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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (arrowfeng)
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10789-1.html)
[#]: subject: (How to Install MySQL in Ubuntu Linux)
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/install-mysql-ubuntu/)
[#]: author: (Sergiu https://itsfoss.com/author/sergiu/)
怎样在 Ubuntu Linux 上安装 MySQL
======
> 本教程教你如何在基于 Ubuntu 的 Linux 发行版上安装 MySQL。对于首次使用的用户，你将会学习到如何验证你的安装和第一次怎样去连接 MySQL。
[MySQL][1] 是一个典型的数据库管理系统。它被用于许多技术栈中，包括流行的 [LAMP][2] （Linux、Apache、MySQL、PHP）技术栈。它已经被证实了其稳定性。另一个让 MySQL 受欢迎的原因是它是开源的。
MySQL 是关系型数据库（基本上是表格数据）。以这种方式它很容易去存储、组织和访问数据。它使用SQL（结构化查询语言）来管理数据。
这这篇文章中，我将向你展示如何在 Ubuntu 18.04 安装和使用 MySQL 8.0。让我们一起来看看吧！
### 在 Ubuntu 上安装 MySQL
![][3]
我将会介绍两种在 Ubuntu 18.04 上安装 MySQL 的方法：
1. 从 Ubuntu 仓库上安装 MySQL。非常简单，但不是最新版（5.7）
2. 从官方仓库安装 MySQL。你将额外增加一些步处理过程，但不用担心。你将会拥有最新版的MySQL（8.0）
有必要的时候，我将会提供屏幕截图去引导你。但这篇文章中的大部分步骤，我将直接在终端（默认热键： `CTRL+ALT+T`）输入命令。别害怕！
#### 方法 1、从 Ubuntu 仓库安装 MySQL
首先，输入下列命令确保你的仓库已经被更新：
```
sudo apt update
```
现在，安装 MySQL 5.7，简单输入下列命令：
```
sudo apt install mysql-server -y
```
就是这样！简单且高效。
#### 方法 2、使用官方仓库安装 MySQL
虽然这个方法多了一些步骤，但我将逐一介绍，并尝试写下清晰的笔记。
首先浏览 MySQL 官方网站的[下载页面][4]。
![][5]
在这里，选择 DEB 软件包，点击“Download”链接。
![][6]
滑到有关于 Oracle 网站信息的底部，右键 “No thanks, just start my download.”，然后选择 “Copy link location”。
现在回到终端，我们将使用 [Curl][7] 命令去下载这个软件包：
```
curl -OL https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql-apt-config_0.8.12-1_all.deb
```
`https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql-apt-config_0.8.12-1_all.deb` 是我刚刚从网页上复制的链接。根据当前的 MySQL 版本，它有可能不同。让我们使用 `dpkg` 去开始安装 MySQL：
```
sudo dpkg -i mysql-apt-config*
```
更新你的仓库：
```
sudo apt update
```
要实际安装 MySQL，我们将使用像第一个方法中同样的命令来安装：
```
sudo apt install mysql-server -y
```
这样做会在你的终端中打开包配置的提示。使用向下箭头选择“Ok”选项。
![][8]
点击回车。这应该会提示你输入密码：这是在为 MySQL 设置 root 密码。不要与 [Ubuntu 的 root 密码混淆][9]。
![][10]
输入密码然后点击 Tab 键去选择“Ok“。点击回车键，你将重新输入密码。操作完之后，再次键入 Tab 去选择 “Ok”。按下回车键。
![][11]
将会展示一些关于 MySQL Server 的配置信息。再次按下 Tab 去选择 “Ok” 和按下回车键：
![][12]
这里你需要去选择默认验证插件。确保选择了“Use Strong Password Encryption”。按下 Tab 键和回车键。
就是这样！你已经成功地安装了 MySQL。
#### 验证你的 MySQL 安装
要验证 MySQL 已经正确安装，使用下列命令：
```
sudo systemctl status mysql.service
```
这将展示一些关于 MySQL 服务的信息：
![][13]
你应该在那里看到 “Active: active (running)”。如果你没有看到，使用下列命令去开始这个服务：
```
sudo systemctl start mysql.service
```
#### 配置/保护 MySQL
对于刚安装的 MySQL，你应该运行它提供的安全相关的更新命令。就是：
```
sudo mysql_secure_installation
```
这样做首先会询问你是否想使用 “<ruby>密码有效强度<rt>validate password component</rt></ruby>”。如果你想使用它，你将必须选择一个最小密码强度（0 – 低，1 – 中，2 – 高）。你将无法输入任何不遵守所选规则的密码。如果你没有使用强密码的习惯（本应该使用），这可能会配上用场。如果你认为它可能有帮助，那你就键入 `y` 或者 `Y`，按下回车键，然后为你的密码选择一个强度等级和输入一个你想使用的密码。如果成功，你将继续强化过程；否则你将重新输入一个密码。
但是，如果你不想要此功能（我不会），只需按回车或任何其他键即可跳过使用它。
对于其他选项，我建议开启它们（对于每一步输入 `y` 或者 `Y` 和按下回车）。它们（依序）是：“<ruby>移除匿名用户<rt>remove anonymous user</rt></ruby>”，“<ruby>禁止 root 远程登录<rt>disallow root login remotely</rt></ruby>”，“<ruby>移除测试数据库及其访问<rt>remove test database and access to it</rt></ruby>”。“<ruby>重新载入权限表<rt>reload privilege tables now</rt></ruby>”。
#### 链接与断开 MySQL Server
为了运行 SQL 查询，你首先必须使用 MySQL 连到服务器并在 MySQL 提示符使用。
执行此操作的命令是：
```
mysql -h host_name -u user -p
```
* `-h` 用来指定一个主机名（如果这个服务被安装到其他机器上，那么会有用；如果没有，忽略它）
* `-u` 指定登录的用户
* `-p` 指定你想输入的密码.
虽然出于安全原因不建议，但是你可以在命令行最右边的 `-p` 后直接输入密码。例如，如果用户`test_user` 的密码是 `1234`，那么你可以在你使用的机器上尝试去连接，你可以这样使用：
```
mysql -u test_user -p1234
```
如果你成功输入了必要的参数，你将会收到由 MySQL shell 提示符提供的欢迎（`mysql >`）：
![][14]
要从服务端断开连接和离开 MySQL 提示符，输入：
```
QUIT
```
输入 `quit` （MySQL 不区分大小写）或者 `\q` 也能工作。按下回车退出。
你使用简单的命令也能输出关于版本的信息：
```
sudo mysqladmin -u root version -p
```
如果你想看命令行选项列表，使用：
```
mysql --help
```
#### 卸载 MySQL
如果您决定要使用较新版本或只是想停止使用 MySQL。
首先，关闭服务：
```
sudo systemctl stop mysql.service && sudo systemctl disable mysql.service
```
确保你备份了你的数据库，以防你之后想使用它们。你可以通过运行下列命令卸载 MySQL：
```
sudo apt purge mysql*
```
清理依赖：
```
sudo apt autoremove
```
### 小结
在这篇文章中，我已经介绍如何在 Ubuntu Linux 上安装 Mysql。我很高兴如果这篇文章能帮助到那些正为此挣扎的用户或者刚刚开始的用户。
如果你发现这篇文章是一个很有用的资源，在评论里告诉我们。你为了什么使用 MySQL? 我们渴望收到你的任何反馈、印象和建议。感谢阅读，并毫不犹豫地尝试这个很棒的工具！
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://itsfoss.com/install-mysql-ubuntu/
作者：[Sergiu][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[arrowfeng](https://github.com/arrowfeng)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/sergiu/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://www.mysql.com/
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_(software_bundle)
[3]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/install-mysql-ubuntu.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
[4]: https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/repo/apt/
[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/mysql_apt_download_page.jpg?fit=800%2C280&ssl=1
[6]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/mysql_deb_download_link.jpg?fit=800%2C507&ssl=1
[7]: https://linuxhandbook.com/curl-command-examples/
[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/mysql_package_configuration_ok.jpg?fit=800%2C587&ssl=1
[9]: https://itsfoss.com/change-password-ubuntu/
[10]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/mysql_enter_password.jpg?fit=800%2C583&ssl=1
[11]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/mysql_information_on_configuring.jpg?fit=800%2C581&ssl=1
[12]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/mysql_default_authentication_plugin.jpg?fit=800%2C586&ssl=1
[13]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/mysql_service_information.jpg?fit=800%2C402&ssl=1
[14]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/mysql_shell_prompt-2.jpg?fit=800%2C423&ssl=1

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (warmfrog)
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10790-1.html)
[#]: subject: (New Features Coming to Debian 10 Buster Release)
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/new-features-coming-to-debian-10-buster-release/)
[#]: author: (Shirish https://itsfoss.com/author/shirish/)
即将到来的 Debian 10 Buster 发布版的新特点
=======================================
Debian 10 Buster 即将发布。第一个发布候选版已经发布，我们预期可以在几周内见到待最终版。
如果你期待对这个新的主要发布版本，让我告诉你里面有什么。
### Debian 10 Buster 发布计划
[Debian 10 Buster][1] 的发布日期并没有确定。为什么这样呢？不像其他分发版，[Debian][2] 并不基于时间发布。相反地它主要关注于修复<ruby>发布版重要 Bug<rt>release-critical bug</rt></ruby>。发布版重要 Bug 要么是严重的安全问题（[CVE][3]），要么是一些其他阻止 Debian 发布的严重问题。
Debian 在它的软件归档中分为三个部分，叫做 Main、contrib 和 non-free。在这三者之中，Debian 开发者和发布管理者最关心的包组成了该分发版的基石。Main 是像石头一样稳定的。因此他们要确保那里没有主要的功能或者安全问题。他们同样给予了不同的优先级，例如 Essential、Required、Important、Standard、Optional 和 Extra。更多关于此方面的知识参考后续的 Debian 文章。
这是必要的，因为 Debian 在很多环境中被用作服务器，人们已经变得依赖 Debian。他们同样看重升级周期是否有破环，因此他们寻找人们来测试，来查看当升级的时候是否有破坏并通知 Debian 有这样的问题。
这种提交方式带来的稳定性[是我喜欢 Debian 的众多原因之一][4]。
### Debian 10 Buster 版本的新内容
这里是即将到来的 Debian 主要发布版的一些视觉上和内部的改变。
#### 新的主题和壁纸
Buster 的 Debian 主题被称为 [FuturePrototype][5] 并且看起来如下图：
![Debian Buster FuturePrototype Theme][6]
