WhatsApp Alternative Signal on Linux Desktop"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://itsfoss.com/install-signal-ubuntu/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/"
|
||||
|
||||
在 Linux 桌面上安装隐私友好的 Signal
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
自从我们报道将 Signal 作为即时通讯软件的理想选择以来，已经过去一年多了。虽然具有隐私意识的人和静态技术的人已经意识到了这个了不起的软件的存在，与此同时，在最近的 WhatsApp 隐私政策更新之后，Signal 更是得到了很多人的褒奖。
|
||||
|
||||
无论什么原因，如果你对 Signal 一无所知，想知道是否能在桌面上使用 Signal，那么答案是肯定的。你可以在 Linux、Windows 和 macOS 系统以及智能手机上安装 Signal。
|
||||
|
||||
![Signal Messenger on Pop OS Linux distribution][3]
|
||||
|
||||
我不打算强调 Signal 的功能，因为你可能已经有所了解。我只想向你展示在 Linux 桌面上安装 Signal 的不同方法：
|
||||
|
||||
* 用 Snap 包在 Liunx 上安装 Signal（Snap 应用程序需要更长的时间来加载，但可以获得自动更新和轻松的安装）
|
||||
* 用 apt 包在基于 Debian 和 Ubuntu 的发行版上安装 Signal（添加软件库需要额外的操作，但已安装的应用程序会自动更新）
|
||||
* 用 AUR 在 Arch 和 Manjaro Linux 上安装 Signal
|
||||
* 用 Flatpak 包在 Fedora 等 Linux 系统上安装 Signal
|
||||
|
||||
你可以基于你的发行版和偏好来选择这些安装方法的其中一种：
|
||||
|
||||
### 方法 1：用 Snap 包在 Linux 上安装 Signal
|
||||
|
||||
如果你正在使用 Ubuntu，你可以在软件中心找到 Signal 桌面版程序的 Snap 格式的软件包。
|
||||
|
||||
![][4]
|
||||
|
||||
或者，你可以在任何 [有 Snap 包支持功能的 Linux 发行版][6] 上 [使用 Snap 命令][5] 安装 Signal。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo snap install signal-desktop
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你可以使用 `snap remove` 命令或者从软件中心删除它。
|
||||
|
||||
有些人不喜欢 Snap 包是因为它们启动时间太长。好消息是你能够使用 `apt` 命令来安装 Signal。下一节我们讨论它。
|
||||
|
||||
### 方法 2：通过 apt 在基于 Debian 和 Ubuntu 的发行版上安装 Signal（使用官方 Signal 仓库）
|
||||
|
||||
这里是你在 Debian、Ubuntu、Linux Mint、elementary OS 和基于 Debian/Ubuntu 的其他发行版中安装 Signal 必须遵循的步骤。你可以 [复制这些命令并将其粘贴到终端][7]。
|
||||
|
||||
第一件事是得到官方 Signal 仓库的 GPG 密钥，并且把它加入到你的 APT 包管理器可信任的密钥中。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
wget -O- https://updates.signal.org/desktop/apt/keys.asc | sudo apt-key add -
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
密钥添加之后，你可以将仓库安全的添加的你的系统中。**不要因为仓库名称使用了 xenial 就惊慌失措**。它可以在 Ubuntu 18.04、20.04 和更新的版本以及 Debian、Mint 等系统中工作。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
echo "deb [arch=amd64] https://updates.signal.org/desktop/apt xenial main" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/signal-xenial.list
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
借助 [Linux 的 tee 命令][8]，在 `/etc/apt/sources.list.d` 目录下你将会有一个叫做 `signal-xenial.list` 的新文件。这个新文件有 Signal 仓库信息即 `deb [arch=amd64] https://updates.signal.org/desktop/apt xenial main`。
|
||||
|
||||
既然你已经添加了仓库，那么来更新缓存并安装 Signal 桌面程序吧：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt update && sudo apt install signal-desktop
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
一旦安装成功，在程序菜单找到 Signal 然后启动它。
|
||||
|
||||
![][9]
|
||||
|
||||
由于你已经添加了仓库，你安装的 Signal 程序将会伴随系统日常更新而自动更新。
|
||||
|
||||
享受在 Linux 桌面上使用 Signal 加密通讯的乐趣吧。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 删除 Signal
|
||||
|
||||
如果我不分享给你删除的步骤，那么指南是不完整的。让我们看一下。
|
||||
|
||||
首先，删除该程序：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt remove signal-desktop
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你可以留下它，也可以从系统中删除 Signal 仓库。对你来说是都是可以的。仓库继续在系统里的话，你可以轻松的再次安装 Signal。如果你删除了仓库的话，你得按照之前的步骤再次重新添加仓库。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你也想同时删除掉 Signal 仓库，你可以选择图形化方法，通过“软件和更新”工具，在那里删除它。
|
||||
|
||||
![][10]
|
||||
|
||||
或者，你可以用 `rm` 命令来删除这个文件：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
rm -i /etc/apt/sources.list.d/signal-xenial.list
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 方法 3：用 AUR 在 Arch 和 Manjaro Linux 上安装 Signal
|
||||
|
||||
通过 [AUR][12] 在 [基于 Arch 的 Linux 发行版][11] 上安装 Signal 是有效的。如果你在 Manjaro 上使用 Pamac 并且启用了 AUR，在包管理器里你可以找到 Signal。
|
||||
|
||||
否则，你可以经常 [使用 AUR 辅助工具][13]。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo yay -Ss <package-name>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
我相信你能够在相似的功能中删除 Signal。
|
||||
|
||||
### 方法 4：用 Flatpak 包在 Fedora 等 Linux 系统上安装 Signal
|
||||
|
||||
Signal 没有 RPM 的安装文件。然而，[Flatpak 包是有的][14]，你可以在 Fedora 上用它来安装 Signal。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
flatpak install flathub org.signal.Signal
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
一旦安装成功，你可以从菜单中运行它，或者在终端中输入以下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
flatpak run org.signal.Signal
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Signal 和 Telegram 是抛弃掉 WhatsApp 的两个主流而可行的选择。这两个软件都提供原生的 Linux 桌面程序。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/install-signal-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[hwlife](https://github.com/hwlife)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/signal-messaging-app/
|
||||
[2]: https://signal.org/
|
||||
[3]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/signal-shot.jpg?resize=800%2C565&ssl=1
|
||||
[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/signal-desktop-ubuntu.png?resize=800%2C425&ssl=1
|
||||
[5]: https://itsfoss.com/use-snap-packages-ubuntu-16-04/
|
||||
[6]: https://itsfoss.com/install-snap-linux/
|
||||
[7]: https://itsfoss.com/copy-paste-linux-terminal/
|
||||
[8]: https://linuxhandbook.com/tee-command/
|
||||
[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/signal-app-in-ubuntu.jpg?resize=795%2C230&ssl=1
|
||||
[10]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/remove-signal-repository.png?resize=800%2C401&ssl=1
|
||||
[11]: https://itsfoss.com/arch-based-linux-distros/
|
||||
[12]: https://itsfoss.com/aur-arch-linux/
|
||||
[13]: https://itsfoss.com/best-aur-helpers/
|
||||
[14]: https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.signal.Signal
|
||||
[15]: https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAEPRGUJrEE1itjpH6A
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "My favorite casual games to play on Linux"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/2/casual-gaming-linux-kde"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "perfiffer"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-14435-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
我最喜欢在 Linux 上玩的休闲游戏
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> 在编译开源代码的同时在 Linux 上玩电子游戏。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我喜欢一款可以让自己沉浸数小时的好游戏，但我并不总是能够忽略工作而消失在电子游戏中。尽管如此，我还是喜欢不时的接受有趣的挑战，当我的计算机忙于做一些我需要等待的事情时，我最喜欢启动的两个应用程序是来自 KDE 游戏包的游戏：**KBlocks** 和 **Kolf**。
|
||||
|
||||
### KBlocks
|
||||
|
||||
我最喜欢的电子游戏是这种从方块从天上掉下来，最好是落成一排，当方块相邻时就会神奇的消失的游戏。KBlocks 就是这样的，它的实现很棒。它可以使用**左箭头**和**右箭头**控制方块进行旋转，使用**下箭头**让方块更快的下落，使用**空格键**直接落下方块，不同的难度级别，方块下落的速度不同。
|
||||
|
||||
![KBlocks][2]
|
||||
|
||||
（Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]）
|
||||
|
||||
KBlocks 的默认主题是古埃及，这对游戏的玩法没有影响，但对于古埃及的爱好者来说可能是愉快的游戏体验。不过，你可以在“<ruby>配置 KBlocks<rt>Configure KBlocks</rt></ruby>”菜单项中更改主题。有一个名为 “Plasma” 的替代主题，或者你可以单击“<ruby>获取新主题<rt>Get New Themes</rt></ruby>”按钮并下载由用户贡献的主题。
|
||||
|
||||
![KBlocks Invaders by José Jorge][4]
|
||||
|
||||
(Seth Kenlon, CC BY-SA 4.0)
|
||||
|
||||
主题纯粹是美学方面的事情，但就艺术类型的人而言，为休闲游戏创建主题可能是为开源项目作出贡献的一种有趣方式。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 引导我进入 KDE Plasma 桌面的游戏
|
||||
|
||||
我承认，KBlocks 对我来说很难放下。事实上，正是我在会议期间玩游戏的愿望让我在 Emacs 中找到了 `M-x tetris` 命令，这反过来又让我发现并爱上了 Linux。这个游戏有很大的魅力。也许 KBlocks 将成为你发现 KDE Plasma 桌面的途径？
|
||||
|
||||
### Kolf
|
||||
|
||||
我不喜欢现实生活中的高尔夫，但在电脑上，迷你高尔夫结合了模拟物理和有趣的关卡设计，既令人愉快，又令人沮丧。Kolf 的目标如你所料：将高尔夫球打入洞中。当然，目的地总是在拐角处、需要越过山丘、经过池塘或者在墙后，因此你的目标是计算球速、摩擦力、坡度和轨迹，使其完美地让球回到球洞并尽可能少的击打球。
|
||||
|
||||
![Miniature golf][5]
|
||||
|
||||
（Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]）
|
||||
|
||||
它从来没有看起来那么简单，而且我认为看着高尔夫球从物体上反弹，并滚下你从未打算让它靠近的山丘，这永远不会过时。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 设计自己的球场
|
||||
|
||||
当你尝试设计自己的迷你高尔夫球场时，乐趣才真正开始。是的，Kolf 有一个关卡编辑器，你可以在其中建造墙壁、放置池塘、山丘和沙坑，添加弹球式保险杠等等。
|
||||
|
||||
![Kolf editor][6]
|
||||
|
||||
（Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]）
|
||||
|
||||
因为 Kolf 可以是多人游戏，所以给每个玩家五分钟的时间来设计一个关卡，然后看看谁在谁的关卡上做的最好，这特别有趣。
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux KDE 游戏
|
||||
|
||||
这绝不是 KDE 项目中仅有的两款游戏。还有许多其它游戏，包括卡牌游戏、拼图游戏和街机游戏。KDE 游戏包的好处是，它们包含了你可以随时走开的游戏，而且它们只需要你一点点的注意力。我在编译代码时使用这些游戏来消磨时间。有时候我并不能完整的玩完一局游戏，但我总是很欣赏这种心理状态的微妙转变。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/22/2/casual-gaming-linux-kde
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[perfiffer](https://github.com/perfiffer)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/gaming_grid_penguin.png?itok=7Fv83mHR (Gaming with penguin pawns)
|
||||
[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/kblocks.jpg (KBlocks)
|
||||
[3]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||||
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/kblocks-invaders.jpg (KBlocks Invaders by José Jorge)
|
||||
[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/kolf.jpg (Miniature golf)
|
||||
[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/kolf-edit.jpg (Kolf editor)
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (hwlife)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-14405-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Set up a minimal server on a Raspberry Pi)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/1/minimal-server-raspberry-pi)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Alan Formy-Duval https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss)
|
||||
|
||||
在树莓派上创建一个最小化的服务器
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> 不要急着丢弃那台旧树莓派，这个详细步骤的指南展示了我怎样用最小化设置来充分利用我珍贵的树莓派系统资源。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
最近，我的 [树莓派][2] 上的 microSD 储存卡不工作了。它已经作为服务器持续使用将近两年了，这为我提供了一个开始探索和修正问题的好机会。在初始化安装完成以后，它开始出现一些磁盘方面的问题，并且官方的树莓派操作系统发布了一个有重大意义的更新（并从 Raspbian 更名为<ruby>树莓派操作系统<rt>Raspberr Pi OS</rt></ruby>）。所以我买了一个新的储存卡并开始重装。
|
||||
|
||||
尽管树莓派 3B 不是最新的硬件，但对于运行多样化服务的最小化的服务器还是足够的。我认为我之前的安装使用了完整的安装镜像，包括了图形用户界面和许多其他的软件包是没有必要的。
|
||||
|
||||
这个详细步骤的指南展示了我怎样用最小化设置来充分利用我珍贵的树莓派系统资源。
|
||||
|
||||
### 开始
|
||||
|
||||
首先，要为树莓派创建一个新的系统驱动器。这需要两样东西：系统镜像文件和一张 microSD 储存卡。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 下载树莓派系统镜像文件
|
||||
|
||||
虽然有好几种操作系统可供选择，但我坚持选择树莓派官方支持的系统。
|
||||
|
||||
第一步是从 [树莓派操作系统][3] 官方网站上下载最新的系统镜像文件到计算机，然后后写入储存卡。他们提供了三个不同的镜像，我选择了精简版。它是最小化的操作系统，只包含基本系统必要的文件，所以它占用最少的磁盘空间和系统内存。（当我下载系统的时候，发布日期是 2020 年 8 月 20 日，但是它现在肯定已经更新了。我觉得不会有什么巨大不同，但是我建议读一下发行说明。）
|
||||
|
||||
#### 将树莓派系统镜像写到储存卡
|
||||
|
||||
第二步是写下载的系统镜像到储存卡。我的卡之前用过，当我把它插入我的 Linux 桌面计算机之后，它自动加载了两个存在的分区。在我卸载这两个分区前，我不能写入镜像。
|
||||
|
||||
要这样做，我必须得用下面的 `lsblk` 命令来确定它们的路径，经确定，该设备路径为 `/dev/mmcblk0`：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# lsblk -p
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
我用 `umount` 命令卸载了这两个分区：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# umount /dev/mmcblk0p2
|
||||
# umount /dev/mmcblk0p1
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
一旦分区被卸载，就可以将镜像文件写入到储存卡了。尽管有许多图形化的写入工具，我还是习惯是用古老的 `dd` 命令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# dd bs=4M if=/home/alan/Downloads/raspios/2020-08-20-raspios-buster-armhf-lite.img of=/dev/mmcblk0 status=progress conv=fsync
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### 启动树莓派
|
||||
|
||||
你只需要一个显示器、键盘、电源适配器来使用树莓派。我还有一个以太网网线用于网络连接，相比无线网络，我更喜欢通过网线来连接一个专用的服务器。
|
||||
|
||||
插入储存卡并打开树莓派的电源。一旦成功启动，用默认的缺省密码来进行登录：用户名 `pi`，密码`raspberry`。
|
||||
|
||||
### 系统设置
|
||||
|
||||
按照以下步骤尽可能最小化设置磁盘空间、内存使用等。我建议尽可能的花时间研究每个配置，使之尽量正确。通常有几种应用配置的方法，有些配置文件和选项可能会被丢弃，所以要查看产品文档确保你没有应用过时的配置。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 运行 raspi-config
|
||||
|
||||
树莓派系统的主设置程序叫做 `raspi-config`。登录以后立即运行它：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# raspi-config
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![Raspberry Pi config main window][4]
|
||||
|
||||
它出现了一个扩展根文件系统的选项，可以利用储存卡上所有可利用的空间。选择这个选项之后，重启并重新登录。
|
||||
|
||||
用 `df` 命令来验证储存卡的总容量是否被完全使用：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# df -h
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果你需要设置其他选项，请再次运行 `raspi-config`。它们中的一些选项可以根据你的偏好和配置进行变化。仔细检查所有这些选项，确定没有任何遗漏。为了获得最佳性能，我建议做以下调整。（我跳过了一些我们没有做任何变化的选项。）
|
||||
|
||||
* <ruby>系统选项<rt>System options</rt></ruby>：在此你可以设置主机名，最好使用完全限定的域名（FQDN）。你也能在这里更改你的密码，这始终是强烈建议的。
|
||||
* <ruby>接口选项<rt>Interface options</rt></ruby>：开启 SSH 服务。
|
||||
* <ruby>性能选项<rt>Performance options</rt></ruby>：将 GPU 内存减少到最低值（16MB）。
|
||||
* <ruby>本地化选项<rt>Localization options</rt></ruby>：选择你的时区、位置、键盘类型。
|
||||
* <ruby>高级选项<rt>Advanced options</rt></ruby>：这个选项包括扩展根文件系统的选项。如果你在上面没扩展，一定要在这里做。这样你可以访问储存卡上的所有可用空间。
|
||||
* <ruby>更新<rt>Update</rt></ruby>：进入更新选项会立即检查 `raspi-config` 工具是否有更新。如果更新可用，它将被下载并应用，`raspi-config` 将在几秒钟后重启。
|
||||
|
||||
一旦你在 `raspi-config` 中完成这些配置，选择“<ruby>完成<rt>Finish</rt></ruby>”退出该工具。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 手动配置
|
||||
|
||||
我还建议几个其他更改，它们全都要求编辑某种配置文件来手动更改设置。
|
||||
|
||||
##### 设置静态 IP 地址
|
||||
|
||||
一般来说，最好用静态 IP 地址设置服务器。通过 `ip` 命令来验证网络接口，并设置 IP 地址和你的缺省网关（路由器）和域名服务（DNS）地址：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# ip link
|
||||
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
|
||||
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
|
||||
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
|
||||
link/ether b8:27:eb:48:3f:46 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你还需要知道你的缺省网关和一个及以上的 DNS 服务器地址。将这些信息添加到 `/etc/dhcpcd.conf` 配置文件中（我强烈建议更改之前对这个文件做一个备份）：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# cd /etc
|
||||
# cp -a dhcpcd.conf dhcpcd.conf.original
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
按照以下来编辑文件：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# vi dhcpcd.conf
|
||||
|
||||
# static IP configuration:
|
||||
interface eth0
|
||||
static ip_address=192.168.1.5/24
|
||||
static routers=192.168.1.1
|
||||
static domain_name_servers=192.168.1.3 192.168.1.4
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
##### 关闭 IPv6 协议
|
||||
|
||||
除非你有特别需要使用 IPv6，否则你可能倾向于禁用它。为此，你可以创建两个新文件，其中包括一个单行指令，指示 Linux 内核不要使用 IPv6。
|
||||
|
||||
首先，创建 `/etc/sysctl.d/disable-ipv6.conf` 文件，其中包含一行指令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# cd /etc/sysctl.d
|
||||
# echo "net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1" > disable-ipv6.conf
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
然后创建 `/etc/modprobe.d/blacklist-ipv6.conf` 文件包含一行指令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# cd /etc/modprobe.d
|
||||
# echo "blacklist ipv6" > blacklist-ipv6.conf
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
##### 关闭 Wi-Fi、蓝牙和音频
|
||||
|
||||
我的服务器的具体用途并不需要蓝牙和音频，同时，它用以太网连接，并不使用无线（Wi-Fi）。除非你计划用它们，否则按照以下步骤来关闭它们。
|
||||
|
||||
对 `/boot/config.txt` 这个文件做以下更改（再次强调，我建议为这个文件做个备份）：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# cd /boot
|
||||
# cp -a config.txt config.txt.original
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
加入以下两个指令到文件底部来禁用蓝牙和 Wi-Fi：
|
||||
|
||||
* `dtoverlay=disable-bt`
|
||||
* `dtoverlay=disable-wifi`
|
||||
|
||||
这些 `echo` 命令就可以完成：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# cd /boot
|
||||
# echo "dtoverlay=disable-bt" >> config.txt
|
||||
# echo "dtoverlay=disable-wifi" >> config.txt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
要关闭音频，更改 `dtparam=audio` 的参数为 `off`。你可以用一个简短的命令 `sed` 来完成：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sed -i '/dtparam=audio/c dtparam=audio=off' config.txt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
最后一步是禁用 Wi-Fi 服务，用 `systemctl mask` 命令来操作：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
systemctl mask wpa_supplicant.service
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果你不需要其他服务的话，也可以禁用它们：
|
||||
|
||||
* 禁用调制解调器服务：`systemctl disable hciuart`
|
||||
* 禁用 Avahi 守护进程：`systemctl disable avahi-daemon.service`
|
||||
|
||||
### 最后一步
|
||||
|
||||
检查你的内存使用量：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# free -h
|
||||
```
|
||||
我震惊了：我的系统只用了 30MB 的内存。
|
||||
|
||||
创建个人账户：建议为登录这台服务器的个人创建用户账户。你能分配他们到 `sudo` 组允许他们运行管理命令。举个例子，创建一个用户名为 George 的一个账户。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# adduser george
|
||||
# usermod -a -G adm,sudo,users george
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
进行更新：这是一个重要的步骤。应用更新来获取树莓派操作系统的最新修复。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# apt update
|
||||
# apt full-upgrade
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
重启：重启你的新服务器是一个好主意:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# systemctl reboot
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
安装 Cockpit：你可以在树莓派系统上安装著名的 Linux Web 控制台 [Cockpit][5]，它提供了一个基于 HTML 界面来远程管理和监控你的服务器。我最近写了一篇 [Cockpit 入门][6] 的文章。用这个命令来安装它
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# apt install cockpit
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
现在我的树莓派服务器已经准备好托管服务器了，我能用它来做 [网页服务器][7]、[VPN 服务器][8]、 [Minetest][9] 等游戏服务器，或者就像我做的基于 [Pi-Hole 的广告屏蔽器][10] 。
|
||||
|
||||
### 保持旧硬件的活力
|
||||
|
||||
不论你有什么硬件，仔细地精简并控制你的操作系统和软件包，可以使你的系统资源使用量保持在低水平，以便你获得最大收益。这还可以通过减少试图利用漏洞的潜在恶意行为者可用的服务和软件包数量，提高了安全性。
|
||||
|
||||
因此，在你丢弃旧硬件之前，考虑一下能够继续使用的各种可能性。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/21/1/minimal-server-raspberry-pi
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Alan Formy-Duval][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[hwlife](https://github.com/hwlife)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/RaspberryPi.SUNY_.jpg?itok=uS_-VUcb (Raspberry Pi board Model B)
|
||||
[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/raspberry-pi
|
||||
[3]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/software/operating-systems
|
||||
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/raspi-config-main.png (Raspberry Pi config main window)
|
||||
[5]: https://cockpit-project.org/
|
||||
[6]: https://opensource.com/article/20/11/cockpit-server-management
|
||||
[7]: https://opensource.com/article/17/3/building-personal-web-server-raspberry-pi-3
|
||||
[8]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/raspberry-pi-vpn-server
|
||||
[9]: https://github.com/minetest
|
||||
[10]: https://opensource.com/article/18/2/block-ads-raspberry-pi
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How to Make LibreOffice Look Like Microsoft Office)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.debugpoint.com/2021/06/libreoffice-like-microsoft-office/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Arindam https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/)
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (robsean)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-14412-1.html)
|
||||
|
||||
如何使 LibreOffice 看起来像微软 Office
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> 我们做了一次尝试，使 LibreOffice 套件看起来像微软 Office。能做到吗？让我们来看看。
|
||||
|
||||
[LibreOffice][1] 是一个自由开源的办公生产力套件，它向你提供了一套完整的应用程序集合。它包含文字处理器（Writer）、电子表格程序（Calc）、演示程序（Impress）和 绘图程序（Draw）。它还为你提供了一个独立的数据库系统（LibreOffice Base），以及 LibreOffice Math 是一个帮助学生、研究人员编写公式和方程的程序。
|
||||
|
||||
然而，广泛使用的 [微软 Office][2] 是一个付费的办公生产力套件，提供了优秀的程序来完成几乎所有的关于学习、办公和企业应用的任务。
|
||||
|
||||
这两组程序套件是不同的，但是它们在功能方面的目标是相同的。由于它的流行，微软 Office 被广泛的使用，并被使用者熟知。不过，这里有很多使用者更喜欢免费的 LibreOffice 来支撑他们的工作和活动。与微软 Office 相比，采用 LibreOffice 有时会很困难 —— 尽管大多数的菜单项和工具都是一样的。
|
||||
|
||||
尽管如此，如果你可以使 LibreOffice 看起来像微软 Office ，那么，对于初次使用 LibreOffice 的用户来说会更容易接纳，他们大多数是有使用微软 Office 的经历背景的用户。外观和感受在用户的头脑中起着重要的作用，也包含他们的肌肉记忆和对颜色、菜单项的熟悉度。
|
||||
|
||||
当然，你不可能使它完全像微软 Office，因为它们使用了不同的图标、字体等等。不过，你可以将其微调到一定程度。
|
||||
|
||||
### 使 LibreOffice 看起来像微软 Office
|
||||
|
||||
这篇指南是以 LibreOffice 7.2（开发版）版本为基础所编写的。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1、用户界面的变化
|
||||
|
||||
LibreOffice 有一个名为“标签栏” 的 “<ruby>功能区<rt>Ribbon</rt></ruby>” 式工具栏。尽管它带有多种工具栏变体（如下）。但是，对于这篇指南，我使用 <ruby>标签式<rt>Tabbed</rt></ruby> 工具栏选项。
|
||||
|
||||
* 打开 LibreOffice 并转到 “<ruby>菜单<rt>Menu</rt></ruby> > <ruby>视图<rt>View</rt></ruby> > <ruby>用户界面<rt>User Interface</rt></ruby>”。
|
||||
* 从 UI 部分中选择 “<ruby>标签式<rt>Tabbed</rt></ruby>” 。
|
||||
|
||||
![tabbed bar option][3]
|
||||
|
||||
* 点击 “<ruby>应用于全部<rt>Apply to All</rt></ruby>” 。LibreOffice 也提供一个选项，可以将特定的工具栏样式应用到 Writer 或 Calc。如果你想要一种不同的工具栏样式，你可以选择这种方法。但是，我推荐使用应用于全部来使其保持一致。
|
||||
* 现在，你已经有了微软 Office 样式的功能区。尽管它们并不是完全相同，但是你也能体会到它的感受。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2、适用于 LibreOffice 的微软 Office 图标
|
||||
|
||||
工具栏中的图标在你的工作流中起着重要的作用。LibreOffice 为你的工具栏提供一些漂亮的图标。其中最好的一些是：
|
||||
|
||||
* Karasa Jaga
|
||||
* Colibre
|
||||
* Elementary
|
||||
|
||||
针对这篇指南，我们将使用 [Office 2013 图标集][4]，它是由一名作家开发的，可以在 Devian Art 中获得。
|
||||
|
||||
* 转到下面的链接并下载 LibreOffice 扩展文件（*.oxt），对于 LibreOffice 的较新版本，你需要使用扩展文件来安装图标集。
|
||||
- [下载适用于 libreoffice 的 Office 2013 图标集][5]
|
||||
* 在下载后，双击 .oxt 文件来将其打开。或者，按下 `CTRL+ALT+E` 组合按键来打开扩展管理器，并使用 “<ruby>添加<rt>Add</rt></ruby>” 按钮来选择已下载的 .oxt 文件。在完成后关闭窗口。
|
||||
|
||||
![Import icon sets in Extension Manager][6]
|
||||
|
||||
* 现在，转到 “<ruby>工具<rt>Tools</rt></ruby> > <ruby>选项<rt>Options</rt></ruby> > <ruby>视图<rt>View</rt></ruby>”。从“<ruby>图标样式<rt>Icon Style</rt></ruby>”中选择 “Office 2013” 。
|
||||
* 通过 “<ruby>图标大小<rt>Icon Size</rt></ruby> > <ruby>笔记本栏<rt>Notebookbar</rt></ruby> > <ruby>大<rt>Large</rt></ruby>” 来更改图标大小。如果你感觉图标有点小，你可以更改它们。不过，我觉得要使它更像 Office ，将图标设置的较大一点的效果会更好。
|
||||
|
||||
![Change icons in Options][7]
|
||||
|
||||
就这样，你的 LibreOffice 应该看起来像这样：
|
||||
|
||||
![在 KDE Plasma 中让 LibreOffice 看起来像微软 Office][9]
|
||||
|
||||
![在 Windows 10 中让 LibreOffice 看起来像微软 Office][10]
|
||||
|
||||
![在 GNOME 中让 LibreOffice 看起来像微软 Office][11]
|
||||
|
||||
注意，如果你正在使用 Ubuntu、KDE Plasma，或者任何 Linux 发行版，它们的外观可能会有所不同。但是，在我看来，在 KDE Plasma 中比在 GNOME 中看起来更像微软 Office 。LibreOffice 目前在基于 GTK 的系统中看起来并不太好。
|
||||
|
||||
不过，在 Windows 中，它看起来会更像，因为它使用同一个系统的字体和颜色面板。
|
||||
|
||||
这些是你可以使用的一些设置，不过，你可以随心所欲地自由调整更多的定制、图标和主题。如果你喜欢 LibreOffice 的深色模式，你可能想要阅读我们的教程 – [如何在 LibreOffice 中启用深色模式][12]。
|
||||
|
||||
### 结束语
|
||||
|
||||
微软 Office 毫无疑问是办公生产力领域的市场领导者。这是有原因的，它来自数十年的开发。它不是免费的产品，事实上，最新的 Office 365 家庭版本的价格大约是 7 美元/月，可以在 3 到 4 台设备上使用。在我看来，它有点小贵。
|
||||
|
||||
然而 LibreOffice 是免费的，由文档基金会领导的社区开发。因此，开发速度较慢、功能出现也较晚。它并不是要成为微软 Office ，而是要给数以百万计的用户、学校、非营利组织、高校、学生一个使用免费办公套件工作和学习的机会。
|
||||
|
||||
因此，如果它能够模仿基本的外观和感受，使其像微软 Office 一样，从而调高 LibreOffice 的使用率，那将是有益的。我希望这篇指南能在这个方向上能起到一点作用。
|
||||
|
||||
- [链接: LibreOffice 和 Microsoft Office 的官方功能比较][13]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.debugpoint.com/2021/06/libreoffice-like-microsoft-office/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Arindam][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: http://libreoffice.com
|
||||
[2]: http://office.com
|
||||
[3]: https://www.debugpoint.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/tabbed-bar-option.jpg
|
||||
[4]: https://www.deviantart.com/charliecnr/art/Office-2013-theme-for-LibreOffice-512127527
|
||||
[5]: https://www.deviantart.com/users/outgoing?https://1drv.ms/u/s!ArgKmgFcmBYHhSQkPfyMZRnXX5LJ
|
||||
[6]: https://www.debugpoint.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Import-icon-sets-in-Extension-Manager.jpg
|
||||
[7]: https://www.debugpoint.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Change-icons-in-Options-1024x574.jpg
|
||||
[8]: https://www.debugpoint.com/2021/05/libreoffice-7-2/
|
||||
[9]: https://www.debugpoint.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Making-LibreOffice-look-like-Microsoft-Office-in-KDE-Plasma-1024x441.jpg
|
||||
[10]: https://www.debugpoint.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Making-LibreOffice-look-like-Microsoft-Office-in-Windows-10-1024x554.jpg
|
||||
[11]: https://www.debugpoint.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Making-LibreOffice-look-like-Microsoft-Office-in-GNOME-1024x498.jpg
|
||||
[12]: https://www.debugpoint.com/2020/01/how-to-enable-dark-mode-libreoffice/
|
||||
[13]: https://wiki.documentfoundation.org/Feature_Comparison:_LibreOffice_-_Microsoft_Office
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How I helped my mom switch from Windows to Linux)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/6/mom-switch-linux)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Tomasz https://opensource.com/users/tomaszwaraksa)
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (lkxed)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-14407-1.html)
|
||||
|
||||
我是如何帮助妈妈从 Windows 切换至 Linux 的
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> 有了 Linux，即便是新手用户，也能通过大量熟悉的应用程序获得流畅、精致的桌面体验。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
大型强子对撞机是 [由 Linux 驱动][2] 的，国际空间站上的笔记本电脑是 [运行在 Linux 上][3] 的，[Instagram][4] 和 [Nest thermostats][5] 也是如此。最近，我们观看了 <ruby>机智号<rt>Ingenuity</rt></ruby> 在火星上空飞翔，它是一个令人惊叹的无人直升机，也是 [由 Linux 驱动的][6]！这进一步证明了这个操作系统的灵活性和通用性。
|
||||
|
||||
但是现在，真正的大新闻来了。我在这里“官宣”：Linux 也可以给父母使用！
|
||||
|
||||
### 事情经过
|
||||
|
||||
大约一年前，我决定把妈妈的电脑环境迁移至 Linux。现在，一年过去了，是时候回顾和总结一下了。
|
||||
|
||||
和大多数人一样，我是专属的 “妈妈的电脑管理员”。我的妈妈是一个 60 多岁的可爱老太太 —— 一个真正的甜心。她的电脑技能很基础，她的电脑使用需求也很基础：上上网，发发邮件，打打字，浏览、编辑照片，看看视频听听歌，还有就是在 Skype 或者 Signal 上和家里人或者朋友们打打电话。
|
||||
|
||||
直到去年之前，妈妈一直在使用一个 Windows 笔记本电脑。电脑已经很旧了，但还不算太糟糕。于是在某一天，通过欺骗、威胁和弹出讨厌的窗口等手段，微软终于成功让她点击了那个可怕的按钮 —— “升级到 Windows 10”。
|
||||
|
||||
她绝望地向我呼救。作为妈妈的电脑管理员，我的生活很快就变成了地狱。“为什么所有东西看起来都不一样了？我的应用列表跑去哪儿了？什么，这堆瓷块一样的东西变成我的应用列表了？我的电脑怎么变得这么慢？它怎么每天都要自动更新重启，而且偏偏就是在我想要用它的时候？为什么有东西（她指的是硬盘）一直嗡嗡嗡地叫？它到底一直在忙些什么啊？”
|
||||
|
||||
可是我又看不到源代码，我怎么它一直在忙些什么呢？
|
||||
|
||||
本来我是打算回滚这个升级的，但是 Windows 7 马上就要终止支持了，我担心会发生最坏的事情：没有了安全更新，妈妈的电脑很快就会变成数不清的<ruby>僵尸网络<rt>bot networks</rt></ruby>中的一员，一天到晚地挖矿、发送垃圾邮件，以及对全国的重要设施发动恶毒的 DDOS 攻击。最后还是需要我来清理这个烂摊子 —— （而且是）每一个周末。
|
||||
|
||||
### 大救星 Linux 来了
|
||||
|
||||
我决定把她的电脑环境迁移到 Linux 上，反正也没有什么可损失的。我自己在五年前就这么做了，我从未那么开心过。不如让妈妈也试试，肯定不会有什么坏处。
|
||||
|
||||
当妈妈知道我要一次性解决她所有的问题时，她非常开心。但她不知道的是，她将成为一项为期一年的科学实验的关键部分，这个实验叫做：“妈妈能学会使用 Linux 吗？”
|
||||
|
||||
![Cowsay "Can Mom Survive Linux?"][7]
|
||||
|
||||
（图源 Tomasz Waraksa，遵从[<ruby>署名-相同方式共享 4.0 国际协议<rt>CC BY-SA 4.0</rt></ruby>][8]）
|
||||
|
||||
于是，在 2020 年 2 月的某一天，我从遥远的都柏林带着一台使用七年的联想 Yoga 13 来到这里，这台电脑和妈妈那台有着相似的参数，但它的屏幕要好很多，而且只有一半的重量。我在 VirtualBox 里讨论和测试了不同的 Linux 发行版，最终选择了 [Zorin OS][9] 发行版，一个自豪的“爱尔兰造”系统。我选择它是考虑到了下面几个因素：
|
||||
|
||||
* 它基于我最熟悉的 Ubuntu Linux。
|
||||
* 它和 Windows 7 很像，在精心设计的同时考虑到了 Windows 难民。
|
||||
* 我感觉它很轻量、简单，对妈妈来说足够保守。完全没有 macOS Big Sur 上的花里胡哨！
|
||||
|
||||
![Zorin OS desktop][10]
|
||||
|
||||
（图源 Tomasz Waraksa，遵从[<ruby>署名-相同方式共享 4.0 国际协议<rt>CC BY-SA 4.0</rt></ruby>][8]）
|
||||
|
||||
### 系统安装
|
||||
|
||||
我用自己一贯的方式安装了这个操作系统，为 `/home` 目录单独分了一个区，这样一来，系统重装时（尽管不大可能发生）妈妈的文件仍然能够保持安全。这是我的惯用技巧，它可以方便我安装发行版的深夜更新。
|
||||
|
||||
在安装过程中，我选择了波兰语作为用户界面语言。和我一样，妈妈也是个彻头彻尾的波兰人。不必担心，Linux 看起来支持所有语言，甚至包括 [克林贡语][11]。
|
||||
|
||||
接着，根据妈妈的需求，我安装了下面这些应用：
|
||||
|
||||
* Skype
|
||||
* [Signal 桌面客户端][12]
|
||||
* 谷歌 Chrome 浏览器
|
||||
* [Geary][13] 邮件客户端
|
||||
* [gThumb][14]，用来浏览和编辑照片
|
||||
* [VLC][15]，用来播放视频和音乐
|
||||
* Softmaker Office，用来编辑文本和表格
|
||||
|
||||
注意到列表里没有杀毒软件了吗？好耶！
|
||||
|
||||
一个小时后，系统和应用全部安装完成，妈妈的 Zorin OS 已准备就绪。
|
||||
|
||||
![Zorin OS home folder][16]
|
||||
|
||||
（图源 Tomasz Waraksa，遵从[<ruby>署名-相同方式共享 4.0 国际协议<rt>CC BY-SA 4.0</rt></ruby>][8]）
|
||||
|
||||
### 设置系统
|
||||
|
||||
我通过下面这几个步骤，让自己成为了妈妈的电脑管理员：
|
||||
|
||||
* 为我自己创建了一个管理员账户
|
||||
* 把妈妈的账户设置为非管理员
|
||||
* 安装了用于远程无人值守访问的 `ssh` 守护程序
|
||||
* 把这台机器加入到了我的 Hamachi VPN 中：这样一来，我就可以安全地使用 ssh 连接，而不需要打开路由器上的 `22` 端口。Hamachi 是一个由 LogMeIn 提供的 VPN 服务。它是一个传统的 VPN，我的意思是，它的目标不是让你在另外一个国家运行 Netflix 应用，而是在互联网上为计算机之间建立一个安全的网络连接。
|
||||
* 启动了简单防火墙（`ufw`）并允许 ssh 流量
|
||||
* 安装了 AnyDesk 来远程登录到桌面
|
||||
|
||||
这样操作之后，我就可以通过安全的 ssh 连接访问到妈妈的笔记本电脑。我可以通过 shell 进行定期维护，而妈妈甚至不会注意到任何事情。这是因为 Linux 完成更新后通常 _不需要_ 重新启动。真是一个奇迹啊！简直不可能的事，它是怎么做到的呢？
|
||||
|
||||
![Updating software remotely][17]
|
||||
|
||||
（图源 Tomasz Waraksa，遵从[<ruby>署名-相同方式共享 4.0 国际协议<rt>CC BY-SA 4.0</rt></ruby>][8]）
|
||||
|
||||
### 妈妈能学会使用 Linux 吗
|
||||
|
||||
毫无疑问！
|
||||
|
||||
尽管当我把新电脑展示给她看的时候，她确实有问到为什么这个新的 Windows 又看起来不一样了。我不得不解释说这个其实不是 Windows，而是 Linux，然后向她解释了为什么我们都爱 Linux。不过，她学得很快。这个经典的 Zorin OS 桌面和她用惯了的 Windows 7 十分相似。我看到她在系统里点来点去，然后很轻松地找到并且运行了她熟悉的应用程序。
|
||||
|
||||
她立刻就注意到电脑启动快了很多，表现也好了很多。
|
||||
|
||||
然后她开始问我什么时候会给她做电脑的定期清理，好让她电脑不会再一次变慢。我和她解释说，以她的日常使用量，不需要再做定期清理了。Linux 和 Windows 不一样，它不会自己“腐烂”的。目前来说，的确如此。她的电脑仍然像第一天那样流畅和快速。
|
||||
|
||||
我时不时地会问她对新电脑感觉怎么样，她总是回答说很满意。一切都很顺利。电脑也不会莫名其妙就变得忙起来。再也不会有一些“很重要的更新”来打断她。应用菜单也总是在它该在的地方。在这个全新的环境中，她对自己常用的应用程序也感到满意。
|
||||
|
||||
在这一年中，我远程登录过几次她的电脑，为的是进行常规的软件包升级。我还使用 AnyDesk 登录过两次她的桌面。一次是妈妈问我能不能帮她把 SD 卡里的照片自动导入到 `~/Pictures` 目录里，如果能够放到以日期命名的目录里就更好了。当然可以，只要懂一点点的 Bash，就可以使用 `gThumb` 很轻松地实现这个功能。另一次，我把她经常访问的网站添加到了桌面，这样她点击桌面图标就可以访问了。
|
||||
|
||||
这就是目前我作为妈妈的 Linux 管理员所做的全部事情！按照这个情况，我还可以再给 50 个妈妈当电脑管理员！
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结
|
||||
|
||||
我希望我的故事能够启发你考虑迁移到 Linux。过去，我们认为 Linux 对于普通用户来说太难了。但今天，我相信事实恰恰相反。用户使用电脑越不熟练，他们就越有理由迁移到 Linux！
|
||||
|
||||
有了 Linux，即便是新手用户，也能通过大量熟悉的应用程序获得流畅、精致的桌面体验。新手用户们将比在任何其他流行的计算平台上都要安全得多。并且，通过远程访问来帮助他们从未如此简单和安全！
|
||||
|
||||
_免责声明：本文不推广所描述的任何产品、服务或供应商。我与他们没有任何商业利益或联系。我并没有在暗示这些产品或服务是最适合你的，也不承诺你的体验会和我一样。_
|
||||
|
||||
_本文最初发布在 [Let's Debug It][18] 上，在获得许可后重新使用。_
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/21/6/mom-switch-linux
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Tomasz][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[lkxed](https://github.com/lkxed)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/tomaszwaraksa
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/heart_lego_ccby20.jpg?itok=VRpHf4iU (Red Lego Heart)
|
||||
[2]: https://www.redhat.com/en/about/press-releases/red-hat-provides-cern-platform-mission-critical-applications
|
||||
[3]: https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/155392-international-space-station-switches-from-windows-to-linux-for-improved-reliability
|
||||
[4]: https://instagram-engineering.com/what-powers-instagram-hundreds-of-instances-dozens-of-technologies-adf2e22da2ad
|
||||
[5]: https://www.theverge.com/2011/11/14/2559567/tony-fadell-nest-learning-thermostat
|
||||
[6]: https://www.zdnet.com/article/to-infinity-and-beyond-linux-and-open-source-goes-to-mars/
|
||||
[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/intro.png (Cowsay "Can Mom Survive Linux?")
