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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (robsean)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux)
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[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-wine)
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[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth)
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Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux
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======
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WINE is an open source project that helps many Windows applications run
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on Linux as if they were native programs.
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![Computer screen with files or windows open][1]
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In 2021, there are more reasons why people love Linux than ever before. In this series, I'll share 21 different reasons to use Linux. Here's how switching from Windows to Linux can be made seamless with WINE.
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Do you have an application that only runs on Windows? Is that one application the one and only thing holding you back from switching to Linux? If so, you'll be happy to know about WINE, an open source project that has all but reinvented key Windows libraries so that applications compiled for Windows can run on Linux.
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WINE stands for "Wine Is Not an Emulator," which references the code driving this technology. Open source developers have worked since 1993 to translate any incoming Windows API calls an application makes to [POSIX][2] calls.
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This is an astonishing feat of programming, especially given that the project operated independently, with no help from Microsoft (to say the least), but there are limits. The farther an application strays from the "core" of the Windows API, the less likely it is that WINE could have anticipated its requests. There are vendors that may make up for this, notably [Codeweavers][3] and [Valve Software][4]. There's no coordination between the producers of the applications requiring translation and the people and companies doing the translation, so there can be some lag time between, for instance, an updated software title and when it earns a "gold" status from [WINE headquarters][5].
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However, if you're looking to run a well-known Windows application on Linux, the chances are good that WINE is ready for it.
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### Installing WINE
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You can install WINE from your Linux distribution's software repository. On Fedora, CentOS Stream, or RHEL:
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```
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`$ sudo dnf install wine`
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```
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On Debian, Linux Mint, Elementary, and similar:
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```
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`$ sudo apt install wine`
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```
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WINE isn't an application that you launch on its own. It's a backend that gets invoked when a Windows application is launched. Your first interaction with WINE will most likely occur when you launch the installer of a Windows application.
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### Installing an application
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[TinyCAD][6] is a nice open source application for designing circuits, but it's only available for Windows. While it is a small application, it does incorporate some .NET components, so that ought to stress test WINE a little.
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First, download the installer for TinyCAD. As is often the case for Windows installers, it's a `.exe` file. Once downloaded, double-click the file to launch it.
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![WINE TinyCAD installation wizard][7]
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WINE installation wizard for TinyCAD
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Step through the installer as you would on Windows. It's usually best to accept the defaults, especially where WINE is concerned. The WINE environment is largely self-contained, hidden away on your hard drive in a **drive_c** directory that gets used by a Windows application as the fake root directory of the file system.
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![WINE TinyCAD installation and destination drive][8]
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WINE TinyCAD destination drive
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Once it's installed, the application usually offers to launch for you. If you're ready to test it out, launch the application.
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### Launching a Windows application
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Aside from the first launch immediately after installation, you normally launch a WINE application the same way as you launch a native Linux application. Whether you use an applications menu or an Activities screen or just type the application's name into a runner, desktop Windows applications running in WINE are treated essentially as native applications on Linux.
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![TinyCAD running with WINE][9]
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TinyCAD running with WINE support
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### When WINE fails
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Most applications I run in WINE, TinyCAD included, run as expected. There are exceptions, however. In those cases, you can either wait a few months to see whether WINE developers (or, if it's a game, Valve Software) manage to catch up, or you can contact a vendor like Codeweavers to find out whether they sell support for the application you require.
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### WINE is cheating, but in a good way
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Some Linux users feel that if you use WINE, you're "cheating" on Linux. It might feel that way, but WINE is an open source project that's enabling users to switch to Linux and still run required applications for their work or hobbies. If WINE solves your problem and lets you use Linux, then use it, and embrace the flexibility of Linux.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-wine