#### 1、GNOME 桌面 3.30
Debian Stretch 版中的 GNOME 桌面在 Buster 中从 1.3.22 升级到了 1.3.30。在 GNOME 桌面发布版中新包含的一些包是 gnome-todo、tracker 替代了 tracker-gui、gstreamer1.0-packagekit 的依赖，因此可以通过自动地安装编码解码器来做播放电影之类的事。对于所有包来说一个大的改变是从 libgtk2+ 到 libgtk3+。
#### 2、Linux 内核 4.19.0-4
Debian 使用 LTS 内核版本，因此你可以期待更好的硬件支持和长达 5 年的维护和支持周期。我们已经从内核 4.9.0.3 到 4.19.0-4。
```
$ uname -r
4.19.0-4-amd64
```
#### 3、OpenJDK 11.0
Debian 在很长时间里都是 OpenJDK 8.0。现在在 Debian Buster 里我们已经升级为 OpenJDK 11.0，并且会有一个团队维护新的版本。
#### 4、默认启用 AppArmor
在 Debian Buster 中是默认启用 [AppArmor][7] 的。这是一个好事，谨慎是系统管理员必须采取的正确策略。这仅仅是第一步，并且可能需要修复很多对用户觉得有用的脚本。
#### 5、Nodejs 10.15.2
在很长一段时间里 Debian 在仓库中都只有 Nodejs 4.8。在这个周期里 Debian 已经移到 Nodejs 10.15.2。事实上，Debian Buster 有很多 javascript 库例如 yarnpkg （一个 nmp 的替代品）等等。
当然，你可以从该项目仓库[在 Debian 中安装最新的 Nodejs][8]，但是从 Debian 仓库中看到更新的版本是很棒的。
#### 6、NFtables 替代了 iptables
Debian Buster 提供了 nftables 来完整地替代了 iptables，因为它有更好、更简单的语法，更好的支持双栈 ipv4/v6 防火墙等等。
#### 7、支持更多的 ARM 64 和 ARMHF 的单板机。
Debian 已经支持一些常见的新的单板机，其中最新的包括 pine64_plus、ARM64 的 pinebook、Firefly-RK3288、ARMHF 64 的 u-boot-rockchip 以及 Odroid HC1/HC2 板、SolidRun Cubox-i 双核/四核（1.5som）和 SolidRun Cubox-i 双核/四核（1.5som+emmc）板、Cubietruckplus 等。同样支持 Rock 64、Banana Pi M2 Berry、Pine A64 LTS Board、Olimex A64 Teres-1 与 Rapberry Pi 1、Zero 和 Pi 3。对于 RISC-V 系统同样支持开箱即用。
#### 8、Python 2 已死，Python 3 长存
在 2020 年 1 月 1 日，Python 2 将被 python.org 废弃。在 Debian 将所有的软件包从 Python 2.7 移到 Python 3 以后，Python 2.7 将从软件仓库中移除。这可能发生在 Buster 发布版或者将来的某个发布版，这是肯定要来临的。因此 Python 开发者被鼓励移植他们的代码库来兼容 Python 3。在写本文的时候，在 Debian Buster 中同时支持 python2 和 pythone3。
#### 9、Mailman 3
在 Debian 中终于可以使用 Mailman3 了。同时 [Mailman][10] 已经被细分成为组件。要安装整个软件栈，可以安装 mailman3-full 来获取所有组件。
#### 10、任意已有的 Postgresql 数据库将需要重新索引
由于 glibc 本地数据的更新，放入文本索引中的信息排序的方式将会改变，因为重新索引是有益的，这样在将来就不会有数据破坏发生。
#### 11、默认 Bash 5.0
你可能已经了解了 [Bash 5.0 的新特点][11]，在 Debian 中已经是该版本了。
#### 12、Debian 实现 /usr/merge
我们已经分享过一个优秀的 freedesktop [读物][12]，介绍了 `/usr/merge` 带来了什么。有一些事项需要注意。当 Debian 想要整个过渡时，可能由于未预见的情况，一些二进制文件可能并没有做这些改变。需要指出的一点是，`/var` 和 `/etc` 不会被触及，因此使用容器或者云技术的不需要考虑太多 :)。
#### 13、支持安全启动
在 Buster RC1 中，Debian 现在支持<ruby>安全启动<rt>secure-boot</rt></ruby>。这意味着打开了安全启动设置的机器应该能够轻松安装 Debian。不再需要禁止或者处理安全启动的事 :)
#### 14、Debian-Live 镜像的 Calameres Live-installer
对于 Debian Buster 的 Live 版，Debian 引入了 [Calameres 安装器][13]来替代老的 Debian-installer。Debian-installer 比 Calameres 功能更多，但对于初学者，Calameres 相对于 Debian-installer 提供了另外一种全新的安装方式。安装过程的截图：
![Calamares Partitioning Stage][14]
如图所见，在 Calamares 下安装 Debian 相当简单，只要经历 5 个步骤你就能在你的机器上安装 Debian。
### 下载 Debian 10 Live 镜像 （只用于测试）
现在还不要将它用于生产机器。可以在测试机上尝试或者一个虚拟机。
你可以从 Debian Live [目录][15]获取 Debian 64 位和 32 位的镜像。如果你想要 64 位的就进入 `64-bit` 目录，如果你想要 32 位的，就进入 `32-bit` 目录。
- [下载 Debian 10 Buster Live Images][15]
如果你从已存在的稳定版升级并且出现了一些问题，查看它是否在预安装的[升级报告][16]中提及了，使用 [reportbug][17] 报告你看到的问题。如果 bug 没有被报告，那么请尽可能地报告和分享更多地信息。
### 总结
当上千个包被升级时，看起来不可能一一列出。我已经列出了一些你在 Debian Buster 可以找到的一些主要的改变。你怎么看呢？
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://itsfoss.com/new-features-coming-to-debian-10-buster-release/
作者：[Shirish][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[warmfrog](https://github.com/warmfrog)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/shirish/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://wiki.debian.org/DebianBuster
[2]: https://www.debian.org/
[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/reasons-why-i-love-debian/
[5]: https://wiki.debian.org/DebianArt/Themes/futurePrototype
[6]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/debian-buster-theme-800x450.png
[7]: https://wiki.debian.org/AppArmor
[8]: https://itsfoss.com/install-nodejs-ubuntu/
[9]: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0373/
[10]: https://www.list.org/
[11]: https://itsfoss.com/bash-5-release/
[12]: https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/TheCaseForTheUsrMerge/
[13]: https://calamares.io/about/
[14]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/calamares-partitioning-wizard.jpg?fit=800%2C538&ssl=1
[15]: https://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/weekly-live-builds/
[16]: https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/pkgreport.cgi?pkg=upgrade-reports;dist=unstable
[17]: https://itsfoss.com/bug-report-debian/

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (DevOps for Network Engineers: Linux Foundation’s New Training Course)
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/devops-for-network-engineers/)
[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
DevOps for Network Engineers: Linux Foundation’s New Training Course
======
_**Linux Foundation has launched a[DevOps course for sysadmins][1] and network engineers. They are also offering a limited time 40% discount on the launch.**_
DevOps is no longer a buzzword. It has become the necessity for any IT company.
The role and responsibility of a sysadmin and a network engineer have changed as well. They are required to have knowledge of the DevOps tools popular in the IT industry.
If you are a sysadmin or a network engineer, you can no longer laugh off DevOps anymore. It’s time to learn new skills to stay relevant in today’s rapidly changing IT industry otherwise the ‘automation’ trend might cost you your job.
And who knows it better than Linux Foundation, the official organization behind Linux project and the employer of Linux-creator Linus Torvalds?
[Linux Foundation has a number of courses on Linux and related technologies][2] that help you in getting a job or improving your existing skills at work.
The [latest course offering][1] from Linux Foundation specifically focuses on sysadmins who would like to familiarize with DevOps tools.
### DevOps for Network Engineers Course
![][3]
[This course][1] is intended for existing sysadmins and network engineers. So you need to have some knowledge of Linux system administration, shell scripting and Python.
The course will help you with:
* Integrating into a DevOps/Agile environment
* Familiarizing with commonly used DevOps tools
* Collaborating on projects as DevOps
* Confidently working with software and configuration files in version control
* Recognizing the roles of SCRUM team members
* Confidently applying Agile principles in an organization
This is the course outline:
* Chapter 1. Course Introduction
* Chapter 2. Modern Project Management
* Chapter 3. The DevOps Process: A Network Engineer’s Perspective
* Chapter 4. Network Simulation and Testing with [Mininet][4]
* Chapter 5. [OpenFlow][5] and [ONOS][6]
* Chapter 6. Infrastructure as Code ([Ansible][7] Basics)
* Chapter 7. Version Control ([Git][8])
* Chapter 8. Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery ([Jenkins][9])
* Chapter 9. Using [Gerrit][10] in DevOps
* Chapter 10. Jenkins, Gerrit and Code Review for DevOps
* Chapter 11. The DevOps Process and Tools (Review)
Altogether, you get 25-30 hours of course material. The online course is self-paced and you can access the material for one year from the date of purchase.