|
||||
[8]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||||
[9]: https://zorinos.com/
|
||||
[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/zorin-os-desktop.png (Zorin OS desktop)
|
||||
[11]: https://blogs.gnome.org/muelli/2010/04/klingon-language-support/
|
||||
[12]: https://github.com/signalapp
|
||||
[13]: https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Geary
|
||||
[14]: https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Gthumb
|
||||
[15]: https://www.videolan.org/vlc/
|
||||
[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/zorin-os-home-folder.png (Zorin OS home folder)
|
||||
[17]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/upgrading-software.png (Updating software remotely)
|
||||
[18]: https://letsdebug.it/post/16-linux-for-mars-copters-moms-and-pops/
|
||||
@ -3,14 +3,16 @@
|
||||
[#]: author: "Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-14415-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
什么是端口转发？
|
||||
端口转发简介
|
||||
======
|
||||
本文介绍了几种端口转发最常见的使用场景。
|
||||
![Multi-colored and directional network computer cables][1]
|
||||
|
||||
> 本文介绍了几种端口转发最常见的使用场景。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
端口转发就是把网络流量从一个网络监听者（称为一个“端口”）发送到另一个上，无论这两个端口是否属于同一台电脑。在这里，端口不是某个物理实体，而是一个监听网络活动的软件程序。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -18,21 +20,23 @@
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用路由器来进行端口转发
|
||||
|
||||
如果你在把服务器架设在家里，那么你通常是不需要转发端口的。你的家庭路由器（通常是你从<ruby>网络服务提供商<rt>Internet Service Provider, ISP</rt></ruby>获得的 WiFi 设备）有一个内置的防火墙，它的作用是阻止外面的世界访问到你的家庭网络。通过使用端口转发，你可以允许某个指定端口的流量穿过路由器的防火墙，并发送到局域网中的某个指定的 IP 地址。
|
||||
如果你在把服务器架设在家里，那么你通常是不需要转发端口的。你的家庭路由器（通常是你从<ruby>网络服务提供商<rt>Internet Service Provider</rt></ruby>（ISP）获得的 WiFi 设备）有一个内置的防火墙，它的作用是阻止外面的世界访问到你的家庭网络。通过使用端口转发，你可以允许某个指定端口的流量穿过路由器的防火墙，并发送到局域网中的某个指定的 IP 地址。
|
||||
|
||||
比如说，你架设了一个 [Minetest 服务][2]，并想要邀请你的朋友们来试试。为了让他们能够“穿过”你的路由器，从而到达这个 Minetest 服务，你必须把路由器上的某个端口转发到托管 Minetest 服务的电脑上。Minetest 服务默认运行在 30000 端口。你可以把路由器的 30000 端口转发到你的电脑的 30000 端口上，或者你也可以随便转发到一个更简单的端口上，这样玩家们会更容易记住它。我发现，当使用 30000 端口的时候，人们时常会少数几个 0（特别是没有逗号分隔符的帮助时），所以我一般使用路由器的 1234 端口，然后把它转发到我内部的 30000 端口。
|
||||
|
||||
每个制造商的路由器接口都不一样，但是不管你用的是什么牌子的路由器，方法都是相同的。首先，你需要登录到你的路由器。
|
||||
|
||||
通常，路由器的 IP 地址和登录信息都会打印在路由器上，或者在是它的文档里。我有一个型号为 TP-Link GX90 的路由器，我在浏览器里访问 10.0.1.1 就可以登录它，但你的路由器可能是 192.168.0.1 或者其他的地址。
|
||||
|
||||
我的 GX90 路由器把端口转发功能称为“<ruby>虚拟服务器<rt>virtual servers</rt></ruby>”，它是路由器的“NAT 转发”标签下的一个功能选项。NAT 的意思是 _网络地址转换_。在其他路由器中，这个功能可能直接就叫做“端口转发”，或者叫“防火墙”、“服务”等。找到正确的功能选项可能需要花费一些时间，因此，你可能需要花点时间研究下你的路由器文档。
|
||||
我的 GX90 路由器把端口转发功能称为“<ruby>虚拟服务器<rt>virtual servers</rt></ruby>”，它是路由器的“NAT 转发”标签下的一个功能选项。NAT 的意思是 “<ruby>网络地址转换<rt>Network Address Translation</rt></ruby>”。在其他路由器中，这个功能可能直接就叫做“端口转发”，或者叫“防火墙”、“服务”等。找到正确的功能选项可能需要花费一些时间，因此，你可能需要花点时间研究下你的路由器文档。
|
||||
|
||||
当你找到了路由器的端口转发设置，添加一个新规则，命名一个外部端口（在我的例子中是 1234）和一个内部端口（30000）。把外部端口转发到内部端口上，而内部端口绑定在你想要大家访问的电脑的 IP 地址上。如果你需要一些查询本机 IP 地址的帮助，你可以阅读 Archit Modi 写的 _[在 Linux 上如何查询本地 IP 地址][3]_。
|
||||
当你找到了路由器的端口转发设置，添加一个新规则，命名一个外部端口（在我的例子中是 1234）和一个内部端口（30000）。把外部端口转发到内部端口上，而内部端口绑定在你想要大家访问的电脑的 IP 地址上。如果你需要一些查询本机 IP 地址的帮助，你可以阅读 Archit Modi 写的 《[在 Linux 上如何查询本地 IP 地址][3]》。
|
||||
|
||||
![A sample port forwarding rule][4]
|
||||
|
||||
一个简单端口转发规则
|
||||
（图片提供者是 Seth Kenlon，遵循[署名-相同方式共享 4.0 国际][5]协议）
|
||||
*一个简单端口转发规则*
|
||||
|
||||
（图片提供者是 Seth Kenlon，遵循 [署名-相同方式共享 4.0 国际][5] 协议）
|
||||
|
||||
在这个例子中，访问家庭网络的 1234 端口的流量，都会被转发到了我的家庭服务器的 30000 端口上，后者的 IP 地址是 10.0.1.2。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -40,7 +44,6 @@
|
||||
|
||||
接下来，你需要知道你的家庭网络的公网 IP 地址是多少。你可以从 [ifconfig.me][6] 或者 [icanhazip.com][7] 上获得这个地址。你可以在浏览器中打开这两个网站的其中一个，也可以使用 [curl][8] 命令来获取到这个 IP。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ curl ifconfig.me
|
||||
93.184.216.34
|
||||
@ -50,24 +53,22 @@ $ curl ifconfig.me
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用防火墙来进行端口转发
|
||||
|
||||
系统管理员有时候需要转发访问服务器的流量。比如说，你可能想要接收来自 80 端口的流量，但是用户的服务却运行在 8065 端口。如果不进行端口转发的话，你的用户就不得不在输入浏览器的 URL 末尾，加上一个指定的端口号，例如 `example.com:8065`。大多数用回都不习惯于考虑端口的问题，所以你需要把访问网络通用的 80 端口的请求拦截下来，然后转发到你的网络应用的具体端口，这会给用户带来巨大的方便。
|
||||
系统管理员有时候需要转发访问服务器的流量。比如说，你可能想要接收来自 80 端口的流量，但是用户的服务却运行在 8065 端口。如果不进行端口转发的话，你的用户就不得不在输入浏览器的 URL 末尾，加上一个指定的端口号，例如 `example.com:8065`。大多数用户都不习惯于考虑端口的问题，所以你需要把访问网络通用的 80 端口的请求拦截下来，然后转发到你的网络应用的具体端口，这会给用户带来巨大的方便。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在服务器上使用 [firewall-cmd][9] 来转发流量，它是访问 `firewalld` 后台进程的<ruby>前端<rt>front-end</rt></ruby>命令。
|
||||
|
||||
首先，设置好你想要转发的端口和协议：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo firewall-cmd \
|
||||
\--add-forward-port \
|
||||
port=80:proto=tcp:toport=8065
|
||||
--add-forward-port \
|
||||
port=80:proto=tcp:toport=8065
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
为使修改永久生效，你需要加上 `--runtime-to-permanent` 选项：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`$ sudo firewall-cmd --runtime-to-permanent`
|
||||
$ sudo firewall-cmd --runtime-to-permanent
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 网络转发
|
||||
@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/9/what-port-forwarding
|
||||
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[lkxed](https://github.com/lkxed)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -3,14 +3,16 @@
|
||||
[#]: author: "Chris Hermansen https://opensource.com/users/clhermansen"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-14411-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
在 Java 和 Groovy 中创建和初始化列表的不同
|
||||
======
|
||||
首先在 Java 中创建初始化一个整数列表，然后在 Groovy 中做同样的事。
|
||||
![Developing code.][1]
|
||||
|
||||
> 首先在 Java 中创建初始化一个整数列表，然后在 Groovy 中做同样的事。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我非常喜欢 [Groovy 编程语言][2]。我喜欢它是因为我喜欢 Java，尽管 Java 有时候感觉很笨拙。正因为我是那么喜欢 Java，其他运行在 JVM 上语言都不能吸引我。比方说 Kotlin、Scala 还有 Clojure 语言，它们感觉上就和 Java 不一样，因为它们对于什么是好的编程语言的理解不同。Groovy 和它们都不一样，在我看来，Groovy 是一个完美的选项，特别是对于一部分程序员来说，他们喜欢 Java，但是又需要一个更灵活、更紧凑，并且有时候更直接的语言。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -18,12 +20,10 @@
|
||||
|
||||
### 安装 Java 和 Groovy
|
||||
|
||||
Groovy 是基于 Java 的，因此需要同时安装一个 Java 才行。你的 Linux 发行版的仓库中可能有最近的比较好的 Java 版本。或者，你也可以在根据 [这些指示][3] 来安装 Groovy。对于 Linux 用户来说，SDKMan 是一个不错的代替选项，你可以使用它来获取多个 Java 和 Groovy 版本，以及许多其他的相关工具。在这篇文章中，我使用的 SDK 发行版是：
|
||||
|
||||
* Java: version 11.0.12-open of OpenJDK 11
|
||||
* Groovy: version 3.0.8
|
||||
|
||||
Groovy 是基于 Java 的，因此需要同时安装一个 Java 才行。你的 Linux 发行版的仓库中可能有最近的比较好的 Java 版本。或者，你也可以在根据 [这些指导][3] 来安装 Groovy。对于 Linux 用户来说，SDKMan 是一个不错的代替选项，你可以使用它来获取多个 Java 和 Groovy 版本，以及许多其他的相关工具。在这篇文章中，我使用的 SDK 发行版是：
|
||||
|
||||
* Java: OpenJDK 11 的 11.0.12-open 版本
|
||||
* Groovy: 3.0.8 版本
|
||||
|
||||
### 言归正传
|
||||
|
||||
@ -34,36 +34,34 @@ Java 中有很多方法可以实例化并初始化列表，从它最初被引入
|
||||
`java.util.Arrays` 类定义了一个 `asList()` 静态方法，它可以被用来创建一个基于数组的列表，因此大小是不可变的，尽管其中的元素是可以被修改的。下面是它的使用方式：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```java
|
||||
var a1 = [Arrays][4].asList(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10); // immutable list of mutable elements
|
||||
```
|
||||
var a1 = Arrays.asList(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10); // immutable list of mutable elements
|
||||
|
||||
[System][5].out.println("a1 = " + a1);
|
||||
[System][5].out.println("a1 is an instance of " + a1.getClass());
|
||||
System.out.println("a1 = " + a1);
|
||||
System.out.println("a1 is an instance of " + a1.getClass());
|
||||
|
||||
// output is
|
||||
// a1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
|
||||
// a1 is an instance of class java.util.Arrays$ArrayList
|
||||
|
||||
a1.set(0,0); // succeeds
|
||||
[System][5].out.println("a1 = " + a1); // output is
|
||||
System.out.println("a1 = " + a1); // output is
|
||||
// a1 = [0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
|
||||
|
||||
a1.add(11); // fails producing
|
||||
// Exception in thread "main" java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException
|
||||
[System][5].out.println("a1 = " + a1); // not reached
|
||||
|
||||
System.out.println("a1 = " + a1); // not reached
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### 使用 java.util.List 类
|
||||
|
||||
`java.util.List` 类定义了一个 `of()` 静态方法，它可以被用来创建一个不可变的列表，其中的元素是否可变要取决于它们本身是否支持修改。下面是它的使用方式：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
var a2 = List.of(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10);
|
||||
|
||||
```java
|
||||
var a2 = [List][6].of(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10);
|
||||
|
||||
[System][5].out.println("a2 = " + a2);
|
||||
[System][5].out.println("a2 is an instance of " + a2.getClass());
|
||||
System.out.println("a2 = " + a2);
|
||||
System.out.println("a2 is an instance of " + a2.getClass());
|
||||
|
||||
// output is
|
||||
// a2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
|
||||
@ -71,11 +69,10 @@ var a2 = [List][6].of(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10);
|
||||
|
||||
a2.set(0,0); // fails producing
|
||||
// Exception in thread "main" java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException
|
||||
[System][5].out.println("a2 = " + a2); // not reached
|
||||
System.out.println("a2 = " + a2); // not reached
|
||||
|
||||
a2.add(11); // also fails for same reason if above two lines commented out
|
||||
[System][5].out.println("a2 = " + a2); // not reached
|
||||
|
||||
System.out.println("a2 = " + a2); // not reached
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
因此，我可以使用 `Arrays.asList()`，也可以使用 `List.of()` 方法，前提是如果我想要的是一个大小不能改变、且不关心元素是否可变的列表。
|
||||
@ -83,45 +80,42 @@ a2.add(11); // also fails for same reason if above two lines commented out
|
||||
如果我想要初始化一个可变的列表，我更倾向于把这些不可变的列表作为参数传给一个列表构造器，就像下面这样：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```java
|
||||
var a1 = new ArrayList<Integer>([Arrays][4].asList(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10));
|
||||
```
|
||||
var a1 = new ArrayList<Integer>(Arrays.asList(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10));
|
||||
|
||||
[System][5].out.println("a1 = " + a1);
|
||||
[System][5].out.println("a1 is an instance of " + a1.getClass());
|
||||
System.out.println("a1 = " + a1);
|
||||
System.out.println("a1 is an instance of " + a1.getClass());
|
||||
|
||||
// output is
|
||||
// a1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
|
||||
// a1 is an instance of class java.util.ArrayList
|
||||
|
||||
a1.set(0,0);
|
||||
[System][5].out.println("a1 = " + a1);
|
||||
System.out.println("a1 = " + a1);
|
||||
|
||||
//output is
|
||||
// a1 = [0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
|
||||
|
||||
a1.add(11);
|
||||
[System][5].out.println("a1 = " + a1);
|
||||
System.out.println("a1 = " + a1);
|
||||
|
||||
// output is
|
||||
// a1 = [0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
注意，这个 `Arrays.asList()` 方法是用来初始化这个新的 `ArrayList<Integer>()` 的，也就是说，它为这个传进来的列表创建了一个可变的拷贝。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，或许只有我这么想，但是这种方式确实看起来需要理解很多关于 `java.util.Arrays` 和 `java.util.List` 类的细节才行，而我只是想要创建并初始化一个数字列表而已（尽管真正使用到的语句并没有太多“仪式”）。下面是真正用到的那行代码，仅供参考：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```java
|
||||
`var a1 = new ArrayList<Integer>(Arrays.asList(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10));`
|
||||
```
|
||||
var a1 = new ArrayList<Integer>(Arrays.asList(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10));
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Groovy 是怎么做的
|
||||
|
||||
下面来看看在 Groovy 中如何实现上述需求：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```groovy
|
||||
```
|
||||
def a1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
|
||||
|
||||
println "a1 = $a1"
|
||||
@ -142,7 +136,6 @@ println "a1 = $a1"
|
||||
|
||||
// output is
|
||||
// a1 = [0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
我们一眼就能发现，Groovy 使用了 `def` 关键字而不是 `var` 关键字。我还发现了，仅仅是把一系列的类型（在这个例子里是整数）放进括号里，我就得到了一个创建好的列表。此外，这样创建出来的列表完全就是我想要的：一个可变的 `ArrayList` 实例。
|
||||
@ -155,8 +148,6 @@ println "a1 = $a1"
|
||||
|
||||
Apache Groovy 网站上有非常多的文档。另一个很棒的 Groovy 资源是 [Mr. Haki][7]。学习 Groovy 还有一个很棒的原因，那就是可以接着学习 [Grails][8]，后者是一个优秀的、高效率的全栈 Web 框架，基于许多优秀组件构建而成，比如有 Hibernate、Spring Boot 和 Micronaut 等。
|
||||
|
||||
本文献给我亲爱的朋友 Anil Mukhi，他于 2022 年 1 月 3 日不幸离世。谢谢你，Anil，让我有机会了解这么多关于 Groovy、Grails 和赛马数据的知识。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/22/1/creating-lists-groovy-java
|
||||
@ -164,7 +155,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/22/1/creating-lists-groovy-java
|
||||
作者：[Chris Hermansen][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[lkxed](https://github.com/lkxed)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Using FileZilla for Connecting to SFTP Server Via GUI"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://itsfoss.com/filezilla-ubuntu/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Pratham Patel https://itsfoss.com/author/pratham/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "hwlife"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-14410-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
使用 FileZilla 以图形界面连接 SFTP 服务器
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果你问那些极客系统管理员，他们会肯定的说使用 [rsync 或者 scp 命令在远程服务器和本地系统之间传输文件][1]。
|
||||
|
||||
然而，这些都是命令行方式，并不是每个人都能用起来感到舒适。
|
||||
|
||||
谢天谢地的是，有一些图形化工具能够让你从远程服务器来传输文件。
|
||||
|
||||
[FileZilla][2] 是一个流行的、跨平台的传输文件为目的开源软件。它支持使用通过 TLS 或者 SSL 加密的 FTP 协议（FTPS），也支持借助 SSH 的 FTP 协议，以及旧的 FTP 协议。
|
||||
|
||||
让我展示怎样在 Linux 上安装 FileZilla 然后用它来文件传输。
|
||||
|
||||
那么，让我们开始吧！
|
||||
|
||||
### 在 Ubuntu 和其他 Linux 发行版上安装 FileZilla
|
||||
|
||||
你可以使用源码来安装，但是还是建议使用你的发行版提供的软件包。因为它是一个热门软件，它应该在许多 Linux 发行版（即便不是全部）的软件仓库中可用。请使用你的发行版的软件中心和包管理器来安装。
|
||||
|
||||
在 Ubuntu 上，你可以从软件中心来安装它：
|
||||
|
||||
![FileZilla is available in the Ubuntu Software Center][3]
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以使用命令行的方式来安装它：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt install filezilla
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果你看到 [软件包不存在的错误][4]，你应该 [开启 Universe 仓库][5]。
|
||||
|
||||
一旦安装成功，打开菜单（通过按 `Super` 键），键入 “FileZilla”来启动它。
|
||||
|
||||
![Start FileZilla from the system menu][6]
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用 FileZilla
|
||||
|
||||
第一次使用 FileZilla 时，你将会看到如下图所示的一个界面：
|
||||
|
||||
![Screenshot of FileZilla running][7]
|
||||
|
||||
左边窗口显示来自你本地系统的文件和目录。右边窗口显示目前是空的。当你连接到远程服务器时，来自你的远程系统的文件会显示在这里。
|
||||
|
||||
在我向你展示之前，让我分享一下关于理解 FileZilla 图形界面重要方面的一些细节。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 了解 FileZilla 图形界面
|
||||
|
||||
下图总体上给你展示了 FileZilla 窗口布局的不同部分。
|
||||
|
||||
![FileZilla Window Layout | image credit][8]
|
||||
|
||||
图形界面由 6 个不同的区域/窗口来组成。让我简短的给你解释一下：
|
||||
|
||||
**1、工具栏**：它有许多选项，如打开站点管理器、刷新本地和远程目录文件和文件列表、开始处理当前的文件传输队列、停止正在传输的任务并取消队列中的文件，等等。
|
||||
|
||||
**2、快速连接栏**：顾名思义，它允许你快速连接到一个远程站点，除了主机名、用户名、密码和端口之外，不需要指定更多细节。
|
||||
|
||||
**3、消息日志**：它显示了一个日志，不论你连接成功与否。错误消息标记为红色，正常消息为白色，命令是蓝色。
|
||||
|
||||
**4 & 5、本地窗口和远程窗口**：这两个窗口非常相似，除了本地窗口显示本地目录内容，并且有用来上传文件的上下文菜单；而远程窗口显示的是远程目录的内容，并有从远程目录下载到本地文件的选项。
|
||||
|
||||
**6、传输队列**：最后，传输队列窗口显示正在传输的项目的状态和它们的传输速度，以及队列中的文件和传输历史（仅限当前实例）。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 使用 FileZilla 连接到 SFTP 服务器
|
||||
|
||||
你需要知道远程服务器的用户名、密码和 IP 地址。远程服务器也应该被设置成能够接受以这些信息进行的连接。你还需要在目标文件夹有正确的权限设置。
|
||||
|
||||
要新增一个 SFTP 连接，你需要打开站点管理器。有两种方式可以打开它。
|
||||
|
||||
在菜单栏上的“<ruby>文件<rt>Files</rt></ruby>”菜单选项下有一个“<ruby>站点管理器<rt>Site Manager</rt></ruby>”。或者，你可以直接点击工具栏上的“站点管理器”图标。
|
||||
|
||||
![the Site Manager button on the toolbar][9]
|
||||
|
||||
一旦站点管理器对话框弹出，点击“<ruby>新站点<rt>New site</rt></ruby>”按钮，并（可选地）重命名添加到条目中的新站点。我叫我的站点为“test8”。
|
||||
|
||||
![screenshot of the Site Manager][10]
|
||||
|
||||
在右侧的“<ruby>常规<rt>General</rt></ruby>”标签下，确保所使用的协议与服务器管理员为你设置的相一致。在我的例子中，我设置了一个 SFTP 服务器（<ruby>借助 SSH 通道的 FTP<rt>FTP over SSH</rt></ruby>），因此我选择了“<ruby>SFTP - SSH 文件传输协议<rt>SFTP – SSH File Transfer Protocol</rt></ruby>”。
|
||||
|
||||
下一个字段填写远程服务器的 IP 地址。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你没有设置“<ruby>端口号<rt>Port</rt></ruby>”，FileZilla 将假定要使用的端口号为缺省的 SSH 协议的 22 端口。
|
||||
|
||||
“<ruby>登录类型<rt>Logon Type</rt></ruby>”下拉列表有几个选项。在“<ruby>常规<rt>Normal</rt></ruby>”登录方式下，你只需要提供用户名和密码。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你设置了一对公钥和私钥来验证你的 SSH 用户连接，那么可以使用“<ruby>密钥文件授权<rt>Key file authentication</rt></ruby>”方式。
|
||||
|
||||
一旦你为远程服务器和认证填写了所有适当的细节，就可以点击底部的“<ruby>连接<rt>Connect</rt></ruby>”按钮连接到站点。别担心，你刚刚建立连接的新站点将会按“登录类型”保存起来。
|
||||
|
||||
![Remote pane being populated after a successful connection][11]
|
||||
|
||||
如果你看到一个 “连接到 <主机 IP 地址>” 的状态消息，并且最近的状态消息是 “目录列表 "/" 显示成功”，说明你已经成功的连接到了远程的 SFTP 服务器（使用 SSH 协议的 FTP）。
|
||||
|
||||
另一个 SFTP 连接成功的标志是，当连接成功建立的时候，远程目录窗口有了很多消息。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 发送文件到远程系统
|
||||
|
||||
你必须 **确保你位于要传输文件的目录里**。传输文件非常简单，只需**双击文件**，无需指定指定目标位置。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你在左边窗口双击了一个文件，它立即传输到右边科技的目录里（或者有传输任务的话，加到队列中）。
|
||||
|
||||
同样，从右边窗口到左边窗口也是一样双击，即从远程服务器到本地。**这就是为什么本地和远程系统都要在正确的位置是非常重要的原因**。
|
||||
|
||||
此外，你也可以鼠标右击文件上传它们（或者加它们到上传队列）。目标位置总是 FileZilla 界面中显示的目录。
|
||||
|
||||
![Transfer queue pane showing the local file name, remote destination, transfer speed and an ETA][12]
|
||||
|
||||
除了方便和快捷方面，这两种上传的文件方式没有什么不同。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 下载远程系统中的文件
|
||||
|
||||
像上传文件一样，当从远程服务器传输文件到本地时也有两种方式，但不是“上传”而是“下载”。
|
||||
|
||||
下载的文件将放在本地目录窗口中，也就是你当前打开的本地窗口。
|
||||
|
||||
你将会注意到除了发送方和接收方不同之外，下载和上传文件的行为是一样的。除非连接数受到限制，否则文件传输将是并行进行的。
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结
|
||||
|
||||
厉害！有了这些基础知识，你应该能够在你的计算机和服务器之间传输文件。我希望你能够学到一些新东西 : )
|
||||
|
||||
如果你感到这些对你有帮助，随意在评论部分留下你的问题、建议或简单的一句 “thank you”。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/filezilla-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Pratham Patel][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[hwlife](https://github.com/hwlife)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/pratham/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://linuxhandbook.com/transfer-files-ssh/
|
||||
[2]: https://filezilla-project.org/
|
||||
[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/filezilla-ubuntu-software-center.png?resize=751%2C382&ssl=1
|
||||
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/unable-to-locate-package-error-ubuntu/
|
||||
[5]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-repositories/
|
||||
[6]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/filezilla-ubuntu.png?resize=763%2C224&ssl=1
|
||||
[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/01_filezilla.webp?resize=800%2C431&ssl=1
|
||||
[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/02_filezilla_layout.webp?resize=800%2C504&ssl=1
|
||||
[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/03_site_manager_annotated.webp?resize=386%2C170&ssl=1
|
||||
[10]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/04_site_manager.webp?resize=800%2C577&ssl=1
|
||||
[11]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/05_successful_connection.webp?resize=800%2C431&ssl=1
|
||||
[12]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/07_transfer_pane_populated-1.webp?resize=800%2C431&ssl=1
|
||||
[13]: https://itsfoss.community/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Build Your Own Handheld Linux PC with Raspberry Pi and this Open Source Project"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://news.itsfoss.com/penkesu-handheld-linux-pc/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "John Paul https://news.itsfoss.com/author/john/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "geekpi"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-14408-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
用树莓派打造你的手持 Linux 电脑
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> Penkesu 电脑：一个自制的复古式手持 Linux 电脑。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你是否曾希望有一台适合你手持的、带有键盘的 Linux 笔记本电脑？如果是这样，那么你幸运了。一位硬件设计师创造了这样一个设备，并将其设计开源，让任何人都可以在家里制作它。
|
||||
|
||||
### 它是什么？
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Penkēsu 电脑（Penkēsu 是日语中“铅笔盒”的意思）是由 [Penk Chen][2] 设计的。如果这个名字听起来很熟悉，他就是 [CutiePi][3] 背后的设计师。
|
||||
|
||||
根据该网站称，Penk 创建这个项目是因为：
|
||||
|
||||
> 自从 CutiePi 平板电脑成功获得了资金并开始发货后，我觉得有必要干一个新的项目，一个我不需要太担心商业可行性、并提醒自己做手工的初衷的项目。可以说，这是一个“反弹”项目。
|
||||
|
||||
他还说，他目前没有任何大规模生产 Penkēsu 的计划，所以他把该规划开源了。“我想公布所有的设计和规划，这样就可以给任何有兴趣制作一个的人足够的信息。”
|
||||
|
||||
### 零件
|
||||
|
||||
![][5]
|
||||
|
||||
Penk 围绕一个 7.9 英寸的触摸屏和一个定制键盘设计了 Penkēsu。内部结构由树莓派 Zero 2 W 和锂聚合物电池供电。树莓派 Zero 2 W 有一个 1GHz 的 ARM 四核 ARM Cortex-A53 处理器和 512MB 的内存。花上 15 美元，这块树莓派应该可以运行大多数为它设计的 Linux 发行版。
|
||||
|
||||
有趣的是，Penk 说，“我的 3D 打印机不够精确，无法打印出一个功能齐全的铰链锁”。因此，他决定使用来自任天堂 GBA SP 的替换铰链。
|
||||
|
||||
看起来最困难的部分是键盘，这涉及到一个定制的 PCB。Penk 确实注意到，“如果希望使用其他 40% 键盘来制作，可以通过编辑 CAD 文件和调整机箱中的隔间大小来完成”。
|
||||
|
||||
以下是所需零件的完整清单：
|
||||
|
||||
* 显示器
|
||||
* 微雪 7.9 英寸电容式触摸屏
|
||||
* Adafruit DIY HDMI 电缆部件 - 直角适配器、Mini-HDMI 适配器和 20 厘米带状电缆
|
||||
* 外壳
|
||||
* GBA SP 替代铰链
|
||||
* 3D 打印部件（STL 文件和 STEP 文件）
|
||||
* 电子产品
|
||||
* 树莓派 Zero 2 W
|
||||
* 3.7V 606090（或类似尺寸）锂聚合物电池
|
||||
* Adafruit PowerBoost 1000C
|
||||
* 键盘
|
||||
* 凯华 Choc 矮轴 V1 x 48
|
||||
* MBK Choc 矮轴键帽 x 48
|
||||
* 1N4148 二极管 x 48
|
||||
* Arduino Pro Micro x 1
|
||||
* PCB x 1（gerber 文件和 QMK 固件）
|
||||
|
||||
详见 [网站][4] 的完整细节。
|
||||
|
||||
你用树莓派做了什么项目？请在下面的评论中分享。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://news.itsfoss.com/penkesu-handheld-linux-pc/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[John Paul][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://news.itsfoss.com/author/john/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/penkesu.computer-31.jpg?w=1000&ssl=1
