diff --git a/sources/talk/20150318 The future of Linux storage.md b/sources/talk/20150318 The future of Linux storage.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d1a8898677 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20150318 The future of Linux storage.md @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +The future of Linux storage +================================================================================ +> **Summary**:Linux software developers are working hard on expanding Linux's file and storage options. + +BOSTON - At the [Linux Foundation's][1] new [Vault][2] show, it's all about file systems and storage. You might think that there's nothing new to say about either topic, but you'd be wrong. + +![](http://zdnet2.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2015/03/12/c8f92cc2-b963-4238-80a0-d785ec93698c/resize/770x578/08d93a8a393d3f50b2a56e6b0e7a0ca9/btrfs-1.jpg) +Linux file systems, such as Btrfs, and storage support options are constantly evolving. -- Facebook + +Storage technology has come a long way from the days of, as Linus Torvalds put it, "[nasty platters of spinning rust][3]" and Linux has had to keep up. In recent years, for example, [flash memory has arrived as enterprise server primary storage][4] and [persistent memory][5] is bringing us storage that works at DRAM speeds. At the same time, Big Data, cloud computing, and containers are all bringing new use cases to Linux. + +To deal with this, Linux developers are both expanding their existing file and storage programs and working on new ones. + +### Btrfs ### + +For instance, Chris Mason, a Facebook software engineer and one of the [Btrfs][6] (pronounced Butter FS) maintainers, explained how Facebook uses this file system. Btrfs has many advantages as a file system such as the ability to handle both numerous small files and single files as large as 16 exabytes; baked in RAID; built-in file-system compression; and integrated multi-storage device support. + +Facebook, of course, runs on Linux. To be exact, Facebook runs the 3.10 and 3.18 Linux kernels on an internal distribution, which is based on [CentOS][7]. For Facebook, the real win is that Btrfs is stable and fast under the endless input/output operations per second (IOPS) pounding from Facebook's constantly updating users. + +That's the good news. The bad news is that Btrfs is still much too slow for traditional DBMSs such as MySQL. For those, Facebook uses [XFS][8]. To co-ordinate the two file systems, Facebook uses [Gluster][9], the open-source distributed file system. + +Facebook, which works hand-in-glove with the upstream Btrfs Linux kernel developers, is working on improving Btrfs's DBMS speed. Mason, and his companions, are doing this by using Btrfs with the [RocksDB][10] database. This is a persistent key-value store for fast storage, which can be used as the foundation for a client-server database. + +Btrfs also still has some bugs. For example, if you're foolish enough to fill a disk almost to bursting, Btrfs will stop you from writing to storage before the disk is completely stuffed. For some projects, such as [CoreOS][12], the enterprise Linux that relies on containers, that's a showstopper. [CoreOS has since switched to using xt4 and overlayfs][11]. + +The Btrfs crew is also working on data deduplication. In this, when a file system has more than one identical file, you automatically delete the duplicate. As Mason said, "Not everyone needs this, but if you need it, you really need it!" + +Btrfs isn't the only file system that's both very important and getting worked on. John Spray, a senior software engineer at [Red Hat][13], talked about the distributed [Ceph][14] file system. + +### Ceph FS ### + +Ceph provides a distributed object store and file system which, in turn, relies on a resilient and scalable storage model (RADOS) using clusters of commodity hardware. Along with the RADOS block device (RBD), and the RADOS object gateway (RGW), Ceph provides a [POSIX][15] file-system interface -- Ceph FS. While RBD and RGW have been in use for production workloads for some time, efforts to make Ceph FS ready for production are now underway. + +[Red Hat, after acquiring Inktank][16], Ceph's parent company, in 2014 has been working hard on making CephFS production ready. For better or worse, Spray said, "Some people are already using it in production; we're terrified of this. It's really not ready yet." Still, Spray added, that this "is a mixed blessing because while it's a bit scary, we get really useful feedback and testing from those users." + +That's because while Ceph object stores scale out well, Ceph FS, as a POSIX compliant file-system, are hard to