_**Unlike most other courses on Linux Foundation, this is NOT a video course.**_
There is no certification for this course because it is more focused on learning and improving skills.
#### Get the course at a 40% discount (limited time)
The course costs $299 but since it’s just launched, they are offering 40% discount till March 1st, 2019. You can get the discount by using the **DEVOPSNET** coupon code at checkout.
[DevOps for Network Engineers][1]
By the way, if you are interested in Open Source development, you can benefit from the “[Introduction to Open Source Development, Git, and Linux][11]” video course. You can get a limited time 50% discount using **OSDEV50** code at the checkout.
Staying relevant is absolutely necessary in any industry, not just IT industry. Learning new skills that are in-demand in your industry is perhaps the best way in this regard.
What do you think? What are your views on the current automation trend? How would you go about it?
_Disclaimer: This post contains affiliate links. Please read our_ [_affiliate policy_][12] _for more details._
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://itsfoss.com/devops-for-network-engineers/
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: http://shrsl.com/1glcb
[2]: https://shareasale.com/r.cfm?b=1074561&u=747593&m=59485&urllink=&afftrack=
[3]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/DevOps-for-Network-Engineers-800x450.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
[4]: http://mininet.org/
[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenFlow
[6]: https://onosproject.org/
[7]: https://www.ansible.com/
[8]: https://itsfoss.com/basic-git-commands-cheat-sheet/
[9]: https://jenkins.io/
[10]: https://www.gerritcodereview.com/
[11]: https://shareasale.com/r.cfm?b=1193750&u=747593&m=59485&urllink=&afftrack=
[12]: https://itsfoss.com/affiliate-policy/

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[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: translator: (warmfrog)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (12 Single Board Computers: Alternative to Raspberry Pi)
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-alternatives/)
[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/)
12 Single Board Computers: Alternative to Raspberry Pi
======
_**Brief: Looking for a Raspberry Pi alternative? Here are some other single board computers to satisfy your DIY cravings.**_
Raspberry Pi is the most popular single board computer right now. You can use it for your DIY projects or can use it as a cost effective system to learn coding or maybe utilize a [media server software][1] on it to stream media at your convenience.
You can do a lot of things with Raspberry Pi but it is not the ultimate solution for all kinds of tinkerers. Some might be looking for a cheaper board and some might be on the lookout for a powerful one.
Whatever be the case, we do need Raspberry Pi alternatives for a variety of reasons. So, in this article, we will talk about the best ten single board computers that we think are the best Raspberry Pi alternatives.
![][2]
### Raspberry Pi alternatives to satisfy your DIY craving
The list is in no particular order of ranking. Some of the links here are affiliate links. Please read our [affiliate policy][3].
#### 1\. Onion Omega2+
![][4]
For just **$13** , the Omega2+ is one of the cheapest IoT single board computers you can find out there. It runs on LEDE (Linux Embedded Development Environment) Linux OS – a distribution based on [OpenWRT][5].
Its form factor, cost, and the flexibility that comes from running a customized version of Linux OS makes it a perfect fit for almost any type of IoT applications.
You can find [Onion Omega kit on Amazon][6] or order from their own website that would cost you extra shipping charges.
**Key Specifications**
* MT7688 SoC
* 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.11 b/g/n WiFi
* 128 MB DDR2 RAM
* 32 MB on-board flash storage
* MicroSD Slot
* USB 2.0
* 12 GPIO Pins
[Visit WEBSITE
][7]
#### 2\. NVIDIA Jetson Nano Developer Kit
![][8]
This is a very unique and interesting Raspberry Pi alternative from NVIDIA for just **$99**. Yes, it’s not something that everyone can make use of – but for a specific group of tinkerers or developers.
NVIDIA explains it for the following use-case:
> NVIDIA® Jetson Nano™ Developer Kit is a small, powerful computer that lets you run multiple neural networks in parallel for applications like image classification, object detection, segmentation, and speech processing. All in an easy-to-use platform that runs in as little as 5 watts.
>
> nvidia
So, basically, if you are into AI and deep learning, you can make use of the developer kit. If you are curious, the production compute module of this will be arriving in June 2019.
**Key Specifications:**
* CPU: Quad-core ARM A57 @ 1.43 GHz
* GPU: 128-core Maxwell
* RAM: 4 GB 64-bit LPDDR4 25.6 GB/s
* Display: HDMI 2.0
* 4 x USB 3.0 and eDP 1.4
[VISIT WEBSITE
][9]
#### 3\. ASUS Tinker Board S
![][10]
ASUS Tinker Board S isn’t the most affordable Raspberry Pi alternative at **$82** (on [Amazon][11]) but it is a powerful alternative. It features the same 40-pin connector that you’d normally find in the standard Raspberry Pi 3 Model but offers a powerful processor and a GPU.Also, the size of the Tinker Board S is exactly the same as a standard Raspberry Pi 3.
The main highlight of this board is the presence of 16 GB [eMMC][12] (in layman terms, it has got SSD-like storage on board that makes it faster while working on it).
**Key Specifications:**
* Rockchip Quad-Core RK3288 processor
* 2 GB DDR3 RAM
* Integrated Graphics Processor
* ARM® Mali™-T764 GPU
* 16 GB eMMC
* MicroSD Card Slot
* 802.11 b/g/n, Bluetooth V4.0 + EDR
* USB 2.0
* 28 GPIO pins
* HDMI Interface
[Visit website
][13]
#### 4\. ClockworkPi
![][14]
Clockwork Pi is usually a part of the [GameShell Kit][15] if you are looking to assemble a modular retro gaming console. However, you can purchase the board separately for $49.
Its compact size, WiFi connectivity, and the presence of micro HDMI port make it a great choice for a lot of things.
**Key Specifications:**
* Allwinner R16-J Quad-core Cortex-A7 CPU @1.2GHz
* Mali-400 MP2 GPU
* RAM: 1GB DDR3
* WiFi & Bluetooth v4.0
* Micro HDMI output
* MicroSD Card Slot
[visit website
][16]
#### 5\. Arduino Mega 2560
![][17]
If you are into robotic projects or you want something for a 3D printer – Arduino Mega 2560 will be a handy replacement to Raspberry Pi. Unlike Raspberry Pi, it is based on a microcontroller and not a microprocessor.
It would cost you $38.50 on their [official site][18] and and around [$33 on Amazon][19].
**Key Specifications:**
* Microcontroller: ATmega2560
* Clock Speed: 16 MHz
* Digital I/O Pins: 54
* Analog Input Pins: 16
* Flash Memory: 256 KB of which 8 KB used by bootloader
[visit website
][18]
#### 6\. Rock64 Media Board
![][20]
For the same investment as you would on a Raspberry Pi 3 B+, you will be getting a faster processor and double the memory on Rock64 Media Board. In addition, it also offers a cheaper alternative to Raspberry Pi if you want the 1 GB RAM model – which would cost $10 less.
Unlike Raspberry Pi, you do not have wireless connectivity support here but the presence of USB 3.0 and HDMI 2.0 does make a good difference if that matters to you.
**Key Specifications:**
* Rockchip RK3328 Quad-Core ARM Cortex A53 64-Bit Processor
* Supports up to 4GB 1600MHz LPDDR3 RAM
* eMMC module socket
* MicroSD Card slot
* USB 3.0
* HDMI 2.0
[visit website
][21]
#### 7\. Odroid-XU4
![][22]
Odroid-XU4 is the perfect alternative to Raspberry Pi if you have room to spend a little more ($80-$100 or even lower, depending on the store/availability).
It is indeed a powerful replacement and technically a bit smaller in size. The support for eMMC and USB 3.0 makes it faster to work with.
**Key Specifications:**
* Samsung Exynos 5422 Octa ARM Cortex™-A15 Quad 2Ghz and Cortex™-A7 Quad 1.3GHz CPUs
* 2Gbyte LPDDR3 RAM
* GPU: Mali-T628 MP6
* USB 3.0
* HDMI 1.4a
* eMMC 5.0 module socket
* MicroSD Card Slot
[visit website
][23]
#### 8\. **PocketBeagle**
![][24]
It is an incredibly small SBC – almost similar to the Raspberry Pi Zero. However, it would cost you the same as that of a full-sized Raspberry Pi 3 model. The main highlight here is that you can use it as a USB key-fob and then access the Linux terminal to work on it.
**Key Specifications:**
* Processor: Octavo Systems OSD3358 1GHz ARM® Cortex-A8
* RAM: 512 MB DDR3
* 72 expansion pin headers
* microUSB
* USB 2.0
[visit website
][25]
#### 9\. Le Potato
![][26]
Le Potato by [Libre Computer][27], also identified by its model number AML-S905X-CC. It would [cost you $45][28].
If you want double the memory along with HDMI 2.0 interface by spending a bit more than a Raspberry Pi – this would be the perfect choice. Although, you won’t find wireless connectivity baked in.
**Key Specifications:**
* Amlogic S905X SoC
* 2GB DDR3 SDRAM
* USB 2.0
* HDMI 2.0
* microUSB
* MicroSD Card Slot
* eMMC Interface
[visit website
][29]
#### 10\. Banana Pi M64
![][30]
It comes loaded with 8 Gigs of eMMC – which is the key highlight of this Raspberry Pi alternative. For the very same reason, it would cost you $60.
The presence of HDMI interface makes it 4K-ready. In addition, Banana Pi offers a lot more variety of open source SBCs as an alternative to Raspberry Pi.
**Key Specifications:**
* 1.2 Ghz Quad-Core ARM Cortex A53 64-Bit Processor-R18
* 2GB DDR3 SDRAM
* 8 GB eMMC
* WiFi & Bluetooth
* USB 2.0
* HDMI
[visit website
][31]
#### 11\. Orange Pi Zero
![][32]
The Orange Pi Zero is an incredibly cheap alternative to Raspberry Pi. You will be able to get it for almost $10 on Aliexpress or Amazon. For a [little more investment, you can get 512 MB RAM][33].