|
||||
[2]: https://github.com/penk
|
||||
[3]: https://itsfoss.com/cutiepi-open-source-tab/
|
||||
[4]: http://penkesu.computer/
|
||||
[5]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/penkesu.computer-parts.jpg?w=1000&ssl=1
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Mabox Linux – Beautiful Arch Linux with Openbox [Review]"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://www.debugpoint.com/2022/03/mabox-linux-2022/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Arindam https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "geekpi"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-14416-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
Mabox Linux：带有 Openbox 的美丽的 Arch Linux
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> Mabox Linux 是一个 Manjaro Linux 重制版，带有一个轻量级的 Openbox 窗口管理器，已经预配置了主题和实用程序。我们将在这篇文章中点评这个发行版。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你喜欢窗口管理器，也喜欢基于滚动发布的 Arch Linux，并且正在寻找一个具有这种组合的现成 Linux 发行版，可以试试 Mabox Linux。Mabox Linux 是建立在很棒的 Manjaro Linux 之上的，带有 Openbox 窗口管理器和一些原生实用程序。
|
||||
|
||||
由于采用了 Openbox，这个 Linux 发行版在维持超轻量级的资源消耗的同时，也提供了一个漂亮的桌面。改编自 BunsenLabs，并受 Crunchbang 启发的 Mabox Linux 工具也带来了他们的一些应用。
|
||||
|
||||
让我们来深入了解一下这个了不起的 Linux 发行版。
|
||||
|
||||
### Mabox Linux 点评
|
||||
|
||||
#### 安装和现场介质
|
||||
|
||||
Mabox .ISO 的优势之一是它在<ruby>现场介质<rt>Live medium</rt></ruby>启动过程中为你提供了自由和专有的驱动程序的两种选择。如果你的系统中有英伟达或其他硬件，这对你有帮助。
|
||||
|
||||
<ruby>现场桌面<rt>Live desktop</rt></ruby>让你可以通过 Calamares 安装程序来安装 Mabox。在标准硬件上，安装大约需要 3 到 4 分钟，在我的测试中没有遇到错误。
|
||||
|
||||
安装程序也会检测测试设备中的其他操作系统。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 具有自定义的外观和感受
|
||||
|
||||
Mabox 带来了一个预配置的 Openbox 窗口管理器。这个搭配的版本看起来不错，有深色外观和带面板的菜单。
|
||||
|
||||
顶部的面板是用 Tint2 构建的，分成两个部分。左边的面板为你提供了主菜单、文件管理器、网页浏览器的快捷方式。面板上的鼠标左键和右键有不同的菜单。右边的面板包含资源监视器、音量控制、截屏快捷方式和电源菜单。顶部面板不是连续的，在某些主题下，应用程序窗口会停留在顶部。
|
||||
|
||||
![Mabox Linux with Nord Theme][1]
|
||||
|
||||
在桌面的右边部分，预配置的 Conky 脚本可以给你提供系统信息，包括日期、时间、存储和其他显示。
|
||||
|
||||
欢迎窗口为你提供了关于设置、帮助和支持的快速启动快捷方式，并有文档链接。
|
||||
|
||||
窗口管理器适合于键盘操作，有时不便于用鼠标操作。但由于 Openbox 和预配置的 Mabox，你可以轻松地使用鼠标，同时通过灵巧的键盘快捷方式提高你的工作效率。
|
||||
|
||||
桌面上的右键菜单为你提供了轻松的搜索和启动选项。
|
||||
|
||||
![Search and Launch from desktop][2]
|
||||
|
||||
如果你不喜欢默认的外观，你可以通过 Openbox 和 Tint2 面板配置工具，只需点击几下就可以自行定制。
|
||||
|
||||
![Main Application Menu][3]
|
||||
|
||||
Mabox 预设有不同的主题，包括面板和 Concky 脚本。你可以点击并应用这些令人惊叹的 Mabox 主题。如果你不想陷入自己配置面板、颜色和 Conky 的麻烦中，这是一个很好的功能。
|
||||
|
||||
一套好的墙纸可以让你随时让它在短时间内看起来更加美妙。
|
||||
|
||||
![Mabox Themes][5]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 应用
|
||||
|
||||
Mabox Linux 将所有必要的应用打包在其安装镜像中。以下是所包含的基本应用的简单列表。
|
||||
|
||||
* Terminator 终端
|
||||
* Xpad 快速写字板
|
||||
* PCManFM 文件管理器
|
||||
* FSearch 桌面文件搜索
|
||||
* Flameshot 截图工具
|
||||
* Geany 文本编辑器
|
||||
* Audacious 音乐播放器
|
||||
* Firefox 网页浏览器
|
||||
|
||||
Mabox 还包括控制中心，以有效管理你的系统。Mabox 控制中心可以让你添加/删除应用、更新你的系统、启动窗口管理组件的几个配置窗口，诸如此类。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你找不到某个设置，你可以在 Mabox 控制中心通过其系统设置的逻辑分组轻松找到它们。
|
||||
|
||||
![Mabox Control Center][6]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 性能如何？
|
||||
|
||||
Mabox Linux 的性能令人印象非常深刻。由于采用了 Openbox 窗口管理器，Mabox 只用了大约 350MB 多点的内存，而 CPU 在空闲状态下徘徊在 2% 到 3%。
|
||||
|
||||
默认安装需要大约 5.39GB 的磁盘空间，这对于预装的这些应用和设置程序来说是不可思议的。
|
||||
|
||||
在如此优化下，以至于它消耗内存最多的应用是 Xorg，有 90MB。
|
||||
|
||||
所以，我想尝试一下重度使用下的性能。而这个性能也是令人惊讶的。我打开了一个文件管理器、带三个标签的 Firefox、一个用于开发的文本编辑器、一个终端窗口和控制中心。在这样的工作负荷下，Mabox 只消耗了大约 920MB 的内存和 6% 到 7% 的 CPU。
|
||||
|
||||
![Mabox Linux Heavy Workload Performance][7]
|
||||
|
||||
在 [点评几个发行版][8] 的过程中，这是我第一次发现一个发行版在重度工作负荷下不超过 1GB 内存的情况。但在不同的使用情况下，结果可能有所不同。无论如何，这个指标还是令人印象深刻。
|
||||
|
||||
### Mabox Linux 可以作为日常使用吗？
|
||||
|
||||
如果你对带有窗口管理器的 Arch Linux 比较熟悉和适应，你可以把 Mabox Linux 作为日常使用。有几个打包好的带有窗口管理器的 Arch Linux 发行版，而 Mabox 是其中最好的一个。
|
||||
|
||||
![Mabox Linux Windows 95 pre-configured theme][9]
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结
|
||||
|
||||
我认为 Mabox Linux 团队将所有组件与 Arch Linux 打包在一起，并呈现出一个漂亮的 Linux 发行版，做得非常好。它的外观惊艳，而消耗的系统资源却很少。有了基于 Arch Linux 的滚动发布功能，我认为你可以信赖这个发行版的长期使用。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以从它的 [官方网页][10] 下载 Mabox Linux。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.debugpoint.com/2022/03/mabox-linux-2022/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Arindam][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Mabox-Linux-with-Nord-Theme-1024x581.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Search-and-Launch-from-desktop.jpg
|
||||
[3]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Main-Application-Menu.jpg
|
||||
[5]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Mabox-Themes.jpg
|
||||
[6]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Mabox-Control-Center.jpg
|
||||
[7]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Mabox-Linux-Heavy-Workload-Performance-1024x508.jpg
|
||||
[8]: https://www.debugpoint.com/tag/linux-distro-review
|
||||
[9]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Mabox-Linux-Windows-95-preconfigured-theme-1-1024x577.jpg
|
||||
[10]: https://maboxlinux.org/
|
||||
[11]: https://t.me/debugpoint
|
||||
[12]: https://twitter.com/DebugPoint
|
||||
[13]: https://www.youtube.com/c/debugpoint?sub_confirmation=1
|
||||
[14]: https://facebook.com/DebugPoint
|
||||
@ -3,30 +3,30 @@
|
||||
[#]: author: "Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "geekpi"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-14414-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
Junction：打开文件和链接的应用切换器
|
||||
Junction：一个可以打开文件和链接的应用切换器
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
**简介：** _一个有趣的工具，在访问文件或打开链接时使事情变得简单。让我们来看看它吧_。
|
||||
> 这是一个有趣的工具，可以轻松地访问文件或打开链接。让我们来了解一下。
|
||||
|
||||
对于那些涉足多个应用访问不同文件和使用各种浏览器打开链接的用户来说，其工作流程往往不是无缝的。
|
||||
对于那些涉足使用多个应用访问不同文件和使用各种浏览器打开链接的用户来说，其工作流程往往没那么多顺畅。
|
||||
|
||||
你可能已经习惯了，但这可能不是完成事情的最快方式。
|
||||
|
||||
认识一下 **Junction**，一个应用切换器，帮助你用你最喜欢的应用快速打开文件/链接。
|
||||
认识一下 **Junction**，这是一个应用切换器，帮助你用最喜欢的应用快速打开文件/链接。
|
||||
|
||||
### Junction: 开源的 Linux 应用或浏览器切换器
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
虽然我们可以在打开文件时使用右键菜单中的 “**Open with**” 选项来选择某个应用，但这并不是最快的方法。
|
||||
虽然我们可以在打开文件时使用右键菜单中的 “用……打开” 选项来选择某个应用，但这并不是最快的方法。
|
||||
|
||||
有了 [Junction][2]，你不必寻找你可以希望文件用什么程序打开（或不断改变默认值），而是要将 “**Junction**” 应用设置为你的默认值。
|
||||
有了 [Junction][2]，你不必寻找希望用什么程序打开该文件（或不断改变默认值），而只需将 “Junction” 应用设置为你的默认值。
|
||||
|
||||
这样，每当你打开一个链接或访问一个文件，启动电子邮件编辑器等，Junction 应用就会启动，向你显示你可能想要访问的相关应用。
|
||||
这样，每当你打开一个链接或访问一个文件、启动电子邮件编辑器等，Junction 应用就会启动，向你显示你可能想要访问的相关应用。
|
||||
|
||||
此外，它还支持键盘导航，使其成为键盘高级用户的一个有益补充。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -38,16 +38,14 @@ Junction：打开文件和链接的应用切换器
|
||||
|
||||
![][4]
|
||||
|
||||
它是一个适合于特定用户群的简单工具。你可能觉得它是多余的，也可能不觉得它是多余的，但在你想尝试的情况下，它的功能应该可以弥补它的不足：
|
||||
它是一个适合于特定用户群的简单工具。你可能觉得它是多余的，也可能不是，但在你想尝试的情况下，它的功能应该可以弥补它的不足：
|
||||
|
||||
* 通过启动器/切换器选择要打开的应用
|
||||
* 在启动前显示位置
|
||||
* 在启动前显示文件位置
|
||||
* 在打开 URL 之前能够编辑它
|
||||
* 提示不安全的链接
|
||||
* 键盘导航
|
||||
* 能够在切换器/启动器中添加更多的应用（它也会记住添加的内容，以便下次使用）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* 能够在切换器/启动器中添加更多的应用（它也会记住添加的内容，以便下次使用）
|
||||
|
||||
![][5]
|
||||
|
||||
@ -61,7 +59,7 @@ Junction：打开文件和链接的应用切换器
|
||||
|
||||
![][7]
|
||||
|
||||
对于链接，你可以通过点击 “**Test Junction**” 来测试它，如上面的截图所示。或者，你可以点击其他应用的任何链接，看看 Junction 应用的运行情况。
|
||||
对于链接，如上面的截图所示，你可以通过点击 “Test Junction” 来测试它。或者，你可以点击其他应用的任何链接，看看 Junction 应用的运行情况。
|
||||
|
||||
下面是你试图点击一个链接并让 Junction 帮助你选择时的情况：
|
||||
|
||||
@ -74,16 +72,14 @@ Junction 主要以 Flatpak 应用的形式提供。因此，你可以从 [Flathu
|
||||
考虑到你已经设置了 [Flatpak][10]，你可以输入以下命令来安装它：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
flatpak install flathub re.sonny.Junction
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以查看它的 [GitHub 页面][11]，了解更多的使用案例或利用它的技巧/窍门。
|
||||
|
||||
[Junction][9]
|
||||
- [Junction][9]
|
||||
|
||||
_你认为像 Junction 这样的应用切换器怎么样？它对你有用吗？请在下面的评论中告诉我你的想法。_
|
||||
你认为像 Junction 这样的应用切换器怎么样？它对你有用吗？请在下面的评论中告诉我你的想法，或简单的一句“谢谢”。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -92,7 +88,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/junction/
|
||||
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -3,13 +3,17 @@
|
||||
[#]: author: "Ankush Das https://news.itsfoss.com/author/ankush/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-14404-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
尝试开源的安全通讯软件 “Threema” 的 7 个理由
|
||||
尝试开源的安全通讯软件 Threema 的 7 个理由
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> Threema 是一个优质的开源通讯软件，专注于安全和隐私，提供了一个去中心的基础设施。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
现在已经有很多私密的 WhatsApp 代替品可供我们选择，Threema 则是其中最好的可选项之一。
|
||||
|
||||
可是，为什么你要考虑尝试它呢？它是“终极的”安全通讯软件吗？
|
||||
@ -22,13 +26,13 @@
|
||||
|
||||
在我开始说明为什么要尝试 [Threema][2] 这款私密通讯软件之前，请允许我再介绍一下它。
|
||||
|
||||
Threema 是一个流行的安全通讯软件，它由瑞士团队研发，专注于个人隐私。它也是一个付费软件，你需要在 [Play Store][3] 或者 [App Store] 上，一次性支付费用（大约 4 美元），才能够在你喜爱的移动设备上使用它。
|
||||
Threema 是一个流行的安全通讯软件，它由瑞士团队研发，专注于个人隐私。它也是一个付费软件，你需要在 [Play Store][3] 或者 [App Store][4] 上，一次性支付费用（大约 4 美元），才能够在你喜爱的移动设备上使用它。
|
||||
|
||||
起初，它是一个专有的安全通讯软件，是 [Signal][5] 等其他软件的竞争者。
|
||||
|
||||
在 2020 年的时候，Threema 决定在 [GitHub][6] 上开源它的所有软件。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以下载到移动应用，也可以得到 Linux 桌面（包括 Windows 和 macOS）上的支持。遗憾的是，它在桌面上目前没有一个独立的客户端。
|
||||
你可以下载到移动应用，也可以得到 Linux 桌面（包括 Windows 和 macOS）上的支持。遗憾的是，它在桌面上目前没有独立的客户端。
|
||||
|
||||
因此，你需要让移动设备保持开启状态，才能使用桌面上的 Threema（就和 WhatsApp Web 的工作方式一样）。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -38,7 +42,7 @@ Threema 是一个流行的安全通讯软件，它由瑞士团队研发，专注
|
||||
|
||||
支持你这么做的理由包括：
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. 不需要手机号码
|
||||
#### 1. 不需要手机号码
|
||||
|
||||
![][7]
|
||||
|
||||
@ -46,39 +50,39 @@ Threema 是一个流行的安全通讯软件，它由瑞士团队研发，专注
|
||||
|
||||
但是，手机号码只是注册 Threema 的一个选填项。如果你不想让别人知道你的手机号码，你可以使用注册时生成的 **Threema ID**（用户名）。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你要和别人交流，你必须分享你的 Threema ID，而不是你的手机号码。
|
||||
这样的话，如果你要和别人交流，你必须分享你的 Threema ID，而不是你的手机号码。
|
||||
|
||||
值得一提的是，即使在没有 SIM 卡的设备上，它也能完美工作，因为你不必提供手机号码就可以注册成功。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. 开源
|
||||
#### 2. 开源
|
||||
|
||||
虽然这是一个显而易见的理由，但它十分重要。
|
||||
|
||||
我非常重视这一点。如果你想要一个值得信赖的 WhatsApp 替代品，你应该倾向于选择一个开发稳定的开源通讯软件。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. 去中心化的基础设施
|
||||
#### 3. 去中心化的基础设施
|
||||
|
||||
![][8]
|
||||
|
||||
和大多数主流产品不同，Threema 提供了一个去中心化的基础设施，以确保更好地抵御审查制度。
|
||||
和大多数主流产品不同，Threema 提供了一个去中心化的基础设施，以确保更好地抵御检查。
|
||||
|
||||
换句话说，Threema 并不依赖于一个中心服务器架构，也就不会发生“一个错误导致整个网络瘫痪”这种情况。
|
||||
|
||||
这个错误可能是一次停电，或者是政府的一次审查/限制服务的行动。
|
||||
这个错误可能是一次停电，或者是一次检查/限制服务的行动。
|
||||
|
||||
在这些情况下，Threema 会是更有用和更有效的选择。
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. 收费软件
|
||||
#### 4. 收费软件
|
||||
|
||||
它是一个收费软件（一次性付费），这也算是一个好消息吗？
|
||||
|
||||
对于某些人来说，是的。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想要寻找一个通讯软件，在上面几乎不可能有垃圾消息，或者你不想让你的联系人找到你（或是给你发一些你不想要的信息），那么 Threema 就是你的一个完美选项。
|
||||
如果你想要寻找一个几乎不可能有垃圾消息的通讯软件，而且你也不想让你的联系人找到你（或是给你发一些你不想要的信息），那么 Threema 就是你的一个完美选项。
|
||||
|
||||
毕竟，为一个出色的开源解决方案而付费是值得的，对吧？
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. 可靠的用户界面和特性
|
||||
#### 5. 可靠的用户界面和特性
|
||||
|
||||
![Credits: Threema][9]
|
||||
|
||||
@ -86,7 +90,6 @@ Threema 不是一个新产品，它已经开发了好几年了。
|
||||
|
||||
因此，它能够提供稳定的用户体验，以及一些激动人心的特性，比如说它支持在群聊中发起投票。
|
||||
|
||||
It lets you silently acknowledge messages from a recipient using agree/disagree without triggering a notification to them. This can come in handy at times.
|
||||
你可以使用“同意/不同意”选项，以一种静默的方式确认接收方是否收到了消息，而不会触发一个发送给他们的通知。
|
||||
|
||||
注意，“同意/不同意”的功能只在个人会话中有效。
|
||||
@ -97,7 +100,7 @@ It lets you silently acknowledge messages from a recipient using agree/disagree
|
||||
|
||||
![Credits: Threema][10]
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. 瑞士团队 & 遵守 GDRP 准则
|
||||
#### 6. 瑞士团队 & 遵守 GDRP 准则
|
||||
|
||||
你可能会在意，开发团队是否会受到所在国家的司法管辖权和隐私法等限制，那么对你而言，Threema 就是一个理想的私密通讯软件。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -105,17 +108,17 @@ Threema 受瑞士的法律约束，而众所周知，瑞士的法律是最重视
|
||||
|
||||
除此之外，Threema 还提到了它完全遵守 GDRP 准则。如果你在意这一点的话，Threema 是一个不错的选择。
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. 在工作中使用 Threema
|
||||
#### 7. 在工作中使用 Threema
|
||||
|
||||
![][11]
|
||||
|
||||
有趣的事，Threema 还有另外一个 [独立的版本][11]，专注于加强公司内部的通讯安全。
|
||||
有趣的是，Threema 还有另外一个 [独立的版本][11]，专注于加强公司内部的通讯安全。
|
||||
|
||||
所以，如果你需要一个安全通讯平台来作为即时通讯软件的话，Threema 将是一个吸引人的选择。
|
||||
|
||||
[Try Threema][12]
|
||||
- [试试 Threema][12]
|
||||
|
||||
### 最后，我的一些想法
|
||||
### 最后，我的看法
|
||||
|
||||
我已经使用 Threema 很长时间了，我承认我在上面没有很多联系人。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -134,7 +137,7 @@ via: https://news.itsfoss.com/reasons-to-try-threema/
|
||||
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[lkxed](https://github.com/lkxed)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -3,58 +3,60 @@
|
||||
[#]: author: "Ankush Das https://news.itsfoss.com/author/ankush/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "aREversez"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-14429-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 太难了？你需要知道这 5 点
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
如果只有 Windows, macOS, Linux 三种操作系统可供选择，那么大多数人应该都不怎么会考虑 Linux 系统。
|
||||
> Linux 很难吗？为什么人们认为它很难？我们重点分析了一些常见的问题，并对其进行了说明，让你觉得它没那么难。
|
||||
|
||||
服务器一般都会使用 Linux 操作系统，但普通用户的选择则恰好相反。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
很多人只是从别人那儿听来的，都没有亲自试过，就觉得 Linux 太难了。
|
||||
如果只有 Windows、macOS、Linux 三种操作系统可供选择，那么大多数人应该都不怎么会考虑 Linux 系统。
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 一般用在服务器上，但对普通用户台式机和笔记本电脑来说，情况并非如此。
|
||||
|
||||
更糟糕的是，很多人只是从别人那儿听来的，都没有亲自试过，就觉得 Linux 太难了。
|
||||
|
||||
但是 Linux 真有那么难吗？若果真如此，Linux 到底难在哪里呢？
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux 难学吗？
|
||||
|
||||
与 Windows 和 macOS 相比，Linux（这里指 Linux 发行版）确实有很多独特之处。
|
||||
与 Windows 和 macOS 相比，Linux（这里指 Linux 发行版）确实有很多根本不同。
|
||||
|
||||
但也多亏了这些差别，Linux 发行版具备了 [Windows][1] 与 [macOS][2] 所不具备的的许多优势。
|
||||
|
||||
另外，Linux 基本可以满足你的日常需要。在很多情况下，Linux 操作系统的用户界面与 Windows 或者 macOS 的相差并不大，所以用起来也相当方便。
|
||||
|
||||
**不信？** 请看这篇：[与 Windows 相似的 Linux 发行版][3]
|
||||
**不信？** 请看这篇：《[与 Windows 相似的 Linux 发行版][3]》
|
||||
|
||||
那么，Linux 有哪些方面会让用户望而却步呢？
|
||||
|
||||
在这篇文章中，我将讨论 Linux 让新用户们普遍犯难的问题，希望可以借此让他们对 Linux 有所改观。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1\. 软件安装与软件包管理
|
||||
### 1、软件安装与软件包管理
|
||||
|
||||
![][4]
|
||||
|
||||
在 Linux 上，安装软件（或软件包）的方法有很多。
|
||||
在 Linux 上，安装软件（软件包）的方法有很多。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以从软件中心安装，也可以在终端进行安装，或者从官方软件源下载软件包然后自行手动安装。
|
||||
|
||||
再或者，你甚至可以通过[编译源码实现软件安装][5]。
|
||||
再或者，你甚至可以通过 [编译源码来安装软件][5]。
|
||||
|
||||
与 Windows 或者 macOS 不同，Linux 系统可不会使用 EXE 文件或 **dmg** 文件。
|
||||
与 Windows 或者 macOS 不同，Linux 系统可不会使用 EXE 文件或 dmg 文件。
|
||||
|
||||
对于不同的 Linux 发行版，软件包也会有所不同。例如，[DEB 文件可以安装在 Ubuntu 上][6]。
|
||||
对于不同的 Linux 发行版，软件包也会有所不同。例如，[DEB 文件可以安装在 Ubuntu 上][6]。而在 Fedora 系统下，需要 [安装 RPM 文件][7]。
|
||||
|
||||
而在 Fedora 系统下，需要[安装 RPM 文件][7]。
|
||||
在这种情况下，[Flatpak][8] 和 Snap 应运而生，使得软件安装更为便捷。如果一款软件有对应的 Flatpak 软件包或者 Snap 软件包，你就可以把它安装在任意一种 Linux 发行版上。
|
||||
|
||||
在这种情况下，[Flatpak][8] 和 Snaps 应运而生，使得软件安装更为便捷。如果一款软件有对应的 Flatpak 软件包或者 Snaps 软件包，你就可以把它安装在任意一种 Linux 发行版上。
|
||||
|
||||
不过，一些 Linux 发行版可能需要用户自行[安装 Flatpak][9] 或者 [Snaps][10]，因为这些发行版默认情况下可能并不支持它们。
|
||||
不过，一些 Linux 发行版可能需要用户自行 [安装 Flatpak][9] 或者 [Snap][10]，因为这些发行版默认情况下可能并不支持它们。
|
||||
|
||||
所以你要明白，由于 Linux 有很多不同的发行版本，软件安装方式以及软件包的类型也会存在许多区别。不过，只要了解某个发行版所支持的软件包格式以及安装方法，安装软件就简单多了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2\. “终端恐惧症”
|
||||
### 2、“终端恐惧症”
|
||||
|
||||
![][16]
|
||||
|
||||
@ -62,17 +64,15 @@ Linux 太难了？你需要知道这 5 点
|
||||
|
||||
可能也就是在故障排除的时候，会需要使用命令行。但在 Linux 系统下，终端的使用频率却非常高。
|
||||
|
||||
即便是在[最好用的 Linux 发行版][11]上，你可能也会经常打开终端，输入命令来执行一些任务，比如：
|
||||
即便是在 [最好用的 Linux 发行版][11] 上，你可能也会经常打开终端，输入命令来执行一些任务，比如：
|
||||
|
||||
* 更新软件包列表
|
||||
* 通过软件中心移除未安装的软件
|
||||
* 添加软件仓库，安装软件
|
||||
* 移除一个不是通过软件中心安装的软件
|
||||
* 添加一个软件仓库来安装软件
|
||||
|
||||
从技术层面讲，你不需要学习复杂的命令，但是知道一些如何卸载软件包或者安装 Flatpak 程序的命令，就会很方便。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
从技术层面讲，你不需要学习复杂的命令，只需记住如何卸载软件包或者安装 Flatpak 程序，就够用了。
|
||||
|
||||
通常情况下，软件的官网上会列出安装命令或者说明。针对故障排除，有时也可以在社区论坛上找到需要输入的命令。
|
||||
通常情况下，软件的官网上会列出安装命令或者说明。针对故障排除，有时也可以在社区论坛上找到需要输入的确切命令。
|
||||
|
||||
所以说，你根本不需要去“记”什么，上网一搜，应有尽有。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -80,13 +80,13 @@ Linux 太难了？你需要知道这 5 点
|
||||
|
||||
最终，这些人只要碰到与 Linux 相关的东西，就避而远之，再也提不起兴趣。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3\. 安装显卡驱动
|
||||
### 3、安装显卡驱动
|
||||
|
||||
![][17]
|
||||
|
||||
macOS 不支持第三方显卡，这就意味着它无法实现虚拟化（尤其是 ARM），也无法用来玩游戏。所以，我们应该放弃 macOS，使用 Windows。
|
||||
macOS 不支持第三方显卡，这就意味着它无法实现虚拟化（尤其是 ARM），也无法用来玩游戏。所以，我们这里不谈 macOS，来看看 Windows。
|
||||
|
||||
另一方面，Windows 和 Linux 一样，都支持游戏和虚拟化技术。如果你用它们不只是看看视频，那就需要安装显卡驱动，实现功能。
|
||||
Windows 和 Linux 一样，都支持游戏和虚拟化技术。如果你用它们不只是看看视频，那就需要安装显卡驱动来支持这些功能。
|
||||
|
||||
在 Windows 上，你需要下载安装显卡的对应驱动。大多数情况下，首次安装的过程中并不会出现问题。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -94,39 +94,37 @@ macOS 不支持第三方显卡，这就意味着它无法实现虚拟化（尤
|
||||
|
||||
如果你的 Linux 发行版带有驱动管理器功能，比如 Linux Mint 操作系统，那事情就简单了。
|
||||
|
||||
如果没有的话，你可能需要下载适合自己系统的显卡驱动，格式为 ISO 文件。
|
||||
如果没有的话，你可能需要下载一个包含适合自己系统的显卡驱动的 ISO 文件。
|
||||
|
||||
总的来说，如果你使用了主流的 Linux 发行版，那么安装显卡驱动并不是一件难事；但是如果你使用的不是主流的发行版，你可能需要在安装之前好好查一查。
|
||||
|
||||
### 4\. 软件支持
|
||||
### 4、软件支持
|
||||
|
||||
Windows 和 macOS 上的应用并不一定都有对应的 Linux 版本。
|
||||
|
||||
如果软件提供了跨平台支持，就有可能提供 Ubuntu, Fedora 以及 Arch 等 Linux 发行版的对应版本。否则，就只能去找这些软件的替代品了。
|
||||
如果软件提供了跨平台支持，就有可能提供 Ubuntu、Fedora 以及 Arch 等 Linux 发行版的对应版本。否则，就只能去找这些软件的替代品了。
|
||||
|
||||
所以，很多软件不支持 Linux 系统，就给用户带来了较差的使用体验。
|
||||
|
||||
不过，我们列出了一份内容丰富的[必备软件清单][12]，相信能帮助你更好地使用 Linux 系统。
|
||||
不过，我们列出了一份内容丰富的 [必备软件清单][12]，相信能帮助你更好地使用 Linux 系统。
|
||||
|
||||
遗憾的是，一些用户没有意识到这一点，仍然不愿意去尝试替代软件。
|
||||
|
||||
### 5\. 调整外部设备与部件
|
||||
### 5、调整外围设备与部件
|
||||
|
||||
![][18]
|
||||
|
||||
操作难度和软件支持并不是问题的全部，管理调整电脑外部硬件设备也是一个重要方面。
|
||||
操作难度和软件支持并不是问题的全部，管理和调整电脑外围硬件设备也是一个重要方面。
|
||||
|
||||
雷蛇、海盗船以及华硕等许多硬件公司没有为 Linux 提供相应的官方支持。
|
||||
|
||||
因此，当用户意识到自己无法那么便捷地管理电脑的 RGB 灯条、风扇配置文件以及冷却设备，他们自然也就不会考虑使用 Linux。
|
||||
因此，当用户意识到自己无法那么便捷地管理电脑的 RGB 灯条、风扇配置文件以及冷却设备时，他们自然也就不会考虑使用 Linux。
|
||||
|
||||
不过你要知道，已经有许多工具可以帮助你应对这一问题，比如：
|
||||
|
||||
* [配置游戏鼠标][13]
|
||||
* [调整雷蛇外部设备][14]
|
||||
* [监控控制冷却设备][15]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* [监控和控制冷却设备][15]
|
||||
|
||||
这些工具可能不是官方提供的，但是它们适用于很多外部设备与组件。因此，如果你是因为外部设备和部件没有官方支持而放弃使用 Linux，那么你可以尝试这些工具。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -136,13 +134,13 @@ Windows 和 macOS 上的应用并不一定都有对应的 Linux 版本。
|
||||
|
||||
要记住，尝试一款陌生的操作系统总是伴随着新的挑战，需要一定的时间来适应。
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 作为一款桌面操作系统，相较于以前，操作难度降低不小。**Ubuntu, Pop!_OS, Linux Mint, Linux Lite** 以及其他 Linux 发行版能让用户更容易上手。
|
||||
Linux 作为一款桌面操作系统，相较于以前，操作难度降低不小。像 Ubuntu、 Pop!_OS、 Linux Mint、 Linux Lite 之类的 Linux 发行版能让用户更容易上手。
|
||||
|
||||
即便 Linux 有了那么多的改善与提升，还是有很多用户不愿意使用它，所以我们想让你了解 Linux 并没有你想象的那么难用。
|
||||
|
||||
_如果你的朋友还在纠结上述原因而不肯尝试 Linux，我推荐你把这篇文章分享给他，帮助他进一步了解并使用 Linux。_
|
||||
如果你的朋友还在纠结上述原因而不肯尝试 Linux，我推荐你把这篇文章分享给他，帮助他进一步了解并使用 Linux。
|
||||
|
||||
_请在下方评论留言。_
|
||||
请在下方评论留言。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -150,8 +148,8 @@ via: https://news.itsfoss.com/things-to-know-linux-is-tough/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/aREversez)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[aREversez](https://github.com/aREversez)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "XeroLinux: A Beautiful Arch-based Linux With Excellent Customizability by Default"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://itsfoss.com/xerolinux/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "geekpi"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-14422-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
XeroLinux：一个漂亮的基于 Arch 的 Linux，天生具备出色的可定制性
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Arch Linux 是那些希望对他们的操作系统有更多控制权的 Linux 用户的一个流行选择。
|
||||
|
||||
虽然许多有经验的用户对 Arch Linux 进行了定制，以提供一些最好的用户体验（就其用户界面而言），但对于新的 Linux 用户来说，这可能是一个挑战。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你不了解 Arch Linux 的具体情况，你可能想读一下这篇 [Ubuntu 与 Arch Linux 比较][1] 的文章。
|
||||
|
||||
然而，还有一些 [基于 Arch 的发行版][2] 旨在提供一个更容易上手的体验，而不会剥夺你的控制权。
|
||||
|
||||
**XeroLinux** 是我们最近遇到的其中一个。
|
||||
|
||||
### XeroLinux：又一个基于 Arch 的发行版
|
||||
|
||||
![][3]
|
||||
|
||||
[XeroLinux][4] 是 Steve（又名 [TechXero][5]）的个人项目，旨在提供一个“华丽”的 Arch Linux 版本。
|
||||
|
||||
请注意，这是一个充满激情的项目，而不是一个由庞大的贡献者团队支持的主流发行版（还没有）。在你替换你的主系统前，你应该先在虚拟机或测试机上试用它。
|
||||
|
||||
在这里，我们会为其愉快的开箱即用体验和一些令人更兴奋的地方，简单介绍一下 XeroLinux 的特色。
|
||||
|
||||
### 安装的简易性
|
||||
|
||||
XeroLinux 使用 [Calamares 安装程序][6] 来让你轻松地安装 Linux 发行版，而不需要依赖终端或 [引导式 Arch 安装程序][7]。
|
||||
|
||||
虽然安装体验与流行的 Linux 发行版相似，但你可以在安装时选择图形驱动程序、特定的 Linux 内核和工具。
|
||||
|
||||
![][8]
|
||||
|
||||
你可以安装 System76 的电源管理驱动，并启用对 Nvidia Optimus Manager 的支持，为你的笔记本电脑切换显卡。有趣！
|
||||
|
||||
你还可以在安装时选择密码管理器、主题、浏览器和各种不同的软件包，这应该会让使用变得很方便。
|
||||
|
||||
考虑到你可以以选择的形式设置所有基本选项，你在安装后没有太多可担心的。
|
||||
|
||||
![][9]
|
||||
|
||||
当你选择了需要的东西，只需重新启动并开始使用桌面。
|
||||
|
||||
### 用户体验
|
||||
|
||||
XeroLinux 的开箱即用的体验令人印象深刻。桌面的整体外观和感觉包括许多新的功能补充，如显示 CPU 使用情况、网络速度等的小工具。
|
||||
|
||||
它还支持全局菜单，使应用程序窗口看起来更干净，为 macOS 用户切换到 Linux 提供了舒适的体验。
|
||||
|
||||
![][10]
|
||||
|
||||
通过所有预装的应用，你可以轻松地安装新的软件，卸载现有的工具并进行各种操作。
|
||||
|
||||
它同时具有 pamac 和 [Synaptic 包管理器][11]（可在安装时选择）。因此，你可以获得大量的软件工具，你可以通过它们中的任何一个轻松安装。
|
||||
|
||||
其他产品包括两个文件管理器（Dolphin 和 Thunar）、Yakuake 终端、Spectacle 屏幕截图、KWrite、Konsole 等主要 KDE 版本中的其他 KDE 工具。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你不喜欢 Yakuake 终端仿真器，请参考我们的 [终端仿真器列表][12]，找到它的替代品。
|
||||
|
||||
![][13]
|
||||
|
||||
另外不要忘了，你会得到一个定制的锁屏（登录屏），看起来很不错!
