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完成翻译-20170707 Bash prompt tips and tricks.md
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翻译中 by WuXiao(toyijiu)
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============================================================
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Bash prompt tips and tricks
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============================================================
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### Here are a few hidden treasures you can use to customize your Bash prompt.
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Image by :
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[ajmexico][8]. Modified by [Jason Baker][9]. [CC BY-SA 2.0][10].
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Anyone who has started a terminal in Linux is familiar with the default Bash prompt:
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```
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[user@$host ~]$
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```
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But did you know is that this is completely customizable and can contain some very useful information? Here are a few hidden treasures you can use to customize your Bash prompt.
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### How is the Bash prompt set?
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The Bash prompt is set by the environment variable **PS1** (Prompt String 1), which is used for interactive shell prompts. There is also a **PS2** variable, which is used when more input is required to complete a Bash command.
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```
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[dneary@dhcp-41-137 ~]$ export PS1="[Linux Rulez]$ "
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[Linux Rulez] export PS2="... "
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[Linux Rulez] if true; then
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... echo "Success!"
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... fi
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Success!
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```
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### Where is the value of PS1 set?
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PS1 is a regular environment variable.
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The system default value is set in **/etc/bashrc**. On my system, the default prompt is set with this line:
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```
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[ "$PS1" = "\\s-\\v\\\$ " ] && PS1="[\u@\h \W]\\$ "
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```
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This tests whether the value of PS1 is **\s-\v$** (the system default value), and if it is, it sets PS1 to the value **[\u@\h \W]\\$**.
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If you want to see a custom prompt, however, you should not be editing **/etc/bashrc**. You should instead add it to **.bashrc** in your **Home** directory.
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### What do \u, \h, \W, \s, and \v mean?
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More Linux resources
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* [What is Linux?][1]
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* [What are Linux containers?][2]
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* [Download Now: Linux commands cheat sheet][3]
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* [Advanced Linux commands cheat sheet][4]
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* [Our latest Linux articles][5]
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In the **PROMPTING** section of **man bash**, you can find a description of all the special characters in **PS1** and **PS2**. The following are the default options:
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* **\u**: Username
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* **\h**: Short hostname
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* **\W**: Basename of the current working directory (**~** for home, the end of the current directory elsewhere)
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* **\s**: Shell name (**bash** or **sh**, depending on how the shell is called)
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* **\v**: The shell's version
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### What other special strings can I use in the prompts?
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There are a number of special strings that can be useful.
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* **\d**: Expands to the date in the format "Tue Jun 27"
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* **\D{fmt}**: Allows custom date formats—see **man strftime** for the available options
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* **\D{%c}**: Gives the date and time in the current locale
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* **\n**: Include a new line (see multi-line prompts below)
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* **\w**: The full path of the current working directory
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* **\H**: The full hostname for the current machine
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* **\!**: History number—you can run any previous command with its history number by using the shell history event designator **!** followed by the number for the specific command you are interested in. (Using Linux history is yet another tutorial...)
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There are many other special characters—you can see the full list in the **PROMPTING**section of the **Bash man page**.
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### Multi-line prompts
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If you use longer prompts (say if you include **\H** or **\w** or a full **date-time**), you may want to break things over two lines. Here is an example of a multi-line prompt, with the date, time, and current working directory on one line, and **username @hostname** on the second line:
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```
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PS1="\D{%c} \w\n[\u@\H]$ "
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```
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### Are there any other interesting things I can do?
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One thing people occasionally do is create colorful prompts. While I find them annoying and distracting, you may like them. For example, to change the date-time above to display in red text, the directory in cyan, and your username on a yellow background, you could try this:
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```
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PS1="\[\e[31m\]\D{%c}\[\e[0m\]
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\[\e[36m\]\w\[\e[0m\]\n[\[\e[1;43m\]\u\[\e[0m\]@\H]$ "
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```
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To dissect this:
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* **\[..\]** declares some non-printed characters
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* **\e[..** is an escape character. What follows is a special escape sequence to change the color (or other characteristic) in the terminal
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* **31m** is red text (**41m** would be a red background)
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* **36m** is cyan text
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* **1;43m** declares a yellow background (**1;33m** would be yellow text)
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* **\[\e[0m\]** at the end resets the colors to the terminal defaults
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You can find more colors and tips in the [Bash prompt HOWTO][11]. You can even make text inverted or blinking! Why on earth anyone would want to do this, I don't know. But you can!