If that isn’t sufficient, you can also go for Orange Pi 3 with better specifications which will cost you around $25.
**Key Specifications:**
* H2 Quad-core Cortex-A7
* Mali400MP2 GPU
* RAM: Up to 512 MB
* TF Card support
* WiFi
* USB 2.0
[Visit website
][34]
#### 12\. VIM 2 SBC by Khadas
![][35]
VIM 2 by Khadas is one of the latest SBCs that you can grab with Bluetooth 5.0 on board. It [starts from $99 (the basic model) and goes up to $140][36].
The basic model includes 2 GB RAM, 16 GB eMMC and Bluetooth 4.1. However, the Pro/Max versions would include Bluetooth 5.0, more memory, and more eMMC storage.
**Key Specifications:**
* Amlogic S912 1.5GHz 64-bit Octa-Core CPU
* T820MP3 GPU
* Up to 3 GB DDR4 RAM
* Up to 64 GB eMMC
* Bluetooth 5.0 (Pro/Max)
* Bluetooth 4.1 (Basic)
* HDMI 2.0a
* WiFi
**Wrapping Up**
We do know that there are different types of single board computers. Some are better than Raspberry Pi – and some scaled down versions of it for a cheaper price tag. Also, SBCs like Jetson Nano have been tailored for a specific use. So, depending on what you require – you should verify the specifications of the single board computer.
If you think that you know about something that is better than the ones mentioned above, feel free to let us know in the comments below.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-alternatives/
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-media-server/
[2]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/raspberry-pi-alternatives.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
[3]: https://itsfoss.com/affiliate-policy/
[4]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/omega-2-plus-e1555306748755-800x444.jpg?resize=800%2C444&ssl=1
[5]: https://openwrt.org/
[6]: https://amzn.to/2Xj8pkn
[7]: https://onion.io/store/omega2p/
[8]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Jetson-Nano-e1555306350976-800x590.jpg?resize=800%2C590&ssl=1
[9]: https://developer.nvidia.com/embedded/buy/jetson-nano-devkit
[10]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/asus-tinker-board-s-e1555304945760-800x450.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
[11]: https://amzn.to/2XfkOFT
[12]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiMediaCard
[13]: https://www.asus.com/in/Single-Board-Computer/Tinker-Board-S/
[14]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/clockwork-pi-e1555305016242-800x506.jpg?resize=800%2C506&ssl=1
[15]: https://itsfoss.com/gameshell-console/
[16]: https://www.clockworkpi.com/product-page/cpi-v3-1
[17]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/arduino-mega-2560-e1555305257633.jpg?ssl=1
[18]: https://store.arduino.cc/usa/mega-2560-r3
[19]: https://amzn.to/2KCi041
[20]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/ROCK64_board-e1555306092845-800x440.jpg?resize=800%2C440&ssl=1
[21]: https://www.pine64.org/?product=rock64-media-board-computer
[22]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/odroid-xu4.jpg?fit=800%2C354&ssl=1
[23]: https://www.hardkernel.com/shop/odroid-xu4-special-price/
[24]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/PocketBeagle.jpg?fit=800%2C450&ssl=1
[25]: https://beagleboard.org/p/products/pocketbeagle
[26]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/aml-libre.-e1555306237972-800x514.jpg?resize=800%2C514&ssl=1
[27]: https://libre.computer/
[28]: https://amzn.to/2DpG3xl
[29]: https://libre.computer/products/boards/aml-s905x-cc/
[30]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/banana-pi-m6.jpg?fit=800%2C389&ssl=1
[31]: http://www.banana-pi.org/m64.html
[32]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/orange-pi-zero.jpg?fit=800%2C693&ssl=1
[33]: https://amzn.to/2IlI81g
[34]: http://www.orangepi.org/orangepizero/index.html
[35]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/khadas-vim-2-e1555306505640-800x563.jpg?resize=800%2C563&ssl=1
[36]: https://amzn.to/2UDvrFE

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Ubuntu 19.04 ‘Disco Dingo’ Has Arrived: Downloads Available Now!)
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-19-04-release/)
[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/)
Ubuntu 19.04 ‘Disco Dingo’ Has Arrived: Downloads Available Now!
======
It’s the time to disco! Why? Well, Ubuntu 19.04 ‘Disco Dingo’ is here and finally available to download. Although, we are aware of the [new features in Ubuntu 19.04][1] – I will mention a few important things below and would also point you to the official links to download it and get started.
### Ubuntu 19.04: What You Need To Know
Here are a few things you should know about Ubuntu 19.04 Disco Dingo release.
#### Ubuntu 19.04 is not an LTS Release
Unlike Ubuntu 18.04 LTS, this will not be [supported for 10 years][2]. Instead, the non-LTS 19.04 will be supported for **9 months until January 2020.**
So, if you have a production environment, we may not recommend upgrading it right away. For example, if you have a server that runs on Ubuntu 18.04 LTS – it may not be a good idea to upgrade it to 19.04 just because it is an exciting release.
However, for users who want the latest and greatest installed on their machines can try it out.
![][3]
#### Ubuntu 19.04 is a sweet update for NVIDIA GPU Owners
_Martin Wimpress_ (from Canonical) mentioned that Ubuntu 19.04 is particularly a big deal for NVIDIA GPU owners in the final release notes of Ubuntu MATE 19.04 (one of the Ubuntu flavors) on [GitHub][4].
In other words, while installing the proprietary graphics driver – it now selects the best driver compatible with your particular GPU model.
#### Ubuntu 19.04 Features
Even though we have already discussed the [best features of Ubuntu 19.04][1] Disco Dingo, it is worth mentioning that I’m exciting about the desktop updates (GNOME 3.32) and the Linux Kernel (5.0) that comes as one of the major changes in this release.
#### Upgrading from Ubuntu 18.10 to 19.04
If you have Ubuntu 18.10 installed, you should upgrade it for obvious reasons. 18.10 will reach its end of life in July 2019 – so we recommend you to upgrade it to 19.04.
To do that, you can simply head on to the “ **Software and Updates** ” settings and then navigate your way to the “ **Updates** ” tab.
Now, change the option for – **Notify me of a new Ubuntu version** to “ _For any new version_ “.
When you run the update manager now, you should see that Ubuntu 19.04 is available now.
![][5]
#### Upgrading from Ubuntu 18.04 to 19.04
It is not recommended to directly upgrade from 18.04 to 19.04 because you will have to update the OS to 18.10 first and then proceed to get 19.04 on board.
Instead, you can simply download the official ISO image of Ubuntu 19.04 and then re-install Ubuntu on your system.
### Ubuntu 19.04: Downloads Available for all flavors
As per the [release notes][6], Ubuntu 19.04 is available to download now. You can get the torrent or the ISO file on its official release download page.
[Download Ubuntu 19.04][7]
If you need a different desktop environment or need something specific, you should check out the official flavors of Ubuntu available:
* [Ubuntu MATE][8]
* [Kubuntu][9]
* [Lubuntu][10]
* [Ubuntu Budgie][11]
* [Ubuntu Studio][12]
* [Xubuntu][13]
Some of the above mentioned Ubuntu flavors haven’t put the 19.04 release on their download yet. But you can [still find the ISOs on the Ubuntu’s release note webpage][6]. Personally, I use Ubuntu with GNOME desktop. You can choose whatever you like.
**Wrapping Up**
What do you think about Ubuntu 19.04 Disco Dingo? Are the new features exciting enough? Have you tried it yet? Let us know in the comments below.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-19-04-release/
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-19-04-release-features/
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-18-04-ten-year-support/
[3]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ubuntu-19-04-Disco-Dingo-default-wallpaper.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
[4]: https://github.com/ubuntu-mate/ubuntu-mate.org/blob/master/blog/20190418-ubuntu-mate-disco-final-release.md
[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/ubuntu-19-04-upgrade-available.jpg?ssl=1
[6]: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DiscoDingo/ReleaseNotes
[7]: https://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop
[8]: https://ubuntu-mate.org/download/
[9]: https://kubuntu.org/getkubuntu/
[10]: https://lubuntu.me/cosmic-released/
[11]: https://ubuntubudgie.org/downloads
[12]: https://ubuntustudio.org/2019/04/ubuntu-studio-19-04-released/
[13]: https://xubuntu.org/download/

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sources/tech/20190420 New Features Coming to Debian 10 Buster Release.md
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: subject: (New Features Coming to Debian 10 Buster Release)
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/new-features-coming-to-debian-10-buster-release/)
[#]: author: (Shirish https://itsfoss.com/author/shirish/)
New Features Coming to Debian 10 Buster Release
======
Debian 10 Buster is nearing its release. The first release candidate is already out and we should see the final release, hopefully, in a few weeks.
If you are excited about this major new release, let me tell you what’s in it for you.
### Debian 10 Buster Release Schedule
There is no set release date for [Debian 10 Buster][1]. Why is that so? Unlike other distributions, [Debian][2] doesn’t do time-based releases. It instead focuses on fixing release-critical bugs. Release-critical bugs are bugs which have either security issues [CVE’s][3] or some other critical issues which prevent Debian from releasing.
Debian has three parts in its archive, called Main, contrib and non-free. Of the three, Debian Developers and Release Managers are most concerned that the packages which form the bedrock of the distribution i.e. Main is rock stable. So they make sure that there aren’t any major functional or security issues. They are also given priority values such as Essential, Required, Important, Standard, Optional and Extra. More on this in some later Debian article.
This is necessary because Debian is used as a server in many different environments and people have come to depend on Debian. They also look at upgrade cycles to see nothing breaks for which they look for people to test and see if something breaks while upgrading and inform Debian of the same.
This commitment to stability is one of the [many reasons why I love to use Debian][4].