|
||||
|
||||
![][14]
|
||||
|
||||
当你启动系统时，你还会注意到一个 **XeroLinux 配置工具**。它可以让你快速执行一些基本任务，比如检查 NVIDIA 显卡、安装 KVM/QEMU、禁用自动启动、安装 KDE 窗口平铺，以及其他一些配置，如下图所示。
|
||||
|
||||
![][15]
|
||||
|
||||
### 可定制性
|
||||
|
||||
XeroLinux 在其主版本中采用了 KDE 桌面环境。因此，你自然会有无尽的定制选项。
|
||||
|
||||
最好是参考我们的 [KDE 定制指南][16]来获得帮助。
|
||||
|
||||
除此之外，你还可以看到 [Latte Dock][17]，你可以根据自己的喜好进行定制和调整。
|
||||
|
||||
![][18]
|
||||
|
||||
有几个定制停靠区的选项，确保你仔细调整设置，以免看起来很奇怪。
|
||||
|
||||
![][19]
|
||||
|
||||
此外，你会得到 [Kvantum Manager][20]，可以帮助你安装外部主题。
|
||||
|
||||
如果这还不够，开发者还提供了一些 RICE/主题和 Grub 主题，你可以在 [官方网站][4] 或 [GitHub 仓库][21] 上找到所列的主题。
|
||||
|
||||
（LCTT 译注：RICE 不是指大米。它是 “<ruby>受赛车启发的美容强化<rt>Race Inspired Cosmetic Enhancements</rt></ruby>” 的缩写。原意是指：给汽车增加的部件，使它们看起来很快，但其实内部调校，实际上一样慢。在 Linux 上指各种对桌面的粉饰，使其看起来花哨。）
|
||||
|
||||
换句话说，开发者提供的一些脚本可以帮助你进行改造，但请注意，最好是自己定制，这样就不会出现其他问题。
|
||||
|
||||
### 桌面环境选项
|
||||
|
||||
主版本使用的是 KDE，但如果你想尝试一下，你也有另一个 XFCE 变体。（LCTT 译注：由于项目作者实在无力维护两个 DE，因此放弃了 XFCE 变体。）
|
||||
|
||||
XFCE 版是为旧系统量身定做的（或者如果你需要节省系统资源）。
|
||||
|
||||
它最初还提供了一个 GNOME 版本，但由于每次更新都会出现扩展失效的问题，所以它放弃了对它的支持。如果你对桌面环境感到好奇，你可能想通过我们的 [KDE Plasma 对比 GNOME][22] 文章来了解它们的区别。
|
||||
|
||||
### 性能
|
||||
|
||||
考虑到它具有最新可用的 [Linux 内核 5.16][23]，它应该可以在各种硬件配置下正常工作。
|
||||
|
||||
但是，我还没有在裸机上测试过它。根据我虚拟机的使用经验，它运行良好，没有任何特殊问题。
|
||||
|
||||
以下是其 KDE 版本的资源使用情况：
|
||||
|
||||
![][24]
|
||||
|
||||
使用它的 XFCE 变体时，你可能会注意到较低的资源使用率。
|
||||
|
||||
### 你应该试试 XeroLinux 吗？
|
||||
|
||||
我喜欢 XeroLinux 的外观和感觉。
|
||||
|
||||
不仅限于此，在安装时你还可以选择多种软件包和做出各种最好的选择。
|
||||
|
||||
> [尝试 XeroLinux][4]
|
||||
|
||||
如果你在安装时就知道自己需要什么，那么它应该是一个有吸引力的基于 Arch 的 Linux 发行版。
|
||||
|
||||
你试过 XeroLinux 了吗？ 在下面的评论中让我知道你的想法。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/xerolinux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-vs-arch/
|
||||
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/arch-based-linux-distros/
|
||||
[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/xerolinux-home.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
|
||||
[4]: https://xerolinux.xyz/
|
||||
[5]: https://twitter.com/TechXero
|
||||
[6]: https://calamares.io/
|
||||
[7]: https://itsfoss.com/install-arch-linux-virtualbox/
|
||||
[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/xerolinux-install-1.png?resize=800%2C555&ssl=1
|
||||
[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/xerolinux-install.png?resize=800%2C555&ssl=1
|
||||
[10]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/xerolinux-ui.jpg?resize=800%2C398&ssl=1
|
||||
[11]: https://itsfoss.com/synaptic-package-manager/
|
||||
[12]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-terminal-emulators/
|
||||
[13]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/xerolinux-utilities.jpg?resize=800%2C652&ssl=1
|
||||
[14]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/xerolinux-lockscreen.jpg?resize=800%2C546&ssl=1
|
||||
[15]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/xerolinux-configuration-tool.jpg?resize=800%2C480&ssl=1
|
||||
[16]: https://itsfoss.com/kde-customization/
|
||||
[17]: https://github.com/KDE/latte-dock
|
||||
[18]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/xerolinux-latte-dock.png?resize=800%2C134&ssl=1
|
||||
[19]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/xerolinux-latte-dock-options.jpg?resize=800%2C570&ssl=1
|
||||
[20]: https://store.kde.org/p/1005410/
|
||||
[21]: https://github.com/xerolinux/xero-layan-git
|
||||
[22]: https://itsfoss.com/kde-vs-gnome/
|
||||
[23]: https://news.itsfoss.com/linux-kernel-5-16/
|
||||
[24]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/xerolinux-resource.png?resize=800%2C468&ssl=1
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Budibase: An Open-Source Low-Code Platform to Build Modern Business Apps"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://itsfoss.com/budibase/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "geekpi"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-14433-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
Budibase：构建现代商业应用的开源低代码平台
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你可能会遇到各种各样的工具来帮助你快速构建企业的应用。
|
||||
|
||||
然而，大多数值得信赖的选择往往是专有产品。因此，你将被锁定在他们的平台上，而对于你利用什么来构建的应用，没有足够的了解。
|
||||
|
||||
开源的解决方案应该是一个完美的替代品，让你安心，并对你的关键业务应用充满信心。
|
||||
|
||||
Budibase 就是这样一个令人印象深刻的解决方案。
|
||||
|
||||
### Budibase：开源的低代码平台让事情变得简单
|
||||
|
||||
Budibase 是一个越来越受欢迎的开源低代码平台，可以帮助你为企业建立应用。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以从头开始创建应用，或者使用现有的模板来快速建立表单、机构-客户门户、汽车租赁管理面板、会计师门户、职位申请追踪器等等。
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
虽然它确实使事情变得简单，而不需要你有必要的编程技巧，但它也提供了一些控制，让你在一定程度上定制应用。
|
||||
|
||||
它支持一系列的数据源：MySQL、Rest API、OracleDB、MongoDB、Google 表格等。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以选择自我托管并在你的服务器上部署应用，或者利用 Budibase 的云托管服务。
|
||||
|
||||
### Budibase 的特点
|
||||
|
||||
[Budibase][2] 提供了大部分的基本功能。让我在这里强调一下重要的功能：
|
||||
|
||||
* 支持外部数据源，包括 MongoDB、MySQL 等。
|
||||
* 支持 Rest API 拉取数据。
|
||||
* 能够使用应用的内置数据库或上传 CSV 来导入数据。
|
||||
* 各种数据类型和功能，包括附件、关系、公式等。
|
||||
* API 整合平台，整合不同的 API，帮助你轻松建立内部应用、表单等。
|
||||
* 能够使用内部表格生成自动页面。
|
||||
* 构建单页应用。
|
||||
* 自动生成的 CRUD（创建、读取、更新和删除）页面
|
||||
* 私人和公共应用。
|
||||
* 只需点击几下就可以定制你的应用的主题。
|
||||
* 容易为你的应用实现深色模式主题。
|
||||
* 一个功能丰富的表单生成器，满足广泛的要求。
|
||||
* 支持 Webhook。
|
||||
* 与诸如 Zapier 等的第三方集成。
|
||||
* 基于特定触发器的灵活自动化选项。
|
||||
* 能够将 JavaScript 添加到你的自动程序中。
|
||||
* 为拥有自己基础设施的用户提供自我托管选项。
|
||||
* 免费的单点登录认证/管理。
|
||||
* 用户管理选项，将团队分配到不同的应用。
|
||||
* 支持 SMTP 电子邮件。
|
||||
* 电子邮件模板，以配合你的品牌和风格。
|
||||
* 支持 OAuth 登录。目前仅限于谷歌。
|
||||
* 图表、表格和卡片来优雅地展示数据。
|
||||
|
||||
总的来说，当你登录到该服务并查看其产品时，还有很多东西可以探索。
|
||||
|
||||
在我短暂的使用中，我发现用户界面很舒适，很容易使用。为了给你更多的认识，我在下面分享了更多关于使用 Budibase 的信息。
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用 Budibase 快速建立一个应用
|
||||
|
||||
在使用此类服务时，用户体验是首要因素。
|
||||
|
||||
Budibase 在这方面没有让你失望。当你开始使用 Budibase 时，你会得到一个很好的用户体验。
|
||||
|
||||
就我使用过的开源平台而言，用户体验并不总是强项。但是，在这种情况下，是用户体验使这个工具易于使用。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以迅速开始建立一个应用程序，添加你的源，并在几次点击中开始设计。
|
||||
|
||||
![][3]
|
||||
|
||||
你可以选择内部数据库或选择外部源。该平台让你根据需要编辑/创建/导入数据。
|
||||
|
||||
![][4]
|
||||
|
||||
而且，只需点击几下（取决于你应用的规模），你就可以开始设计屏幕和调整布局。
|
||||
|
||||
![][5]
|
||||
|
||||
它完全是一个可视化编辑器，所以你会得到你所看到的东西。在布局中添加容器、分区、表单、卡片、图表和许多其他元素。
|
||||
|
||||
![][6]
|
||||
|
||||
调整主题是一件轻而易举的事。因此，你可以根据你的要求，匹配你的品牌风格/样式，或者根据你的要求进行创意。
|
||||
|
||||
![][7]
|
||||
|
||||
你可以轻松地编辑数据，创建新的数据字段，也可以为数据启用搜索索引。
|
||||
|
||||
![][8]
|
||||
|
||||
不要忘了，你还可以获得所有的自动化选项，与其他服务集成，使用 Webhook、cron 任务或应用动作来响应触发器。这些是为你的用户建立一个最有效的应用的一些最重要的东西。
|
||||
|
||||
下面是我使用 Budibase 建立一个样本应用跟踪系统时的情况：
|
||||
|
||||
![][9]
|
||||
|
||||
当然，你可以选择在你的服务器上发布应用，或者使用 Budibase 的云服务。
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结
|
||||
|
||||
Budibase 是一个非常有用的低代码平台，应该可以帮助个人和企业快速建立各种应用。你应该在其官方网站和 [GitHub 页面][10]上探索更多关于它的信息。
|
||||
|
||||
> [Budibase][2]
|
||||
|
||||
它消除了聘请专家为各种用例构建应用的需要。而且，作为一个你可以自行托管的开源平台，它可以让你扩展并提供对构建应用的完全控制，而无需支付额外费用。
|
||||
|
||||
如果需要，你还可以选择其企业产品，提供高级支持和专门定制的服务。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/budibase/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/budibase-home.png?resize=800%2C467&ssl=1
|
||||
[2]: https://budibase.com/
|
||||
[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/budibase-data-sources.png?resize=800%2C597&ssl=1
|
||||
[4]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/budibase-edit-fields.png?resize=800%2C693&ssl=1
|
||||
[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/budibase-design.png?resize=800%2C477&ssl=1
|
||||
[6]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/budibase-layout.png?resize=800%2C515&ssl=1
|
||||
[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/budibase-theme-tweak.png?resize=800%2C696&ssl=1
|
||||
[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/budibas-application-create.png?resize=800%2C274&ssl=1
|
||||
[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/budibase-sample-app.png?resize=800%2C364&ssl=1
|
||||
[10]: https://github.com/Budibase/budibase
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "5 Reasons Why Zorin OS is an Ideal Choice for Beginners"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://news.itsfoss.com/why-zorin-os-beginners/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Ankush Das https://news.itsfoss.com/author/ankush/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-14418-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
为什么 Zorin OS 是初学者的理想选择
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> 对于初学者来说，Zorin OS 是一个绝佳的选择。本文将说明我们认为 Zorin OS 是理想选择的 5 个理由。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Zorin OS 无疑是目前最 [漂亮的 Linux 发行版][1] 之一。
|
||||
|
||||
然而，它并不局限于有一个漂亮的外观。与其他一些竞争者相比，它也在总体上提供了良好的用户体验。
|
||||
|
||||
所以，这就是为什么我们也推荐它作为 [新用户的首选之一][2]。本文中，我将重点介绍一些原因，正是它们使 Zorin OS 成为初学者的理想选择。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. 类似 Windows 的用户界面
|
||||
|
||||
![][3]
|
||||
|
||||
考虑到 Windows 庞大的用户基础，大多数刚接触 Linux 的用户都是从 Windows 转过来的。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你已经使用过某个 [流行的 Linux 发行版][4]，你当然可以很轻松地切换到其他发行版。
|
||||
|
||||
然而，如果你从未使用过 Linux，那么对你而言，用户界面越熟悉，你就会越适应。
|
||||
|
||||
[Zorin OS][5] 是众多 [Windows 风格的 Linux 发行版][6] 之一，在这里你可以找到与 Windows 10 和 11 的开始菜单/任务栏相似的的菜单/布局。
|
||||
|
||||
![Zorin OS 的 Windows 11 布局][16]
|
||||
|
||||
Windows 11 的布局在其专业版中提供（我们稍后会讨论到它）。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. 出色的用户体验
|
||||
|
||||
与 Linux Mint、Ubuntu 等发行版相比，Zorin OS 提供了一个独特而精致的外观。
|
||||
|
||||
它的图标、动画效果和整体视觉效果（以及可用的壁纸）都看起来令人惊叹，并且它们完美地适合于任何现代系统。
|
||||
|
||||
![][7]
|
||||
|
||||
Zorin OS 预装了必要的应用程序，让你有一个良好的初始体验，并使你可以十分方便地 [在 Linux 上安装 Windows 软件][8]（如果你在软件中心没有找到这个软件的话）。
|
||||
|
||||
![][9]
|
||||
|
||||
在使用 Zorin OS 的过程中，我从未遇到过错误，也不需要使用终端来完成工作。所以，我想说，它提供了用户友好的体验。
|
||||
|
||||
虽然 [我日常使用的系统是 Pop!_OS][10]，但偶尔切换到 Zorin OS 也是一种新鲜的体验。
|
||||
|
||||
我目前还没有在我的双显示器设置上试用过 [Zorin OS][5]，并分享我的经验。我将在不久之后发布一篇相关文章，敬请期待。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. 基于 Ubuntu
|
||||
|
||||
![][11]
|
||||
|
||||
[Ubuntu][12] 是最受欢迎的 Linux 发行版，这归功于它的易用性和现代设计方法。
|
||||
|
||||
虽然它提供了一个完全不同的用户体验，但它支持大量的软件集合，并与大多数硬件配置兼容。
|
||||
|
||||
Zorin OS 是基于 Ubuntu 构建的，因此它能为你提供同样的好处，并且它还对用户界面和其他方面进行了调整。
|
||||
|
||||
作为基于 Ubuntu 的 Linux 发行版之一，Zorin OS 无疑是值得推荐给初学者的。
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. 专业版
|
||||
|
||||
与 Windows 相比，[使用 Linux 的好处][13] 之一是，你可以在任意数量的系统上免费安装和分发它。
|
||||
|
||||
你不需要为此购买许可证。然而，Zorin OS 也提供了一个可选的“专业”版，一次性收费约为 39 美元。
|
||||
|
||||
专业版提供了额外的壁纸、布局（类似 macOS，如上图所示），以及预装的创意和生产力软件。不用担心，所有包含的软件都是免费和开源的。
|
||||
|
||||
![][17]
|
||||
|
||||
因此，通过这个专业版，你获得了更好的开箱即用的体验和一些额外的功能，与此同时，你也支持了他们的未来发展。
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. 对旧电脑的系统资源要求较低
|
||||
|
||||
与其他一些竞争者不同，Zorin OS 提供了一个由 XFCE 桌面环境驱动的独立的 [“精简版”][15]。
|
||||
|
||||
这个精简版是为在旧电脑上运行而定制的，资源占用最少。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想为你的旧电脑注入活力，或者只是想让你的电脑消耗最少的资源，Zorin OS 精简版可能会是一个不错的选择。
|
||||
|
||||
> [获取 Zorin OS][5]
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结
|
||||
|
||||
除了上面提到的几点，Zorin OS 还提供了一个教育版，专门为学校、学生和教师定制。
|
||||
|
||||
当你开始使用 Zorin OS，无论你的需求是什么，它都能在不同的使用场景中派上用场。我认为它应该是初学者的理想选择。
|
||||
|
||||
欢迎你在下面的评论中分享你的想法。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://news.itsfoss.com/why-zorin-os-beginners/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[lkxed](https://github.com/lkxed)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://news.itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/beautiful-linux-distributions/
|
||||
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-beginners/
|
||||
[3]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/zorin-os-desktop-16-lite.jpg?w=1200&ssl=1
|
||||
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-distributions/
|
||||
[5]: https://zorin.com/os/
|
||||
[6]: https://itsfoss.com/windows-like-linux-distributions/
|
||||
[7]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/zorin-photo-app.png?w=857&ssl=1
|
||||
[8]: https://itsfoss.com/use-windows-applications-linux/
|
||||
[9]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/slack-windows-install.png?w=943&ssl=1
|
||||
[10]: https://itsfoss.com/why-use-pop-os/
|
||||
[11]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/ubuntu-illustration.png?w=1000&ssl=1
|
||||
[12]: https://itsfoss.com/getting-started-with-ubuntu/
|
||||
[13]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-better-than-windows/
|
||||
[14]: https://zorin.com/os/pro/
|
||||
[15]: https://news.itsfoss.com/zorin-os-16-lite-release/
|
||||
[16]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/zorin-os-16-windows-11-layout.png?resize=1568%2C882&ssl=1
|
||||
[17]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/zorin-os-16-pro-scaled-1.jpg?w=1200&ssl=1
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Metadata Cleaner: Remove Your Traces From Pictures and Documents in Linux"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://itsfoss.com/metadata-cleaner/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "geekpi"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-14437-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
Metadata Cleaner：在 Linux 中清除你在图片和文件中的痕迹
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> 摆脱元数据对增强隐私至关重要。Metadata Cleaner 是一个开源的 Linux 应用，可以帮助你做到这一点。让我们在这里探讨更多。
|
||||
|
||||
元数据无处不在，它在文档中、在信息中、在图片中，在各种文件中。
|
||||
|
||||
当你检查一个文件的属性时，你可以很容易地访问元数据。
|
||||
|
||||
然而，用户在共享文件之前，往往不注重消除或摆脱元数据。主要是因为他们可能不知道有什么简单的工具可以使这项工作更容易。
|
||||
|
||||
Metadata Cleaner 就是这样一个供 Linux 用户使用的工具。
|
||||
|
||||
### Metadata Cleaner：轻松摆脱你的元数据
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Metadata Cleaner 帮助你删除与元数据相关的信息的痕迹。它利用 [mat2][2] 来删除元数据。
|
||||
|
||||
换句话说，你可以将这个 GUI 当成 mat2 的前端。
|
||||
|
||||
例如，一张照片包括拍摄地点、使用的相机、镜头信息等信息。
|
||||
|
||||
虽然这对某些人来说可能是有用的信息，但如果你想保持各种细节的私密，你就需要删除元数据。
|
||||
|
||||
文件的情况也是如此。删除元数据可以确保提高隐私性，无论是对你的业务还是个人使用。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以添加目标文件，并使用 Metadata Cleaner 处理它们，使它们得到清理。
|
||||
|
||||
**注意**：在清理之前，你必须保留一份文件的备份。摆脱你的元数据可能会导致你的文件发生剧烈的变化，比如无法选择 PDF 文件中的文本，压缩图片等。
|
||||
|
||||
### Metadata Cleaner 的特性
|
||||
|
||||
![][3]
|
||||
|
||||
Metadata Cleaner 是一个简单的工具，具有一些有用的功能。让我在下面提到它的主要亮点：
|
||||
|
||||
* 能够添加多个文件进行清理。
|
||||
* 检查每个添加的文件的元数据信息。
|
||||
* 查看与每个添加的文件相关的元数据信息的数量。
|
||||
* 一键式清理，最大限度地去除元数据。
|
||||
* 有一个轻量级的清理模式，不会对文件造成很大影响。
|
||||
* 支持键盘快捷键。
|
||||
* 可以从内部创建一个新的窗口。
|
||||
* 你可以添加整个文件夹来处理多个文件。
|
||||
|
||||
我用一般的截图、几张照片和从网上下载的文件来开始测试。
|
||||
|
||||
![][4]
|
||||
|
||||
正如你在上面的截图中注意到的，PDF 文件包含了很多关于其来源的信息。
|
||||
|
||||
这只是一个例子。同样，如果你想与某人或公众分享一个 PDF 文件，不想让别人看到它的来源信息，你可以使用 Metadata Cleaner 清理你的踪迹。
|
||||
|
||||
如前所述，如果文件对你很重要，如果清理过程以你不希望的方式影响了文件，请确保适当的备份。
|
||||
|
||||
![][5]
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以使用它的轻量级清理模式，在不影响文件的情况下进行最小的元数据清除。
|
||||
|
||||
例如，我对一个 PDF 样本使用了标准清理方法，下面是它的样子：
|
||||
|
||||
![][6]
|
||||
|
||||
同样，在处理文档和图片时，你的大部分的基本数据会被移除。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在 Linux 中安装 Metadata Cleaner
|
||||
|
||||
Metadata Cleaner 是以 [Flatpak 包][7] 的形式提供的。因此，考虑到你 [设置了 Flatpak][8] 或者你已经启用了它，你可以在任何 Linux 发行版上安装它。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在终端使用以下命令来安装它（如果你没有软件中心集成）：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
flatpak install flathub fr.romainvigier.MetadataCleaner
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你可以到它的 [网站][9] 或 [GitLab 页面][10] 去探索更多关于它的信息。
|
||||
|
||||
> [Metadata Cleaner][9]
|
||||
|
||||
你以前尝试过清除元数据的痕迹吗？你对这个工具有什么看法？请在下面的评论中告诉我你的想法。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/metadata-cleaner/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/metadatacleaner.jpg?resize=800%2C561&ssl=1
|
||||
[2]: https://0xacab.org/jvoisin/mat2
|
||||
[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/metadatacleaner-3.png?resize=800%2C592&ssl=1
|
||||
[4]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/metadatacleaner-1.png?resize=800%2C592&ssl=1
|
||||
[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/metadatacleaner-lightweight-mode.png?resize=800%2C199&ssl=1
|
||||
[6]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/metadatacleaner-example.png?resize=800%2C326&ssl=1
|
||||
[7]: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-flatpak/
|
||||
[8]: https://itsfoss.com/flatpak-guide/
|
||||
[9]: https://metadatacleaner.romainvigier.fr/
|
||||
[10]: https://gitlab.com/rmnvgr/metadata-cleaner/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Thunderbird 102 is Getting Several Exciting New Features! Here Are 7 of Them"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://news.itsfoss.com/thunderbird-102-features/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Ankush Das https://news.itsfoss.com/author/ankush/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-14421-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
7 个 即将发布的 Thunderbird 102 版本的新功能
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> Thunderbird 102 将带来有用的新功能以及 UI/UX 升级。在此查看其中最精彩的内容！
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
毫无疑问，Thunderbird 是 Linux 上最好的 [电子邮件客户端][1] 之一。
|
||||
|
||||
它是 Mozilla 基金会的一个开源产品，是一个具有强大功能的可靠的电子邮件客户端。
|
||||
|
||||
在 [最近的更新][2] 中，它已经新增了一些功能以及视觉上的改进。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，随着 Thunderbird 102 版本即将发布，它将添加更多激动人心的功能。
|
||||
|
||||
在一条 [推特讨论][3] 中，Thunderbird 分享了所有关于此次更新的信息。我在这里挑选其中的关键亮点介绍一下。
|
||||
|
||||
### Thunderbird 102：更新了什么？
|
||||
|
||||
Thunderbird 102 版本将是一次重大升级，它增加了一些有用的功能，[预期发布时间][4] 为 2022 年 6 月 28 日。其中包括下面这几个变化：
|
||||
|
||||
* 空间工具栏
|
||||
* 新的地址簿
|
||||
* 支持 Matrix 协议
|
||||
* 链接预览卡片
|
||||
* 账户设置中心
|
||||
* 导入/导出
|
||||
* 重新设计的邮件标题栏
|
||||
|
||||
这听起来不错吧，这里还有一些关于以上变化的更多细节。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. 空间工具栏
|
||||
|
||||
新的“<ruby>空间工具栏<rt>Spaces Toolbar</rt></ruby>”位于左边的侧边栏中，它将不同的活动以图标的形式分隔开来。
|
||||
|
||||
![][5]
|
||||
|
||||
你可以更容易地在电子邮件客户端内的多个标签间导航，也可以更容易地管理它们。
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以折叠工具栏，让它作为一个图标显示在标签栏中，为你节省一些屏幕空间。
|
||||
|
||||
![][6]
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. 新的地址簿
|
||||
|
||||
![][7]
|
||||
|
||||
地址簿有了新的外观，它应该能帮助你轻松找到你的联系人，并与他们进行互动。
|
||||
|
||||
联系人信息的整体布局看起来更容易访问，它提供了你想知道的所有细节，理应也能为你提供良好的用户体验。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. 支持 Matrix 协议
|
||||
|
||||
Matrix 是一个流行的分布式开源聊天协议。因此，在 Thunderbird 102 版本中，你将能够开箱即用 Matrix 的聊天功能，非常轻松。
|
||||
|
||||
Matrix 最初只在测试版中作为实验性功能提供。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以期待它在未来的进一步完善。
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. 链接预览卡片
|
||||
|
||||
![][8]
|
||||
|
||||
链接预览将帮助用户建立对链接内容的预期，有助于改善用户体验。
|
||||
|
||||
而且，对于像 Thunderbird 这样的直截了当的电子邮件客户端，我从未指望它会提供链接预览这样的功能，直到现在。
|
||||
|
||||
每当你在<ruby>电子邮件编辑器<rt>email composer</rt></ruby>中添加一个链接时，你都可以选择将其转换为丰富的链接预览。
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. 账户设置中心
|
||||
|
||||
![][9]
|
||||
|
||||
对于任何服务/应用程序来说，有一个简单的设置过程都是极其重要的。
|
||||
|
||||
Thunderbird 102 版本改进了所有账户设置功能的体验，如添加账户、管理日历、导入配置文件等。
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. 默认的导入/导出功能
|
||||
|
||||
到目前为止，你都必须依靠一个插件来导入/导出个人资料数据。
|
||||
|
||||
而在 Thunderbird 102 版本中，导入/导出功能将是开箱即用的，无需使用附加组件。
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. 重新设计的邮件标题
|
||||
|
||||
邮件的标题/主题得到了细微的升级，以更好地突出重要信息，并使其在导航时能够快速响应。
|
||||
|
||||
![][10]
|
||||
|
||||
### 其他变化
|
||||
|
||||
除了以上的关键亮点外，你还可以得到许多技术升级和错误修复。
|
||||
|
||||
例如，OpenPGP 的用户体验和用户交互也得到了升级，同时还有一个新的存储格式：Maildir。
|
||||
|
||||
你对 Thunderbird 102 版本即将新增的功能有什么看法吗？你对 Thunderbird 的用户体验/用户交互升级感到兴奋吗？请在下方的评论区中说说你的想法，或只是简单说声“谢谢”。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://news.itsfoss.com/thunderbird-102-features/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[lkxed](https://github.com/lkxed)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://news.itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/best-email-clients-linux/
|
||||
[2]: https://news.itsfoss.com/thunderbird-91-release/
|
||||
[3]: https://twitter.com/mozthunderbird/status/1508662633292959747
|
||||
[4]: https://thunderbird.topicbox.com/groups/planning/Tba7050ab1a565370-M100ace32c2769d192ef79e55/whats-coming-in-thunderbird-102
|
||||
[5]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/thunderbird-102-spaces.jpg?w=1200&ssl=1
|
||||
[6]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/thunderbird-102-spaces-1.jpg?w=607&ssl=1
|
||||
[7]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/thunderbird-102-addressbook.jpg?w=1200&ssl=1
|
||||
[8]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/thunderbird-102-link-preview.jpg?w=1200&ssl=1
|
||||
[9]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/thunderbird-102-account-setup.jpg?w=1200&ssl=1
|
||||
[10]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/thunderbird-102-header.jpg?w=1280&ssl=1
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Deepin OS Becomes the First Linux Distro to Offer Face Unlock"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://news.itsfoss.com/deepin-os-20-5-release/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Abhishek https://news.itsfoss.com/author/root/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-14425-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
深度操作系统成为首个支持人脸解锁的 Linux 发行版
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> 在提供现代桌面体验方面，深度占据了领先地位。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在深度问世时，人们都为它纯粹的漂亮界面而惊叹。
|
||||
|
||||
随着时间的推移，开发人员越来越有经验，他们把重点转移到了系统设计和功能上，力求在这些方面和其他的商业操作系统看齐，我指的是 Windows 和 macOS。深度是首个支持安卓应用和云同步等功能的发行版。
|
||||
|
||||
相信我，这是一件好事情。
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 发行版以各种桌面环境的形式向大众提供。深度看起来很主流，可以吸引年轻群体。
|
||||
|
||||
中国的深度开发团队的也有相同目标，因此深度发布了 20.5 版本，该版本主要亮点是面部识别。
|
||||
|
||||
### 深度操作系统 20.5 的新功能
|
||||
|
||||
新版本根据用户的反馈增加了几个功能。稳定的内核版本现在已经升级到 5.15.24，并修复几个错误，以加强系统安全性。
|
||||
|
||||
让我们来看看这个版本还有哪些新功能吧。
|
||||
|
||||
#### Linux 上有了面部解锁
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
是的，我知道 Linux 上早就有面部解锁的相关消息了。毕竟，我曾经写过一篇关于 [在 Linux 发行版中使用类似 Howdy 的软件来支持面部解锁功能][2] 的详细指南。
|
||||
|
||||
然而，那些软件更多的是一种个性化定制，是为那些有经验的、爱折腾的用户准备的。
|
||||
|
||||
深度现在提供基于人脸的生物识别认证方法。它可以在有内置摄像头的笔记本电脑上工作。
|
||||
|
||||
你需要先在控制中心录入人脸信息，此后，你就可以用你的人脸 ID 登录系统。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 用户可在应用商店中反馈
|
||||
|
||||
你现在可以直接在应用商店中提交对某个应用的反馈。
|
||||
|
||||
![][3]
|
||||
|
||||
这还不算完。当你有应用程序的安装和更新问题时，你可以在应用程序中直接向官方支持提交问题，并获得解决方案（如果开发者提供了的话）。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 改进的邮件应用
|
||||
|
||||
![][4]
|
||||
|
||||
深度邮件应用现在支持了自定义文件夹管理。它还可以在网络重新连接后自动接收邮件。邮件应用的框架和插件已经替换成了当下流行的 Vue + TinyMCE。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，你可以通过点击系统通知直接跳转到到新邮件。为提高工作效率，你可以置顶常用邮件与合并邮件。你也可以预览邮件附件。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 可以“钉住”的屏幕截图
|
||||
|
||||
![][5]
|
||||
|
||||
你现在可以使用内置的屏幕截图工具来“钉住”截图。这样一来，捕获的屏幕截图就会固定在其他应用程序窗口的顶部。从而，你可以同时使用其他应用程序，以提高你的工作效率。另外，置顶的屏幕截图是可以移动的。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 其他变化
|
||||
|
||||
下面是 Deepin 20.5 新版本中的一些其他变化：
|
||||
|
||||
* Linux 稳定内核更新到了 5.15.24
|
||||
* 可以为一个有线网络适配器设置多个 IP
|
||||
* 优化了无线网络的密码认证交互
|
||||
* 系统搜索现在可以使用文件类型和扩展名作为关键词
|
||||
* 设备管理器允许你禁用或启用设备
|
||||
* 浏览 docx 文件的文档查看器得到了性能优化
|
||||
|
||||
还有许多我没有提到的小功能和改进。你可以在 [版本发布说明][6] 中了解这些内容。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://news.itsfoss.com/deepin-os-20-5-release/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[lkxed](https://github.com/lkxed)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://news.itsfoss.com/author/root/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/face-unlock-deepin.jpg?w=900&ssl=1
|
||||
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/face-unlock-ubuntu/
|
||||
[3]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/app-store-feedback-deepin.webp?resize=1568%2C980&ssl=1
|
||||
[4]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/deepin-mail-app.webp?w=900&ssl=1
|
||||
[5]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/pinned-screenshots-deepin.webp?w=900&ssl=1
|
||||
[6]: https://www.deepin.org/en/2022/03/31/deepin-20-5/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Using Sourcegraph to Search 34,000+ Fedora Repositories"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://fedoramagazine.org/using-sourcegraph-to-search-34000-fedora-repositories/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Justin Dorfman https://fedoramagazine.org/author/jdorfman/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-14434-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
使用 Sourcegraph 搜索 34000 多个 Fedora 仓库
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在 2021 年 10 月，一个 Fedora Linux 用户 [问了一个关于许可的问题][4]。Fedora 项目负责人 Matthew Miller [回复道][5]：“我不能快速地检查（这个问题），因为我们没有一个完整的、庞大的、可搜索的存储库来检索 Fedora 中所有软件包。”
|
||||
|
||||
[接着他说][6]：“……或许我们可以付钱给 Sourcegraph，让他们帮我们做这个。他们看起来乐于助人。” 他说的没错，我们（Sourcegraph）的确是乐于助人，而且我们还不想要你的钱，相反，我们想与 Fedora 社区合作。
|
||||
|
||||
Fedora 社区现在可以在他们的开源代码世界中尽情搜索 —— 目前有超过 34,000 个存储库，而且还在不断增加。
|
||||
|
||||
### 代码搜索简介
|
||||
|
||||
如果你还不熟悉 [代码搜索][7] 的概念，我现在就来告诉你。代码搜索可以让团队更快地掌握一个新的代码库，在里面找到答案，帮助团队识别安全风险，以及许多其他用例。Sourcegraph 已经在 GitHub 和 GitLab 等多个代码托管服务上，索引了 200 多万个存储库。本文只关注 src.fedoraproject.org 的代码搜索。Sourcegraph 同时提供了一个 [Web 应用][8] 和 [命令行客户端][9]。
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用 Web 应用
|
||||
|
||||
在使用 Sourcegraph [Web 应用][8] 时，你需要先输入初始字符串 `repo:^src.fedoraprojects.org`，然后再开始查询。这个 [Web 应用][8] 链接中包括了上面的初始字符串，点击这个链接后，搜索界面如下图所示：
|
||||
|
||||
![Sourcegraph Web 应用界面][10]
|
||||
|
||||
下面我将提供几个使用 Web 应用程序进行搜索的例子，大家可能会对它们感兴趣。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 查找使用流行的经 OSI 批准的许可证的存储库
|
||||
|
||||
下面的查询语句将扫描所有兼容 “<ruby>开源定义<rt>Open Source Definition</rt></ruby>”（OSD） 的软件存储库。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
repo:^src.fedoraproject.org/ lang:"RPM Spec" License: ^.*apache|bsd|gpl|lgpl|mit|mpl|cddl|epl.*$
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![许可证搜索][11]
|
||||
|
||||
> [试一下！][12]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 查找带有 TODO 的文件
|
||||
|
||||
下面的查询语句将在 34,000 多个仓库中找到 `TODO` 文件。对于那些希望为需要帮助的项目做出贡献的人来说，是一个非常棒的功能。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
repo:^src.fedoraproject.org/ "TODO"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![搜索 TODO][13]
|
||||
|
||||
> [试一下！][14]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 查找 FTP 服务器上的文件
|
||||
|
||||
我的一个前同事告诉我 “FTP 是一个死协议”。真的是这样吗？你也可以在这个查询中加入任何其他协议，如 irc、https 等。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
repo:^src.fedoraproject.org/ (?:ftp)://[A-Za-z0-9-]{0,63}(.[A-Za-z0-9-]{0,63})+(:d{1,4})?/*(/*[A-Za-z0-9-._]+/*)*(?.*)?(#.*)?