scale out. For example, as a distributed file system, Ceph FS has to deal with multiple writes from multiple clients. This can lead to all or nothing situations where one client can write and others must wait. This can result in file-locking situations that are more complicated than those in ordinary file systems. + +Still, Ceph FS is worth doing, Spray said, "since POSIX file-systems are an operating system lingua franca." That's not to say that Ceph FS doesn't work. "It's not horribly broken. It works. What's missing is the repair and monitoring tools." + +Red Hat is currently hard at work on getting [fsck][17] and journal repair tools, snapshot hardening, better client access control, and cloud and container integration. For now, though, Ceph FS is a file system that only the very brave, or foolish, should use in production. + +### File and storage odds and ends ### + +As for larger issues of file-systems and storage, Jeff Layton, senior software engineer at [Primary Data][18], explained that there are efforts under way to to create "tests for catastrophic power failure, without actually pulling the plug." These tests will soon be integrated with [xfstests][19], the gold standard for Linux file-system testing. + +Rik van Riel, a Red Hat principal software engineer, spoke about the problem of dealing with persistent memory products. You can treat them as storage or as memory. But, you can't currently take snapshots for backups if you use them as memory. The real problem: van Riel is certain that people will try to use persistent memory as both, which will lead to such as situations as "Without back up, how do you deal with a 200GB persistent memory database?" Adding insult to injury, logging systems don't currently work with persistent memory. + +What's the right answer? Linux doesn't have one yet, but programmers are working on it. + +So, while Linux has many file systems and can use any kind of storage out there that can hold a byte, there's still a lot of work to be done. Technology never stands still. Linux, which runs on everything from devices to desktops to servers to clouds to supercomputers, has to keep up with storage advances no matter where they appear. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-storage-futures/ + +作者：[Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/us/sjvn/ +[1]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/ +[2]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/vault +[3]:http://www.wired.com/2012/10/linus-torvalds-hard-disks/ +[4]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/sandisk-launches-infiniflash-aims-to-bring-flash-array-costs-down/ +[5]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/sites/events/files/eeus13_wheeler.pdf +[6]:https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page +[7]:http://www.centos.org/ +[8]:http://oss.sgi.com/projects/xfs/ +[9]:http://www.gluster.org/ +[10]:http://rocksdb.org/ +[11]:http://lwn.net/Articles/627232/ +[12]:https://coreos.com/ +[13]:http://www.redhat.com/ +[14]:http://ceph.com/ +[15]:http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/ +[16]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/red-hat-acquires-inktank-for-175m/ +[17]:http://linux.die.net/man/8/fsck +[18]:http://primarydata.com/ +[19]:http://oss.sgi.com/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi?p=xfs/cmds/xfstests.git;a=summary \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20150318 How to Manage and Use LVM (Logical Volume Management) in Ubuntu.md b/sources/tech/20150318 How to Manage and Use LVM (Logical Volume Management) in Ubuntu.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..570217f220 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20150318 How to Manage and Use LVM (Logical Volume Management) in Ubuntu.md @@ -0,0 +1,268 @@ +How to Manage and Use LVM (Logical Volume Management) in Ubuntu +================================================================================ +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/652x202xbanner-1.png.pagespeed.ic.VGSxDeVS9P.png) + +In our [previous article we told you what LVM is and what you may want to use it for][1], and today we are going to walk you through some of the key management tools of LVM so you will be confident when setting up or expanding your installation. + +As stated before, LVM is a abstraction layer between your operating system and physical hard drives. What that means is your physical hard drives and partitions are no longer tied to the hard drives and partitions they reside on. Rather, the hard drives and partitions that your operating system sees can be any number of separate hard drives pooled together or in a software