### What’s new in Debian 10 Buster Release
Here are a few visual and under the hood changes in the upcoming major release of Debian.
#### New theme and wallpaper
The Debian theme for Buster is called [FuturePrototype][5] and can be seen below:
![Debian Buster FuturePrototype Theme][6]
#### 1\. GNOME Desktop 3.30
The GNOME desktop which was 1.3.22 in Debian Stretch is updated to 1.3.30 in Buster. Some of the new packages included in this GNOME desktop release are gnome-todo, tracker instead of tracker-gui , dependency against gstreamer1.0-packagekit so there is automatic codec installation for playing movies etc. The big move has been all packages being moved from libgtk2+ to libgtk3+ .
#### 2\. Linux Kernel 4.19.0-4
Debian uses LTS Kernel versions so you can expect much better hardware support and long 5 year maintainance and support cycle from Debian. From kernel 4.9.0.3 we have come to 4.19.0-4 .
```
$ uname -r
4.19.0-4-amd64
```
#### 3\. OpenJDK 11.0
For a long time Debian was stuck on OpenJDK 8.0. Now in Debian Buster we have moved to OpenJDK 11.0 and have a team which will take care of new versions.
#### 4\. AppArmor Enabled by Default
In Debian Buster [AppArmor][7] will be enabled by default. While this is a good thing, care would have to be taken care by system administrators to enable correct policies. This is only the first step and would need fixing probably lot of scripts to be as useful as been envisioned for the user.
#### 5\. Nodejs 10.15.2
For a long time Debian had Nodejs 4.8 in the repo. In this cycle Debian has moved to Nodejs 10.15.2 . In fact, Debian Buster has many javascript libraries such as yarnpkg (an npm alternative) and many others.
Of course, you can [install latest Nodejs in Debian][8] from the project’s repository but it’s good to see newer version in Debian repository.
#### 6\. NFtables replaces iptables
Debian buster provides nftables as a full replacement to iptables which means better and easier syntax, better support for dual-stack ipv4-v6 firewalls and more.
#### 7\. Support for lot of ARM 64 and ARMHF SBC Boards.
There has been a constant stream of new SBC boards which Debian is supporting, the latest amongst these are pine64_plus, pinebook for ARM64, while Firefly-RK3288, u-boot-rockchip for ARMHF 64 as well as Odroid HC1/HC2 boards, SolidRun Cubox-i Dual/Quad (1.5som), and SolidRun Cubox-i Dual/Quad (1.5som+emmc) boards, Cubietruckplus as well. There is support for Rock 64, Banana Pi M2 Berry, Pine A64 LTS Board, Olimex A64 Teres-1 as well as Raspberry Pi 1, Zero and Pi 3. Support will be out-of-the box for RISC-V systems as well.
#### 8\. Python 2 is dead, long live Python 3
Python 2 will be [deprecated][9] on January 1, 2020 by python.org . While Debian does have Python 2.7 efforts are on to remove after moving all packages to Python 3 to remove it from the repo. This may happen either at Buster release or in a future point release but this is imminent. So Python developers are encouraged to move their code-base to be compatible with Python 3. At the moment of writing, both python2 and python3 are supported in Debian buster.
#### 9\. Mailman 3
Mailman3 is finally available in Debian. While [Mailman][10] has been further sub-divided into components. To install the whole stack, install mailman3-full to get all the components.
#### 10\. Any existing Postgresql databases used will need to be reindexed
Due to updates in glibc locale data, the way the information is sorted in put in text indexes will change hence it would be beneficial to reindex the data so no data corruption arises in near future.
#### 11\. Bash 5.0 by Default
You probably have already about the [new features in Bash 5.0][11], this version is already in Debian.
#### 12\. Debian implementing /usr/merge
An excellent freedesktop [primer][12] on what /usr/merge brings is already shared. Couple of things to note though. While Debian would like to do the whole transition, there is possibility that due to unforseen circumstances, some binaries may not be in a position to do the change. One point to note though, /var and /etc/ will be left alone so people who are using containers or cloud would not have to worry too much :)
#### 13\. Secure-boot support
With Buster RC1, Debian now has secure-boot support. Which means machines which have the secure-boot bit turned on in the machine should be easily able to install Debian on such machines. No need to disable or workaround Secure boot anymore :)
#### 14\. Calameres Live-installer for Debian-Live images
For Debian buster, Debian Live, Debian introduces [Calameres Installer][13] instead of plain old debian-installer. While the Debian-installer has lot many features than Calameres, for newbies Calameres provides a fresh alternative to install than debian-installer. Some screenshots from the installation process.
![Calamares Partitioning Stage][14]
As can be seen it is pretty easy to Install Debian under Calamares, only 5 stages to go through and you can have Debian installed at your end.
### Download Debian 10 Live Images (only for testing)
Don’t use it on production machines just yet. Try it on a test machine or a virtual machine.
You can get Debian 64-bit and 32 bit images from Debian Live [directory][15]. If you want the 64-bit look into 64-bit directory, if you want the 32-bit, you can look into the 32-bit directory.
[Debian 10 Buster Live Images][15]
If you upgrade from existing stable and something breaks, see if it is reported against the [upgrade-reports][16] psuedo-package using [reportbug][17] you saw the issue with. If the bug has not reported in the package then report it and share as much information as you can.
**In Conclusion**
While thousands of packages have been updated and it is virtually impossible to list them all. I have tired to list some of the major changes that you can look for in Debian buster. What do you think of it?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://itsfoss.com/new-features-coming-to-debian-10-buster-release/
作者：[Shirish][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/shirish/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://wiki.debian.org/DebianBuster
[2]: https://www.debian.org/
[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/reasons-why-i-love-debian/
[5]: https://wiki.debian.org/DebianArt/Themes/futurePrototype
[6]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/debian-buster-theme-800x450.png
[7]: https://wiki.debian.org/AppArmor
[8]: https://itsfoss.com/install-nodejs-ubuntu/
[9]: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0373/
[10]: https://www.list.org/
[11]: https://itsfoss.com/bash-5-release/
[12]: https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/TheCaseForTheUsrMerge/
[13]: https://calamares.io/about/
[14]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/calamares-partitioning-wizard.jpg?fit=800%2C538&ssl=1
[15]: https://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/weekly-live-builds/
[16]: https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/pkgreport.cgi?pkg=upgrade-reports;dist=unstable
[17]: https://itsfoss.com/bug-report-debian/

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Tracking the weather with Python and Prometheus)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/weather-python-prometheus)
[#]: author: (Moshe Zadka https://opensource.com/users/moshez)
Tracking the weather with Python and Prometheus
======
Create a custom Prometheus integration to keep track of the biggest
cloud provider of all: Mother Earth.
![Tree clouds][1]
Open source monitoring system [Prometheus][2] has integrations to track many types of time-series data, but if you want an integration that doesn't yet exist, it's easy to build one. An often-used example is a custom integration with a cloud provider that uses the provider's APIs to grab specific metrics. In this example, though, we will integrate with the biggest cloud provider of all: Earth.
Luckily, the US government already measures the weather and provides an easy API for integrations. Getting the weather forecast for the next hour at Red Hat headquarters is simple.
```
import requests
HOURLY_RED_HAT = "<https://api.weather.gov/gridpoints/RAH/73,57/forecast/hourly>"
def get_temperature():
result = requests.get(HOURLY_RED_HAT)
return result.json()["properties"]["periods"][0]["temperature"]
```
Now that our integration with Earth is done, it's time to make sure Prometheus can understand what we are saying. We can use the [Prometheus Python library][3] to create a registry with one _gauge_ : the temperature at Red Hat HQ.
```
from prometheus_client import CollectorRegistry, Gauge
def prometheus_temperature(num):
registry = CollectorRegistry()
g = Gauge("red_hat_temp", "Temperature at Red Hat HQ", registry=registry)
g.set(num)
return registry
```
Finally, we need to connect this to Prometheus in some way. That depends a little on the network topology for Prometheus: whether it is easier for Prometheus to talk to our service, or whether the reverse is easier.
The first case is the one usually recommended, if possible, so we need to build a web server exposing the registry and then configure Prometheus to _scrape_ it.
We can build a simple web server with [Pyramid][4].
```
from pyramid.config import Configurator
from pyramid.response import Response
from prometheus_client import generate_latest, CONTENT_TYPE_LATEST
def metrics_web(request):
registry = prometheus_temperature(get_temperature())
return Response(generate_latest(registry),
content_type=CONTENT_TYPE_LATEST)
config = Configurator()
config.add_route('metrics', '/metrics')
config.add_view(metrics_web, route_name='metrics')
app = config.make_wsgi_app()
```
This can be run with any Web Server Gateway Interface (WSGI) server. For example, we can use **python -m twisted web --wsgi earth.app** to run it, assuming we put the code in **earth.py**.
Alternatively, if it is easier for our code to connect to Prometheus, we can push it to Prometheus's [Push gateway][5] periodically.
```
import time
from prometheus_client import push_to_gateway
def push_temperature(url):
while True:
registry = prometheus_temperature(get_temperature())
push_to_gateway(url, "temperature collector", registry)
time.sleep(60*60)
```
The URL is the one for the Push gateway; it often ends in **:9091**.
Good luck building your own custom Prometheus integration so you can track all the things!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/weather-python-prometheus
作者：[Moshe Zadka ][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/moshez
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/life_tree_clouds.png?itok=b_ftihhP (Tree clouds)
[2]: https://prometheus.io/
[3]: https://github.com/prometheus/client_python
[4]: https://trypyramid.com/
[5]: https://github.com/prometheus/pushgateway

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Four Methods To Check The Default Gateway Or Router IP Address In Linux?)
[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/check-find-default-gateway-or-router-ip-address-in-linux/)
[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/)
Four Methods To Check The Default Gateway Or Router IP Address In Linux?