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![搜索协议][15]
|
||||
|
||||
> [试一下！][16]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 查找使用有漏洞的 Log4j 版本的文件
|
||||
|
||||
这个查询语句将找到任何可能存在 CVE-2021-44228（也就是 Log4j）漏洞的文件（可能会有误报）。你也可以搜索其他漏洞，然后报告给项目维护者。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
repo:^src.fedoraproject.org/ org.apache.logging.log4j 2.((0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|10|11|12|13|14|15)(.[0-9]+)) count:all
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![搜索 log4j][17]
|
||||
|
||||
> [试一下！][18]
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用命令行
|
||||
|
||||
Sourcegraph 还有一个叫做 [src][19] 的命令行客户端，它可以让你完成我刚才提到的所有事情。此外，它还有其他一些有用的命令。比如说，它可以把结果用 JSON 格式输出，方便你在编程中使用。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
src search -json 'repo:^src.fedoraproject.org/ lang:"RPM Spec" License: ^.*apache|bsd|gpl|lgpl|mit|mpl|cddl|epl.*$'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### 输出 JSON
|
||||
|
||||
![输出 JSON][20]
|
||||
|
||||
> [试一下！][21]
|
||||
|
||||
### 搜索语法
|
||||
|
||||
就入门而言，上面的例子是很好的起点，但 Sourcegraph 还支持更多的查询语句。你可以 [查看所有的搜索查询语法][22]，并根据需要创建你自己的查询语句。
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结
|
||||
|
||||
正如你所看到的，有了 Sourcegraph，Fedora Linux 社区现在可以快速搜索托管在 [src.fedoraproject.org][23] 上的所有代码，无论是使用普通查询还是复杂的正则查询。
|
||||
|
||||
感谢 Fedora Linux 社区的慷慨帮助和热情欢迎。如果你有任何想补充的内容或问题，我和我的团队都会在下面的评论区回复。你也可以 [在 Slack 上找到我们][24]。
|
||||
|
||||
特别感谢 [Vanesa Ortiz][25] 促成了这次合作，还有 [Ben Venker][27] 帮助修复了我的正则表达式（多次），以及 [Rebecca Dodd][28] 和 [Nick Moore][29] 在编辑上的帮助。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/using-sourcegraph-to-search-34000-fedora-repositories/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Justin Dorfman][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[lkxed](https://github.com/lkxed)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/jdorfman/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/sourcegraph-816x345.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://unsplash.com/@markuswinkler?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText
|
||||
[3]: https://unsplash.com/s/photos/magnifying-glass?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText
|
||||
[4]: https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/legal@lists.fedoraproject.org/thread/CBCJHOSP36YXQKCVGWVL5MXU64LZ6NZA/
|
||||
[5]: https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/legal@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/LTIQS2PX33FSCEIAPJS62UZXVPDT5JPB/
|
||||
[6]: https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/legal@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/5GEPBSRGUK5E2FLW4MQBVP6DI65XP2LQ/
|
||||
[7]: https://codesearchguide.org/
|
||||
[8]: https://sourcegraph.com/search?q=context:global+repo:%5Esrc.fedoraproject.org/&patternType=regexp
|
||||
[9]: https://docs.sourcegraph.com/cli/quickstart
|
||||
[10]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Image-2022-03-28-at-1.41.54-PM-1024x335.png
|
||||
[11]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/license-1024x513.png
|
||||
[12]: https://sourcegraph.com/search?q=context:global+repo:%5Esrc.fedoraproject.org/+lang:%22RPM+Spec%22+License:+%5E.*apache%7Cbsd%7Cgpl%7Clgpl%7Cmit%7Cmpl%7Ccddl%7Cepl.*%24&patternType=regexp
|
||||
[13]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/todo-1024x605.png
|
||||
[14]: https://sourcegraph.com/search?q=context:global+repo:%5Esrc.fedoraproject.org/+%22TODO%22&patternType=regexp&case=yes
|
||||
[15]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/protocol-1024x457.png
|
||||
[16]: https://sourcegraph.com/search?q=context:global+repo:%5Esrc.fedoraproject.org/+%28%3F:ftp%29:%5C/%5C/%5BA-Za-z0-9%5C-%5D%7B0%2C63%7D%28%5C.%5BA-Za-z0-9%5C-%5D%7B0%2C63%7D%29%2B%28:%5Cd%7B1%2C4%7D%29%3F%5C/*%28%5C/*%5BA-Za-z0-9%5C-._%5D%2B%5C/*%29*%28%5C%3F.*%29%3F%28%23.*%29%3F&patternType=regexp
|
||||
[17]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/log4j-1024x295.png
|
||||
[18]: https://sourcegraph.com/search?q=context:global+repo:%5Esrc.fedoraproject.org/+org%5C.apache%5C.logging%5C.log4j+2.%28%280%7C1%7C2%7C3%7C4%7C5%7C6%7C7%7C8%7C9%7C10%7C11%7C12%7C13%7C14%7C15%29%28%5C.%5B0-9%5D%2B%29%29+count:all&patternType=regexp
|
||||
[19]: https://github.com/sourcegraph/src-cli#readme
|
||||
[20]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Image-2022-03-22-at-9.46.26-AM-1024x521.png
|
||||
[21]: https://sourcegraph.com/notebooks/Tm90ZWJvb2s6MzQ2
|
||||
[22]: https://docs.sourcegraph.com/code_search/reference/queries
|
||||
[23]: https://src.fedoraproject.org/
|
||||
[24]: https://srcgr.ph/wp-join-community-space
|
||||
[25]: https://twitter.com/vanesacodes
|
||||
[26]: https://discussion.fedoraproject.org/t/fedora-sourcegraph-marketing-community-collaboration/36151
|
||||
[27]: https://handbook.sourcegraph.com/team/#ben-venker
|
||||
[28]: https://handbook.sourcegraph.com/team/#rebecca-dodd
|
||||
[29]: https://twitter.com/nickwritesit
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Collision: An Open-Source App to Check if Your Files Were Tampered With"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://itsfoss.com/collision/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "hwlife"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-14438-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
Collision: 一个验证你的文件是否被篡改的开源应用
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> 一个让你查看你的文件哈希值，以确定它不是恶意文件，并且确实来自真实来源的图形界面程序。
|
||||
|
||||
有人给你发送了一个文件，你怎样来证实它是给你的原件？你怎样来确定它没有被篡改过？
|
||||
|
||||
同时，你怎么证实这个文件是来自一个原始的真实来源。
|
||||
|
||||
这就是加密哈希的重要作用所在。如果用来验证一个文件，诸如 SHA-1 之类的哈希功能就是一个校验值。这能够帮助你确认文件是否已经被修改。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你感到好奇，你可以参考我们的 [在 Linux 中验证校验值的指南][1]。
|
||||
|
||||
对每个信息 / 文件来说，它们有一个唯一的哈希值（或者叫校验和）。所以，即使文件有一点点的改动，整个哈希值就会发生变化。
|
||||
|
||||
它主要用于加密中，每个文件 / 信息以哈希值安全的存储。假设一个攻击者掌握了存储哈希值（而不是真实信息）的数据库，他们也不能够知道其意义。加密可以使存储更加安全。
|
||||
|
||||
虽然讨论哈希超出了这篇文章的范围，但是了解它在验证文件完整性上是很有意义的。
|
||||
|
||||
### Collision：迅速的验证文件并发现恶意文件
|
||||
|
||||
![][2]
|
||||
|
||||
如果没有图形界面，你就得用终端去生成哈希值来比对 / 验证。
|
||||
|
||||
Collision 使它变的非常容易，不需要打开终端或者生成文件的校验值。如果你不了解的话，我们的 [在 Linux 中验证校验值的指南][1] 可以帮助到你。
|
||||
|
||||
当使用 Collision 时, 你只需要添加你要生成哈希值或者验证所需的文件即可。你只需点击几下便能够保护自己免受恶意或篡改文件的攻击。
|
||||
|
||||
我在截图中显示了个文本文件，你的文件在发送给其他人之前，你可以验证各种类型文件或为你的文件生成一个哈希值。你可以通过发给收件人分享你生成的哈希值，让他们验证你的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
![][3]
|
||||
|
||||
这是一款简单的开源应用，它只帮你做两件事情：
|
||||
|
||||
* 生成哈希值（SHA-1、MD5、SHA-256、SHA-516）
|
||||
* 通过直接使用文件或者校验值验证一个项目
|
||||
|
||||
### Collision 是怎么工作的
|
||||
|
||||
给你举个例子，我修改原来的文本文件，为其添加一个字母，然后尝试验证它。
|
||||
|
||||
下面是它的过程：
|
||||
|
||||
首先，你需要打开你要比对的原文件或者有校验值的原文件。
|
||||
|
||||
打开原文件生成哈希值，然后去验证区查看修改后的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
![][4]
|
||||
|
||||
你会注意到，它们俩个不是相同的：
|
||||
|
||||
![][5]
|
||||
|
||||
如果你在按校验值检查文件，首先，你要打开你要验证的文件（这儿是我们已经修改后的文件）。
|
||||
|
||||
![][6]
|
||||
|
||||
然后，输入文件的原始真实校验值。当然我们已经知道我们测试的是修改后的文件，结果是我们所期望的，即，**验证文件完整性失败**。
|
||||
|
||||
![][7]
|
||||
|
||||
### 在 Linux 安装 Collision
|
||||
|
||||
Collisions 主要是一个为 GNOME 定制的程序，但是它也适用于其他发行版上。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以使用 [Flatpak 可用软件包][8] 来安装它，或者浏览 GitHub 网页，从源码中编译它。如果你是 Linux 新手，你可以参考我们的 [Flatpak 指南][9] 来得到帮助。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你喜欢使用终端来安装，键入以下命令来安装：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
flatpak install flathub dev.geopjr.Collision
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以访问它的官方网站。
|
||||
|
||||
> [Collision][10]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/collision/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[hwlife](https://github.com/hwlife)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/checksum-tools-guide-linux/
|
||||
[2]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/collission-verify-true.png?resize=800%2C617&ssl=1
|
||||
[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/collision-hash-values.png?resize=800%2C617&ssl=1
|
||||
[4]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/collision-file-open.png?resize=800%2C328&ssl=1
|
||||
[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/collision-file-check.png?resize=800%2C620&ssl=1
|
||||
[6]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/collision-file-verify.png?resize=800%2C373&ssl=1
|
||||
[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/collision-input-checksum.png?resize=800%2C626&ssl=1
|
||||
[8]: https://flathub.org/apps/details/dev.geopjr.Collision
|
||||
[9]: https://itsfoss.com/flatpak-guide/
|
||||
[10]: https://collision.geopjr.dev/
|
||||
121
published/20220405 Here-s What Devs Are Planning for GNOME 43.md
Normal file
121
published/20220405 Here-s What Devs Are Planning for GNOME 43.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Here’s What Devs Are Planning for GNOME 43"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://news.itsfoss.com/gnome-43-dev-plans/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Ankush Das https://news.itsfoss.com/author/ankush/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-14440-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
开发者对于 GNOME 43 的计划
|
||||
======
|
||||
> GNOME 43 及以后的开发计划令人振奋，以下是你可以期待的：……
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME 42 刚刚发布不久。
|
||||
|
||||
尽管它是 GNOME 41 之后的一次令人兴奋的升级，但你可能无法在每个主流 Linux 发行版上找到它（除了 OpenSUSE、Arch 和 Clear Linux）。
|
||||
|
||||
Fedora 36 和 Ubuntu 22.04 应该是采用 GNOME 42 的最受欢迎的选择，它们将在接下来的几周发布。
|
||||
|
||||
接下来是什么？没错，就是 **GNOME 43**。
|
||||
|
||||
### GNOME 43：计划中的新功能
|
||||
|
||||
在一篇 [博文][1] 中，GNOME 开发者 Chris Davis 分享了一些 GNOME 43 及之后版本计划中的变更。
|
||||
|
||||
我在这里介绍其中的一些主要亮点。
|
||||
|
||||
> 请注意，这里提到的计划变更或改进可能会在 GNOME 43 中首次亮相，也可能不会。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 全局强调色
|
||||
|
||||
![Ubuntu 22.04 Beta 中的强调色][2]
|
||||
|
||||
随着 Libadwaita 的引入，现在有可能增加一个全局强调色的功能。
|
||||
|
||||
你不必依赖发行版来提供使用强调色的能力（比如 [Ubuntu 22.04 中添加了这个功能][3]）。
|
||||
|
||||
有了强调色，GNOME 桌面体验可以更加个性化。此外，它将不仅仅局限于预设，同时也支持自定义强调色，应用开发者可以考虑支持它。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 重新着色 API
|
||||
|
||||
![][4]
|
||||
|
||||
这对终端用户来说可能不是特别有趣，但它将帮助应用开发者提供预设的颜色方案，让他们的应用更好地协调各种强调色。
|
||||
|
||||
正如这篇博文所说：
|
||||
|
||||
> 开发者可以使用重新着色 API，以编程方式改变他们应用程序中的颜色，并让依赖的颜色自动更新。他们将能够轻松地创建预设，从而实现许多功能。例如，根据文本视图的颜色方案来改变窗口的显示颜色。
|
||||
|
||||
有了 libadwaita 1.0 中的 CSS，这在技术上已经可以实现。然而，API 可以帮助开发者更容易地使用这个功能。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 自适应的 Nautilus 文件管理器
|
||||
|
||||
![][5]
|
||||
|
||||
Nautius 文件管理器将得到一些升级，比如针对移动尺寸的自适应设计，其中包含一个新的文件选择器模式。
|
||||
|
||||
它将帮助 GNOME 平台跟上新功能，而不需要依赖 GTK 的文件选择器，因为它不支持 GNOME 的所有功能，比如收藏文件。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 新的图片浏览器（Loupe）和屏幕截图注释
|
||||
|
||||
一个新的图片浏览器正在开发中，名字叫 Loupe。它由 Rust 编写，使用了 GTK4 和 libadwaita。
|
||||
|
||||
![][6]
|
||||
|
||||
这个图片浏览器的目标是自适应、对触摸板和触摸屏友好，并且易于使用。你可以期待它与 Nautilus 集成，以遵循文件管理器中任何文件夹的排序设置。
|
||||
|
||||
除了系统集成之外，新的图片浏览器还将会有一些功能升级，主要是在基本的图片编辑方面，比如剪裁、旋转和注释。
|
||||
|
||||
![][7]
|
||||
|
||||
有了注释的能力，它可以与截图流程很好地配合，允许你在没有任何第三方程序的情况下进行屏幕截图并进行注释。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 磁盘使用情况分析器的新设计（用 Rust 重写）
|
||||
|
||||
磁盘使用情况分析器目前是用 Vala 编写的。
|
||||
|
||||
虽然它能完成预期的工作，但是按照现在的实现方式，它不具备很大的潜力。
|
||||
|
||||
![磁盘使用情况分析器的设计演示图，图源：Allan Day][8]
|
||||
|
||||
因此，开发计划中包括了使用 Rust 来重写它，这应该会在可预见的未来改善它，提供最好的性能。
|
||||
|
||||
![磁盘使用情况分析器的设计模型，图源：Allan Day][9]
|
||||
|
||||
不仅仅局限于其核心，它还将得到一个设计上的大调整（类似于上面的演示图），以争取让用户体验更加现代化。
|
||||
|
||||
### 其他改进措施
|
||||
|
||||
随着开发的进行，我们应该会知道更多关于 GNOME 外观和其他方面计划中的变更。
|
||||
|
||||
当我们了解到更多关于 GNOME 43 的功能时，我将会更新这篇文章。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你对技术细节感到好奇，你可以阅读 [Chris 的博文][1]。你也可以赞助他为 GNOME 做的工作，以及其他任何相关的东西。
|
||||
|
||||
你期待中的 GNOME 43 是什么样的？请在下面的评论中分享你的想法吧！
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://news.itsfoss.com/gnome-43-dev-plans/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[lkxed](https://github.com/lkxed)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://news.itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://blogs.gnome.org/christopherdavis/2022/04/03/plans-for-gnome-43-and-beyond/
|
||||
[2]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/ubuntu-22-04-dark-mode.png?w=1155&ssl=1
|
||||
[3]: https://news.itsfoss.com/ubuntu-22-04-accent-color/
|
||||
[4]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/recoloring-api-gnome-43.png?w=768&ssl=1
|
||||
[5]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/nautilus-gnome-43-plan.png?w=768&ssl=1
|
||||
[6]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/image-viewer-gnome-43.png?w=722&ssl=1
|
||||
[7]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/ubuntu-22-04-screenshot-ui.jpg?w=800&ssl=1
|
||||
[8]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/disk-usage-analyser-gnome-43.png?w=763&ssl=1
|
||||
[9]: https://i0.wp.com/news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/disk-usage-analyser-gnome-43-1.png?w=759&ssl=1
|
||||
@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Asahi Linux Distro Improves Apple M1 Support With First Alpha Release"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://news.itsfoss.com/asahi-linux-alpha/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Jacob Crume https://news.itsfoss.com/author/jacob/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
Asahi Linux Distro Improves Apple M1 Support With First Alpha Release
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
In 2020, Apple unveiled the M1 at the WWDC event. This reveal brought significant performance improvements and better power efficiency, although it did have one major drawback.
|
||||
|
||||
This was the software support, as it meant that it was no longer possible to boot a “normal” X86 distro on new Apple Mac devices with an M1 ARM chip. Hence, the Asahi Linux project (based on Arch) was born, with the aim to develop all the drivers and tools necessary to make a working Linux installation on Apple’s ARM-based Macs.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, after more than a year of work, the [Asahi Linux project][1] has finally [released][2] its first **Alpha version**, which introduces Linux support for Apple M1 devices.
|
||||
|
||||
It is still an alpha release for obvious reasons. But, we will be looking at what you need to know if you ever wanted to run Linux on your Apple M1 machine.
|
||||
|
||||
### Supported Devices
|
||||
|
||||
Surprisingly, this alpha release already has support for M1, M1 Pro, and M1 Max SoCs (except for the Mac Studio)! Although different devices with these chips do have varying levels of support, a lot of stuff is already working.
|
||||
|
||||
Some of the key hardware that works in this release includes:
|
||||
|
||||
* Wi-Fi
|
||||
* USB 2.0
|
||||
* USB 3.0 on the Mac Mini
|
||||
* Built-in display on the MacBook Air and Pro
|
||||
* Built-in touchpad and keyboard
|
||||
* Ethernet
|
||||
* HDMI output on the Mac Mini
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The result is a reasonably usable desktop Linux experience, with many of the incredible features of Apple Silicon.
|
||||
|
||||
Unfortunately, some key features are still missing, most notably the **CPU deep sleep mode, DisplayPort, Touchbar, Bluetooth, Camera, Thunderbolt, HDMI output on MacBooks, and GPU acceleration**.
|
||||
|
||||
This shouldn’t impact desktop use too much but should be kept in mind.
|
||||
|
||||
### App Problems
|
||||
|
||||
Of course, you should not expect every application to work seamlessly. And, that’s the case with Asahi Linux on Apple M1 hardware. This is limited only to apps that have problems with 16K page registers, although some of these apps are quite popular.
|
||||
|
||||
As the base for the most popular web browsers, I was quite surprised to find Chromium on the “known broken list”. While this may be rather off-putting for some users, Firefox does work, so users are still able to access the web.
|
||||
|
||||
Other apps confirmed to be broken include:
|
||||
|
||||
* Emacs (will be fixed in next few releases)
|
||||
* Anything that use jemalloc (notably Rust)
|
||||
* Anything using Libunwind
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
While not ideal, the software affected is only a small portion of Linux apps, so it shouldn’t be too much of a concern.
|
||||
|
||||
### Installing Asahi Linux on Apple M1
|
||||
|
||||
![][3]
|
||||
|
||||
Although we haven’t focused very much on the working parts of Asahi Linux, it shouldn’t be forgotten that it is a monumental achievement to get something working on a closed platform like the Apple Silicon Macs.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to give Asahi Linux a try, there are a few different variants you can install.
|
||||
|
||||
I would recommend installing Asahi Linux with a full desktop environment for most users. This will be best for desktop use, and already contains customizations and optimizations to provide the best user experience.
|
||||
|
||||
However, the Asahi Linux team understands that some users want more customization, which is why they provide a minimal version as well. This is simply a basic Arch Linux ARM install, which means that you are free to do whatever you would like with it.
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, they also provide a basic UEFI environment for booting other distros and OSs (with appropriate driver support). One interesting use for this is to boot OpenBSD, which one of the developers behind Asahi Linux, Mark Kettenis, is working on porting.
|
||||
|
||||
Before you get started, it should be noted that you need that least 53 GB of free space.
|
||||
|
||||
Once you have decided on an option, it is extremely easy to get Asahi Linux dual-booted with macOS with the command below.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
curl https://alx.sh | sh
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
It should give you all the instructions you need along the way. You should have a working Linux installation on your M1/M1 Pro/M1 Max computer if done correctly!
|
||||
|
||||
**Note:** The installation does not replace macOS with Linux. So, you get a dual-boot system at the end. You cannot easily uninstall it using the installer. However, you can simply delete the disk partition created by it.
|
||||
|
||||
You can learn more about it in its [official announcement post][2].
|
||||
|
||||
[Asahi Linux][4]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://news.itsfoss.com/asahi-linux-alpha/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jacob Crume][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://news.itsfoss.com/author/jacob/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://news.itsfoss.com/asahi-linux-announcement/
|
||||
[2]: https://asahilinux.org/2022/03/asahi-linux-alpha-release/
|
||||
[3]: data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjQzOSIgd2lkdGg9Ijc4MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4=
|
||||
[4]: https://asahilinux.org/
|
||||
@ -1,101 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Linux Mint Debian Edition (LMDE) 5 is Here with Debian 11 ‘Bullseye’"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://news.itsfoss.com/lmde-5-release/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Ankush Das https://news.itsfoss.com/author/ankush/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
Linux Mint Debian Edition (LMDE) 5 is Here with Debian 11 ‘Bullseye’
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
Linux Mint’s offering with Debian is always an exciting release to look forward to.
|
||||
|
||||
In case you did not know, LMDE is meant to act as a replacement if Ubuntu ever disappears. So, whether you like or hate Ubuntu as a base, you have an impressive alternative without compromising the Linux Mint experience on your desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
With the latest LMDE 5 “Elsie”, the Linux Mint team has included all the goodies introduced in [Linux Mint 20.3][1] and [Debian 11 “Bullseye”][2] as its base.
|
||||
|
||||
Let me highlight the essential details regarding the new upgrade.
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux Mint Debian Edition 5 “Elsie”: What’s New?
|
||||
|
||||
![][3]
|
||||
|
||||
As you can guess, Linux Mint Debian Edition 5 comes loaded with Cinnamon as its desktop and looks exactly the same as Linux Mint’s primary offering with Ubuntu as its base.
|
||||
|
||||
### Cinnamon 5.2.7
|
||||
|
||||
Unlike Linux Mint’s main edition, you do not get the option for other desktop environments.
|
||||
|
||||
![][4]
|
||||
|
||||
So, you will have a Cinnamon desktop out-of-the-box with LMDE 5. The latest Cinnamon version includes plenty of improvements to give you a good user experience.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 32-bit Support Still Exists
|
||||
|
||||
If you are looking for [Linux distributions supporting 32-bit systems][5], LMDE 5 is yet another option that you can opt for.
|
||||
|
||||
While it may be irrelevant for most modern desktop users, it is still essential for Linux distributions to support 32-bit systems.
|
||||
|
||||
And, it is a good thing that Linux Mint’s Debian edition still includes support for it.
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux Kernel 5.10 LTS
|
||||
|
||||
[Linux Kernel 5.10][6] may not be the latest LTS release but it should be great for most hardware configurations (unless you have the latest and greatest from Intel/AMD).
|
||||
|
||||
![][7]
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux Mint 20.3 Improvements
|
||||
|
||||
With LMDE 5, the Linux Mint team has tried their best to add all the improvements [introduced in Linux Mint 20.3][1], with a new Debian base.
|
||||
|
||||
![][8]
|
||||
|
||||
You can notice the availability of new wallpaper backgrounds and get the latest app additions like “Thingy” or “Library” to manage documents.
|
||||
|
||||
In addition to the features, you also get to experience the same visual refresh to the theme with round edges, and slight changes to the theme color.
|
||||
|
||||
### Download LMDE 5
|
||||
|
||||
Before proceeding to install it, you may want to go through the [official release notes][9] to know about some common issues.
|
||||
|
||||
You can download the 64-bit or 32-bit ISO file from the [official site][10].
|
||||
|
||||
[Linux Mint Debian Edition 5][10]
|
||||
|
||||
If you were using [LMDE 5 beta][11], you do not need to upgrade, but type in a few commands, as per the instructions in the [release announcement][12]:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
apt install network-manager-config-connectivity-debian plymouth-label pipewire plocate
|
||||
apt remove mlocate brltty
|
||||
sudo updatedb
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://news.itsfoss.com/lmde-5-release/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://news.itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://news.itsfoss.com/linux-mint-20-3-una-release/
|
||||
[2]: https://news.itsfoss.com/debian-11-feature/
|
||||
[3]: data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjQ0MCIgd2lkdGg9Ijc4MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4=
|
||||
[4]: data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjYxNCIgd2lkdGg9Ijc4MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4=
|
||||
[5]: https://itsfoss.com/32-bit-linux-distributions/
|
||||
[6]: https://news.itsfoss.com/kernel-5-10-release/
|
||||
[7]: data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjQ5NyIgd2lkdGg9IjY5NyIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4=
|
||||
[8]: data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjU0NiIgd2lkdGg9Ijc4MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4=
|
||||
[9]: https://linuxmint.com/rel_elsie.php
|
||||
[10]: https://www.linuxmint.com/edition.php?id=297
|
||||
[11]: https://news.itsfoss.com/lmde-5-beta/
|
||||
[12]: https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4287
|
||||
@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "KeePassXC 2.7.0 is a Massive Upgrade with Tags, Improved Auto-Type, and Windows Hello Support"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://news.itsfoss.com/keepassxc-2-7-0-release/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Rishabh Moharir https://news.itsfoss.com/author/rishabh/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
KeePassXC 2.7.0 is a Massive Upgrade with Tags, Improved Auto-Type, and Windows Hello Support
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
[KeePassXC][1], the open-source password manager, has just got a major upgrade, one that includes some new exciting features and improvements
|
||||
|
||||
For those unaware, KeePassXC is the community fork of the classic KeePassX.
|
||||
|
||||
KeePassXC is a cross-platform password manager available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. It is built using Qt5 libraries. Moreover, it uses the same database format (.kdbx) as [KeePass][2] (Windows-only password manager).
|
||||
|
||||
It also happens to be [one of the best password managers for Linux][3].
|
||||
|
||||
Let us look at some of the major highlights of the new release.
|
||||
|
||||
### What’s New?
|
||||
|
||||
With KeePassXC 2.7.0, you can expect massive changes. Considering a fairly long changelog, I have listed the most significant changes below.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Entry Tags
|
||||
|
||||
A much-needed feature and one that users most requested, password entries can now be easily tagged and filtered. Moreover, relevant tags will automatically be generated for entries to highlight databases with expired or weak passwords.
|
||||
|
||||
![Credits: KeePassXC][4]
|
||||
|
||||
A new Tags sub-section has been added under the General tab that displays a row of assigned tags for info on individual entries.
|
||||
|
||||
There’s also a dedicated quick selection section, “Database Tags” (as shown in the screenshot above), that will help users filter results based on selected tags.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Browser Statistics
|
||||
|
||||
The all-new Browser Statistics tab is a new entry to the already existing database reports. It allows users to view and edit entries used by the browser extension.
|
||||
|
||||
You can find the path and the URL listed.
|
||||
|
||||
![Credits: KeePassXC][5]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Improved Auto-Type
|
||||
|
||||
A separate **Auto-Type** selection dialog has been introduced for users, especially power users, to quickly and efficiently search entries across databases.
|
||||
|
||||
Along with supporting the built-in search syntax, it also allows users to copy data to the clipboard and enter TOTP codes.
|
||||
|
||||
![Credits: KeePassXC][6]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Other Key Additions
|
||||
|
||||
The history of individual entries highlights changes made to fields, letting you quickly identify and revert changes.
|
||||
|
||||
Linux users can find improvements made to Secret Service integration and the CLI. On the other hand, Windows and Apple users will be delighted to know that the password manager now supports Windows Hello and macOS Touch ID for quick unlock.
|
||||
|
||||
Another interesting thing to note, the crypto backend has now been switched to [Botan][7].
|
||||
|
||||
There have been several bug fixes and under-the-hood improvements; you can find more details in the [official changelog][8].
|
||||
|
||||
### Wrapping Up
|
||||
|
||||
KeePassXC 2.7.0 looks like a promising release, and privacy-focused users should expect a neater experience thanks to a couple of new features.
|
||||
|
||||
The convenience of interacting/copying data to sign in to an online account has improved with the changes. So, you might want to give it a try if you haven’t already.
|
||||
|
||||
Users can download KeePassXC by heading to their [official download page][9]. You can find AppImage file, Snap package, Flatpak package, distro-specific packages, and you can also install it using Ubuntu PPA.
|
||||
|
||||
[Download KeePassXC 2.7.0][9]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://news.itsfoss.com/keepassxc-2-7-0-release/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Rishabh Moharir][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://news.itsfoss.com/author/rishabh/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://keepassxc.org/
|
||||
[2]: https://keepass.info/
|
||||
[3]: https://itsfoss.com/password-managers-linux/
|
||||
[4]: data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjU4NyIgd2lkdGg9Ijc4MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4=
|
||||
[5]: data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjU1MyIgd2lkdGg9Ijc4MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4=
|
||||
[6]: data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjQ4MCIgd2lkdGg9Ijc4MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4=
|
||||
[7]: https://github.com/randombit/botan
|
||||
[8]: https://github.com/keepassxreboot/keepassxc/releases/tag/2.7.0
|
||||
[9]: https://keepassxc.org/download/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Maui Shell’s First Alpha Release Looks Promising"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://news.itsfoss.com/maui-shell-alpha-release/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Ankush Das https://news.itsfoss.com/author/ankush/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
Maui Shell’s First Alpha Release Looks Promising
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
Even before its release, [Maui shell][1] has been praised as the future of the Linux desktop user interface.
|
||||
|
||||
And, for all the right reasons:
|
||||
|
||||
It attempts to bring convergence to the mainstream, just like Canonical tried with Unity. Regarding looks, you get modern aesthetics inspired by various existing desktop experiences.
|
||||
|
||||
Overall, it could provide a good desktop experience thanks to various KDE technologies being used under the hood.
|
||||
|
||||
If you didn’t know already, the team behind [Nitrux OS][2] is developing the Maui shell.
|
||||
|
||||
Recently, they announced the first alpha release of the shell. Let me mention the key highlights of the release.
|
||||
|
||||
### Maui Shell Alpha: What’s New?
|
||||
|
||||
![][3]
|
||||
|
||||
With the first alpha release, they focus on introducing missing features and fixing some of the biggest issues found with the initial testing.
|
||||
|
||||
You can check out Jacob’s [first impressions on using Maui shell on a Linux phone][4] if you are curious.
|
||||
|
||||
While it is still the “alpha” release, numerous problems experienced by early testers and developers may have been fixed.
|
||||
|
||||
Some of the most significant changes include:
|
||||
|
||||
#### Improving Cask
|
||||
|
||||
**Cask** is the shell container with elements like cards, popups, panels, dock, and more.
|
||||
|
||||
The first alpha release focused more on improving Cask.
|
||||
|
||||
![][5]
|
||||
|
||||
The panel now includes the ability to handle sound, Bluetooth, dark mode, brightness, dark mode, and media controls.
|
||||
|
||||
Media control has a new look and can be expanded to get more options.
|
||||
|
||||
The dock and launcher also received some visual tweaks, with subtle shadows/bold text. You will notice the most used apps on the first page of the launcher, along with the categories and quick access.
|
||||
|
||||
They mention that it will be configurable for the users.
|
||||
|
||||
There’s also an option to enable an adaptive color scheme, where the shell takes colors from wallpaper and change it to light/dark mode.
|
||||
|
||||
While you can also toggle light/dark mode manually, it only works with the adaptive color feature disabled.
|
||||
|
||||
![][6]
|
||||
|
||||
In addition to all this, you will also find improvements to the panel cards, session cards, and notification cards.
|
||||
|
||||
![][7]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Functionality Upgrades
|
||||
|
||||
A new session startup program called “**starcask-wayland**” is in place to set up all the necessary parts before launching the shell, including autostart services, setting environment variables, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
You will also find a new [PolKit][8] agent added to handle authentication.
|
||||
|
||||
The release note also mentions the backend stack being used for all the new functionalities introduced:
|
||||
|
||||
* BlueDevil, to handle Bluetooth connections
|
||||
* Plasma-nm for Network connections
|
||||
* KSolid
|
||||
* KIO for file manager functions
|
||||
* PulseAudio
|
||||
* MauiKit
|
||||
* Kirigami
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Other Improvements
|
||||
|
||||
This alpha release involves setting up the most basic functionalities needed in a modern desktop experience.
|
||||
|
||||
Things like calendar integration are still in progress, and the overall completion of Cask (or the Shell container) is expected to be complete with its beta release in the future.
|
||||
|
||||
The beta release is expected in **June**, with the final stable release scheduled for **September**.
|
||||
|
||||
You can learn more about the technical changes, known issues, how you can contribute, and more details in its [official announcement post][9].
|
||||
|
||||
### How to Test Maui Shell Alpha Release?
|
||||
|
||||
You will have to wait for the next Nitrux release or build it from the source if you want to get your hands on the first alpha release of Maui shell.
|
||||
|
||||
Note that you should not try it on your production system, considering the shell is in heavy development.
|
||||
|
||||
You can refer to the [announcement][9] for testing instructions or explore the [GitHub page][10].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://news.itsfoss.com/maui-shell-alpha-release/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://news.itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://news.itsfoss.com/maui-shell-unveiled/
|
||||
[2]: https://news.itsfoss.com/reasons-to-try-nitrux-os/
|
||||
[3]: data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjUwNyIgd2lkdGg9Ijc4MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4=
|
||||
[4]: https://news.itsfoss.com/tested-maui-shell/
|
||||
[5]: data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjQ1NCIgd2lkdGg9Ijc4MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4=
|
||||
[6]: https://i0.wp.com/i.ytimg.com/vi/8WVkcMONYd0/hqdefault.jpg?w=780&ssl=1
|
||||
[7]: https://i0.wp.com/i.ytimg.com/vi/xmJjsR8_-pQ/hqdefault.jpg?w=780&ssl=1
|
||||
[8]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Polkit
|
||||
[9]: https://nxos.org/maui/maui-shell-alpha-release/
|
||||
[10]: https://github.com/Nitrux/maui-shell/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Pop OS 22.04 LTS – New Features and Release Updates"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://www.debugpoint.com/2022/04/pop-os-22-04-lts/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Arindam https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
Pop OS 22.04 LTS – New Features and Release Updates
|
||||
======
|
||||
System76 released the Pop OS 22.04 LTS Beta copy on GitHub. We unwrap
|
||||
the new features and updates in this post.
|
||||
System76 released the Pop OS 22.04 LTS Beta copy on GitHub. We unwrap the new features and updates in this post.
|
||||
|
||||
System76’s POP OS is based on Ubuntu releases, and the [Ubuntu 22.04 LTS release][1] is around the corner. Following the release schedule, the beta ISO of Pop OS 22.04 is now available for download and test on GitHub. The BETA ISO is not stable yet, but you can download and do some hands-on to find out the new features.
|
||||
|
||||
### POP OS 22.04 LTS – New Features
|
||||
|
||||
![Pop OS 22.04 Desktop \(beta\)][2]
|
||||
|
||||
The major highlight of Ubuntu 22.04 LTS is the customized version of GNOME 42. Because the vanilla GNOME 42 brings the libadwaita/GT4 conversion of entire GNOME Core and native applications. But Ubuntu 22.04 LTS plans to include some of them with its unique flavours, such as Accent Color.