RAID. + +To manage LVM there are GUI tools available but to really understand what is happening with your LVM configuration it is probably best to know what the command line tools are. This will be especially useful if you are managing LVM on a server or distribution that does not offer GUI tools. + +Most of the commands in LVM are very similar to each other. Each valid command is preceded by one of the following: + +- Physical Volume = pv +- Volume Group = vg +- Logical Volume = lv + +The physical volume commands are for adding or removing hard drives in volume groups. Volume group commands are for changing what abstracted set of physical partitions are presented to your operating in logical volumes. Logical volume commands will present the volume groups as partitions so that your operating system can use the designated space. + +### Downloadable LVM Cheat Sheet ### + +To help you understand what commands are available for each prefix we made a LVM cheat sheet. We will cover some of the commands in this article, but there is still a lot you can do that won’t be covered here. + +All commands on this list will need to be run as root because you are changing system wide settings that will affect the entire machine. + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/lvm-cheatsheet.png) + +### How to View Current LVM Information ### + +The first thing you may need to do is check how your LVM is set up. The s and display commands work with physical volumes (pv), volume groups (vg), and logical volumes (lv) so it is a good place to start when trying to figure out the current settings. + +The display command will format the information so it’s easier to understand than the s command. For each command you will see the name and path of the pv/vg and it should also give information about free and used space. + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/539x225xpvdisplay.png.pagespeed.ic.u2XV5LBTYa.png) + +The most important information will be the PV name and VG name. With those two pieces of information we can continue working on the LVM setup. + +### Creating a Logical Volume ### + +Logical volumes are the partitions that your operating system uses in LVM. To create a logical volume we first need to have a physical volume and volume group. Here are all of the steps necessary to create a new logical volume. + +#### Create physical volume #### + +We will start from scratch with a brand new hard drive with no partitions or information on it. Start by finding which disk you will be working with. (/dev/sda, sdb, etc.) + +> Note: Remember all of the commands will need to be run as root or by adding ‘sudo’ to the beginning of the command. + + fdisk -l + +If your hard drive has never been formatted or partitioned before you will probably see something like this in the fdisk output. This is completely fine because we are going to create the needed partitions in the next steps. + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/fdisk.png.pagespeed.ce.AmAEsxm-7Q.png) + +Our new disk is located at /dev/sdb so lets use fdisk to create a new partition on the drive. + +There are a plethora of tools that can create a new partition with a GUI, [including Gparted][2], but since we have the terminal open already, we will use fdisk to create the needed partition. + +From a terminal type the following commands: + + fdisk /dev/sdb + +This will put you in a special fdisk prompt. + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/627x145xfdisk00.png.pagespeed.ic.I7S8bjoXQG.png) + +Enter the commands in the order given to create a new primary partition that uses 100% of the new hard drive and is ready for LVM. If you need to change the partition size or want multiple partions I suggest using GParted or reading about fdisk on your own. + +**Warning: The following steps will format your hard drive. Make sure you don’t have any information on this hard drive before following these steps.** + +- n = create new partition +- p = creates primary partition +- 1 = makes partition the first on the disk + +Push enter twice to accept the default first cylinder and last cylinder. + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/562x216xfdisk01.png.pagespeed.ic.DsSZ38kWcA.png) + +To prepare the partition to be used by LVM use the following two commands. + +- t = change partition type +- 8e = changes to LVM partition type + +Verify and write the information to the hard drive. + +- p = view partition setup so we can review before writing changes to disk +- w = write changes to disk + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/560x339xfdisk03.png.pagespeed.ic.FC8foICZsb.png) + +After those commands, the fdisk prompt should exit and you