======
Your default gateway is the IP address of your router that you should aware of that.
Typically this is automatically detected by your operating system during installation, if not then you may need to change it.
If your system not able to ping self then probable it could be a gateway issue and you have to fix it.
This might happen if you have multiple network adapters or routers on the network.
A gateway is a router that acts as an access point to passes network data from one networks to another networks.
The below articles will help you to gather some other information which is similar to this topic.
* **[9 Methods To Check Your Public IP Address In Linux Command Line][1]**
* **[How To Enable (UP) And Disable (DOWN) A Network Interface Port (NIC) In Linux?][2]**
This can be done using below Four commands.
* **`route Command:`** route command is used to show and manipulate the IP routing table.
* **`ip Command:`** IP command is similar to ifconfig, which is very familiar for assigning Static IP Address, Route & Default Gateway, etc.,.
* **`netstat Command:`** netstat (“network statistics”) is a command-line tool that displays network connections related information (both incoming and outgoing) such as routing tables, masquerade connections, multicast memberships and a number of network interface
* **`routel Command:`** routel command is used to list routes with pretty output format.
### 1) How To Check The Default Gateway Or Router IP Address In Linux Using route Command?
route command is used to show and manipulate the IP routing table.
Its primary use is to set up static routes to specific hosts or networks via an interface once the interface was configured.
When the add or del options are used, route modifies the routing tables. Without these options, route displays the current contents of the routing tables.
```
# route
or
# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
default www.routerlogin 0.0.0.0 UG 600 0 0 wlp8s0
192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 600 0 0 wlp8s0
```
### 2) How To Check The Default Gateway Or Router IP Address In Linux Using ip Command?
**[IP command][3]** is similar to ifconfig, which is very familiar for assigning Static IP Address, Route & Default Gateway, etc.,.
ifconfig command was deprecated due to no maintenance since so many years, even though it is still available on most Linux distributions.
ifconfig command has been replaced by IP command which is very powerful and performing several network administration tasks with one command.
IP command utility bundled with iproute2 package. By default iproute2 utility pre-installed all the major Linux distribution.
If no, you can install it by issuing iproute2 on your terminal with help of package manager.
```
# ip r
or
# ip route
or
# ip route show
default via 192.168.1.1 dev wlp8s0 proto dhcp metric 600
192.168.1.0/24 dev wlp8s0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.6 metric 600
```
### 3) How To Check The Default Gateway Or Router IP Address In Linux Using netstat Command?
netstat stands for Network Statistics, is a command-line tool that displays network connections related information (both incoming and outgoing) such as routing tables, masquerade connections, multicast memberships and a number of network interface.
It lists out all the tcp, udp socket connections and the unix socket connections.
It is used for diagnosing network problems in the network and to determine the amount of traffic on the network as a performance measurement.
```
# netstat -r
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface
default www.routerlogin 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 wlp8s0
192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 wlp8s0
```
### 4) How To Check The Default Gateway Or Router IP Address In Linux Using routel Command?
It used to list routes with pretty output format. These programs are a set of helper scripts you can use instead of raw iproute2 commands.
The routel script will list routes in a format that some might consider easier to interpret then the ip route list equivalent.
The routef script does not take any arguments and will simply flush the routing table down the drain. Beware! This means deleting all routes which will make your network unusable!
```
# routel
target gateway source proto scope dev tbl
default 192.168.1.1 dhcp wlp8s0
192.168.1.0/ 24 192.168.1.6 kernel link wlp8s0
127.0.0.0 broadcast 127.0.0.1 kernel link lo local
127.0.0.0/ 8 local 127.0.0.1 kernel host lo local
127.0.0.1 local 127.0.0.1 kernel host lo local
127.255.255.255 broadcast 127.0.0.1 kernel link lo local
192.168.1.0 broadcast 192.168.1.6 kernel link wlp8s0 local
192.168.1.6 local 192.168.1.6 kernel host wlp8s0 local
192.168.1.255 broadcast 192.168.1.6 kernel link wlp8s0 local
::1 kernel lo
fe80::/ 64 kernel wlp8s0
::1 local kernel lo local
fe80::ad00:2f7e:d882:5add local kernel wlp8s0 local
ff00::/ 8 wlp8s0 local
```
If you would like to print only default gateway then use the following format.
```
# routel | grep default
default 192.168.1.1 dhcp wlp8s0
```
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.2daygeek.com/check-find-default-gateway-or-router-ip-address-in-linux/
作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/check-find-server-public-ip-address-linux/
[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/enable-disable-up-down-nic-network-interface-port-linux-using-ifconfig-ifdown-ifup-ip-nmcli-nmtui/
[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/ip-command-configure-network-interface-usage-linux/

351
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (warmfrog)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (12 Single Board Computers: Alternative to Raspberry Pi)
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-alternatives/)
[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/)
12 个可替换 Raspberry Pi 的单片机
================================
_**简介： 正在寻找 Raspberry Pi 的替代品？ 这里有一些单片机可以满足你的 DIY 渴求**_
Raspberry Pi 是当前最流行的单片机。你可以在你的 DIY 项目中使用它，或者用它作为一个成本效益高的系统来学习编代码，或者为了你的便利，利用一个[流媒体软件][1]运行在上面作为流媒体设备。
你可以使用 Raspberry Pi 做很多事，但它不是各种极客的最终解决方案。一些人可能在寻找更便宜的开发板，一些可能在寻找更强大的。
无论是哪种情况，我们都有很多原因需要 Raspberry Pi 的替代品。因此，在这片文章里，我们将讨论最好的十个我们认为能够替代 Raspberry Pi 的单片机。
![][2]
### 满足你 DIY 渴望的 Raspberry Pi 替代品
这个列表没有特定的顺序排名。链接的一部分是附属链接。请阅读我们的[附属政策][3].
#### 1\. Onion Omega2+
![][4]
只要 **$13**，Omega2+ 是这里你可以找到的最便宜的 IoT 单片机设备。它运行 LEDE（Linux 嵌入式开发环境）Linux 系统 - 一个基于 [OpenWRT][5] 的分发版。
由于运行一个自定义 Linux 系统，它的组成因素，花费，和灵活性使它完美适合几乎所有类型的 IoT 应用。
你可以在[亚马逊商城的 Onion Omega 装备][6]或者从他们的网站下单，可能会收取额外的邮费。
**关键参数：**
* MT7688 SoC
* 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.11 b/g/n WiFi
* 128 MB DDR2 RAM
* 32 MB on-board flash storage
* MicroSD Slot
* USB 2.0
* 12 GPIO Pins
[查看官网][7]
#### 2\. NVIDIA Jetson Nano Developer Kit
这是来自 NVIDIA 的只要 **$99** 的非常独特和有趣的 Raspberry Pi 替代品。是的，它不是每个人都能充分利用的设备 - 只为特定的一组极客或者开发者。
NVIDIA 使用下面的用例解释它：
> NVIDIA® Jetson Nano™ Developer Kit 是一个小的，强大的让你并行运行多个神经网络的应用像图像分类，对象侦察，分段，语音处理。全部在一个易于使用的运行功率只有 5 瓦特平台。
>
> nvidia
因此，基本上，如果你正在研究 AI 或者深度学习，你可以充分利用开发设备。如果你很好奇，该设备的产品计算模块将在 2019 年 7 月到来。
**关键参数：**
* CPU: Quad-core ARM A57 @ 1.43 GHz
* GPU: 128-core Maxwell
* RAM: 4 GB 64-bit LPDDR4 25.6 GB/s
* Display: HDMI 2.0