|
||||
|
||||
Obviously, you might be wondering how GNOME 42 looks inside Pop OS 22.04. The Cosmic desktop in POP OS 22.04 features GNOME 42 at its core. But it is heavily stripped-down to align with Cosmic desktop principles.
|
||||
|
||||
The GNOME Shell version is 42 with a mixture of applications versions. For instance, the look and feel remained almost the same as earlier releases of Pop OS, such as the buttons, colour pallets, rounded corners, menus, etc. In the same way, this LTS version has Gedit 41.0 – that means the new GNOME Text editor is not included, nor is the new GNOME Terminal.
|
||||
|
||||
Files 42 in this release look almost the same as earlier versions. However, the Files get its latest version, 42, with all of its core features, not the looks. For example, the stock Files 42 has new folder icons, compact spacing of widgets and new menus. But the Files 42 in Cosmic desktop retained its own folder icons and colours.
|
||||
|
||||
![Files in Pop OS 22.04][3]
|
||||
|
||||
In addition to that, the newly designed Dark, Light theme support with auto wallpaper change is not picked up. Because Pop OS already had the Light/Dark theme support for quite some time since the inception of the Cosmic Desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
Another critical application GNOME Settings (gnome-control-center) version remained at 41.1, which means the massive uplift of the Settings app with GNOME 42, is not available with additional features. Clearly, it is understandable from the Pop OS team’s decision because the gnome-control-center version 42 is a complex converted application to libadwaita and GTK4 with many features. Some of those features are built-in in the Pop OS via different means (such as the Light/Dark theme switcher).
|
||||
|
||||
[][1]
|
||||
|
||||
SEE ALSO: Ubuntu 22.04 LTS "Jammy Jellyfish" - New Features and Release Details
|
||||
|
||||
#### Summary of the changes
|
||||
|
||||
Therefore a summary of the apps and their versions are as follows
|
||||
|
||||
* Linux Kernel 5.16
|
||||
* Based on Ubuntu 22.04
|
||||
* GNOME Shell 42
|
||||
* GNOME Settings 41.4
|
||||
* Firefox 98
|
||||
* GNOME Terminal 3.43.9
|
||||
* GEdit 41.4
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Apart from this, there are no other significant changes in the Pop OS installer. Although Ubuntu 22.04 LTS uses Linux Kernel 5.15, Pop OS 22.04 LTS have the Linux Kernel 5.16.
|
||||
|
||||
I could not find a changelog published, so I assumed these were the visible changes that caught my eye.
|
||||
|
||||
### How to download Pop OS 22.04?
|
||||
|
||||
I would recommend you not do an upgrade at this time. Because of the BETA ISO image which I tried, it is extremely buggy. There are many boot problems, installation failure, updates breaking the boot process and Cosmic desktop freeze problems.
|
||||
|
||||
So, when I took a look at the [GITHUB BETA issue list][4], I was confident that it’s not yet stable, being a BETA copy. And to write this article, I had to spend a couple of hours getting it installed in [virt-manager.][5] Because the first time it got installed perfectly, I did an upgrade, and it broke the installation. So I had to re-install again.
|
||||
|
||||
That said, if you still want to test, get a hands-on or contribute to the testing, download the ISO image from the link down below. You can try it in a virtual machine or a physical system. But prepare yourself for some issues and report them when you find any.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Release timeline?
|
||||
|
||||
Well, Pop OS follows their releases after the stable release of Ubuntu. Therefore, an optimistic release timeline should be after April 21, 2022. Looking at the past release history, the Pop OS 22.04 should release between May and June 2022 as a stable release.
|
||||
|
||||
You can download the ISO of Pop OS 22.04 from the below links:
|
||||
|
||||
* [ISO][6]
|
||||
* [SHA256SUMS][7]
|
||||
* [SHA256SUMS.gpg][8]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* [ISO][9]
|
||||
* [SHA256SUMS][10]
|
||||
* [SHA256SUMS.gpg][11]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
_Via GitHub Beta [announcement][12]_
|
||||
|
||||
Cheers.
|
||||
|
||||
* * *
|
||||
|
||||
We bring the latest tech, software news and stuff that matters. Stay in touch via [Telegram][13], [Twitter][14], [YouTube][15], and [Facebook][16] and never miss an update!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.debugpoint.com/2022/04/pop-os-22-04-lts/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Arindam][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.debugpoint.com/2022/01/ubuntu-22-04-lts/
|
||||
[2]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Pop-OS-22.04-Desktop-beta-1024x576.jpg
|
||||
[3]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Files-in-Pop-OS-22.04.jpg
|
||||
[4]: https://github.com/pop-os/beta/issues
|
||||
[5]: https://www.debugpoint.com/2020/11/virt-manager/
|
||||
[6]: https://pop-iso.sfo2.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/22.04/amd64/intel/1/pop-os_22.04_amd64_intel_1.iso
|
||||
[7]: https://pop-iso.sfo2.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/22.04/amd64/intel/1/SHA256SUMS
|
||||
[8]: https://pop-iso.sfo2.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/22.04/amd64/intel/1/SHA256SUMS.gpg
|
||||
[9]: https://pop-iso.sfo2.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/22.04/amd64/nvidia/1/pop-os_22.04_amd64_nvidia_1.iso
|
||||
[10]: https://pop-iso.sfo2.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/22.04/amd64/nvidia/1/SHA256SUMS
|
||||
[11]: https://pop-iso.sfo2.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/22.04/amd64/nvidia/1/SHA256SUMS.gpg
|
||||
[12]: https://github.com/pop-os/beta
|
||||
[13]: https://t.me/debugpoint
|
||||
[14]: https://twitter.com/DebugPoint
|
||||
[15]: https://www.youtube.com/c/debugpoint?sub_confirmation=1
|
||||
[16]: https://facebook.com/DebugPoint
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Xfce Terminal 1.0.0 is a Feature-Packed Major Upgrade After a Year"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://news.itsfoss.com/xfce-terminal-1-0-0-release/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Jacob Crume https://news.itsfoss.com/author/jacob/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "geelpi"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
Xfce Terminal 1.0.0 is a Feature-Packed Major Upgrade After a Year
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
The popular terminal emulator found on almost all Xfce-powered distributions, Xfce Terminal has just released its first major upgrade under a new maintainer (and a new versioning scheme).
|
||||
|
||||
Let us take a look at some highlights of the release.
|
||||
|
||||
### New Maintainer & Versioning Scheme
|
||||
|
||||
Igor Zakharov was leading the development from 2016 until 2020. Unfortunately, it was left unmaintained in 2021 when the new maintainer, [Sergios][1] Anestis Kefalidis (also a developer of Thunar file manager), took over the responsibility.
|
||||
|
||||
And, since Sergios took over the project, the versioning scheme has changed. After consultation with the community, Thunar’s old versioning scheme was adopted.
|
||||
|
||||
For instance, version 1.1.x will be the development release, and 1.2.0 will be the next major upgrade.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, with the release of Xfce Terminal 1.0.0, a number of exciting new features have been packed in.
|
||||
|
||||
### New Features
|
||||
|
||||
Some new features in Xfce Terminal 1.0.0 include:
|
||||
|
||||
* Improved customization options
|
||||
* Overlay scrollbar support
|
||||
* Command-line option improvements
|
||||
* More use of XfceTitledDialog
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Better Customization Options
|
||||
|
||||
As with many application updates these days, Xfce Terminal 1.0.0 includes plenty of new customization options. Perhaps my favorite, the image background feature now has a ‘Fill’ style option. This is accompanied by the ability to temporarily disable the unsafe paste dialog, which has also been revamped.
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, XFCE Terminal has also become one of the first apps to support the new XFCE shortcuts editor. As a result, users no longer need to dive into configuration files, instead of being given a simple UI to use.
|
||||
|
||||
![][2]
|
||||
|
||||
With so many new customization options, I’m sure many people would be happy with a release containing just these. But alas! The developer has managed to squeeze in yet more exciting new features, the next of which is the improved command-line arguments.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Better Command Line Arguments
|
||||
|
||||
With this release, ‘–tab’ and ‘–window’ command line arguments have been fixed to be more intuitive. This fixes a rather [longstanding bug][3] in XFCE Terminal that has been known for almost 6 years.
|
||||
|
||||
Despite the long wait, it has now been fixed. Better late than never, eh?
|
||||
|
||||
Anyway, it is always great to see bugs squashed with every new release, and this trend continues here.
|
||||
|
||||
#### More Use Of Xfce-Specific Widgets
|
||||
|
||||
Although I’m sure many users will probably see this as a downgrade, XFCE Terminal’s use of more XFCE-specific widgets brings numerous advantages. While it does mean more dependencies for non-XFCE users, it means better integration with XFCE.
|
||||
|
||||
It is safe to say that most of the Xfce terminal users stick to the same desktop environment. So, this change should result in greater consistency and UX improvements.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Other Changes
|
||||
|
||||
Other changes in this release include:
|
||||
|
||||
* ‘Scrolling on ouput’ preference improvements
|
||||
* Right-click behavior customization options
|
||||
* Code reworking for a smaller codebase
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
For a full list of features, feel free to refer to the [release notes][4]. The release notes also mention future plans for the next major release, v1.2.0.
|
||||
|
||||
### Wrapping Up
|
||||
|
||||
Overall, Xfce Terminal 1.0.0 is looking to be a great release and goes to show the dedication of its new maintainer.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to try Xfce Terminal 1.0.0, it should be landing in your distribution’s repositories in the following weeks, if not already.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://news.itsfoss.com/xfce-terminal-1-0-0-release/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jacob Crume][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://news.itsfoss.com/author/jacob/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu8-J-XWcXQhoCopBiJ5-uw/videos
|
||||
[2]: data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjUwOSIgd2lkdGg9Ijc4MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4=
|
||||
[3]: https://bugzilla.xfce.org/show_bug.cgi?id=12926
|
||||
[4]: http://users.uoa.gr/~sdi1800073/sources/xfce_blog12.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Linux Mint 21 Code Name Announced with New Upgrade Utility and More"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://www.debugpoint.com/2022/04/linux-mint-21-announcement/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Arindam https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
Linux Mint 21 Code Name Announced with New Upgrade Utility and More
|
||||
======
|
||||
THE MINT TEAM ANNOUNCED THE UPCOMING LINUX MINT 21 CODENAME, A UTILITY
|
||||
FOR EASY UPGRADE AND WARPINATOR USE CASES THAT STUNS THE TEAM.
|
||||
### Linux Mint 21 Announcement and Other Updates
|
||||
|
||||
Firstly, Linux Mint 21 code name is “Vanessa”, and it will be based on [Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Jammy Jellyfish][1]. As usual, it will feature its three flagship versions: Xfce, Cinnamon, and MATE.
|
||||
|
||||
Secondly, it is evident that the Mint team chooses Ubuntu 22.04 LTS as the base of Linux Mint 21 for long term support, and it will feature the [Linux Kernel 5.15,][2] which is LTS Kernel.
|
||||
|
||||
In addition to that, the project leader Clement Lefebvre announced [a new upgrade utility][3] (mintupgrade2) that will make life easier for people planning to upgrade to Linux Mint 21. Historically, upgrading to major versions of Mint is a complex terminal-driven process and generally difficult for average users.
|
||||
|
||||
![Mint upgrade 2 utility announced with Linux Mint 21][4]
|
||||
|
||||
So, looking at the user base, it is a significant step for the team to develop this utility for their users. Clement Lefebvre promises that the new utility will be completely graphical, have manageable steps and instructions to follow, localization with language, armed with pre-checks for the complex upgrade processes, configurable and easy to understand instructions to users.
|
||||
|
||||
This tool will be the primary utility for Linux Mint 20 to 21 upgrade when released around the May-June timeframe. Moreover, the new utility promises to give you warnings about custom PPAs and orphaned packages, reducing your worries before upgrading. Honestly, this will be one of the best tools that the Mint team brings to the table for their users.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Other updates
|
||||
|
||||
Not only these updates, but the team also informed that the file transfer tool Warpinator is used by several users worldwide for some strange use cases – which the team never thought of before. For example, people used Warpinator to transfer files between Windows and Steam deck from Valve, displayed [here][5].
|
||||
|
||||
With that said, Warpinator now has a BETA release [for iOS][6] users. You can now quickly transfer files between your Apple systems to any other system, including Android, Linux, or Windows. Fantastic piece of application from the team.
|
||||
|
||||
_You can read about Linux Mint 21 announcement and more in the official [blog][7]._
|
||||
|
||||
* * *
|
||||
|
||||
We bring the latest tech, software news and stuff that matters. Stay in touch via [Telegram][8], [Twitter][9], [YouTube][10], and [Facebook][11] and never miss an update!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.debugpoint.com/2022/04/linux-mint-21-announcement/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Arindam][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.debugpoint.com/2022/01/ubuntu-22-04-lts/
|
||||
[2]: https://www.debugpoint.com/2021/11/linux-kernel-5-15/
|
||||
[3]: https://github.com/linuxmint/mintupgrade2
|
||||
[4]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Mint-upgrade-2-utility-announced-with-Linux-Mint-21.jpg
|
||||
[5]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHdQT6kI6Q8
|
||||
[6]: https://www.reddit.com/r/linuxmint/comments/rn04lw/interest_in_warpinator_for_ios/
|
||||
[7]: https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4293
|
||||
[8]: https://t.me/debugpoint
|
||||
[9]: https://twitter.com/DebugPoint
|
||||
[10]: https://www.youtube.com/c/debugpoint?sub_confirmation=1
|
||||
[11]: https://facebook.com/DebugPoint
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Is this the End of the road for elementary OS?"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://www.debugpoint.com/2022/04/end-of-elementary-os/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Arindam https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
Is this the End of the road for elementary OS?
|
||||
======
|
||||
Cassidy James, the founder of elementary OS, has resigned from his role
|
||||
as per his recent note. Here’s our take on this topic with possible
|
||||
future.
|
||||
Cassidy James, the founder of elementary OS, has resigned from his role as per his recent note. Here’s our take on this topic with possible future.
|
||||
|
||||
![elementary OS 6 ODIN Desktop][1]
|
||||
|
||||
When elementary OS was first released a decade back, it was a radical step in the Linux Desktop space. Cassidy had a vision that the developers and contributors since, and it’s been adopted by users worldwide. Its Pantheon Desktop is one of the best desktops designed from the ground up with aesthetics and productivity in mind.
|
||||
|
||||
Over the years, elementary has grown. The user base and popularity have increased because it was stable, based on Ubuntu LTS and a perfect desktop for those who want a macOS like a user interface in Linux. The Flatpak based App Store is one of the best app stores in the Linux ecosystem with curated applications.
|
||||
|
||||
But all these good works and user feedback are not profitable if you run a company with free software unless you have a corporate backup and other revenue models.
|
||||
|
||||
### Why this situation and is this the end of the elementary OS?
|
||||
|
||||
The elementary has a “pay for a download” revenue model, which is optional. But with the pandemic situation for two years, the revenue from the sales dropped, and the leadership had cut short the salaries of the full-time employees and medical benefits to sustain the company.
|
||||
|
||||
_“Each release since I joined elementary full time performed even better sales-wise than the last, until OS 6 and 6.1 which performed far worse than expected, likely in part due to the ongoing global pandemic—people were seemingly less likely to pay an optional amount to download an operating system when they could just get it for free. It became clear we needed to re-prioritize our company finances while staying firm in our open-source, privacy-centric, and ethical funding beliefs,”_ said Cassidy in his farewell note.
|
||||
|
||||
The pandemic hit everyone and everything financially across the world. The [elementary OS 6 Odin][2] release did not go well. There were some bugs, issues with Nvidia cards and other problems – the Covid pandemic and lack of contribution impacted the quality of the software. This eventually impacted the optional paid download revenue.
|
||||
|
||||
The optional paid download model, the GitHub sponsorship, is insufficient to sustain a business or a large scale project. If you look at other open-source mainstream projects – such as Fedora Linux, GNOME, KDE Plasma – they all have substantial corporate donations from big enterprises such as Red Hat, IBM, Google, etc. And there is a reason for it. All these big corporations have commercial benefits from these open source projects down the line. But things were a little different for elementary OS.
|
||||
|
||||
[][3]
|
||||
|
||||
SEE ALSO: elementary OS 6 Beta Released. Download and Test Now!
|
||||
|
||||
Cassidy also writes, _“As a result, Dani has asked me to resign and completely step away from elementary. When seeking out another position, this was not my intention, but Dani has been adamant. In the end, I have decided that the best course of action is indeed for me to move on; I’m giving up on my decade-plus passion for elementary and have accepted an offer for Dani to be the sole, 100% owner of elementary, Inc. I’ve signed my resignation. As of today, she now owns the entirety of the company shares and responsibility. I wish her the best in continuing its legacy.”_
|
||||
|
||||
### Looking Ahead
|
||||
|
||||
Honestly, I can feel Cassidy’s emotion in his farewell note. It isn’t easy to give up a project or passion you have built over the years. There are countless hours you invest in a vision for the greater good of the community. Your emotions are attached to it. And it isn’t easy to give up.
|
||||
|
||||
No one can predict the future. So, we don’t know what will happen to the elementary OS as a project in the coming days. When this situation occurs, an open-source company eventually becomes a community project with a much wider audience and contributions. I feel the new leaders need to look at the future road map of elementary in Linux Distribution or Desktop space.
|
||||
|
||||
Because GNOME 42+ with GTK4/libadwaita looks promising, the elementary OS may lose its user base to GNOME. In this scenario, the only selling point is the Pantheon Desktop, which needs to be more polished and marketable while the new leadership looks for better revenue models.
|
||||
|
||||
We hope, as a community, the elementary OS continues to push releases, if required, to make it a community project without the GitHub sponsorship wall. And I think looking for funding or donations from enterprises also can be one of the long term options to sustain.
|
||||
|
||||
No open-source project should be discontinued. I hope the new leadership should look for a better revenue model to sustain the project. Nothing is impossible if you keep a positive mind.
|
||||
|
||||
So, what are your opinions about this entire situation? Let me know in the comment box down below.
|
||||
|
||||
Cheers.
|
||||
|
||||
_Via [Cassidy’s blog][4]_
|
||||
|
||||
* * *
|
||||
|
||||
We bring the latest tech, software news and stuff that matters. Stay in touch via [Telegram][5], [Twitter][6], [YouTube][7], and [Facebook][8] and never miss an update!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.debugpoint.com/2022/04/end-of-elementary-os/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Arindam][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/elementary-OS-6-ODIN-Desktop-1024x576.jpeg
|
||||
[2]: https://www.debugpoint.com/2021/08/elementary-os-6-odin-review/
|
||||
[3]: https://www.debugpoint.com/2021/05/elementary-os-6-beta/
|
||||
[4]: https://cassidyjames.com/blog/farewell-elementary/
|
||||
[5]: https://t.me/debugpoint
|
||||
[6]: https://twitter.com/DebugPoint
|
||||
[7]: https://www.youtube.com/c/debugpoint?sub_confirmation=1
|
||||
[8]: https://facebook.com/DebugPoint
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: translator: (jiamn)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,130 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Linux Jargon Buster: What is Grub in Linux? What is it Used for?)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/what-is-grub/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
|
||||
|
||||
Linux Jargon Buster: What is Grub in Linux? What is it Used for?
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
If you ever used a desktop Linux system, you must have seen this screen. This is called the GRUB screen. Yes, it is written in all capital letters.
|
||||
|
||||
![Remember this screen? This is GRUB][1]
|
||||
|
||||
In this chapter of the Linux Jargon Buster series, I’ll tell you what is Grub and what is it used for. I’ll also briefly touch upon the configuration and customization part.
|
||||
|
||||
### What is GRUB?
|
||||
|
||||
[GRUB][2] is complete program for loading and managing boot. It is the most common bootloader for Linux distributions. A bootloader is the first software that runs when a computer starts. It loads the [kernel of the operating system][3] and then the kernel initializes the rest of the operating systems (shell, [display manager][4], [desktop environment][5] etc).
|
||||
|
||||
#### Boot loader vs boot manager
|
||||
|
||||
I didn’t want to confuse you at this stage but I see no option to avoid bringing this topic. There is a blur line between a bootloader and a boot manager.
|
||||
|
||||
You already know that bootloader starts first and then loads the kernel into memory and executes it. A boot manager program allows you to choose between operating systems (if there are more than one OS on your system). A boot manager doesn’t load the OS directly,
|
||||
|
||||
With Linux kernel version 3.3, the [Linux kernel includes a built-in EFI bootloader][6]. In fact, any operating system that is capable of working [EFI system includes an EFI bootloader][7]. In EFI capable systems, the firmware reads the EFI System Partition (ESP) for the EFI files for boot information.
|
||||
|
||||
_**Insert Image: Show partition table with ESP partition.**_
|
||||
|
||||
![][8]
|
||||
|
||||
GRUB is both a bootloader and a boot manager. I’ll come back to GRUB in a moment. Let’s see other GRUB like programs.
|
||||
|
||||
Trivia
|
||||
|
||||
GRUB is acronym for **GR**and **U**nified **B**ootloader.
|
||||
|
||||
### What are some other boot managing programs like GRUB?
|
||||
|
||||
GRUB is the most popular boot manager for Linux. But it is not the only one. There is this highly customizable [rEFInd boot manager][9] that some Linux users love to use.
|
||||
|
||||
![Customized rEFInd Boot Manager Screen | Image Credit][10]
|
||||
|
||||
There is [systemd-boot][11] text-based boot manager. You can guess that this is exclusively for systemd-based Linux distributions. Some distributions like Pop OS use the systemd-boot.
|
||||
|
||||
![systemd-Boot in Pop OS | Image Credit][12]
|
||||
|
||||
### Accessing or editing GRUB
|
||||
|
||||
The usual GRUB screen you see is its menu interface. It allows you to choose the operating systems if there are more than one operating system. You can also choose to load a different kernel if your Linux distribution as more than one kernel installed.
|
||||
|
||||
Depending upon the configuration set by the Linux distribution, you may have some other entries on the GRUB menu.
|
||||
|
||||
You can edit GRUB menu entry by pressing the key `e`. This way, you can change the kernel parameters before loading it. For example, in some cases, [disabling the graphics driver from the kernel helps you with Linux system stuck at boot][13].
|
||||
|
||||
![][14]
|
||||
|
||||
You can also enter the command line menu of GRUB using the key `c` at the GRUB menu interface.
|
||||
|
||||
#### GRUB configuration file
|
||||
|
||||
Any changes you make to the GRUB from the menu interface is temporary. If you want to make some permanent changes to GRUB like changing the default timeout, you can change the configuration file after you boot into your Linux system.
|
||||
|
||||
The default GRUB configuration file is located at /etc/default/grub. There is also a /etc/default/grub.d directory. You may edit the /etc/default/grub file directly, however it is advised to make additional changes by adding config files (.cfg files) in this directory.
|
||||
|
||||
![Default GRUB Config File][15]
|
||||
|
||||
You must [update GRUB for the changes to take into effect][16].
|
||||
|
||||
#### GRUB customizer in Ubuntu
|
||||
|
||||
If you think [editing file with a text editor in the terminal][17] is not something you feel comfortable with, you can [use a graphical tool called GRUB Customizer][18].
|
||||
|
||||
![][19]
|
||||
|
||||
It allows you to change the boot order, default timeout etc. You can also use it to change the background of GRUB with a custom wallpaper.
|
||||
|
||||
This tool is unfortunately available for Ubuntu-based Linux distributions only.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
I have touched everything on the surface. EFI, boot loading and GRUB itself is detailed and complicated topic and not in the scope of this article. This article intended to give you a high level overview of GRUB boot program.
|
||||
|
||||
Perhaps I’ll write a detailed guide on GRUB explaining the low level details. For now, if you want to learn more on GRUB, you can access the GRUB documentation in your Linux terminal using `info grub` command.
|
||||
|
||||
![GRUB Manual can be accessed via Terminal][20]
|
||||
|
||||
I hope you have a tad bit better understanding of what is GRUB now. Here’s a GIF to humor you.
|
||||
|
||||
![What Is GRUB? UEFI don’t hurt me, no more… :\)][21]
|
||||
|
||||
I may not have answered all questions you have about GRUB. Please feel free to let me know in the comment section. I may update the article with your questions or suggestions.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-grub/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/grub-screen-linux.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
|
||||
[2]: https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/
|
||||
[3]: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-linux/
|
||||
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/display-manager/
|
||||
[5]: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-desktop-environment/
|
||||
[6]: https://www.rodsbooks.com/efi-bootloaders/efistub.html
|
||||
[7]: https://jdebp.eu/FGA/efi-boot-process.html
|
||||
[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/disk-partition-gparted.png?resize=744%2C385&ssl=1
|
||||
[9]: https://www.rodsbooks.com/refind/
|
||||
[10]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/refind-boot-manager.png?resize=800%2C602&ssl=1
|
||||
[11]: https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Systemd-boot
|
||||
[12]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/systemd-boot.png?resize=714%2C333&ssl=1
|
||||
[13]: https://itsfoss.com/fix-ubuntu-freezing/
|
||||
[14]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/editing-grub-to-fix-nvidia-issue.jpg?resize=800%2C343&ssl=1
|
||||
[15]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/default-grub-config-file.png?resize=759%2C437&ssl=1
|
||||
[16]: https://itsfoss.com/update-grub/
|
||||
[17]: https://itsfoss.com/command-line-text-editors-linux/
|
||||
[18]: https://itsfoss.com/grub-customizer-ubuntu/
|
||||
[19]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/make-windows-default-grub-2.jpeg?resize=799%2C435&ssl=1
|
||||
[20]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/grub-manual-Linux-terminal.png?resize=800%2C462&ssl=1
|
||||
[21]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/what_is_GRUB.gif?resize=500%2C343&ssl=1
|
||||
@ -1,201 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Power up your Linux terminal text editor with ed)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/12/gnu-ed)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth)
|
||||
|
||||
Power up your Linux terminal text editor with ed
|
||||
======
|
||||
This deceptively simple editor empowers the user with a set of control
|
||||
commands that are easy to learn and use.
|
||||
![Terminal command prompt on orange background][1]
|
||||
|
||||
The GNU `ed` command is a line editor. It’s considered the standard Unix text editor because it was the very first text editor for Unix, and so it was (and generally still is) available on any POSIX system. In some ways, it’s easy to tell that it was the first because, in many ways, it’s extremely rudimentary. Unlike most other text editors, it doesn’t open in a window or screen of its own, and in fact, by default, it doesn’t even prompt the user for input. On the other hand, its near lack of any interface can also be a strength. It’s a functional editor that can be controlled with short instructions either interactively or through a script.
|
||||
|
||||
### Installing ed
|
||||
|
||||
If you’re running Linux or BSD, you probably already have `ed` installed (GNU `ed` on Linux and BSD `ed` on BSD). Some minimal environments, however, omit `ed`, but it’s probably available from your distribution’s software repository or ports tree. MacOS ships with BSD `ed` installed.
|
||||
|
||||
### Launching ed
|
||||
|
||||
When you launch `ed`, it appears that you’ve lost your prompt, and possibly that `ed` has stalled. It has not; it’s just waiting for your instructions:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ed
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To tell `ed` to be a little more verbose, you can command it to return a prompt with the `p` command:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ed
|
||||
p
|
||||
?
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The question mark (`?`) is the default `ed` prompt.
|
||||
|
||||
### The buffer
|
||||
|
||||
While `ed` is active, you work with what’s called a _buffer_. The buffer is a place in memory. You’re not editing a file directly; you’re only editing the buffer. Should you exit `ed` without writing your changes to a file on disk, then all changes are lost because they only happened in the buffer. (This may sound familiar to experienced Emacs users accustomed to an initial scratch buffer.)
|
||||
|
||||
### Writing text with ed
|
||||
|
||||
After launching `ed`, you’re in command mode. This means you can issue commands to the editor itself, such as when setting it to display a prompt instead of empty space. You can append text to the current buffer with the `a` command, which is terminated by a solitary dot (`.`) on its own line. For instance, this example adds two lines ("hello world" and "hello ed") to the buffer:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
?
|
||||
a
|
||||
hello world
|
||||
hello ed
|
||||
.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
After a terminating dot, you return to command mode.
|
||||
|
||||
### Viewing the buffer
|
||||
|
||||
To see what’s contained in the buffer, you can type either the line you want to see or `,p` to display all lines.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
?
|
||||
1
|
||||
hello world
|
||||
2
|
||||
hello ed
|
||||
,p
|
||||
hello world
|
||||
hello ed
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Writing to a file
|
||||
|
||||
Assuming you’re happy with your text, you can write the buffer to a file with the `w` command followed by the name of the destination file.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
?
|
||||
w example.txt
|
||||
19
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The number after the write operation indicates the number of characters written to the file.
|
||||
|
||||
### Reading a file
|
||||
|
||||
You don’t have to use `ed` for text entry. You can also just open an existing file into the buffer using the `r` command:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
?
|
||||
r myfile.txt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Alternatively, you can just launch `ed` followed by the file name you want it to load into the buffer:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ed myfile.txt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Editing the buffer
|
||||
|
||||
The `ed` application is a text editor, so you can affect text in the buffer using a special editing syntax. Users of `sed` or `vim` may find some of its syntax familiar. Assume you have a file loaded in the buffer:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ed myfile.txt
|
||||
,p
|
||||
This is an example document.
|
||||
There is some text, but not much.
|
||||
There is some errors, but not much.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To change the word "document" to "file" in the first sentence, select the line you want to target (1) and then invoke the search function with `s` followed by your search and replacement terms:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
?
|
||||
1
|
||||
This is an example document.
|
||||
s/document/file/
|
||||
1
|
||||
This is an example file.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To target a different line, the process is essentially the same but with a different number:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
?
|
||||
3
|
||||
There is some errors, but not much.
|
||||
s/is/are/
|
||||
s/much/many/
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You can see the edits you’ve made to the buffer using the `,p` command as usual.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
This is an example file.
|
||||
There is some text, but not much.
|
||||
There are some errors, but not many.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Of course, these changes only exist in the buffer. Were you to look at the file outside of `ed`, you would see the original text only:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ cat myfile.txt
|
||||
This is an example document.
|
||||
There is some text, but not much.
|
||||
There is some errors, but not much.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To save your changes back into the file, use the `w` command:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
w myfile.txt
|
||||
258
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Clearing the buffer
|
||||
|
||||
To get a new buffer so you can either start a new document or load a new one into a fresh environment, use the `c` command. After issuing `c` to clear the buffer, a print command returns nothing because the buffer has been emptied:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
c
|
||||
,p
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Quit
|
||||
|
||||
To exit your `ed` session, use the `q` command. This doesn’t give you a chance to save your buffer, so make sure you save before you use this command.
|
||||
|
||||
### Try ed
|
||||
|
||||
There’s a lot more `ed` can do, and learning `ed` can afford you great insight into how `sed` and parts of `vim` work. I didn’t bother trying to write this article in `ed`, admittedly, and I’m not sure it’s the best tool for text entry in general. However, `ed` is an excellent editor of text, and you can learn it easily by reading its documentation. On a GNU system, use `info ed` to view the manual.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/20/12/gnu-ed
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/terminal_command_linux_desktop_code.jpg?itok=p5sQ6ODE (Terminal command prompt on orange background)
|
||||
@ -1,155 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Install Privacy-friendly WhatsApp Alternative Signal on Linux Desktop)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/install-signal-ubuntu/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
|
||||
|
||||
Install Privacy-friendly WhatsApp Alternative Signal on Linux Desktop
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
It’s been more than a year [since we covered Signal as an ideal choice for instant messaging][1]. While privacy-aware and tech-savvy people were already aware of the existence of this awesome application, [Signal][2] got the much deserved fame after the latest WhatsApp privacy policy updates.
|
||||
|
||||
Whatever maybe the reason if you are new to Signal and you are wondering if you can use Signal on desktop, the answer is yes. You can install Signal on Linux, Windows and macOS systems along with your smartphone.
|
||||
|
||||
![Signal Messenger on Pop OS Linux distribution][3]
|
||||
|
||||
I am not going to highlight the features Signal offers because you might already be aware of them. I am going to show you different methods of installing Signal application Linux desktop:
|
||||
|
||||
* Install Signal on Linux using Snap (snap applications take longer to load but get automatic update and hassle-free installation)
|
||||
* Install Signal on Debian and Ubuntu-based distributions using apt (additional efforts in adding the repository but installed apps get automatic updates)
|
||||
* Install Signal on Arch and Manjaro Linux using AUR
|
||||
* Install Signal on Fedora and other Linux using Flatpak package
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You can choose one of the methods based on your distribution and preference:
|
||||
|
||||
### Method 1: Installing Signal on Ubuntu and other Linux using Snap
|
||||
|
||||
If you are using Ubuntu, you can find Signal desktop app in Snap package format in the Software Center.
|
||||
|
||||
![][4]
|
||||
|
||||
Alternatively, you can [use the Snap command][5] to install Signal on any [Linux distribution that has Snap support][6] enabled.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo snap install signal-desktop
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You can remove it using `snap remove` or from the Software Center.
|
||||
|
||||
Some people do not like Snap packages because they take too long to start. The good news is that you can use apt command to install Signal. The next section discusses that.
|
||||
|
||||
### Method 2: Install Signal on Debian and Ubuntu-based distributions via APT (using official Signal repository)
|
||||
|
||||
Here are the steps you have to follow to install Signal from its official repository on Debian, Debian, Linux Mint, elementary OS and other distributions based on Debian/Ubuntu. You can [copy the commands and paste it in the terminal][7].
|
||||
|
||||
First thing is to get the GPG key for the official Signal repository and add it to the trusted keys of your APT package manager.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
wget -O- https://updates.signal.org/desktop/apt/keys.asc | sudo apt-key add -
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
With the key added, you can safely add the repository to your system. _**Don’t get alarmed with the use of xenial in the repository name**_. It will work with Ubuntu 18.04, 20.04 and newer version as well as Debian, Mint etc.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
echo "deb [arch=amd64] https://updates.signal.org/desktop/apt xenial main" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/signal-xenial.list
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Thanks to the [tee command in Linux][8], you’ll have a new file `signal-xenial.list` in the sources.list directory `/etc/apt/sources.list.d`. This new file will have the Signal repository information i.e. `deb [arch=amd64] https://updates.signal.org/desktop/apt xenial main`.
|
||||
|
||||
Now that you have added the repository, update the cache and install Signal desktop application:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt update && sudo apt install signal-desktop
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Once installed, look for Signal in application menu and start it.
|
||||
|
||||
![][9]
|
||||
|
||||
Since you have added the repository, your installed Signal application will be automatically updated with the regular system updates.
|
||||
|
||||
Enjoy encrypted messaging with Signal on your Linux desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Removing Signal
|
||||
|
||||
The tutorial won’t be complete if I don’t share the removal steps with you. Let’s go through it.
|
||||
|
||||
First, remove the application:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt remove signal-desktop
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You may leave it as it is, or you may remove the Signal repository from your system. It’s optional and up to you. With the repository still in the system, you can install Signal again, easily. If you remove the repository, you’ll have to add it again following the steps in the previous section.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to remove the Signal repository as well, you can opt for the graphical method by going to Software and Updated tool and deleting it from there.
|
||||
|
||||
![][10]
|
||||
|
||||
Alternatively, you can remove the file with rm command:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
rm -i /etc/apt/sources.list.d/signal-xenial.list
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Method 3: Installing Signal on Arch and Manjaro from AUR
|
||||
|
||||
Signal is available to install on [Arch-based Linux distributions][11] via [AUR][12]. If you are using Pamac on Manjaro and have enabled AUR, you should find Signal in the package manager.
|
||||
|
||||
Otherwise, you can always [use an AUR helper][13].
