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Xingyu Wang
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (wxy)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (Displaying dates and times your way)
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[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3481602/displaying-dates-and-times-your-way-with-linux.html)
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[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
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Displaying dates and times your way
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======
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The Linux date command provides more options for displaying dates and times than you can shake a stick at (without hurting your wrist anyway). Here are some of the more useful choices.
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Thinkstock / Tomislav Jakupec
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The date command on Linux systems is very straightforward. You type “date” and the date and time are displayed in a useful way. It includes the day-of-the-week, calendar date, time and time zone:
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```
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$ date
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Tue 26 Nov 2019 11:45:11 AM EST
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```
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As long as your system is configured properly, you’ll see the date and current time along with your time zone.
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[[Get regularly scheduled insights by signing up for Network World newsletters.]][1]
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The command, however, also offers a lot of options to display date and time information differently. For example, if you want to display dates in the most useful format for sorting, you might want to use a command like this:
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[][2]
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BrandPost Sponsored by HPE
|
||||
|
||||
[Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage][2]
|
||||
|
||||
Combine the agility and economics of HPE storage with HPE GreenLake and run your IT department with efficiency.
|
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|
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```
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$ date "+%Y-%m-%d"
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2019-11-26
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```
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In this case, the year, month and day are arranged in that order. Note that we use a capital Y to get a four-digit year. If we use a lowercase y, we’d see only a two-digit year (e.g., 19). Don’t let this induce you into thinking that if %m gives you a numeric month, **%**M might give you the name of the month. No, **%**M will report on minutes. To get the month in abbreviated name format, you would use **%**b and for a fully spelled out month, you would use **%**B.
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```
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$ date "+%b %B"
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Nov November
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```
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Alternately, you might want to display the date in this commonly used format:
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```
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$ date +%D
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11/26/19
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```
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If you need a four-digit year, you can do this:
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```
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$ date "+%x"
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11/26/2019
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```
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Here’s an example that might be useful. Say that you need to create a daily report and have the file name include the date, you could use a command like this to create the file – probably in a script:
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```
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touch Report-`date "+%Y-%m-%d"`
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```
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When you list your reports, they’ll list in date order or reverse date order if you add -r.
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```
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$ ls -r Report*
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Report-2019-11-26
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Report-2019-11-25
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Report-2019-11-22
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Report-2019-11-21
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Report-2019-11-20
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```
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You can add other details to your date strings as well. The variety of options available is surprising. You could show which quarter of the year you’re in by using **date "+%q"** or display the date it was two months ago with a command like this:
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```
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$ date --date="2 months ago"
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Thu 26 Sep 2019 09:02:43 AM EDT
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```
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Want to see what next Thursday’s date will be? You can use a command like **date --date="next thu"**, but understand that, for Linux, next Thursday means whatever Thursday follows today. That’s tomorrow if today is Wednesday – not Thursday of next week. However, you can specify Thursday of next week as in the second command below.
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```
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$ date --date="next thu"
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Thu 28 Nov 2019 12:00:00 AM EST
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$ date --date="next week thu"
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Thu 05 Dec 2019 12:00:00 AM EST
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```
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The man page for the date command lists all of its options. The list is fairly mind boggling, but you’ll probably find some date/time display options that work really well for you. Here are some that you might find interesting.
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The date in universal time (UTC):
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```
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$ date -u
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Tue 26 Nov 2019 01:13:59 PM UTC
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```
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The number of seconds since Jan 1, 1970 (related to how dates are stored on Linux systems):
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```
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$ date +%s
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1574774137
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```
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Here's a full listing of the date command's options. As I said, it's a lot more extensive than most of us likely imagine.