* 4 x USB 3.0 and eDP 1.4
[查看官网
][9]
#### 3\. ASUS Tinker Board S
![][10]
ASUS Tinker Board S 不是大多数可负担得起的可替代 Raspberry Pi 的替换设备 （**$82**, [亚马逊商城][11])，但是它是一个强大的替代品。它的特点是有你通常可以发现与标准 Raspberry Pi 3 Model 一样的 40 针脚的连接器，但是提供了强大的处理器和 GPU。同样的，Tinker Board S 的大小恰巧和标准的 Raspberry Pi 3 一样大。
这个板子的主要亮点是 16 GB [eMMC][12] （用外行术语说，它的板上有一个类似 SSD 的存储单元使它工作时运行的更快。） 的存在。
**关键参数**
* Rockchip Quad-Core RK3288 processor
* 2 GB DDR3 RAM
* Integrated Graphics Processor
* ARM® Mali™-T764 GPU
* 16 GB eMMC
* MicroSD Card Slot
* 802.11 b/g/n, Bluetooth V4.0 + EDR
* USB 2.0
* 28 GPIO pins
* HDMI Interface
[查看网站
][13]
#### 4\. ClockworkPi
![][14]
如果你在想方设法组装一个模块化的复古的游戏控制台，Clockwork Pi 通常是 [GameShell Kit][15] 的一部分。然而，你可以 使用 $49 单独购买板子。
它紧凑的大小，WiFi 连接性，和 micro HDMI 端口的存在使它成为很多事物的选择。
**关键参数**
* Allwinner R16-J Quad-core Cortex-A7 CPU @1.2GHz
* Mali-400 MP2 GPU
* RAM: 1GB DDR3
* WiFi & Bluetooth v4.0
* Micro HDMI output
* MicroSD Card Slot
[查看官网
][16]
#### 5\. Arduino Mega 2560
![][17]
如果你正在研究机器人项目或者你想要一个 3D 打印机 - Arduino Mega 2560 将是 Raspberry Pi 的便利的替代品。不像 Raspberry Pi，它是基于微控制器而不是微处理器的。
在他们的[官网][18]，它会花费你 $38.50 或者在[在亚马逊商城 $33][19]。
**关键参数：**
**Key Specifications:**
* Microcontroller: ATmega2560
* Clock Speed: 16 MHz
* Digital I/O Pins: 54
* Analog Input Pins: 16
* Flash Memory: 256 KB of which 8 KB used by bootloader
[查看官网
][18]
#### 6\. Rock64 Media Board
![][20]
对于与你可能想要 Raspberry Pi 3 B+ 相同的投资，你将在 Rock64 Media Board 上获得更快的处理器和双倍的内存。除此之外，如果你想要 1 GB RAM 版的，它提供了一个 Raspberry Pi 的 更便宜的替代，花费更少，只要 $10 。
不像 Raspberry Pi，这里没有无线连接支持，但是 USB 3.0 和 HDMI 2.0 的存在使它与众不同，如果它对你很重要的话。
**关键参数：**
* Rockchip RK3328 Quad-Core ARM Cortex A53 64-Bit Processor
* Supports up to 4GB 1600MHz LPDDR3 RAM
* eMMC module socket
* MicroSD Card slot
* USB 3.0
* HDMI 2.0
[查看官网
][21]
#### 7\. Odroid-XU4
![][22]
Odroid-XU4 是一个完美的 Raspberry Pi 的替代,如果你有能够稍微提高预算的空间（$80-$100 甚至更低，取决于存储的容量）。
它确实是一个强大的替代并且体积更小。 支持 eMMC 和 USB 3.0 使它工作起来更快。
**关键参数：**
* Samsung Exynos 5422 Octa ARM Cortex™-A15 Quad 2Ghz and Cortex™-A7 Quad 1.3GHz CPUs
* 2Gbyte LPDDR3 RAM
* GPU: Mali-T628 MP6
* USB 3.0
* HDMI 1.4a
* eMMC 5.0 module socket
* MicroSD Card Slot
[查看官网
][23]
#### 8\. **PocketBeagle**
![][24]
它是一个难以置信的小的单片机 - 几乎和 Raspberry Pi Zero 相似。然而它会花费完全大小的 Raspberry Pi 3 相同的价格。主要的亮点是你可以用它作为一个 USB 便携式信息终端 并且进入 Linux 命令行工作。
**关键参数：**
* Processor: Octavo Systems OSD3358 1GHz ARM® Cortex-A8
* RAM: 512 MB DDR3
* 72 expansion pin headers
* microUSB
* USB 2.0
[查看官网
][25]
#### 9\. Le Potato
![][26]
由 [Libre Computer][27] 出品的 Le Potato，同样被它的型号 AML-S905X-CC 标识。它花费你 [$45][28]。
如果你花费的比 Raspberry Pi 更多的钱，你就能得到想要双倍内存和 HDMI 2.0 接口，这可能是一个完美的选择。尽管，你还是不能发现嵌入的无线连接。
**关键参数：**
* Amlogic S905X SoC
* 2GB DDR3 SDRAM
* USB 2.0
* HDMI 2.0
* microUSB
* MicroSD Card Slot
* eMMC Interface
[查看官网
][29]
#### 10\. Banana Pi M64
![][30]
它自带了 8 Gigs 的 eMMC - 是替代 Raspberry Pi 的主要亮点。由于相同的原因，它花费 $60。
HDMI 接口的存在使它胜任 4K。除此之外，Banana Pi 提供了更多种类的开源单片机作为 Raspberry Pi 的替代。
**关键参数：**
* 1.2 Ghz Quad-Core ARM Cortex A53 64-Bit Processor-R18
* 2GB DDR3 SDRAM
* 8 GB eMMC
* WiFi & Bluetooth
* USB 2.0
* HDMI
[查看官网
][31]
#### 11\. Orange Pi Zero
![][32]
Orange Pi Zero 相对于 Raspberry Pi 难以置信的便宜。你可以在 Aliexpress 或者亚马逊上以最多 $10 就能够获得。如果[稍微投资多点，你能够获得 512 MB RAM][33]。
如果这还不够充分，你可以花费大概 $25 获得更好的配置像 Orange Pi 3。
**关键参数：**
* H2 Quad-core Cortex-A7
* Mali400MP2 GPU
* RAM: Up to 512 MB
* TF Card support
* WiFi
* USB 2.0
[查看官网
][34]
#### 12\. VIM 2 SBC by Khadas
![][35]
由 Khadas 出品的 VIM 2 是最新的单片机，因此你能够在板上获取到蓝牙 5.0。[从 $99 的基础款到上限 $140][36].
基础款包含 2 GB RAM，16 GB eMMC 和蓝牙 4.1。然而，Pro/Max 版包含蓝牙 5.0，更多的内存，更多的 eMMC 存储。
**关键参数：**
* Amlogic S912 1.5GHz 64-bit Octa-Core CPU
* T820MP3 GPU
* Up to 3 GB DDR4 RAM
* Up to 64 GB eMMC
* Bluetooth 5.0 (Pro/Max)
* Bluetooth 4.1 (Basic)
* HDMI 2.0a
* WiFi
**总结**
我们知道有很多不同种类的单片机电脑。一些比 Raspberry Pi 更好 - 它的一些小规格的版本有更便宜的价格。同样的，单片机像 Jetson Nano 已经被裁剪用于特定用途。因此，取决于你需要什么 - 你应该验证单片机的配置。
如果你认为你知道比上述提到的更好的东西，请随意在下方评论来让我们知道。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-alternatives/
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[warmfrog](https://github.com/warmfrog)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-media-server/
[2]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/raspberry-pi-alternatives.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
[3]: https://itsfoss.com/affiliate-policy/
[4]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/omega-2-plus-e1555306748755-800x444.jpg?resize=800%2C444&ssl=1
[5]: https://openwrt.org/
[6]: https://amzn.to/2Xj8pkn
[7]: https://onion.io/store/omega2p/
[8]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Jetson-Nano-e1555306350976-800x590.jpg?resize=800%2C590&ssl=1
[9]: https://developer.nvidia.com/embedded/buy/jetson-nano-devkit
[10]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/asus-tinker-board-s-e1555304945760-800x450.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
[11]: https://amzn.to/2XfkOFT
[12]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiMediaCard
[13]: https://www.asus.com/in/Single-Board-Computer/Tinker-Board-S/
[14]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/clockwork-pi-e1555305016242-800x506.jpg?resize=800%2C506&ssl=1
[15]: https://itsfoss.com/gameshell-console/
[16]: https://www.clockworkpi.com/product-page/cpi-v3-1
[17]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/arduino-mega-2560-e1555305257633.jpg?ssl=1
[18]: https://store.arduino.cc/usa/mega-2560-r3
[19]: https://amzn.to/2KCi041
[20]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/ROCK64_board-e1555306092845-800x440.jpg?resize=800%2C440&ssl=1
[21]: https://www.pine64.org/?product=rock64-media-board-computer
[22]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/odroid-xu4.jpg?fit=800%2C354&ssl=1
[23]: https://www.hardkernel.com/shop/odroid-xu4-special-price/
[24]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/PocketBeagle.jpg?fit=800%2C450&ssl=1
[25]: https://beagleboard.org/p/products/pocketbeagle
[26]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/aml-libre.-e1555306237972-800x514.jpg?resize=800%2C514&ssl=1
[27]: https://libre.computer/
[28]: https://amzn.to/2DpG3xl
[29]: https://libre.computer/products/boards/aml-s905x-cc/
[30]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/banana-pi-m6.jpg?fit=800%2C389&ssl=1
[31]: http://www.banana-pi.org/m64.html
[32]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/orange-pi-zero.jpg?fit=800%2C693&ssl=1
[33]: https://amzn.to/2IlI81g
[34]: http://www.orangepi.org/orangepizero/index.html
[35]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/khadas-vim-2-e1555306505640-800x563.jpg?resize=800%2C563&ssl=1
[36]: https://amzn.to/2UDvrFE

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (arrowfeng)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (How to Install MySQL in Ubuntu Linux)
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/install-mysql-ubuntu/)
[#]: author: (Sergiu https://itsfoss.com/author/sergiu/)
怎样在Ubuntu Linux上安装MySQL
======
_**简要: 本教程教你如何在基于Ubuntu的Linux发行版上安装MySQL。对于首次使用的用户，你将会学习到如何验证你的安装和第一次怎样去连接MySQL。**_
**[MySQL][1]** 是一个典型的数据库管理系统。它被用于许多技术栈中，包括流行的 **[LAMP][2]** (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) 技术栈. 它已经被证实了其稳定性。 另一个让**MySQL**受欢迎的原因是它是开源的。
**MySQL** 是 **关系型数据库** (基本上是 **表格 数据** ). 以这种方式它很容易去存储，组织和访问数据。它使用**SQL**( **结构化查询语言** )来管理数据。
这这篇文章中，我将向你展示如何在Ubuntu 18.04安装和使用MySQL 8.0。让我们一起来看看吧！