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What are your favorite Bash prompt customizations? And which ones have you seen that drive you crazy? Let me know in the comments.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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作者简介：
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Dave Neary - Dave Neary is a member of the Open Source and Standards team at Red Hat, helping make Open Source projects important to Red Hat be successful. Dave has been around the free and open source software world, wearing many different hats, since sending his first patch to the GIMP in 1999.
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via: https://opensource.com/article/17/7/bash-prompt-tips-and-tricks
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作者：[Dave Neary ][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://opensource.com/users/dneary
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[1]:https://opensource.com/resources/what-is-linux?intcmp=70160000000h1jYAAQ&utm_source=intcallout&utm_campaign=linuxcontent
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[2]:https://opensource.com/resources/what-are-linux-containers?intcmp=70160000000h1jYAAQ&utm_source=intcallout&utm_campaign=linuxcontent
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[3]:https://developers.redhat.com/promotions/linux-cheatsheet/?intcmp=70160000000h1jYAAQ&utm_source=intcallout&utm_campaign=linuxcontent
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[4]:https://developers.redhat.com/cheat-sheet/advanced-linux-commands-cheatsheet?intcmp=70160000000h1jYAAQ&utm_source=intcallout&utm_campaign=linuxcontent
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[5]:https://opensource.com/tags/linux?intcmp=70160000000h1jYAAQ&utm_source=intcallout&utm_campaign=linuxcontent
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[6]:https://opensource.com/article/17/7/bash-prompt-tips-and-tricks?rate=7o5TkSbm_tDUEANDpxTZJU3LgEg0EK-j4xPuNL79m3M
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[7]:https://opensource.com/user/16681/feed
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[8]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/15587432@N02/3281139507/
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[9]:https://opensource.com/users/jason-baker
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[10]:https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/
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[11]:http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Bash-Prompt-HOWTO/x329.html
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[12]:https://opensource.com/users/dneary
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[13]:https://opensource.com/users/dneary
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[14]:https://opensource.com/article/17/7/bash-prompt-tips-and-tricks#comments
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Linux Bash 提示符的一些骚操作
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=======================================================
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###一些能让你自定义 Bash 提示符的黑科技
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照片来源 :
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[ajmexico][8]. 修改自 [Jason Baker][9]. [CC BY-SA 2.0][10].
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当你在 Linux 环境下打开一个 Shell 终端时，会看到命令行中出现了类似下面的一个提示符:
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```git
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[user@$host ~]$
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```
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你知道命令行提示符其实是可以自己设置添加许多非常有用的信息的吗？在这篇文章中我就会教你如何自定义自己的 Bash 命令行提示符，想看的话就接着看吧~
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###如何设置 Bash 提示符
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Bash 提示符是通过环境变量 PS1(提示符字符串1) 来设置的。当然如果你想一次输入多行的数据，可以尝试通过 PS2 环境变量来设置提示符：
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```git
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[dneary@dhcp-41-137 ~]$ export PS1="[Linux Rulez]$ "
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[Linux Rulez] export PS2="... "
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[Linux Rulez] if true; then
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... echo "Success!"
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... fi
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Success!