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo yay -Ss <package-name>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
I believe you can delete Signal in the similar function.
|
||||
|
||||
### Method 4: Installing Signal on Fedora and other Linux using Flatpak
|
||||
|
||||
There is no .rpm file for Signal. However, a [Flatpak package is available][14], and you may use that to get Signal on Fedora.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
flatpak install flathub org.signal.Signal
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Once installed, you can run it from the menu or use the following command in the terminal:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
flatpak run org.signal.Signal
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Signal and Telegram are two mainstream and viable options to ditch WhatsApp. Both provide native Linux desktop applications. If you use Telegram, you can [join the official It’s FOSS channel][15]. I use Signal in individual capacity because it doesn’t have the ‘channel’ feature yet.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/install-signal-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/signal-messaging-app/
|
||||
[2]: https://signal.org/
|
||||
[3]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/signal-shot.jpg?resize=800%2C565&ssl=1
|
||||
[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/signal-desktop-ubuntu.png?resize=800%2C425&ssl=1
|
||||
[5]: https://itsfoss.com/use-snap-packages-ubuntu-16-04/
|
||||
[6]: https://itsfoss.com/install-snap-linux/
|
||||
[7]: https://itsfoss.com/copy-paste-linux-terminal/
|
||||
[8]: https://linuxhandbook.com/tee-command/
|
||||
[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/signal-app-in-ubuntu.jpg?resize=795%2C230&ssl=1
|
||||
[10]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/remove-signal-repository.png?resize=800%2C401&ssl=1
|
||||
[11]: https://itsfoss.com/arch-based-linux-distros/
|
||||
[12]: https://itsfoss.com/aur-arch-linux/
|
||||
[13]: https://itsfoss.com/best-aur-helpers/
|
||||
[14]: https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.signal.Signal
|
||||
[15]: https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAEPRGUJrEE1itjpH6A
|
||||
@ -1,256 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (hwlife )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Set up a minimal server on a Raspberry Pi)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/1/minimal-server-raspberry-pi)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Alan Formy-Duval https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss)
|
||||
|
||||
Set up a minimal server on a Raspberry Pi
|
||||
======
|
||||
Don't decommission that old Raspberry Pi just yet! This step-by-step
|
||||
guide shows how I set up my Raspberry Pi with the most minimal
|
||||
configuration to conserve precious system resources.
|
||||
![Raspberry Pi board Model B][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Recently, the microSD (secure digital) card in my [Raspberry Pi][2] stopped working. It had been in constant use as a server for almost two years, and this provided a good opportunity to start fresh and correct a few problems. After its initial installation, it began experiencing disk problems and the official Raspberry Pi operating system (OS) received a significant update (and was renamed from Raspbian to Raspberry Pi OS). So I acquired a new microSD card and preceded to rebuild.
|
||||
|
||||
Although this Raspberry Pi 3 Model B isn't the latest hardware, it is still adequate for running a minimal server for various services. I think my original installation used the full operating system image that includes the graphical user interface and a lot of other software packages unnecessary for my needs.
|
||||
|
||||
This step-by-step guide shows how I set up my Raspberry Pi with the most minimal configuration to conserve precious system resources.
|
||||
|
||||
### Get started
|
||||
|
||||
To begin, create a new operating system drive for the Pi. This requires two things: an OS image file and a microSD card.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Download the Raspberry Pi OS image file
|
||||
|
||||
While several operating systems are available, I chose to stick to the officially supported OS.
|
||||
|
||||
The first step is to download the newest OS image file from the official [Raspberry Pi OS][3] site to a computer you can use to write to a microSD card. Three different images are offered, and I chose the Raspberry Pi OS Lite. It is the smallest OS and includes only the essential files required for a base OS, so it will consume the least amount of disk space and system RAM. (When I downloaded the OS, the release date was August 20, 2020, but it has been updated since then. I do not expect any major differences, but as always, I recommend reading the release notes.)
|
||||
|
||||
#### Write the OS to the microSD Card
|
||||
|
||||
The second step is to write the downloaded OS image file to the microSD card. My card was used previously, and when I inserted it into my Linux desktop, it automatically mounted its two existing partitions. I couldn't write the image until I unmounted these partitions. To do so, I had to determine their path with the `lsblk` command, which identified the device as `/dev/mmcblk0`:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`# lsblk -p`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
I then unmounted the partitions with the `umount` command:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# umount /dev/mmcblk0p2
|
||||
# umount /dev/mmcblk0p1
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Once the partitions are unmounted, write the image file to the microSD card. Although there are many graphical image-writing tools available, I used the venerable `dd` command:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`# dd bs=4M if=/home/alan/Downloads/raspios/2020-08-20-raspios-buster-armhf-lite.img of=/dev/mmcblk0 status=progress conv=fsync`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Boot the Pi
|
||||
|
||||
You just need a monitor, keyboard, and power adapter to access the Raspberry Pi. I also have an Ethernet cable for network connectivity, which I prefer over wireless—especially for a dedicated server.
|
||||
|
||||
Insert the microSD card and power on the Pi. Once it boots, log in with the default credentials: user `pi` and password `raspberry`.
|
||||
|
||||
### Configure the OS
|
||||
|
||||
Take the following steps to minimize your installation, disk space, and memory usage as much as possible. I recommend spending time to research each configuration to be as correct as possible. There are often several ways to apply a configuration, and configuration files and directives can be deprecated. Always review a product's documentation to ensure you're not applying an outdated configuration.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Run raspi-config
|
||||
|
||||
The main configuration program in Raspberry Pi OS is called raspi-config. Run it immediately after logging in:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`# raspi-config`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![Raspberry Pi config main window][4]
|
||||
|
||||
It presents an option to expand the root filesystem to use all of the available space on the microSD card. After taking this option, reboot and log in again.
|
||||
|
||||
Verify that the card's full capacity is being used with the `df` command:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`# df -h`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
If you need to configure other options, run `raspi-config` again. Some of these will vary according to your requirements or preferences. Go through all of them just to be sure you don't miss anything. I recommend the following changes for best performance. (I will skip the sections where I did not make any changes.)
|
||||
|
||||
* **System options:** You can set the hostname, preferably using a fully qualified domain name (FQDN). You can also change your password here, which is always highly recommended.
|
||||
* **Interface options:** Enable SSH.
|
||||
* **Performance options:** Reduce GPU memory to the lowest setting (16MB).
|
||||
* **Localization options:** Choose your time zone, location, and keyboard type.
|
||||
* **Advanced options:** This section contains the Expand Filesystem option to expand the root filesystem. If you didn't do this above, be sure to do it here so that you have access to all storage available on the microSD card.
|
||||
* **Update:** Entering the Update section immediately checks for an update to the raspi-config tool. If an update is available, it will be downloaded and applied. Otherwise, raspi-config will re-launch after a few seconds.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Once you complete these configurations in raspi-config, select **Finish** to exit the tool.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Manual configurations
|
||||
|
||||
There are several other changes that I recommend. They are all manual changes that require editing certain configuration files.
|
||||
|
||||
##### Configure static IP
|
||||
|
||||
Generally, it is best to configure a server with a static IP address. To configure the IP and your default gateway (router) and domain name service (DNS) addresses, begin by identifying the network interface device with the `ip` command:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# ip link
|
||||
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
|
||||
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
|
||||
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
|
||||
link/ether b8:27:eb:48:3f:46 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You also need to know the IP address of your default gateway and one or more DNS servers. Add this information to the file `/etc/dhcpcd.conf` (_I strongly suggest making a backup of this file before making changes)_:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# cd /etc
|
||||
# cp -a dhcpcd.conf dhcpcd.conf.original
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Edit the file as shown:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# vi dhcpcd.conf
|
||||
|
||||
# static IP configuration:
|
||||
interface eth0
|
||||
static ip_address=192.168.1.5/24
|
||||
static routers=192.168.1.1
|
||||
static domain_name_servers=192.168.1.3 192.168.1.4
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
##### Disable IPv6
|
||||
|
||||
Unless you specifically need to use IPv6, you might prefer to disable it. Do this by creating two new files that include a one-line directive instructing the Linux kernel not to use IPv6.
|
||||
|
||||
First, create the file `/etc/sysctl.d/disable-ipv6.conf` with the line
|
||||
`net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1`:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# cd /etc/sysctl.d
|
||||
# echo "net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1" > disable-ipv6.conf
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Then create the file `/etc/modprobe.d/blacklist-ipv6.conf` with the line `blacklist ipv6`:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# cd /etc/modprobe.d
|
||||
# echo "blacklist ipv6" > blacklist-ipv6.conf
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
##### Disable WiFi, Bluetooth, and audio
|
||||
|
||||
My server's specific purpose will not need Bluetooth or audio. Also, since it's connected with Ethernet, it will not use wireless (WiFi). Unless you plan to use them, disable them with the following steps.
|
||||
|
||||
Make the following changes to the file `/boot/config.txt` _(again, I suggest making a backup of this file)_:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# cd /boot
|
||||
# cp -a config.txt config.txt.original
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Add the following two directives to the bottom of the file to disable Bluetooth and WiFi:
|
||||
|
||||
* `dtoverlay=disable-bt`
|
||||
* `dtoverlay=disable-wifi`
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
These echo commands will do the trick:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# cd /boot
|
||||
# echo "dtoverlay=disable-bt" >> config.txt
|
||||
# echo "dtoverlay=disable-wifi" >> config.txt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To disable audio, change the parameter `dtparam=audio` to `off`. You can do this with a short `sed` command:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`# sed -i '/dtparam=audio/c dtparam=audio=off' config.txt`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The last step is to disable the WiFi service. Use the `systemctl mask` command:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`systemctl mask wpa_supplicant.service`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You can disable a couple of other services if you won't need them:
|
||||
|
||||
* **Disable modem service:** [code]`systemctl disable hciuart`
|
||||
```
|
||||
* **Disable Avahi-daemon:** [code]`systemctl disable avahi-daemon.service`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Final steps
|
||||
|
||||
* **Check your memory usage:** [code]`# free -h`[/code] I was astonished: My OS only uses 30MB of RAM.
|
||||
* **Create personal accounts:** It is advisable to create user accounts for any individuals who will log into this server. You can assign them to the sudo group to allow them to issue administrative commands. For example, to give a user named George an account: [code] # adduser george
|
||||
# usermod -a -G adm,sudo,users george
|
||||
```
|
||||
* **Get updates:** This is an important step. Apply updates to get the latest fixes to the Raspberry Pi OS: [code] # apt update
|
||||
# apt full-upgrade
|
||||
```
|
||||
* **Reboot:** It's a good idea to reboot your new server: [code]`# systemctl reboot`
|
||||
```
|
||||
* **Install Cockpit:** You can install [Cockpit][5], also known as the Linux Web Console, on Raspberry Pi OS. It provides an HTML-based interface for managing and monitoring your server remotely. I recently wrote about [getting started with Cockpit][6]. Install it with: [code]`# apt install cockpit`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Now my Raspberry Pi is ready to host a server. I could use it for a [web server][7], a [VPN server][8], a game server such as [Minetest][9], or (as I did) an [ad blocker based on Pi-Hole][10].
|
||||
|
||||
### Keep old hardware alive
|
||||
|
||||
Regardless of what hardware you have available, carefully minimizing and controlling your operating system and packages can keep your resource usage low so that you can get the most out of it. This also improves security by reducing the number of services and packages available to would-be mal-actors trying to exploit a vulnerability.
|
||||
|
||||
So, before you decommission older hardware, consider all the possibilities for how it can continue to be used.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/21/1/minimal-server-raspberry-pi
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Alan Formy-Duval][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/RaspberryPi.SUNY_.jpg?itok=uS_-VUcb (Raspberry Pi board Model B)
|
||||
[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/raspberry-pi
|
||||
[3]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/software/operating-systems
|
||||
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/raspi-config-main.png (Raspberry Pi config main window)
|
||||
[5]: https://cockpit-project.org/
|
||||
[6]: https://opensource.com/article/20/11/cockpit-server-management
|
||||
[7]: https://opensource.com/article/17/3/building-personal-web-server-raspberry-pi-3
|
||||
[8]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/raspberry-pi-vpn-server
|
||||
[9]: https://github.com/minetest
|
||||
[10]: https://opensource.com/article/18/2/block-ads-raspberry-pi
|
||||
@ -1,161 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How I helped my mom switch from Windows to Linux)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/6/mom-switch-linux)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Tomasz https://opensource.com/users/tomaszwaraksa)
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (lkxed)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
|
||||
How I helped my mom switch from Windows to Linux
|
||||
======
|
||||
With Linux, novice users will gain a smooth, polished desktop experience
|
||||
with a multitude of familiar applications.
|
||||
![Red Lego Heart][1]
|
||||
|
||||
The Large Hadron Collider is [powered by Linux][2]. Laptops on the International Space Station [run on Linux][3]. So do [Instagram][4] and [Nest thermostats][5]. Recently, we watched Ingenuity fly over Mars, an amazing robo-copter driven by… [Linux][6]! It's yet more proof of how flexible and versatile this operating system can be.
|
||||
|
||||
But now, the really big news. It's official. Linux can handle Mom and Dad just as well!
|
||||
|
||||
### The story
|
||||
|
||||
About a year ago, I decided to migrate my mom to Linux. A year has passed, so it's time for retrospection and conclusions.
|
||||
|
||||
Like most of us, I'm officially _Mom's Computer Admin_. Mom is a lovely lady in her late 60s—a real sweetheart. Mom's computer skills are basic. Mom's computer needs are basic, too. Read the internets, send email, type text, browse and edit photos, play videos and music, call family and friends on Skype or Signal.
|
||||
|
||||
Until last year, she was using a Windows laptop, old but not too bad. Then one day, through deceit, threats, and obnoxious popups, Microsoft finally made her click that dreaded "UPGRADE TO WINDOWS 10" button.
|
||||
|
||||
My life as Mom's Computer Admin quickly turned into hell with her desperate calls for help. Why does everything look so different? Where is my app menu? What, this pile of tiles is now my app menu? Why is the computer so slow? Why does it restart daily for updates, just when I need to use it?! Why is something (she meant the hard drive) making noise all the time? What is it actually doing all the time?
|
||||
|
||||
And how would I know that without any ability to look into the source code?
|
||||
|
||||
I considered rolling back the upgrade. But with Windows 7 reaching end-of-life soon, I feared the worst: Without security updates, Mom's computer would soon become a member of countless bot networks, mining cryptocurrencies, mailing spam, and launching vicious DDOS attacks on the vital infrastructure of entire countries. And I'd be the one to clean this mess—every weekend.
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux to the rescue
|
||||
|
||||
With nothing to lose, I decided to migrate her to Linux. I made "the move" five years ago and have never been happier. It surely wouldn't do harm to try it with her.
|
||||
|
||||
Mom was happy when I declared to fix her problems once and for all. What she didn't know is that she would become the crucial part of a year-long scientific experiment named: "Can Mom survive Linux?"
|
||||
|
||||
![Cowsay "Can Mom Survive Linux?"][7]
|
||||
|
||||
(Tomasz Waraksa, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
|
||||
|
||||
And so, one day in February 2020, I arrived from faraway Dublin with a seven-year-old Lenovo Yoga 13, which had similar specs but a much nicer screen and half the weight. After some deliberations and testing various Linux distributions on VirtualBox, I decided on the [Zorin OS][9] distribution, proudly made in Ireland. My choice was driven by the following factors:
|
||||
|
||||
* It's based on Ubuntu Linux, with which I'm most familiar.
|
||||
* It closely resembles Windows 7, being carefully designed with Windows refugees in mind.
|
||||
* It feels lightweight, simple, and sufficiently conservative for Mom. No shiny macOS Big Sur glitz anywhere around!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
![Zorin OS desktop][10]
|
||||
|
||||
(Tomasz Waraksa, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
|
||||
|
||||
### System installation
|
||||
|
||||
I installed the operating system my usual way, with the `/home` folder on a dedicated partition to keep Mom's Stuff safe in the unlikely case of system reinstallation. It's my old trick that makes late-night distro-hopping much easier.
|
||||
|
||||
During installation, I chose Polish as the user interface (UI) language. Just like me, Mom is Polish to the bone. No worries, Linux seems to support every possible language, including [Klingon][11].
|
||||
|
||||
Then, I installed the following applications to cover Mom's needs:
|
||||
|
||||
* Skype
|
||||
* [Signal for Desktop][12]
|
||||
* Google Chrome browser
|
||||
* [Geary][13] email client
|
||||
* [gThumb][14] for photo viewing and editing
|
||||
* [VLC][15] for playing video and music
|
||||
* Softmaker Office for text editing and spreadsheets
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Notice how there's no antivirus on the list. Yay!
|
||||
|
||||
An hour later, her Zorin OS box was ready and loaded with applications.
|
||||
|
||||
![Zorin OS home folder][16]
|
||||
|
||||
(Tomasz Waraksa, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
|
||||
|
||||
### System configuration
|
||||
|
||||
I made myself Mom's Computer Admin by doing the following:
|
||||
|
||||
* Created an admin account for myself
|
||||
* Turned Mom's account into non-admin
|
||||
* Installed the `ssh` daemon for remote unattended access
|
||||
* Added the machine to my Hamachi VPN: This way, I can securely connect via `ssh` without opening port 22 on the router. Hamachi is a VPN service by LogMeIn. An old-school VPN, I mean. Intended not for running Netflix from another country but for connecting computers into a secure network over the internet.
|
||||
* Enabled Uncomplicated Firewall ( `ufw`) and allowed ssh traffic
|
||||
* Installed AnyDesk for logging in to the desktop
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
With this, I have secure ssh access to Mom's laptop. I can perform periodic maintenance via shell without Mom even noticing anything. That's because Linux normally _does not_ require a reboot after completed updates; what a miracle, how's that even possible?
|
||||
|
||||
![Updating software remotely][17]
|
||||
|
||||
(Tomasz Waraksa, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
|
||||
|
||||
### Can Mom survive Linux?
|
||||
|
||||
Without the slightest doubt!
|
||||
|
||||
When I showed Mom her new PC, she did ask why this new Windows looked different _again_. I had to reveal that this is not Windows at all, but Linux, and explain why we all love Linux. But she picked it up quickly. The classic Zorin OS desktop is very much like her old Windows 7. I watched her find her way through the system and launch her familiar applications with ease.
|
||||
|
||||
She immediately noticed how much faster the computer starts and how much better it performs.
|
||||
|
||||
She's been asking me when I will do the usual computer cleanup so that it doesn't become slow again. I've explained that, with her average use, it won't be needed. Linux simply doesn't rot on its own as Windows does. So far, this has been true. Her PC runs as smooth and fast as on day one.
|
||||
|
||||
Every now and then, I ask how she feels about her new computer. She invariably answers that she's happy with it. Everything works smoothly. The computer doesn't get busy for no reason. No more interrupting her with Very Important Updates. And the menu is where it should always be. She's comfortable with her usual applications in this entirely new environment.
|
||||
|
||||
Over the year, I've logged in remotely a few times to run routine package upgrades. I've logged in with AnyDesk twice. Once, when Mom asked whether photos from an inserted SD card could be imported automatically into the `~/Pictures` folder, and preferably into folders named by dates. Yes, `gThumb` can easily be made to do that with a bit of Bash. Another time, I logged in to add frequently used websites as desktop icons.
|
||||
|
||||
And this has been all of my effort as Mom's Linux Admin so far! At this pace, I could be Mom's Computer Admin to 50 other moms!
|
||||
|
||||
### Summary
|
||||
|
||||
I hope that my story will inspire you to think about migrating to Linux. In the past, we considered Linux to be too difficult for casual users. But today I believe that the opposite is true. The less proficient computer users are, the more reasons they have to migrate to Linux!
|
||||
|
||||
With Linux, novice users will gain a smooth, polished desktop experience with a multitude of familiar applications. They will be much safer than on any other popular computing platform. And helping them with remote access has never been easier and more secure!
|
||||
|
||||
_Disclaimer: This article is not promoting any of the described products, services, or vendors. I don't have any commercial interest nor associations with them. I'm not trying to suggest that these products or services are best for you, nor promising that your experience will be the same._
|
||||
|
||||
* * *
|
||||
|
||||
_This article originally appeared on [Let's Debug It][18] and is reused with permission._
|
||||
|
||||
Sandstorm's Jade Wang shares some of her favorite open source web apps that are self-hosted...
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/21/6/mom-switch-linux
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Tomasz][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/tomaszwaraksa
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/heart_lego_ccby20.jpg?itok=VRpHf4iU (Red Lego Heart)
|
||||
[2]: https://www.redhat.com/en/about/press-releases/red-hat-provides-cern-platform-mission-critical-applications
|
||||
[3]: https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/155392-international-space-station-switches-from-windows-to-linux-for-improved-reliability
|
||||
[4]: https://instagram-engineering.com/what-powers-instagram-hundreds-of-instances-dozens-of-technologies-adf2e22da2ad
|
||||
[5]: https://www.theverge.com/2011/11/14/2559567/tony-fadell-nest-learning-thermostat
|
||||
[6]: https://www.zdnet.com/article/to-infinity-and-beyond-linux-and-open-source-goes-to-mars/
|
||||
[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/intro.png (Cowsay "Can Mom Survive Linux?")
|
||||
[8]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||||
[9]: https://zorinos.com/
|
||||
[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/zorin-os-desktop.png (Zorin OS desktop)
|
||||
[11]: https://blogs.gnome.org/muelli/2010/04/klingon-language-support/
|
||||
[12]: https://github.com/signalapp
|
||||
[13]: https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Geary
|
||||
[14]: https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Gthumb
|
||||
[15]: https://www.videolan.org/vlc/
|
||||
[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/zorin-os-home-folder.png (Zorin OS home folder)
|
||||
[17]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/upgrading-software.png (Updating software remotely)
|
||||
[18]: https://letsdebug.it/post/16-linux-for-mars-copters-moms-and-pops/
|
||||
@ -1,129 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "A guide to the Linux terminal for beginners"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/21/8/linux-terminal"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
A guide to the Linux terminal for beginners
|
||||
======
|
||||
Learn the differences between Linux terminal commands, arguments, and
|
||||
options, and how to use them to control your computer.
|
||||
![Terminal command prompt on orange background][1]
|
||||
|
||||
There's a café a few streets away from where I live, and I go there every Sunday for a regularly scheduled game of D&D. They have a menu, and the first few times I ordered, I looked over the menu for several minutes to see what my choices were. Being a creature of habit, I eventually stopped referring to the menu because I knew exactly what they have for sale, and I know exactly what I want. Ordering food for the table is now as easy as saying "the usual" and waiting for the cups of coffee and bowls of chips and scones to be delivered (usually inconveniently at just the moment we've rolled for initiative, but that's hardly the staff's fault or problem).
|
||||
|
||||
Similar to a restaurant menu, graphical interfaces for computers offer users a choice of actions. There are icons and windows and buttons, and you hunt for the one you're looking for, click on items, drag other items, and manipulate graphical representations until a task is complete. After a while, though, this can become cumbersome and, worse yet, inefficient. You know exactly what needs to be done, so wouldn't it be nice to just tell the computer exactly what you want to happen, rather than going through the physical and mental motions of hunting for components and repeating a mouse-based dance routine?
|
||||
|
||||
### What is the Linux terminal?
|
||||
|
||||
The Linux terminal is a text-based interface used to control a Linux computer. It's just one of the many tools provided to Linux users for accomplishing any given task, but it's widely considered the most efficient method available. Outside of writing code, it's certainly the most direct method possible. It's so popular, in fact, that Apple changed its foundation to Unix and has gained the [Bash and Z shell][2], and Microsoft developed [PowerShell][3], its very own open source command line.
|
||||
|
||||
### What is a Linux command?
|
||||
|
||||
A **command** is a special keyword you can use in a terminal to tell your computer to perform an action. Most commands are tiny little applications that get installed with the rest of your operating system. You may not realize they're on your computer because they're generally kept in relatively obscure directories like `/bin`, `/sbin`, `/usr/bin`, and `/usr/sbin`, but your terminal knows where to find them (thanks to something called the [PATH][4]). Other commands are built into your terminal. You don't have to worry about whether a command was installed or comes built-in because your terminal knows the commands either way. Better yet, on most Linux distributions, when your terminal can't find a command, it searches the internet for a package to provide that command and then offers to install and run it for you!
|
||||
|
||||
Here's a simple command:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`$ ls`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The `ls` command is short for "list," and it lists the contents of your current directory. Open a terminal and try it out. Then open a file manager window (_Files_ on Linux, _Finder_ on macOS, _Windows Explorer_ on Windows) and compare. It's two different views of the same data.
|
||||
|
||||
### What is an argument in a Linux command?
|
||||
|
||||
An **argument** is any part of a command that isn't the command. For instance, to list the contents of a specific directory, you can provide the name of that directory as an argument:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`$ ls Documents`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
In this example, `ls` is the command and `Documents` is the argument. This would render a list of your `Documents` directory's contents.
|
||||
|
||||
### What are options in Linux?
|
||||
|
||||
Command **options**, also called **flags** or **switches**, are part of command arguments. A command argument is anything that follows a command, and an option is usually (but not always) demarcated by a dash or double dashes. For instance:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`$ ls --classify Documents`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
In this example, `--classify` is an option. It also has a short version because terminal users tend to prefer the efficiency of less typing:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`$ ls -F Documents`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Short options can usually be combined. Here's an `ls` command combining the `-l` option with the `--human-readable`, `--classify`, and `--ignore-backups` options:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`$ ls -lhFB`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Some options can take arguments themselves. For instance, the `--format` option for `ls` lets you change how information is presented. By default, the contents of directories are provided to you in columns, but if you need them to be listed in a comma-delimited list, you can set `format` to `comma`:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ls --format=comma Documents
|
||||
alluvial, android-info.txt, arduinoIntro, dmschema,
|
||||
headers.snippet, twine, workshop.odt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The equal sign (`=`) is optional, so this works just as well:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ls --format comma Documents
|
||||
alluvial, android-info.txt, arduinoIntro, dmschema,
|
||||
headers.snippet, twine, workshop.odt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Learning to use the Linux terminal
|
||||
|
||||
Learning how to use a terminal can increase efficiency and productivity—and can also make computing a lot of fun. There are few times when I run a carefully crafted command and don't sit back marveling at what I've managed to make happen with just a few words typed into an otherwise blank screen. A terminal is many things—programming, poetry, puzzle, and pragmatism—but no matter how you see it, it's a lasting innovation that's worth learning.
|
||||
|
||||
* [Use the Linux terminal to see what files are on your computer][5]
|
||||
* [How to open and close directories in the Linux terminal][6]
|
||||
* [Navigating in the Linux terminal][7]
|
||||
* [Move a file in the Linux terminal][8]
|
||||
* [Rename a file in the Linux terminal][9]
|
||||
* [Copy files and folders in the Linux terminal][10]
|
||||
* [Remove files and folders in the Linux Terminal][11]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
After reading and practicing the lessons in these articles, download our free ebook, [Sysadmin's guide to Bash scripting][12] for even more fun in the terminal.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/21/8/linux-terminal
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/terminal_command_linux_desktop_code.jpg?itok=p5sQ6ODE (Terminal command prompt on orange background)
|
||||
[2]: https://opensource.com/business/16/3/top-linux-shells
|
||||
[3]: https://opensource.com/article/18/2/powershell-people
|
||||
[4]: https://opensource.com/article/17/6/set-path-linux
|
||||
[5]: https://opensource.com/article/21/7/linux-terminal-basics-see-what-files-are-your-computer
|
||||
[6]: https://opensource.com/article/21/7/linux-terminal-basics-opening-and-closing-directories
|
||||
[7]: https://opensource.com/article/21/7/terminal-basics-moving-around-your-computer
|
||||
[8]: https://opensource.com/article/21/7/terminal-basics-moving-files-linux-terminal
|
||||
[9]: https://opensource.com/article/21/7/terminal-basics-rename-file-linux-terminal
|
||||
[10]: https://opensource.com/article/21/7/terminal-basics-copying-files-linux-terminal
|
||||
[11]: https://opensource.com/article/21/7/terminal-basics-removing-files-and-folders-linux-terminal
|
||||
[12]: https://opensource.com/downloads/bash-scripting-ebook
|
||||
@ -1,195 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Installing Arch Linux Using archinstall Automated Script [Complete Guide]"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://www.debugpoint.com/2022/01/archinstall-guide/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Arindam https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
Installing Arch Linux Using archinstall Automated Script [Complete Guide]
|
||||
======
|
||||
IN THIS GUIDE, WE EXPLAIN THE SUPER EASY WAY OF INSTALLING ARCH LINUX
|
||||
USING AUTOMATED SCRIPT ARCHINSTALL. INTENDED FOR BEGINNER TO ADVANCED
|
||||
USERS.
|
||||
Installing Arch Linux is still troublesome for many new users. It requires a fair amount of knowledge of the commands, inner working of a Linux system including boot process, Kernel and Grub concepts. And these are not known to many. But new users still want to install and experience Arch Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
I personally feel that operating system installation should be always simple in this age of computing. Things should be abstracted to the end user as much as possible. After all, all operating system exists for only one purpose – to help the end user to perform certain tasks and help them.
|
||||
|
||||
### What is the archinstall automated script?
|
||||
|
||||
That said, we covered installing Arch Linux as a bare metal system a while back. Since then, the Arch Linux team came up with an automated and interactive script called [archinstall][1]. This script is far easy way to install Arch Linux today, can can be done by anyone.
|
||||
|
||||
That leads us to the intent of this Arch Linux installation guide, using this automated script called archinstall.
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s dig in.
|
||||
|
||||
### Guide to install Arch Linux using archinstall script
|
||||
|
||||
I would split this guide in three sections. First download Arch Linux .ISO file, create a disk with boot. Second is the actual installation and finally configuration with an example desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Section 1: Download .ISO file
|
||||
|
||||
Visit the below link. Download the .ISO file of Arch Linux. You can go for a direct HTTP download or use torrent/magnet files.
|
||||
|
||||
[Download Arch Linux][2]
|
||||
|
||||
Once downloaded, create a bootable USB stick using [Etcher][3] or some other utility.
|
||||
|
||||
Once done, plug-in the USB stick and boot from it.
|
||||
|
||||
Before you begin the next section, make sure you are connected to the internet. In general, if you are in a wired network, you should be good. If you need to configure Wi-Fi via command line in Arch – [follow this guide][4]. Just make sure you are connected to internet.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Section 2: Install using archinstall
|
||||
|
||||
Once boot is complete, you should see a prompt like below. Type `archinstall` and hit enter.
|
||||
|
||||
![First prompt for archinstall][5]
|
||||
|
||||
The command will check for internet connectivity to the Arch Linux mirrors. And once done, a series of questions (like this) will pop up. All you have to do is read and respond.
|
||||
|
||||
So, for this guide, I give the most basic and easy ones to get you started. You can also experiment with other options if you are confident. But I recommend follow the basic options as outlined below, and next time you can experiment.
|
||||
|
||||
Fair enough? Okay.
|
||||
|
||||
So, the first question is Keyboard Layout type. It is shown by the two byte country specific layout codes. You can either type that or the number beside it. For English-US, I entered us.
|
||||
|
||||
![Keyboard Type – archinstall][6]
|
||||
|
||||
Next is Keyboard Language, for which I entered 65 for the United States.
|
||||
|
||||
![Keyboard Language – archinstall][7]
|
||||
|
||||
Next up is the hard drive selection. The script auto-detects the available drives in your target system. For example, in the below image, it shows 17 GB /dev/vda is the main block device. That is where I am going to install the system. Do not skip this step.
|
||||
|
||||
[][8]
|
||||
|
||||
SEE ALSO: How to Install Cinnamon Desktop in Arch Linux
|
||||
|
||||
For this guide, I have entered 2 which is for /dev/vda. So, enter the number as per your system.
|
||||
|
||||
Once you do that, you should see a double arrow >> beside the device to configure. If you are done, hit enter to proceed.
|
||||
|
||||
![Choose Block Device -1][9]
|
||||
|
||||
![Choose Block Device -2][10]
|
||||
|
||||
In the next option, be very careful. The script asks whether you want to erase the device and go for an auto partition. Or you want to manually partition the drive. For the sake of simplicity, I selected option 0.
|
||||
|
||||
![Select partition option – archinstall][11]
|
||||
|
||||
In the next set of questions, follow as in the image below. It’s more of the file system type, host name, root password, etc. Follow the on-screen instructions. For your help, I have added the questions and their answers used for this guide in the below table.
|
||||
|
||||
Question | Option
|
||||
---|---
|
||||
Question | Option
|
||||
Select main file system | ext4
|
||||
Would you like to use swap on zram? | n
|
||||
Enter disk encyption password | keep it blank (hit enter)
|
||||
hostname or the computer name | Enter any name you want
|
||||
Enter root password | Enter the password you want
|
||||
Enter a pre-programmed profile name –
|
||||
0 – desktop
|
||||
1 – minimal
|
||||
2 – server
|
||||
3 – xorg | Choose 3 – xorg
|
||||
Install graphics driver | Choose as per your system. Or hit enter without any option for default
|
||||
Install Audio Server | Choose pulseaudio
|
||||
|
||||
![Various options in archinstall -1][12]
|
||||
|
||||
In the next question of choosing a Kernel, choose linux. And enter the name of any additional packages you would like this script to install for you – such as firefox, nano, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
Select the network interface as NetworkManager and choose default options for timezone.
|
||||
|
||||
![Various options in archinstall -2][13]
|
||||
|
||||
And that’s about it. Once you are done, the script would generate and wait for you to hit enter to start the installation process.
|
||||
|
||||
![archinstall starts downloading packages][14]
|
||||
|
||||
Wait until this step finishes. It takes some time to download and install all the packages, depends on your system and internet connection speed. Sometimes Arch mirrors are slow, so wait till it finishes.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Section 3 – Install a desktop environment
|
||||
|
||||
After you install the base system using the above method, you can install any additional desktop environment such as GNOME, KDE Plasma, MATE, Xfce – so on. We have several guides for each of them in the below pages. You can visit your choice of desktop installation page and jump straight to the bottom of these pages for exact command to install a desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
* [Xfce][15]
|
||||
* [GNOME][16]
|
||||
* [KDE Plasma][17]
|
||||
* [Cinnamon][8]
|
||||
* [LXQt][18]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
For example, if you want to install GNOME Desktop basic components, you can simply run the below command to install.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
sudo pacman -S --needed gnome gnome-tweaks nautilus-sendto gnome-nettool gnome-usage gnome multi-writer adwaita-icon-theme chrome-gnome-shell xdg-user-dirs-gtk fwupd arc-gtk-theme seahosrse gdm firefox gedit
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
systemctl enable gdm
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
systemctl enable NetworkManager
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Once you are done, type reboot.
|
||||
|
||||
And congratulations. You have finally installed Arch Linux using the awesome archinstall script using this guide.
|
||||
|
||||
### Closing Notes
|
||||
|
||||
I believe, this is one of the impressive script that is developed by the team. And it is definitely going to increase the coverage of the Arch Linux with growing user base.
|
||||
|
||||
Having trouble using this script? Let me know in the comment section below.
|
||||
|
||||
* * *
|
||||
|
||||
We bring the latest tech, software news and stuff that matters. Stay in touch via [Telegram][19], [Twitter][20], [YouTube][21], and [Facebook][22] and never miss an update!
|
||||
|
||||
##### Also Read
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.debugpoint.com/2022/01/archinstall-guide/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Arindam][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://github.com/archlinux/archinstall
|
||||
[2]: https://archlinux.org/download/
|
||||
[3]: https://www.debugpoint.com/2021/01/etcher-bootable-usb-linux/
|
||||
[4]: https://www.debugpoint.com/2020/11/connect-wifi-terminal-linux/
|
||||
[5]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/image.png
|
||||
[6]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Keyboard-Type-archinstall.jpg
|
||||
[7]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Keyboard-Language-archinstall.jpg
|
||||
[8]: https://www.debugpoint.com/2021/02/cinnamon-arch-linux-install/
|
||||
[9]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Choose-Block-Device-1.jpg
|
||||
[10]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Choose-Block-Device-2.jpg
|
||||
[11]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Select-partition-option-archinstall.jpg
|
||||
[12]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Various-options-in-archinstall-1.jpg
|
||||
[13]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Various-options-in-archinstall-2.jpg
|
||||
[14]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/archinstall-starts-downloading-packages.jpg
|
||||
[15]: https://www.debugpoint.com/2020/12/xfce-arch-linux-install-4-16/
|
||||
[16]: https://www.debugpoint.com/2020/12/gnome-arch-linux-install/
|
||||
[17]: https://www.debugpoint.com/2021/01/kde-plasma-arch-linux-install/
|
||||
[18]: https://www.debugpoint.com/2020/12/lxqt-arch-linux-install/
|
||||
[19]: https://t.me/debugpoint
|
||||
[20]: https://twitter.com/DebugPoint
|
||||
[21]: https://www.youtube.com/c/debugpoint?sub_confirmation=1
|
||||
[22]: https://facebook.com/DebugPoint
|
||||
@ -1,135 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Read and Organize Markdown Files in Linux Terminal With Glow"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://itsfoss.com/glow-cli-tool-markdown/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
Read and Organize Markdown Files in Linux Terminal With Glow
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
_**Brief: Glow is a CLI tool that lets you render Markdown files in the Linux terminal. You can also organize Markdown files with it.**_
|
||||
|
||||
I love Markdown. I am not an expert Markdown user but I can surely write most of my articles in Markdown.
|
||||
|
||||
If you are a regular at It’s FOSS, you might have come across [Markdown guides][1], editors and tools like Obsidian. I’ll add one more tool to this list. It’s called [Glow][2] and unlike previously covered applications, Glow enables you to read Markdown files in the terminal.
|
||||
|
||||
Wait! Can you not read Markdown in the terminal using the regular [Linux commands to read text files][3] like cat, less or even editors like Vim?
|
||||
|
||||
Yes, you can. But it will be the raw markdown file with all the codes displayed as it is, rather than showing a properly formatted text.
|
||||
|
||||
![Glow renders the Markdown file][4]
|
||||
|
||||
Do note that Glow is not an editor. You cannot use it to write in Markdown text.
|
||||
|
||||
### Glow features Markdown lovers will love
|
||||
|
||||
Glow can be used in two formats: [CLI and TUI][5].
|
||||
|
||||
Simply using Glow on a Markdown file will display the entire rendered content on the screen.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
glow markdown_file
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![Markdown display with Glow][6]
|
||||
|
||||
That’s good but Glow can do even better. It has additional options that open up the TUI mode (terminal user interface) and allows you to do more with it.
|
||||
|
||||
You can use the pager option to display the rendered text in pager mode (like how the less command shows the text without cluttering the screen).