will be back to the bash prompt of your terminal. + +Enter pvcreate /dev/sdb1 to create a LVM physical volume on the partition we just created. + +You may be asking why we didn’t format the partition with a file system but don’t worry, that step comes later. + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/pvcreate.png.pagespeed.ce.W7VAr-ig3t.png) + +#### Create volume Group #### + +Now that we have a partition designated and physical volume created we need to create the volume group. Luckily this only takes one command. + + vgcreate vgpool /dev/sdb1 + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/vgcreate.png.pagespeed.ce.fVLzSmPZou.png) + +Vgpool is the name of the new volume group we created. You can name it whatever you’d like but it is recommended to put vg at the front of the label so if you reference it later you will know it is a volume group. + +#### Create logical volume #### + +To create the logical volume that LVM will use: + + lvcreate -L 3G -n lvstuff vgpool + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/lvcreate.png.pagespeed.ce.vupLB-LJEW.png) + +The -L command designates the size of the logical volume, in this case 3 GB, and the -n command names the volume. Vgpool is referenced so that the lvcreate command knows what volume to get the space from. + +#### Format and Mount the Logical Volume #### + +One final step is to format the new logical volume with a file system. If you want help choosing a Linux file system, read our [how to that can help you choose the best file system for your needs][3]. + + mkfs -t ext3 /dev/vgpool/lvstuff + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/571x424xmkfs.png.pagespeed.ic.ERMan1Mz0P.png) + +Create a mount point and then mount the volume somewhere you can use it. + + mkdir /mnt/stuff + mount -t ext3 /dev/vgpool/lvstuff /mnt/stuff + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/510x69xmount.png.pagespeed.ic.k0i1tvqgcV.png) + +#### Resizing a Logical Volume #### + +One of the benefits of logical volumes is you can make your shares physically bigger or smaller without having to move everything to a bigger hard drive. Instead, you can add a new hard drive and extend your volume group on the fly. Or if you have a hard drive that isn’t used you can remove it from the volume group to shrink your logical volume. + +There are three basic tools for making physical volumes, volume groups, and logical volumes bigger or smaller. + +Note: Each of these commands will need to be preceded by pv, vg, or lv depending on what you are working with. + +- resize – can shrink or expand physical volumes and logical volumes but not volume groups +- extend – can make volume groups and logical volumes bigger but not smaller +- reduce – can make volume groups and logical volumes smaller but not bigger + +Let’s walk through an example of how to add a new hard drive to the logical volume “lvstuff” we just created. + +#### Install and Format new Hard Drive #### + +To install a new hard drive follow the steps above to create a new partition and add change it’s partition type to LVM (8e). Then use pvcreate to create a physical volume that LVM can recognize. + +#### Add New Hard Drive to Volume Group #### + +To add the new hard drive to a volume group you just need to know what your new partition is, /dev/sdc1 in our case, and the name of the volume group you want to add it to. + +This will add the new physical volume to the existing volume group. + + vgextend vgpool /dev/sdc1 + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/vgextend.png.pagespeed.ce.atRPT1yg5f.png) + +#### Extend Logical Volume #### + +To resize the logical volume we need to say how much we want to extend by size instead of by device. In our example we just added a 8 GB hard drive to our 3 GB vgpool. To make that space usable we can use lvextend or lvresize. + + lvextend -L8G /dev/vgpool/lvstuff + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/lvextend1.png.pagespeed.ce.6scXbQVUTT.png) + +While this command will work you will see that it will actually resize our logical volume to 8 GB instead of adding 8 GB to the existing volume like we wanted. To add the last 3 available gigabytes you need to use the following command. + + lvextend -L+3G /dev/vgpool/lvstuff + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/430x85xlvextend2.png.pagespeed.ic.7aBiTBrW03.png) + +Now our logical volume is 11 GB in size. + +#### Extend File System #### + +The logical volume is 11 GB but the file system on that volume is still only 3 GB. To make the file system use the entire 11 GB available you have to use the command resize2fs. Just point resize2fs to the 11 GB logical volume and it will do the magic for you. + + resize2fs /dev/vgpool/lvstuff + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/650x150xresize2fs.png.pagespeed.ic.Mx74EdMuk_.png) + +**Note: If you are using a different file system besides ext3/4 please see your file systems resize tools.