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```
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###在哪里设置 PS1 的值？
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PS1 就是一个普通的环境变量，系统默认值设置在 /etc/bashrc 目录中，在我的系统中，默认提示符通过以下命令来设置：
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```git
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[ "$PS1" = "\\s-\\v\\\$ " ] && PS1="[\u@\h \W]\\$ "
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```
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它判断 PS1 是否是系统的默认值 \s-\v$ ,如果是的话则将值设置为 [\u@\h \W]\$。
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如果你想要自定义提示符，就不应该修改 /etc/bashrc ，而是应该在你的用户目录下将自定义命令加到.bashrc文件中。
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###上面提到的 \u,\h,\W,\s 和 \v 是什么意思？
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这里有一些参考链接：
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- [Linux 是什么](1)
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- [Linux 容器是什么](2)
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- [快下载吧：这里有Linux 命令小抄](3)
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- [比楼上更高级的 Linux 命令小抄](4)
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- [我们最新的 Linux 相关文章](5)
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在 man bash 中的 PROMPTING 章节，你能够找到所有 PS1 和 PS2 相关描述符的功能，以下是一些比较常用的：
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- \u: 用户名
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- \h: 短主机名
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- \W: 当前你所在的目录名，只显示你的当前父目录
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- \s：Shell 名字（bash 或者 sh，取决于你的 Shell 尊姓大名）
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- \v：Shell 的版本号
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###还有其他的一些特殊的字符串可以用在提示符当中吗
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除了上面这些，还有很多有用的字符串可以用在提示符当中：
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- \d：将日期扩展成 "Tue Jun 27" 这种格式
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- \D{fmt}：允许自定义日期格式-可通过 man strftime 来获得更多信息
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- \D{%c}：获得当地的日期和时间
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- \n：换行（参考下面的多行提示符）
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- \w：显示当前工作目录的绝对路径
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- \H：党建工作机器的全名
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除了以上这些，你还可以在 Bash man page 的 PROMPTING 部分找到更多的特殊字符和它的用处。
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###多行提示符
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如果你的提示符过长，想将提示符切成两行，可以使用 "\n" 将提示符切断成两行显示，比如下面的例子会在第一行显示日期，时间和当前工作目录，第二行显示用户名和主机名：
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```git
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PS1="\D{%c} \w\n[\u@\H]$ "
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```
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人们偶尔也想将提示符变成彩色的。虽然我觉得彩色提示符让人分心/易怒，但是也许你很喜欢。如果我们想将日期变成红色的，目录变成青蓝色，用户名搞一个黄色背景，你可以这样做：
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```git
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PS1="\[\e[31m\]\D{%c}\[\e[0m\]
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\[\e[36m\]\w\[\e[0m\]\n[\[\e[1;43m\]\u\[\e[0m\]@\H]$ "
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```
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- [..] ：表示不需要打印的字符
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- \e[.. ：转义字符，后面的字符串表示颜色或者其他意思
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- 31m ：表示红色字体（41m 表示是红色背景）
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- 36m ：表示是青蓝色字体
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- 1;43m ：表示黄色字体（1;33m 表示黄色字体）
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- [\e[0m]] ：将颜色恢复成系统终端默认颜色
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你可以在[Bash prompt HOWTO](11)这个网站找到更多的颜色代码，甚至可以让字符翻转和闪烁！我可不想这个干，但是你可以！
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所以你最喜欢的自定义提示符是什么样子的呢？有没有让你抓狂的自定义提示符呢？请在评论里告诉我吧~
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作者简介：
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Dave Neary - Dave Neary is a member of the Open Source and Standards team at Red Hat, helping make Open Source projects important to Red Hat be successful. Dave has been around the free and open source software world, wearing many different hats, since sending his first patch to the GIMP in 1999.
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via: https://opensource.com/article/17/7/bash-prompt-tips-and-tricks
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作者：[Dave Neary ][a]
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译者：[吴霄/toyijiu](https://github.com/toyijiu)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://opensource.com/users/dneary
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[1]:https://opensource.com/resources/what-is-linux?intcmp=70160000000h1jYAAQ&utm_source=intcallout&utm_campaign=linuxcontent
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||||
[2]:https://opensource.com/resources/what-are-linux-containers?intcmp=70160000000h1jYAAQ&utm_source=intcallout&utm_campaign=linuxcontent
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[3]:https://developers.redhat.com/promotions/linux-cheatsheet/?intcmp=70160000000h1jYAAQ&utm_source=intcallout&utm_campaign=linuxcontent
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[4]:https://developers.redhat.com/cheat-sheet/advanced-linux-commands-cheatsheet?intcmp=70160000000h1jYAAQ&utm_source=intcallout&utm_campaign=linuxcontent
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[5]:https://opensource.com/tags/linux?intcmp=70160000000h1jYAAQ&utm_source=intcallout&utm_campaign=linuxcontent
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[6]:https://opensource.com/article/17/7/bash-prompt-tips-and-tricks?rate=7o5TkSbm_tDUEANDpxTZJU3LgEg0EK-j4xPuNL79m3M
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[7]:https://opensource.com/user/16681/feed
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[8]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/15587432@N02/3281139507/
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[9]:https://opensource.com/users/jason-baker
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[10]:https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/
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[11]:http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Bash-Prompt-HOWTO/x329.html
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[12]:https://opensource.com/users/dneary
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[13]:https://opensource.com/users/dneary
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[14]:https://opensource.com/article/17/7/bash-prompt-tips-and-tricks#comments
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