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```
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%% a literal %
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%a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun)
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%A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday)
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%b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan)
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%B locale's full month name (e.g., January)
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%c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005)
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%C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20)
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%d day of month (e.g., 01)
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%D date; same as %m/%d/%y
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%e day of month, space padded; same as %_d
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%F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d
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%g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G)
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%G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V
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%h same as %b
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%H hour (00..23)
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%I hour (01..12)
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%j day of year (001..366)
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%k hour, space padded ( 0..23); same as %_H
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%l hour, space padded ( 1..12); same as %_I
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%m month (01..12)
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%M minute (00..59)
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%n a newline
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%N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999)
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%p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known
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%P like %p, but lower case
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%q quarter of year (1..4)
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%r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM)
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%R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M
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%s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC
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%S second (00..60)
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%t a tab
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%T time; same as %H:%M:%S
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%u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday
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%U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53)
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%V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53)
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%w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday
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%W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53)
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%x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99)
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%X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48)
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%y last two digits of year (00..99)
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%Y year
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%z +hhmm numeric time zone (e.g., -0400)
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%:z +hh:mm numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00)
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%::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00)
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%:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30)
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%Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT)
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```
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Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][3] and [LinkedIn][4] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3481602/displaying-dates-and-times-your-way-with-linux.html
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作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html
|
||||
[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3440100/take-the-intelligent-route-with-consumption-based-storage.html?utm_source=IDG&utm_medium=promotions&utm_campaign=HPE20773&utm_content=sidebar ( Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage)
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[3]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
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||||
[4]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
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166
translated/tech/20191127 Displaying dates and times your way.md
Normal file
166
translated/tech/20191127 Displaying dates and times your way.md
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@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (wxy)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (Displaying dates and times your way)
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[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3481602/displaying-dates-and-times-your-way-with-linux.html)
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[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
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按你的方式显示日期和时间
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======
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> Linux date 命令提供了很多显示日期和时间的选项，要比你想的还要多。这是一些更有用的选择。
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在 Linux 系统上，`date` 命令非常简单。你键入 `date`，日期和时间将以一种有用的方式显示。它包括星期几、日期、时间和时区：
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```
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$ date
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Tue 26 Nov 2019 11:45:11 AM EST
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```
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只要你的系统配置正确，你就会看到日期和当前时间以及时区。
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但是，该命令还提供了许多选项来以不同方式显示日期和时间信息。例如，如果要显示日期以进行排序，则可能需要使用如下命令：
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```
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$ date "+%Y-%m-%d"
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2019-11-26
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```
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在这种情况下，年、月和日按该顺序排列。请注意，我们使用大写字母 `Y` 来获得四位数的年份。如果我们使用小写的 `y`，则只会看到两位数字的年份（例如 19）。不要让这种想法使你联想到，如果 `％m` 给你一个数字月份，`％M` 可能会给你月份的名称。不，`％M` 将给你分钟数。要以缩写名称格式获得月份，你要使用 `％b`，而对于完全拼写的月份，则要使用 `％B`。
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```
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$ date "+%b %B"
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Nov November
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```
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或者，你可能希望以这种常用格式显示日期：
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```
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$ date +%D
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11/26/19