** + +#### Shrink Logical Volume #### + +If you wanted to remove a hard drive from a volume group you would need to follow the above steps in reverse order and use lvreduce and vgreduce instead. + +1. resize file system (make sure to move files to a safe area of the hard drive before resizing) +1. reduce logical volume (instead of + to extend you can also use – to reduce by size) +1. remove hard drive from volume group with vgreduce + +#### Backing up a Logical Volume #### + +Snapshots is a feature that some newer advanced file systems come with but ext3/4 lacks the ability to do snapshots on the fly. One of the coolest things about LVM snapshots is your file system is never taken offline and you can have as many as you want without taking up extra hard drive space. + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/652x202xbanner-2.png.pagespeed.ic.VtOUuqYX1W.png) + +When LVM takes a snapshot, a picture is taken of exactly how the logical volume looks and that picture can be used to make a copy on a different hard drive. While a copy is being made, any new information that needs to be added to the logical volume is written to the disk just like normal, but changes are tracked so that the original picture never gets destroyed. + +To create a snapshot we need to create a new logical volume with enough free space to hold any new information that will be written to the logical volume while we make a backup. If the drive is not actively being written to you can use a very small amount of storage. Once we are done with our backup we just remove the temporary logical volume and the original logical volume will continue on as normal. + +#### Create New Snapshot #### + +To create a snapshot of lvstuff use the lvcreate command like before but use the -s flag. + + lvcreate -L512M -s -n lvstuffbackup /dev/vgpool/lvstuff + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/597x68xlvcreate-snapshot.png.pagespeed.ic.Rw2ivtcpPg.png) + +Here we created a logical volume with only 512 MB because the drive isn’t being actively used. The 512 MB will store any new writes while we make our backup. + +#### Mount New Snapshot #### + +Just like before we need to create a mount point and mount the new snapshot so we can copy files from it. + + mkdir /mnt/lvstuffbackup + mount /dev/vgpool/lvstuffbackup /mnt/lvstuffbackup + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/565x68xmount-snapshot.png.pagespeed.ic.pVMkhK1o4x.png) + +#### Copy Snapshot and Delete Logical Volume #### + +All you have left to do is copy all of the files from /mnt/lvstuffbackup/ to an external hard drive or tar it up so it is all in one file. + +**Note: tar -c will create an archive and -f will say the location and file name of the archive. For help with the tar command use man tar in the terminal.** + + tar -cf /home/rothgar/Backup/lvstuff-ss /mnt/lvstuffbackup/ + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/627x67xsnapshot-backup.png.pagespeed.ic.tw-2AK_lfZ.png) + +Remember that while the backup is taking place all of the files that would be written to lvstuff are being tracked in the temporary logical volume we created earlier. Make sure you have enough free space while the backup is happening. + +Once the backup finishes, unmount the volume and remove the temporary snapshot. + + umount /mnt/lvstuffbackup + lvremove /dev/vgpool/lvstuffbackup/ + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/630x102xlvremove.png.pagespeed.ic.yBWk47X6lF.png) + +#### Deleting a Logical Volume #### + +To delete a logical volume you need to first make sure the volume is unmounted, and then you can use lvremove to delete it. You can also remove a volume group once the logical volumes have been deleted and a physical volume after the volume group is deleted. + +Here are all the commands using the volumes and groups we’ve created. + + umount /mnt/lvstuff + lvremove /dev/vgpool/lvstuff + vgremove vgpool + pvremove /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/580x185xdelete-lvm.png.pagespeed.ic.3zJTo0Zu9k.png) + +That should cover most of what you need to know to use LVM. If you’ve got some experience on the topic, be sure to share your wisdom in the comments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/40702/how-to-manage-and-use-lvm-logical-volume-management-in-ubuntu/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/36568/what-is-logical-volume-management-and-how-do-you-enable-it-in-ubuntu/ +[2]:http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/17001/how-to-format-a-usb-drive-in-ubuntu-using-gparted/ +[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/33552/htg-explains-which-linux-file-system-should-you-choose/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20150318 How to Use LVM on Ubuntu for Easy Partition Resizing and Snapshots.md b/sources/tech/20150318 How to Use LVM on Ubuntu for Easy Partition Resizing and Snapshots.