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作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/browser_screen_windows_files.png?itok=kLTeQUbY (Computer screen with files or windows open)
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[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/what-posix-richard-stallman-explains
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[3]: https://www.codeweavers.com/crossover
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[4]: https://github.com/ValveSoftware/Proton
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[5]: http://winehq.org
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[6]: https://sourceforge.net/projects/tinycad/
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[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/wine-tinycad-install.jpg
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[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/wine-tinycad-drive_0.jpg
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[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/wine-tinycad-running.jpg
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@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (robsean)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux)
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[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-wine)
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[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth)
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在 Linux 上运行你最喜欢的 Windows 应用程序
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======
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WINE 是一个开放源文件的项目，它协助很多 Windows 应用程序在 Linux 上运行，就好像它们是本地程序一样。
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![打开文件或窗口的计算机屏幕][1]
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在 2021 年，有很多人们比为什么以往更喜欢 Linux 的原因。在这系列中，我将分享使用 Linux 的 21 种的不同原因。这里是如何使用 WINE 来实现从 Windows 到 Linux 的无缝切换。
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你有仅在 Windows 上运行的应用程序吗？是这个应用程序的事情阻碍你切换到 Linux 吗？如果是这样的话，你将会很高兴知道 WINE, 一个开放源文件工程，几乎彻底改造了关键的 Windows 库，以便为 Windows 编译的应用程序可以在 Linux 上运行。
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WINE 代表着 "Wine Is Not an Emulator" ，它引用驱动这项技术的代码。开放源文件开发者从 1993 年开始致力将应用程序任何传入的 Windows API调用翻译为 [POSIX][2] 调用。
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这是一个令人十分惊讶的编程壮举，尤其是考虑到这个项目是独立运行的，没有来自 Microsoft （客观的说）的帮助，但是这里有局限性。一个应用程序偏离 Windows API 的 “内核” 越远，WINE 就越不能预期应用程序的请求。这里有一些供应商可以弥补这一点，尤其是 [Codeweavers][3] 和 [Valve Software][4]。在需要翻译应用程序的制作者和制作翻译的人们和公司之间没有协调配合，因此，在两者之间可能会有一些时间上的滞后，例如，一个更新的软件标题和当它从 [WINE 总部][5] 获得“黄金”身份时。
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然而，如果你想在 Linux 上运行一个著名的 Windows 应用程序，WINE 可能已经为它准备好了可能性。
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### 安装 WINE
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你可以从你的 Linux 发行版的软件包存储库中安装 WINE 。在 Fedora ，CentOS Stream ，或 RHEL 系统上：
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```
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`$ sudo dnf install wine`
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```
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在 Debian ，Linux Mint ，Elementary 及相似的系统上：
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```
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`$ sudo apt install wine`
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```
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WINE 不是一个你启动它本身的应用程序。当启动一个 Windows 应用程序时，它是一个被调用的后端。你与 WINE 的第一次交互很可能就发生在你启动一个 Windows 应用程序的安装程序。
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### 安装一个应用程序
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[TinyCAD][6] 是一个极好的用于设计电路的开放源文件的应用程序，但是它仅在 Windows 上可用。虽然它是一个小型的应用程序，但是它确实包含一些 .NET 组件，因此应该能对 WINE 进行一些压力测试。
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首先，下载 TinyCAD 的安装程序。Windows 安装程序通常都是这样，它是一个 `.exe` 文件。在下载后，双击文件来启动它。
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![WINE TinyCAD 安装向导][7]
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针对 TinyCAD 的 WINE 安装向导
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像你在 Windows 上一样逐步a完成安装程序。通常最好接受默认选项，尤其是与 WINE 有关的地方。WINE 环境基本上是独立的，隐藏在你的硬盘驱动器上的一个 **drive_c** 目录中，作为Windows 应用程序使用的一个文件系统的仿真根目录。
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![WINE TinyCAD 安装和明白驱动器][8]
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WINE TinyCAD 目标驱动器
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在它安装后，应用程序通常会为你提供启动器。如果你正准备测试一下它的话，启动应用程序。
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### 启动一个 Windows 应用程序
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除了在安装后的第一次启动外，在正常情况下，你启动一个 WINE 应用程序的方式与你启动一个本地 Linux 应用程序相同。不管你使用一个应用程序菜单或一个 Activities 屏幕或者只是在一个运行器中输入应用程序的名称，在 WINE 中运行的桌面 Windows 应用程序都会被视为在 Linux 上的本地应用程序。
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![TinyCAD 使用 WINE 运行][9]
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通过 WINE 的支持来运行 TinyCAD
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### 当 WINE 失败时
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我在 WINE 中的大多数应用程序，包括 TinyCAD ，都能如期运行。不过，也会有意外。在这些情况下，你可以静候几个月来查看 WINE 开发者 (或者，如果它是一款游戏，等候 Valve Software) 是否进行追加修补，或者你可以联系一个像or you can contact a vendor like Codeweavers 这样的供应商来查看他们是否出售对你所需要的应用程序的服务支持。
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### WINE 是作弊的，但是它使用了一种很好的方法。
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一些 Linux 用户觉得：如果你使用 WINE 的话，你就是在 Linux 上“作弊”。它可能会让人有这种感觉，但是 WINE 是一个开放源文件的项目，它能够使用户切换到 Linux ，并且仍然能为他们运行工作或爱好所必要的应用程序。如果 WINE 能解决你的问题，并且让你使用 Linux 的话，那么就使用它，并拥抱 Linux 的灵活性。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-wine
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作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/browser_screen_windows_files.png?itok=kLTeQUbY (Computer screen with files or windows open)
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[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/what-posix-richard-stallman-explains
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[3]: https://www.codeweavers.com/crossover
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[4]: https://github.com/ValveSoftware/Proton
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[5]: http://winehq.org
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[6]: https://sourceforge.net/projects/tinycad/
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[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/wine-tinycad-install.jpg
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[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/wine-tinycad-drive_0.jpg
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[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/wine-tinycad-running.jpg
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