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
glow -p markdown_file
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
In this pager view, you can use the **/ key and search** for a certain text the same way you do with the less command. You can press **q key to exit** the view.
|
||||
|
||||
![Pager view similar to the less command][7]
|
||||
|
||||
That’s not it. You can use the -a option and it will find all the Markdown files in the current directory and its subdirectories.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
glow -a
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You can use the arrow keys to scroll the files in the display. Up and down keys to move up and down, left and right arrow keys to move by pages.
|
||||
|
||||
![With -a option, Glow finds and displays all Markdown files in current directory][8]
|
||||
|
||||
You can see the help options displayed at the bottom. The find option in this view allows you to search files by name (not their content).
|
||||
|
||||
![You can search files by their name][9]
|
||||
|
||||
There are also tabs. You can move between the tabs using the tab key, of course.
|
||||
|
||||
The stash tab works like a bookmark. You can create a stash/bookmark by pressing the s key while browsing files or while viewing their content. This bookmark will be visible only in the current directory.
|
||||
|
||||
You can press x key to remove bookmark (not file) or even add a memo by pressing the m key.
|
||||
|
||||
![You can bookmark files by stashing them with s key][10]
|
||||
|
||||
The News tabs shows changelogs and other messages from the Glow developer(s).
|
||||
|
||||
![The news tab shows messages from the developers][11]
|
||||
|
||||
When you have found your desired file, you can view it by pressing enter. Since you are in the TUI mode, you get additional keyboard options here. The options can be displayed by pressing the ? key.
|
||||
|
||||
![You can view keyboard shortcuts by pressing the ? key][12]
|
||||
|
||||
### Installing Glow on Linux
|
||||
|
||||
Glow is available for Linux and macOS. You can install it [using Homebrew on Linux][13] and macOS, however, I would advise using the Linux packages here.
|
||||
|
||||
Glow is available in the repository of Void, Solus and Arch Linux. You can use their package managers to install it.
|
||||
|
||||
On Arch-based distributions, use:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
sudo pacman -S glow
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
For Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora and SUSE, there are .DEB and .RPM binaries available for various architectures and you may find that on its release page.
|
||||
|
||||
[Download Glow for other Linux distros][14]
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
Overall, Glow is a handy tool to beautifully view and organize Markdown files in the terminal. Like most other CLI tools, it is not for everyone. If you dwell in the terminal with a liking for Markdown files, you may give it a try. And when you do, please share your experience with it in the comment section.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/glow-cli-tool-markdown/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/markdown-guide/
|
||||
[2]: https://github.com/charmbracelet/glow
|
||||
[3]: https://linuxhandbook.com/view-file-linux/
|
||||
[4]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/markdown-display-with-cat.png?resize=1572%2C962&ssl=1
|
||||
[5]: https://itsfoss.com/gui-cli-tui/
|
||||
[6]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/markdown-display-with-glow.png?resize=800%2C490&ssl=1
|
||||
[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/pager-view-with-glow.png?resize=800%2C451&ssl=1
|
||||
[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/glow-collection.png?resize=800%2C451&ssl=1
|
||||
[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/find-files-in-glow.png?resize=800%2C451&ssl=1
|
||||
[10]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/stash-feature-glow.png?resize=800%2C374&ssl=1
|
||||
[11]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/glow-news-tab.png?resize=800%2C451&ssl=1
|
||||
[12]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/display-help-in-file-view-in-glow.png?resize=800%2C490&ssl=1
|
||||
[13]: https://itsfoss.com/homebrew-linux/
|
||||
[14]: https://github.com/charmbracelet/glow/releases
|
||||
@ -1,128 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Archive files on your Linux desktop with Ark for KDE"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/2/archives-files-linux-ark-kde"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
Archive files on your Linux desktop with Ark for KDE
|
||||
======
|
||||
Create, examine, and expand compressed archives on KDE.
|
||||
![Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer][1]
|
||||
|
||||
When I finish with a project, I often like to take all the files I've created for the project and put them into an archive. It not only [saves space][2], but it gets those files out of my way, and prevents them from turning up as results when I use [find][3] and [grep][4] to search through files I consider current. Once files are in an archive, they're treated as a single object by your filesystem, which means that you can't browse them the way you can a normal folder. You could unarchive them, or you could open a terminal and run the appropriate archive command, such as [tar][5], to list the contents of the archive. Or you can use an application like Ark to list, preview, modify, and manage your archives.
|
||||
|
||||
### Install Ark on Linux
|
||||
|
||||
If you're running the KDE Plasma Desktop, you already have Ark installed, but if not then it's available from your package manager. On Fedora, Mageia, and similar:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`$ sudo dnf install ark`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
On Debian, Elementary, and similar:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`$ sudo apt install ark`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You can [install it as a Flatpak][6] from [Flathub][7], too.
|
||||
|
||||
### Create an archive
|
||||
|
||||
The best way to get comfortable with archives is to create one for yourself, and then explore it. All of this can be done with just Ark.
|
||||
|
||||
First, launch Ark from your application menu, and then go to the **Archive** menu and select **New**.
|
||||
|
||||
![Creating a new archive with Ark][8]
|
||||
|
||||
(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][9])
|
||||
|
||||
Give your archive a filename, accept the default compression settings, and save it to your home directory.
|
||||
|
||||
Ark won't create an empty archive, but after you've set a name and location, Ark is poised to create an archive as soon as you add a file to it.
|
||||
|
||||
To add a file to your soon-to-be archive, just drag and drop a file into the Ark window.
|
||||
|
||||
![Items in an archive][10]
|
||||
|
||||
(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][9])
|
||||
|
||||
There are two benefits to archiving: consolidation and compression. By adding files to the archive, you've consolidated files into one place. They exist in the archive now, so you can throw the original copies in the trash if it's part of your goal to get files out of the way.
|
||||
|
||||
To see how much disk space you've saved by compressing your files, go to the **Archive** menu and select **Properties**. This shows you the size of the unpacked archive as well as the size of the packed archive, and a lot of other useful metadata.
|
||||
|
||||
![Archive properties and metadata][11]
|
||||
|
||||
(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][9])
|
||||
|
||||
There's a lot more that Ark can do, but for now close Ark as if you were finished. Your achive now exists in the location where you saved it (in this example, it's **example.tar.gz** in my home folder.)
|
||||
|
||||
### Viewing files in an archive
|
||||
|
||||
Any archive can be opened in Ark, just as if it were a normal folder. To open an archive in Ark, just click on it in your file manager, or right-click on it and select **Open with Ark**.
|
||||
|
||||
Once the archive is open in Ark, you can perform most actions you could do from a file manager, including removing files, adding new files, previewing the contents of a file, and more.
|
||||
|
||||
### Removing a file from an archive
|
||||
|
||||
Sometimes you put a file into an archive you don't need. When you want to remove a file from an archive, right-click on the file and select **Delete**.
|
||||
|
||||
![Right-click menu][12]
|
||||
|
||||
(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][9])
|
||||
|
||||
### Adding files to an archive
|
||||
|
||||
Adding a file to an archive is even easier. You can just drag and drop a file from your file manager into Ark. Alternately, you can select **Add Files** from the right-click menu in Ark.
|
||||
|
||||
### Extracting just one file from an archive
|
||||
|
||||
When faced with an archive, many people just unarchive the entire thing and then fish for the one or two files they actually need. For small archives, that's fine, but for big archives that takes time and disk space, even if only temporarily.
|
||||
|
||||
With Ark, you can extract only the files you need by dragging them from the Ark window to the destination you want to save them to. Alternately, select **Extract** from the right-click menu.
|
||||
|
||||
### Previewing files in an archive
|
||||
|
||||
You don't always need to extract a file. If you just need to refer to a file quickly, Ark may be able to show you a preview of the file without extracting it to your drive.
|
||||
|
||||
To preview a file, double-click on it in Ark.
|
||||
|
||||
![Previewing a file in Ark][13]
|
||||
|
||||
(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][9])
|
||||
|
||||
### Archive it
|
||||
|
||||
Managing archives on a Linux desktop is easy and intuitive. Ark is a great archive tool, and many other Linux desktops have similar tools, so even if you're not using Ark you might find something similar to it equally as useful. For me, archiving has been an important part of keeping my files organized, and conserving disk space. As for Ark, it makes interacting with those archives convenient.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/22/2/archives-files-linux-ark-kde
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/yearbook-haff-rx-linux-file-lead_0.png?itok=-i0NNfDC (Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer)
|
||||
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/21/11/linux-commands-convert-files
|
||||
[3]: https://opensource.com/article/21/9/linux-find-command
|
||||
[4]: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/grep-cheat-sheet
|
||||
[5]: https://opensource.com/article/17/7/how-unzip-targz-file
|
||||
[6]: https://opensource.com/article/21/11/install-flatpak-linux
|
||||
[7]: https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.kde.ark
|
||||
[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/ark-new.jpg (Creating a new archive in Ark)
|
||||
[9]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||||
[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/ark-items.jpg (Items in an archive)
|
||||
[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/ark-properties.jpg (Archive properties and metadata)
|
||||
[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/ark-menu-click-right.jpg (Right-click menu)
|
||||
[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/ark-preview.jpg (Previewing a file in Ark)
|
||||
@ -1,151 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "How to Configure Task Switcher in KDE Plasma Desktop"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://www.debugpoint.com/2022/02/configure-task-switcher-kde/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Arindam https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
How to Configure Task Switcher in KDE Plasma Desktop
|
||||
======
|
||||
This guide explains how to configure the Task Switcher in the KDE Plasma
|
||||
desktop.
|
||||
This guide explains how to configure the Task Switcher in the KDE Plasma desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
![Configure KDE Plasma Task Switcher][1]
|
||||
|
||||
### What is Task Switcher?
|
||||
|
||||
A [task switcher][2] is a component that helps you to switch between open windows or applications in your current desktop session. Usually, the feature shows up as a list of icons when you press `Alt+Tab`.
|
||||
|
||||
![Thumbnail Grid Task Switcher][3]
|
||||
|
||||
And this is highly configurable as per your exact needs in KDE Plasma. You can customise its looks, the sort order of the icons, grouping of same applications and more.
|
||||
|
||||
### Changing Task Switcher in KDE Plasma
|
||||
|
||||
Open `System Settings`. Under `Workspace` group, click on `Window Management > Task Switcher`.
|
||||
|
||||
On the Main tab, the Visualisation section has a below drop-down. This drop-down contains several Task Switcher options which you can try.
|
||||
|
||||
Select your favourite option and hit the preview button. If you are satisfied, then you can click on Apply.
|
||||
|
||||
![Configure Task Switcher in KDE][4]
|
||||
|
||||
This is how you can change the task switcher in the KDE Plasma desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
### The Alternative Switcher
|
||||
|
||||
The Alternative tab also contains the same visualisation options for the task switcher. However, you can set a different key combination other than Alt+Tab for the Alternatives configuration set. This way, you can simultaneously experience two different groups of task switchers with different combinations.
|
||||
|
||||
### Visualisations
|
||||
|
||||
As of writing this guide [until [KDE Plasma 5.24][5]], the following options are available for different task switchers.
|
||||
|
||||
* Breeze
|
||||
* Breeze Dark
|
||||
* Breeze Twilight
|
||||
* Compact
|
||||
* Fedora
|
||||
* Grid
|
||||
* Informative
|
||||
* large Icons
|
||||
* Small Icons
|
||||
* Text Only
|
||||
* Thumbnail Grid
|
||||
* Thumbnails
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
And here are the screenshots of the above task switchers.
|
||||
|
||||
![Various Task Switcher][6]
|
||||
|
||||
![][7]
|
||||
|
||||
![][8]
|
||||
|
||||
![][9]
|
||||
|
||||
![][10]
|
||||
|
||||
![][11]
|
||||
|
||||
![][12]
|
||||
|
||||
![][13]
|
||||
|
||||
![][14]
|
||||
|
||||
Now, that is the basic configuration of the Task Switcher in the KDE Plasma desktop. Now I am going to explain how it behaves in the below scenarios.
|
||||
|
||||
### Task Switcher in Multiple Monitor or Display
|
||||
|
||||
If you have a multiple monitor or display setup, you do not need to do anything. The Task witcher will show up based on where your mouse cursor is. That means it will show up in the active display.
|
||||
|
||||
[][15]
|
||||
|
||||
SEE ALSO: MX Linux Launches First-Ever KDE Edition with Plasma Desktop
|
||||
|
||||
### Task Switcher with Same Application Grouping
|
||||
|
||||
You can also group the same application icons in the task switcher to keep it simple and crisp. For example, if you have multiple Dolphin file manager instances open, you can select the below option to appear Dolphin icon only once in the task switcher visualisation.
|
||||
|
||||
![Same application grouping][16]
|
||||
|
||||
But you might be wondering how to navigate through the same application instances if it appears only once. You can navigate the same applications via `Alt+`` (default value) in the task switcher. Here are the options you can change as per your need and work.
|
||||
|
||||
### Download more task switchers
|
||||
|
||||
If you are not satisfied with all the above options, you can download additional task switchers from KDE Store via the same settings window.
|
||||
|
||||
Click on the Get New Task Switchers [annotation#5 in above image] and select your favourite one. And click Install. After complete installation, come back to the main settings window and apply the newly downloaded visualisation.
|
||||
|
||||
Remember, these additional items are user-contributed and may break your current theme in some cases. So use with caution. At any time, you can hit the Reset button to come back to the stock Task Switcher visualisation.
|
||||
|
||||
### Closing Notes
|
||||
|
||||
I hope this guide helps you set up a beautiful but productive task switcher in the KDE Plasma desktop. As I said, the customisation options are plenty, and you can play around with them.
|
||||
|
||||
Cheers.
|
||||
|
||||
* * *
|
||||
|
||||
We bring the latest tech, software news and stuff that matters. Stay in touch via [Telegram][17], [Twitter][18], [YouTube][19], and [Facebook][20] and never miss an update!
|
||||
|
||||
##### Also Read
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.debugpoint.com/2022/02/configure-task-switcher-kde/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Arindam][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/kdetaskw1-1024x576.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://docs.kde.org/trunk5/en/kwin/kcontrol/kwintabbox/index.html
|
||||
[3]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Thumbnail-Grid-1024x177.jpg
|
||||
[4]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Configure-Task-Switcher-in-KDE-1024x652.jpg
|
||||
[5]: https://www.debugpoint.com/2022/01/kde-plasma-5-24/
|
||||
[6]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Thumbnails-150x150.jpg
|
||||
[7]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Thumbnail-Grid-150x150.jpg
|
||||
[8]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Text-Only-150x150.jpg
|
||||
[9]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Small-Icons-150x108.jpg
|
||||
[10]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Large-Icons-150x150.jpg
|
||||
[11]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Informative-150x150.jpg
|
||||
[12]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Grid-Task-Switcher-150x150.jpg
|
||||
[13]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Compact-Task-Switcher-150x150.jpg
|
||||
[14]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Breeze-Task-Switcher-150x150.jpg
|
||||
[15]: https://www.debugpoint.com/2020/08/mx-linux-kde-edition-19-2/
|
||||
[16]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Same-application-grouping.jpg
|
||||
[17]: https://t.me/debugpoint
|
||||
[18]: https://twitter.com/DebugPoint
|
||||
[19]: https://www.youtube.com/c/debugpoint?sub_confirmation=1
|
||||
[20]: https://facebook.com/DebugPoint
|
||||
@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "My favorite casual games to play on Linux"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/2/casual-gaming-linux-kde"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "perfiffer"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
My favorite casual games to play on Linux
|
||||
======
|
||||
Play a video game on Linux while your open source code compiles.
|
||||
![Gaming with penguin pawns][1]
|
||||
|
||||
I love a good game that you can immerse yourself in for hours, but I don't always have the luxury of ignoring daily tasks to disappear into a video game. Still, I do love a fun challenge from time to time, and two of my favourite applications to launch when my computer gets busy doing something that I need to wait on are games from the KDE Games package: **KBlocks** and **Kolf**.
|
||||
|
||||
### KBlocks
|
||||
|
||||
My favorite video game involves blocks falling from the sky, and ideally landing in rows which magically disappear when blocks are contiguous. KBlocks is one implementation of that format, and it's a good one. It's got responsive block rotation with **Left** and **Right Arrow**, adjustable faster fall with the **Down Arrow**, instant fall with **Spacebar**, There are a few different levels of difficulty to control how quickly blocks fall.
|
||||
|
||||
![KBlocks][2]
|
||||
|
||||
(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3])
|
||||
|
||||
The default theme of KBlocks is ancient Egyptian, which has no bearing on gameplay but can be pleasant for Egyptophiles. You can change the theme, though, in the **Configure KBlocks** menu item. An alternate theme called **Plasma** is included, or you can click on **Get New Themes** button and download user-contributor themes.
|
||||
|
||||
![KBlocks Invaders by José Jorge][4]
|
||||
|
||||
(Seth Kenlon, CC BY-SA 4.0)
|
||||
|
||||
The theme is purely aesthetic, but for the artistic type, creating a theme for a casual game could be a fun way to contribute to an open source project.
|
||||
|
||||
#### A gateway game to the KDE Plasma Desktop
|
||||
|
||||
I'll admit, KBlocks is difficult for me to put down. In fact, it was my desire to play games during meetings that led me to find the `M-x tetris` command in Emacs, which in turn caused me to discover, and fall in love with, Linux in the first place. There's great power in this game. Maybe KBlocks will be the way you discover the KDE Plasma Desktop?
|
||||
|
||||
### Kolf
|
||||
|
||||
I don't like golf in real life, but on the computer miniature golf is a pleasantly frustrating mix of simulated physics and fun level design. With Kolf, the goal is as you'd expect: hit a golf ball into a hole. The destination is, of course, always around a corner, over a hill, past a pond, or behind a wall, so it's your goal to calculate ball speed, friction, incline, and trajectory with such perfection that you get the ball home in as few hits as possible.
|
||||
|
||||
![Miniature golf][5]
|
||||
|
||||
(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3])
|
||||
|
||||
It's never as easy as it looks, and I don't think it ever gets old to watch the golf ball bounce off of objects and roll down hills that you never intended for it to go near.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Designing your own course
|
||||
|
||||
The fun really begins when you try your hand at designing your own miniature golf course. Yes, Kolf has a level editor, in which you can build walls, place ponds and hills and sandtraps, add pinball-style bumbers, and more.
|
||||
|
||||
![Kolf editor][6]
|
||||
|
||||
(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3])
|
||||
|
||||
Because Kolf can be a multi-player game, it's especially fun to give each player five minutes to design a level, and then see who does best at whose level.
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux KDE games
|
||||
|
||||
These aren't by any means the only two games from the KDE project. There are many others, including card games, tile games, and arcade games. The nice thing about the KDE Games package is that they contain games you're happy to walk away from at a moment's notice, and they only require about a fourth of your attention. I use these to kill time while compiling code. Sometimes I don't get a full game in, but I always appreciate the subtle shift in mental gears.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/22/2/casual-gaming-linux-kde
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/gaming_grid_penguin.png?itok=7Fv83mHR (Gaming with penguin pawns)
|
||||
[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/kblocks.jpg (KBlocks)
|
||||
[3]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||||
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/kblocks-invaders.jpg (KBlocks Invaders by José Jorge)
|
||||
[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/kolf.jpg (Miniature golf)
|
||||
[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/kolf-edit.jpg (Kolf editor)
|
||||
@ -1,123 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Nautilus File Manager Looks Amazing with GTK4 and Libadwaita – A Deep Dive"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://www.debugpoint.com/2022/03/gnome-files-43/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Arindam https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
Nautilus File Manager Looks Amazing with GTK4 and Libadwaita – A Deep Dive
|
||||
======
|
||||
WE TEST-DRIVE THE DEVELOPMENT VERSION OF GNOME FILES VERSION 43 AND GIVE
|
||||
YOU DETAILS ABOUT ITS LOOKS, FEATURES AND PERFORMANCE.
|
||||
GNOME Files (formerly Nautilus) is perhaps the most used desktop application today in GNOME eco-space. And it never received much of an overhaul since its first release while the rest of the GNOME applications and the desktop itself moved to a newer tech stack.
|
||||
|
||||
Everything changes now. The GNOME developers are adopting GTK4 and libadwaita for the entire desktop and Files.
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME Files version 43, which would release with GNOME 43 release later in 2022, would be impressive. The much-needed [rework][1] brings native dark mode, great UI with nice libadwaita touch and GTK4 performance boost.
|
||||
|
||||
### GNOME Files 43
|
||||
|
||||
We installed the development Flatpak version of GNOME Files 43, and here’s what we found.
|
||||
|
||||
At first glance, you should notice the nice UI touch – thanks to Libadwaita. The close button is nice and round, while the address bar, selection highlighter, and entire Files window are all properly spaced with rounded corners.
|
||||
|
||||
The border highlighters are not present for all the components.
|
||||
|
||||
Here’s a quick comparison of the light and dark modes for versions 43 (left) and 42 (right).
|
||||
|
||||
![GNOME Files 43 and 42 – Light Mode Comparison][2]
|
||||
|
||||
![GNOME Files 43 and 42 – Dark Mode Comparison][3]
|
||||
|
||||
The address bar folder separator remains the same. However, the fonts are a little polished. The address bar context menu changed. The option is gone; instead, you get **Open in Other application** menu item. A new option, **Create Link**, is introduced. I think many users will miss the Open in Terminal option.
|
||||
|
||||
![New option in address bar menu][4]
|
||||
|
||||
Another significant change you should notice in the two main toolbar menus – a) view button and the b) main hamburger menu. Those context menu items show the keyboard shortcuts along with menu items. This makes them look a little more prominent as well.
|
||||
|
||||
![The Hamburger menu now have keyboard shortcuts][5]
|
||||
|
||||
The folder’s context menu now has a little up arrow pointing to the folder from where it popped up. The right-click context menu for a folder is well organized with groups. For example, the opening actions are grouped while cut, copy, paste are distinctively separate with a horizontal bar in the context menu.
|
||||
|
||||
![Context Menu for folder changes][6]
|
||||
|
||||
I also noticed a new option, “Paste into the folder”, which is nice.
|
||||
|
||||
The Nautilus Search remains almost the same as Files 42, except you can search by Created date/time in Files 43.
|
||||
|
||||
However, I noticed one exciting change. The application name for file association in the context menu is removed. For example, if you try to open a text document today in Files 42, it shows the application name associated with it in the context menu. In Files 43, it just shows “Open”. This change, I feel, was unnecessary. It was better earlier.
|
||||
|
||||
![A subtle change in context menu for file association][7]
|
||||
|
||||
So, that’s the overall changes I found in the new GTK4 version of this application. But it looks nice? Isn’t it. Moreover, if you are coming straight from Ubuntu 20.04 LTS, which contains Files 3.38, then perhaps your experience would be a “wow”. Most of the sections changed if you compare Files 43 with Files 3.38. It would be quite an experience for those users.
|
||||
|
||||
[][8]
|
||||
|
||||
SEE ALSO: Access Google Drive and Sync Calendar in Ubuntu 16.04 using Nautilus
|
||||
|
||||
You should remember version 43 is still in development so that things may change in the coming days in the final shipment.
|
||||
|
||||
### Wish List
|
||||
|
||||
If I compare various Linux file managers, others have far more options than GNOME Files today.
|
||||
|
||||
I agree.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, Nemo or Dolphin – the two best file managers outsmart Files in various ways. To compare the features, GNOME Files doesn’t have some popular features –
|
||||
|
||||
* Dual-pane or split view
|
||||
* Opening a root folder from the context menu is difficult
|
||||
* An up arrow for folder browsing
|
||||
* No option to create a new file (text, spreadsheet, etc.) from the context menu
|
||||
* More Sorting and Searching Functions
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
We hope these features come to GNOME Files soon.
|
||||
|
||||
### When it will be available
|
||||
|
||||
As stated above, this version of GNOME Files will be available with GNOME 43. Hence, you should have it on Ubuntu 22.10 during the October 2022 cycle and Fedora 37 later this year from the Linux Distribution schedule perspective.
|
||||
|
||||
Unfortunately, [Ubuntu 22.04 LTS][9] (Jammy Jellyfish) and [GNOME 42][10] with [Fedora 36][11] would not have GNOME Files 43. The primary reason is the schedule mismatch, and it is one of the complex applications to port to GTK4 and test thoroughly. However, most of the above stated internal features would still be available with Files 42. But it may lack the nice UI changes and theme.
|
||||
|
||||
That said, I believe the popular file manager looks nice, and users should be thrilled to use it when it releases. Let me know your opinion about the new changes in GNOME Files 43 below in the comment box.
|
||||
|
||||
Cheers.
|
||||
|
||||
* * *
|
||||
|
||||
We bring the latest tech, software news and stuff that matters. Stay in touch via [Telegram][12], [Twitter][13], [YouTube][14], and [Facebook][15] and never miss an update!
|
||||
|
||||
##### Also Read
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.debugpoint.com/2022/03/gnome-files-43/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Arindam][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/nautilus
|
||||
[2]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/GNOME-Files-43-and-42-Light-Mode-Comparison-1024x502.jpg
|
||||
[3]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/GNOME-Files-43-and-42-Dark-Mode-Comparison-1024x493.jpg
|
||||
[4]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/New-option-in-address-bar-menu-1024x267.jpg
|
||||
[5]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/The-Hamburger-menu-now-have-keyboard-shortcuts-1024x331.jpg
|
||||
[6]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Context-Menu-for-folder-changes-1024x560.jpg
|
||||
[7]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/A-subtle-change-in-context-menu-for-file-association-1024x524.jpg
|
||||
[8]: https://www.debugpoint.com/2016/05/access-google-drive-and-sync-calendar-in-ubuntu-16-04-using-nautilus/
|
||||
[9]: https://www.debugpoint.com/2022/01/ubuntu-22-04-lts/
|
||||
[10]: https://www.debugpoint.com/2021/12/gnome-42/
|
||||
[11]: https://www.debugpoint.com/2022/02/fedora-36/
|
||||
[12]: https://t.me/debugpoint
|
||||
[13]: https://twitter.com/DebugPoint
|
||||
[14]: https://www.youtube.com/c/debugpoint?sub_confirmation=1
|
||||
[15]: https://facebook.com/DebugPoint
|
||||
@ -1,160 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Using FileZilla for Connecting to SFTP Server Via GUI"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://itsfoss.com/filezilla-ubuntu/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Pratham Patel https://itsfoss.com/author/pratham/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
Using FileZilla for Connecting to SFTP Server Via GUI
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
If you ask the geeky sysadmins, they will swear by [rsync or scp commands for transferring files between remote server and local system][1].
|
||||
|
||||
However, those are command line methods and not everyone feels comfortable.
|
||||
|
||||
Thankfully, there are some GUI tools available that let you transfer files to or from the remote servers.
|
||||
|
||||
[FileZilla][2] is a popular, cross-platform, open-source tool for this purpose. It supports transferring file using FTP over TLS or SSL (FTPS) and also FTP over SSH (SFTP) along with old FTP protocol.
|
||||
|
||||
Let me show how to install FileZilla on Linux and then use it for file transfer.
|
||||
|
||||
So, let’s get started!
|
||||
|
||||
### Installing FileZilla on Ubuntu and other Linux distributions
|
||||
|
||||
You can get the source code tarball but it is always recommended to use your distribution provided package. Since it is a popular software, it should be available in the software repository of most Linux distributions (if not all). _**Please use your distribution’s software center and package manager**_.
|
||||
|
||||
On Ubuntu, you can install it from the software center:
|
||||
|
||||
![FileZilla is available in the Ubuntu Software Center][3]
|
||||
|
||||
You can also use the command line method to install it.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt install filezilla
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
If you see the [package not found error][4], you should [enable the Universe repository][5].
|
||||
|
||||
Once installed, go to the menu (by pressing the windows key), type FileZilla and start it.
|
||||
|
||||
![Start FileZilla from the system menu][6]
|
||||
|
||||
### Using FileZilla
|
||||
|
||||
When you first run FileZilla, you’ll see an interface like the picture below.
|
||||
|
||||
![Screenshot of FileZilla running][7]
|
||||
|
||||
The left side pane shows the files and directory from your local system. The right side pane is empty for now. When you connect to a remote server, the files from your remote system will be displayed there.
|
||||
|
||||
Before I show you that, let me share a few details on understanding the important aspects of FileZilla interface.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Understaing the FileZilla interface
|
||||
|
||||
The image below give you an overview of the different sections of the window layout of FileZilla.
|
||||
|
||||
![FileZilla Window Layout | image credit][8]
|
||||
|
||||
The GUI is split in 6 different zones/window layout. Let me briefly explain them to you.
|
||||
|
||||
**1\. Toolbar:** It has a variety of options like opening the Site Manager, refreshing local and/or remote directory file and folder lists, start processing current queue of files to be transferred, stop all transfers and discard files from queue, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
**2\. The Quick connect bar:** As its name suggests, allows you to quickly connect to a remote site without specifying many details about it except the host, username, password and port.
|
||||
|
||||
**3\. The Message log:** It shows you a log, regardless if the connection was successful or not. The errors are in red, normal messages are in white, and commands are in blue.
|
||||
|
||||
**4 & 5\. The Local pane and remote panes**: Both are very similar except for the fact that the Local pane shows contents of a local directory and a context menu has options for uploading files. Whereas, the remote pane shows contents of a remote directory and has options for downloading files from a remote directory to your local storage.
|
||||
|
||||
**6\. Transfer queue**: Lastly, the Transfer queue pane shows the status of items being transferred, their transfer speeds, items in queue and the file transfer history (limited to current instance
|
||||
|
||||
#### Connecting to a SFTP server using FileZilla
|
||||
|
||||
_**You need to know the username, password and the IP address of the remote server. The remote server should also be configured to accept connections with the provided details. You also need to have correct access settings in the destination folder.**_
|
||||
|
||||
To add a new SFTP connection, you need to open the site manager. There are two ways to open it.
|
||||
|
||||
There is a “Site Manager” item under the “Files” menu option on the menu bar. Or, you can click on the “Site manager” icon on the toolbar.
|
||||
|
||||
![the Site Manager button on the toolbar][9]
|
||||
|
||||
Once the Site Manager dialog pops up, click on the “New site” button and [optionally] rename the new site that is added to the entry. I have called mine “test8”.
|
||||
|
||||
![screenshot of the Site Manager][10]
|
||||
|
||||
To the right, under the General tab, ensure that the protocol used is appropriate to what the server administer has set for you. In my case, I set up a SFTP server (FTP over SSH) so I will proceed by choosing the option “SFTP – SSH File Transfer Protocol”.
|
||||
|
||||
The next field is for the IP address of the remote server.
|
||||
|
||||
If you do not mention the port number, FileZilla will assume that the port number to be used is the default SSH port 22.
|
||||
|
||||
There are a few options for the “Logon Type” drop-down. In the Normal logon method, you provide the username and password.
|
||||
|
||||
The Key file authentication method is useful for you if you have a pair of public and private keys set up to authenticate your SSH connection for the user.
|
||||
|
||||
Once you have filled all the appropriate details for the remote server and authentication, click on the “Connect” button positioned at the bottom to connect to the site. Do not worry, the new site you just established a connection to, will be saved in compliance to the “Logon Type”.
|
||||
|
||||
![Remote pane being populated after a successful connection][11]
|
||||
|
||||
If you see a status message as “Connected to <host IP address>” and the most recent status message as “Directory listing of “/” was successful”, you have successfully connected to the remote SFTP server (FTP using the SSH protocol).
|
||||
|
||||
Another indicator of a successful SFTP connection is that the remote directory pane gets populated when a connection is successfully established.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Sending files to remote system
|
||||
|
||||
You must **make sure to be in the directories where you have to transfer the file**. Transferring files is as simple as **double-clicking on the file** without explicitly specifying the target location.
|
||||
|
||||
If you click on a file from the left pane, it immediately gets transferred (or added to the queue if there are pending transfers) to the directory visible in the right pane.
|
||||
|
||||
The same goes from transferring files from right to left, i.e., from remote server to local. **This is why it is important to be in the correct locations in both local and remote systems**.
|
||||
|
||||
Alternatively, you can right-click on the file(s) and upload them (or add them to the upload queue). The destination is always the directory displayed in FileZilla interface.
|
||||
|
||||
![Transfer queue pane showing the local file name, remote destination, transfer speed and an ETA][12]
|
||||
|
||||
There isn’t much difference in either way of uploading files except for convenience and timing.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Downloading files from remote system
|
||||
|
||||
Just like uploading files, you get two options when transferring file from a remote server to local storage, but instead of “Upload” it is “Download”.
|
||||
|
||||
Downloading a file will download that file in the local directory that you currently have open in the Local directory pane.
|
||||
|
||||
You will notice a consistent behavior in downloading and uploading files, except for the sender and receiver. The file transfers will be in done in parallel unless the number of connections is restricted.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
Awesome! With the basics covered, you should be able to transfer files to and from your computer to your server. I hope you learnt something new :)
|
||||
|
||||
If you have any queries, please ask them in the [It’s FOSS community forums][13]. If you felt this was helpful to you, do let me know with a comment down below!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/filezilla-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Pratham Patel][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/pratham/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://linuxhandbook.com/transfer-files-ssh/
|
||||
[2]: https://filezilla-project.org/
|
||||
[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/filezilla-ubuntu-software-center.png?resize=751%2C382&ssl=1
|
||||
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/unable-to-locate-package-error-ubuntu/
|
||||
[5]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-repositories/
|
||||
[6]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/filezilla-ubuntu.png?resize=763%2C224&ssl=1
|
||||
[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/01_filezilla.webp?resize=800%2C431&ssl=1
|
||||
[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/02_filezilla_layout.webp?resize=800%2C504&ssl=1
|
||||
[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/03_site_manager_annotated.webp?resize=386%2C170&ssl=1
|
||||
[10]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/04_site_manager.webp?resize=800%2C577&ssl=1
|
||||
[11]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/05_successful_connection.webp?resize=800%2C431&ssl=1
|
||||
[12]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/07_transfer_pane_populated-1.webp?resize=800%2C431&ssl=1
|
||||
[13]: https://itsfoss.community/
|
||||
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