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7554abd392 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20150318 How to Use LVM on Ubuntu for Easy Partition Resizing and Snapshots.md @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +How to Use LVM on Ubuntu for Easy Partition Resizing and Snapshots +================================================================================ +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/ximg_55035707bbd74.png.pagespeed.ic.9_yebxUF1C.png) + +Ubuntu’s installer offers an easy “Use LVM” checkbox. The description says it enables Logical Volume Management so you can take snapshots and more easily resize your hard disk partitions — here’s how to do that. + +LVM is a technology that’s similar to [RAID arrays][1] or [Storage Spaces on Windows][2] in some ways. While this technology is particularly useful on servers, it can be used on desktop PCs, too. + +### Should You Use LVM With Your New Ubuntu Installation? ### + +The first question is whether you even want to use LVM with your Ubuntu installation. Ubuntu makes this easy to enable with a quick click, but this option isn’t enabled by default. As the installer says, this allows you to resize partitions, create snapshots, merge multiple disks into a single logical volume, and so on — all while the system is running. Unlike with typical partitions, you don’t have to shut down your system, boot from a live CD or USB drive, and [resize your partitions while they aren’t in use][3]. + +To be perfectly honest, the average Ubuntu desktop user probably won’t realize whether they’re using LVM or not. But, if you want to do more advanced things later, LVM can help. LVM is potentially more complex, which could cause problems if you need to recover your data later — especially if you’re not that experienced with it. There shouldn’t be a noticeable performance penalty here — LVM is implemented right down in the Linux kernel. + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/ximg_55035cbada6ae.png.pagespeed.ic.cnqyiKfCvi.png) + +### Logical Volume Management Explained ### + +We’re previously [explained what LVM is][4]. In a nutshell, it provides a layer of abstraction between your physical disks and the partitions presented to your operating system. For example, your computer might have two hard drives inside it, each 1 TB in size. You’d have to have at least two partitions on these disks, and each of these partitions would be 1 TB in size. + +LVM provides a layer of abstraction over this. Instead of the traditional partition on a disk, LVM would treat the disks as two separate “physical volumes” after you initialize them. You could then create “logical volumes” based on these physical volumes. For example, you could combine those two 1 TB disks into a single 2 TB partition. Your operating system would just see a 2 TB volume, and LVM would deal with everything in the background. A group of physical volumes and logical volumes is known as a “volume group.” A typical system will just have a single volume group. + +This layer of abstraction makes it possibly to easily resize partitions, combine multiple disks into a single volume, and even take “snapshots” of a partition’s file system while it’s running, all without unmounting it. + +Note that merging multiple disks into a single volume can be a bad idea if you’re not creating backups. It’s like with RAID 0 — if you combine two 1 TB volumes into a single 2 TB volume, you could lose important data on the volume if just one of your hard disks fails. Backups are crucial if you go this route. + +### Graphical Utilities for Managing Your LVM Volumes ### + +Traditionally, [LVM volumes are managed with Linux terminal commands][5].These will work for you on Ubuntu, but there’s an easier, graphical method anyone can take advantage of. If you’re a Linux user used to using GParted or a similar partition manager, don’t bother — GParted doesn’t have support for LVM disks. + +Instead, you can use the Disks utility included along with Ubuntu for this. This utility is also known as GNOME Disk Utility, or Palimpsest. Launch it by clicking the icon on the dash, searching for Disks, and pressing Enter. Unlike GParted, the Disks utility will display your