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```
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如果你需要四位数的年份，则可以执行以下操作：
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```
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$ date "+%x"
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11/26/2019
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```
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下面是一个可能有用的示例。假设你需要创建一个每日报告并在文件名中包含日期，则可以使用以下命令来创建文件（可能用在脚本中）：
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```
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$ touch Report-`date "+%Y-%m-%d"`
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```
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当你列出你的报告时，它们将按日期顺序或反向日期顺序（如果你添加 `-r`）列出。
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```
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$ ls -r Report*
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Report-2019-11-26
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Report-2019-11-25
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Report-2019-11-22
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Report-2019-11-21
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Report-2019-11-20
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```
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你还可以在日期字符串中添加其他详细信息。可用的各种选项令人惊讶。你可以使用 `date "+%q"` 来显示你所在的一年中的哪个季度，或使用类似以下命令来显示两个月前的日期：
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```
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$ date --date="2 months ago"
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Thu 26 Sep 2019 09:02:43 AM EDT
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```
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是否想知道下周四的日期？你可以使用类似 `date --date="next thu"` 的命令，但是要理解，对于Linux，下个周四意味着今天之后的周四。如果今天是星期三，那就是明天，而不是下周的星期四。但是，你可以像下面的第二个命令一样指定下周的星期四。
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```
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$ date --date="next thu"
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Thu 28 Nov 2019 12:00:00 AM EST
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$ date --date="next week thu"
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Thu 05 Dec 2019 12:00:00 AM EST
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```
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`date` 命令的手册页列出了其所有选项。该列表令人难以置信，但是你可能会发现一些日期/时间显示选项非常适合您。以下是一些你可能会发现有趣的东西。
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世界标准时间（UTC）：
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```
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$ date -u
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Tue 26 Nov 2019 01:13:59 PM UTC
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```
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自 1970 年 1 月 1 日以来的秒数（与 Linux 系统上日期的存储方式有关）：
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```
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$ date +%s
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1574774137
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```
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这是 `date` 命令选项的完整列表。正如我所说，它比我们大多数人想象的要广泛得多。
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- `%%` 字母 ％
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- `％a` 语言环境的缩写星期名称（例如，日 / Sun）
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- `％A` 语言环境的完整星期名称（例如，星期日 / Sunday）
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- `％b` 语言环境的缩写月份名称（例如 一 / Jan）
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- `％B` 语言环境的完整月份名称（例如，一月 / January）
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- `％c` 语言环境的日期和时间（例如 2005年3月3日 星期四 23:05:25 / Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005）
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- `％C` 世纪；类似于 `％Y`，但省略了后两位数字（例如，20）
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- `%d` 月份的天（例如，01）
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- `％D` 日期；与 `％m/％d/％y` 相同
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- `％e` 月份的天，填充前缀空格；与 `％_d` 相同
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- `％F` 完整日期；与 `％Y-％m-％d` 相同
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- `％g` ISO 周号的年份的后两位数字（请参见 `％G`）
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- `%G` ISO 周号的年份（请参阅 `％V`）；通常仅配合 `％V`有用
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- `％h` 与 `％b` 相同
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- `％H` 小时（00..23）
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- `％I` 小时（01..12）
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- `%j` 一年的天（001..366）
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- `％k` 小时，填充前缀空格（ 0..23）；与 `％_H` 相同
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- `％l` 小时，填充前缀空格（ 1..12）；与 `％_I` 相同
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- `％m` 月份（01..12）
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- `％M` 分钟（00..59）
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- `％n` 换行符
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- `％N` 纳秒（000000000..999999999）
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- `%p` 语言环境中等同于 AM 或 PM 的字符串；如果未知，则为空白
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- `％P` 像 `％p`，但使用小写
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- `％q` 季度（1..4）
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- `％r` 语言环境的 12 小时制时间（例如，晚上 11:11:04 / 11:11:04 PM）
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- `％R` 24 小时制的小时和分钟；与 `％H:％M` 相同
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- `%s` 自 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC 以来的秒数
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- `％S` 秒（00..60）
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- `％t` 制表符
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- `％T` 时间；与 `％H:％M:％S` 相同
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- `％u` 星期（1..7）；1 是星期一
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- `％U` 年的周数，以星期日为一周的第一天（00..53）
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- `％V` ISO 周号，以星期一为一周的第一天（01..53）
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- `％w` 星期（0..6）；0 是星期日
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- `％W` 年的周数，星期一为一周的第一天（00..53）
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- `％x` 语言环境的日期表示形式（例如，1999年12月31日 / 12/31/99）
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- `％X` 语言环境的时间表示形式（例如，23:13:48）
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- `％y` 年的最后两位数字（00..99）
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- `％Y` 年
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- `％z` +hhmm 格式的数字时区（例如，-0400）
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- `％:z` +hh:mm 格式的数字时区（例如，-04:00）
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- `％::z` +hh:mm:ss 格式的时区（例如 -04:00:00）
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- `％:::z` 数字时区，带有 `:` 达到必要的精度（例如 -04，+05:30）
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- `％Z` 字母时区缩写（例如，EDT）
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3481602/displaying-dates-and-times-your-way-with-linux.html
|
||||
|
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作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
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||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html
|
||||
[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3440100/take-the-intelligent-route-with-consumption-based-storage.html?utm_source=IDG&utm_medium=promotions&utm_campaign=HPE20773&utm_content=sidebar ( Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage)
|
||||
[3]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[4]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
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