LVM partitions under “Other Devices,” so you can format them and adjust other options if you need to. This utility will also work from a live CD or USB drive, too. + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/ximg_550361b3772f7.png.pagespeed.ic.nZWwLJUywR.png) + +Unfortunately, the Disks utility doesn’t include support for taking advantage of LVM’s most powerful features. There’s no options for managing your volume groups, extending partitions, or taking snapshots. You could do that from the terminal, but you don’t have to. Instead, you can open the Ubuntu Software Center, search for LVM, and install the Logical Volume Management tool. You could also just run the **sudo apt-get install system-config-lvm** command in a terminal window. After it’s installed, you can open the Logical Volume Management utility from the dash. + +This graphical configuration tool was made by Red Hat. It’s a bit dated, but it’s the only graphical way to do this stuff without resorting to terminal commands. + +Let’s say you wanted to add a new physical volume to your volume group. You’d open the tool, select the new disk under Uninitialized Entries, and click the “Initialize Entry” button. You’d then find the new physical volume under Unallocated Volumes, and you could use the “Add to existing Volume Group” button to add it to the “ubuntu-vg” volume group Ubuntu created during the installation process. + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/ximg_550363106789c.png.pagespeed.ic.drVInt3Weq.png) + +The volume group view shows you a visual overview of your physical volumes and logical volumes. Here, we have two physical partitions across two separate hard drives. We have a swap partition and a root partition, just as Ubuntu sets up its partitioning scheme by default. Because we’ve added a second physical partition from another drive, there’s now a good chunk of unused space. + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/ximg_550363f631c19.png.pagespeed.ic.54E_Owcq8y.png) + +To expand a logical partition into the physical space, you could select it under Logical View, click Edit Properties, and modify the size to grow the partition. You could also shrink it from here. + +![](http://cdn5.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/ximg_55036893712d3.png.pagespeed.ic.ce7y_Mt0uF.png) + +The other options in system-config-lvm allow you to set up snapshots and mirroring. You probably won’t need these features on a typical desktop, but they’re available graphically here. Remember, you can also [do all of this with terminal commands][6]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.howtogeek.com/211937/how-to-use-lvm-on-ubuntu-for-easy-partition-resizing-and-snapshots/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/162676/how-to-use-multiple-disks-intelligently-an-introduction-to-raid/ +[2]:http://www.howtogeek.com/109380/how-to-use-windows-8s-storage-spaces-to-mirror-combine-drives/ +[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/114503/how-to-resize-your-ubuntu-partitions/ +[4]:http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/40702/how-to-manage-and-use-lvm-logical-volume-management-in-ubuntu/ +[5]:http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/40702/how-to-manage-and-use-lvm-logical-volume-management-in-ubuntu/ +[6]:http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/40702/how-to-manage-and-use-lvm-logical-volume-management-in-ubuntu/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20150318 Install And Use 'Go For It!' To Do App In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20150318 Install And Use 'Go For It!' To Do App In Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d994409438 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20150318 Install And Use 'Go For It!' To Do App In Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +Install And Use ‘Go For It!’ To Do App In Linux +================================================================================ +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Go_For_It_TODO_Linux.jpeg) + +How do you manage tasks and remember things in desktop Linux? I preferred [using sticky notes in Ubuntu][1] for a long time. But the problem I faced was syncing it with other devices, especially with my smartphone. This is the reason why went on with [Google Keep][2]. + +Now, Google Keep is feature rich app and I really like it, and like it to the extent of calling it [Linux alternative of Evernote][3]. But not everyone may like a feature rich todo list app. Minmalist is the current trend and liked by many. And if you are one of the minimalist lover, who is looking for an open source to do list app, you should give [Go For It!][4] a try. + +### Go For It! productivity desktop app for Linux ### + +Go For It! is a simple to do list app that comes with a timer to keep you focused on the work. So, you add a task to the list and can attach a timer to it. It will keep remind you to work on the task. You can watch the video by its developer, [Manuel Kehl][5]: + +注释：youtube视频，发布的时候可做成一个链接 + + +### Install Go For It! ### + +To install Go For It! in Ubuntu 15.04, 14.10, 14.04 and other Ubuntu based Linux distributions such as Linux Mint, elementary OS Freya etc, use the official PPA of this app: + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:mank319/go-for-it + sudo apt-get update + sudo apt-get install go-for-it + +You can download the .deb binaries, binaries for Windows and source code from the respective links below: + +- [Download source code][6] +- [Download .deb binaries][7] +- [Download for Windows][8] + +### Using Go For It! in desktop Linux ### + +Using Go For It! is really simple. You add tasks in the list. The tasks are saved in todo.txt file. + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Go-for-it_todo_app_linux.png) + +By default a timer of 25 minutes will be set on each task. + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Go-for-it_todo_app_linux_1.png) + +Once done, task is automatically archived to done.txt. Based on preferences, it will send desktop notifications at regular time interval and few minutes before the task is supposed to be over: + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Go_for_it_Linux_notification.png) + +You can change all these preferences from configuration. + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Go-for-it_todo_app_linux_2.png) + +So far so good. But what about using it on a smartphone. A productivity app is not complete if you cannot keep it synced across various devices. Good thing is that Go For It! is based on [todo.txt][9], which means you can use it in smartphones using third party apps and a cloud service like Dropbox. + +### Using Go For It! in Android smartphones and tablets ### + +You need to do couple of things here. First thing first, install Dropbox in Linux as well as in your Android phone, if you haven’t installed it already. The next thing you need to do is to change the configuration of Go For It! and **change the todo.txt directory to Dropbox location**. + +Next, you will have to download [Simpletask Android app][10]. It’s a free app. Install this app. When you run Simpletask for the first time, you will ask to link your account with Dropbox: + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Go_for_it_Android_1.jpeg) + +Once you have linked Simpletask with Dropbox, open the app. If you have change the configuration of Go For It! to save the files in Dropbox, you should be able to see it in Simpletask. If you do not see it, click on the settings from the bottom and use the option of Open Todo file: + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Go_for_it_Android.jpeg) + +Now you should be able to see your tasks synced with Simpletask. + +### Conclusion ### + +With Simpletask, you can use it in similar fashion as a [markup language tool][11]. For minimal and focused usage Go For It! is a nice to do app. A clean interface is another plus point. It could have been better to have its own smartphone app but we already saw the workarounds. + +On the down side, Go For It! doesn’t run in background. Which means, you’ll have to keep it running always. It doesn’t even has a minimize button, a tiny annoyance. What I would like to see is an indicator applet for it. Running in the background and quick access in the panel will definitely improve its usability. + +Do try Go For It! and share your experience with it. What other to-do app do you use on desktop Linux? How does Go For It! compare with your other favorite productivity app? + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://itsfoss.com/go-for-it-to-do-app-in-linux/ + +作者：[Abhishek][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[1]:http://itsfoss.com/indicator-stickynotes-windows-like-sticky-note-app-for-ubuntu/ +[2]:http://itsfoss.com/install-google-keep-ubuntu-1310/ +[3]:http://itsfoss.com/5-evernote-alternatives-linux/ +[4]:http://manuel-kehl.de/projects/go-for-it/ +[5]:http://manuel-kehl.de/about-me/ +[6]:https://github.com/mank319/Go-For-It +[7]:https://launchpad.net/~mank319/+archive/ubuntu/go-for-it +[8]:http://manuel-kehl.de/projects/go-for-it/download-windows-version/ +[9]:http://todotxt.com/ +[10]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=nl.mpcjanssen.todotxtholo&hl=en +[11]:http://itsfoss.com/install-latex-ubuntu-1404/ \ No newline at end of file