### 在Ubuntu上安装MySQL
![][3]
我将会介绍两种在Ubuntu18.04上安装**MySQL**的方法：
1. 从Ubuntu仓库上安装MySQL。非常简单，但不是最新版（5.7）
2. 从官方仓库安装MySQL。你将额外增加一些步处理过程，但不用担心。你将会拥有最新版的MySQL（8.0）
有必要的时候，我将会提供屏幕截图去引导你。但这边文章中的大部分步骤，我将直接在**终端**（**默认热键**: CTRL+ALT+T）输入命令。别害怕它！
#### 方法 1. 从Ubuntu仓库安装MySQL
首先，输入下列命令确保你的仓库已经被更新：
```
sudo apt update
```
现在, 安装 **MySQL 5.7** , 简单输入下列命令:
```
sudo apt install mysql-server -y
```
就是这样！简单且高效。
#### 方法 2. 使用官方仓库安装MySQL
虽然这个方法多了一些步骤，但我将逐一介绍，并尝试写下清晰的笔记。
首先浏览官方的MySQL网站[download page][4]。
![][5]
在这，选择**DEB Package**点击**download link**。
![][6]
滑到有关于Oracle网站信息的底部，右键 **No thanks, just start my download.** ，然后选择 **Copy link location**。
现在回到终端，我们将使用 **[Curl][7]** 命令去下载这个软件包：
Now go back to the terminal. We’ll [use][7] **[Curl][7]** [command][7] to the download the package:
```
curl -OL https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql-apt-config_0.8.12-1_all.deb
```
**<https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql-apt-config\_0.8.12-1\_all.deb>** 是我刚刚从网页上复制的链接。根据当前的MySQL版本，它有可能不同。让我们使用**dpkg**去开始安装MySQL：
```
sudo dpkg -i mysql-apt-config*
```
更新你的仓库:
```
sudo apt update
```
要实际安装MySQL,我们将使用像第一个方法中同样的命令来安装：
```
sudo apt install mysql-server -y
```
这样做会在你的终端中打开**包配置**的提示。使用**向下箭头**选择 **Ok**选项。
![][8]
点击 **Enter**.这应该会提示你输入**password**：你的基本上是在为MySQL设置root密码。不要与[Ubuntu的root密码混淆][9]。
![][10]
输入密码然后点击**Tab**键去选择 **< Ok>**.点击**Enter**键，你将**重新输入** **password**。操作完之后，再次键入**Tab**去选择 **< Ok>**。按下**Enter**键。
![][11]
一些关于MySQL Server的配置信息将会展示。再次按下**Tab**去选择 **< Ok>** 和按下 **Enter**键：
![][12]
这里你需要去选择**default authentication plugin**。确保**Use Strong Password Encryption**被选择。按下**Tab**键和**Enter**键。
就是这样！你已经成功地安装了MySQL。
#### 验证你的MySQL安装
要验证MySQL已经正确安装，使用下列命令：
```
sudo systemctl status mysql.service
```
这将展示一些关于MySQL服务的信息：
![][13]
你应该在那里看到 **Active: active (running)** 。如果你没有看到，使用下列命令去开始这个 **service**：
```
sudo systemctl start mysql.service
```
#### 配置/保护 MySQL
对于刚安装的MySQL，你应该运行它提供的安全相关的更新命令。就是：
```
sudo mysql_secure_installation
```
这样做首先会询问你是否想使用**VALIDATE PASSWORD COMPONENT**.如果你想使用它，你将不得不去选择一个最小密码强度( **0 – Low, 1 – Medium, 2 – High** )。你将无法输入任何不遵守所选规则的密码。如果你没有使用强密码的习惯（本应该使用），这可能会配上用场。如果你认为它可能有帮助，那你就键入**y** 或者 **Y**，按下**Enter**键，然后为你的密码选择一个**强度等级**和输入一个你想使用的。如果成功，你将继续**securing**过程；否则你将重新输入一个密码。
但是，如果你不想要此功能（我不会），只需按**Enter**或**任何其他键**即可跳过使用它。
对于其他选项，我建议**开启**他们(对于每一步输入**y** 或者 **Y** 和按下**Enter**)。他们是（以这样的顺序）：**remove anonymous user, disallow root login remotely, remove test database and access to it, reload privilege tables now**.
MySQL Server上
#### 链接与断开MySQL Server
为了去运行SQL查询，你首先不得不使用MySQL链接到MySQL服务并使用MySQL提示符。
To be able to run SQL queries, you’ll first have to connect to the server using MySQL and use the MySQL prompt. 执行此操作的命令是：
```
mysql -h host_name -u user -p
```
* **-h** 被用来指定一个 **主机名** （如果这个服务被安装到其他机器上，那么会有用；如果没有，忽略它）
* **-u** 指定登录的 **用户**
* **-p** 指定你想输入的 **密码**.
你能通过在最右边输入 **-p**后直接输入密码在命令行，但这样做是不建议的（为了安全原因），如果用户**test_user** 的密码是**1234**，那么你可以尝试去连接你正在使用的机器上的mysql，你应该这样使用：
```
mysql -u test_user -p1234
```
如果你成功输入了必要的参数，你将会收到由**MySQL shell 提示符**提供的欢迎（ **mysql >** ）：
![][14]
要从服务端断开连接和离开mysql提示符，输入：
```
QUIT
```
输入**quit** （MySQL不区分大小写）或者 **\q**也能工作。按下**Enter**退出。
你使用简单的命令也能输出关于版本的信息：
```
sudo mysqladmin -u root version -p
```
如果你想看 **选项列表**，使用：
```
mysql --help
```
#### 卸载 MySQL
如果您决定要使用较新版本或只是想停止使用MySQL。
首先，关闭服务：
```
sudo systemctl stop mysql.service && sudo systemctl disable mysql.service
```
确保你备份了你的数据库，以防你之后想使用它们。你可以通过运行下列命令卸载MySQL：
```
sudo apt purge mysql*
```
清理依赖：
```
sudo apt autoremove
```
**小结**
在这边文章中，我已经介绍如何在Ubuntu Linux上**安装 Mysql**。我很高兴如果这篇文章能帮助到那些正为此挣扎的用户或者刚刚开始的用户。
In this article, I’ve covered **installing MySQL** in Ubuntu Linux. I’d be glad if this guide helps struggling users and beginners.
如果你发现这篇文章是一个很有用的资源，在评论里告诉我们。你为了什么使用MySQL? 我们渴望收到你的任何反馈，印象和建议。感谢阅读，并毫不犹豫地尝试这个令人难以置信的工具！
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://itsfoss.com/install-mysql-ubuntu/
作者：[Sergiu][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[arrowfeng](https://github.com/arrowfeng)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/sergiu/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://www.mysql.com/
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_(software_bundle)
[3]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/install-mysql-ubuntu.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
[4]: https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/repo/apt/
[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/mysql_apt_download_page.jpg?fit=800%2C280&ssl=1
[6]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/mysql_deb_download_link.jpg?fit=800%2C507&ssl=1
[7]: https://linuxhandbook.com/curl-command-examples/
[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/mysql_package_configuration_ok.jpg?fit=800%2C587&ssl=1
[9]: https://itsfoss.com/change-password-ubuntu/
[10]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/mysql_enter_password.jpg?fit=800%2C583&ssl=1
[11]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/mysql_information_on_configuring.jpg?fit=800%2C581&ssl=1
[12]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/mysql_default_authentication_plugin.jpg?fit=800%2C586&ssl=1
[13]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/mysql_service_information.jpg?fit=800%2C402&ssl=1
[14]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/mysql_shell_prompt-2.jpg?fit=800%2C423&ssl=1

105
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Ubuntu 19.04 ‘Disco Dingo’ Has Arrived: Downloads Available Now!)
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-19-04-release/)
[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/)
Ubuntu 19.04 “Disco Dingo” 已经发布：立即下载！
======
现在可以下载 Disco 了！为什么？Ubuntu 19.04 “Disco Dingo” 就在这里，终于可以下载了。虽然我们已经知道 [Ubuntu 19.04 中的新功能][1] - 我将在下面提到一些重要的事情，还会给出官方的下载链接。
### Ubuntu 19.04：你需要知道什么
以下是你应该了解的有关 Ubuntu 19.04 Disco Dingo 发布的一些内容。
#### Ubuntu 19.04 不是 LTS 版本
与 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 不同，它不会[受支持 10 年][2]。相反，非 LTS 的 19.04 将支持 **9 个月，直到 2020 年 1 月。**
因此，如果你有生产环境，我们可能不会立即建议你进行升级。例如，如果你有一台运行在 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 上的服务器 - 将它升级到 19.04 可能不是一个好主意，因为它是一个令人兴奋的版本。
但是，对于希望在计算机上安装最新版本的用户，可以尝试一下。
![][3]
#### Ubuntu 19.04 对 NVIDIA GPU 用户是个不错的更新
_Martin Wimpress_（来自 Canonical）在 Ubuntu MATE 19.04（Ubuntu 版本之一）的 [GitHub][4] 的最终发布说明中提到 Ubuntu 19.04 对 NVIDIA GPU 用户来说特别重要。
换句话说，在安装专有图形驱动时 - 它现在会选择与你特定 GPU 型号兼容最佳的驱动程序。
#### Ubuntu 19.04 功能
尽管我们已经讨论过 [Ubuntu 19.04][1] Disco Dingo 的[最佳功能][1]，但值得一提的是，我对本次发布的主要变化：桌面更新 （GNOME 3.32） 和 Linux 内核 （5.0） 感到兴奋。。
#### 从 Ubuntu 18.10 升级到 19.04
显而易见，如果你安装了 Ubuntu 18.10，你应该升级它。18.10 将于 2019 年 7 月停止支持 - 所以我们建议你将其升级到 19.04。
要做到这一点，你可以直接进入“**软件和更新**”设置，然后选择“**更新**”选项卡。
现在将选项从**通知我新的 Ubuntu 版本** 变成 “_任何新版本都通知我_”
现在运行更新管理器时，你应该会看到 Ubuntu 19.04。
![][5]
#### 从 Ubuntu 18.04 升级到 19.04
建议不要直接从 18.04 升级到 19.04，因为你需要先将操作系统更新到 18.10，然后再继续升级到 19.04。
相反，你只需下载 Ubuntu 19.04 的官方 ISO 映像，然后在你的系统上重新安装 Ubuntu。
### Ubuntu 19.04：所有版本都可下载
根据[发行说明][6]，现在可以下载 Ubuntu 19.04。你可以在其官方发布下载页面上获取种子或 ISO 文件。
[Download Ubuntu 19.04][7]
如果你需要不同的桌面环境或需要特定的东西，你应该查看 Ubuntu 的官方版本：
* [Ubuntu MATE][8]
* [Kubuntu][9]
* [Lubuntu][10]
* [Ubuntu Budgie][11]
* [Ubuntu Studio][12]
* [Xubuntu][13]
上面提到的一些 Ubuntu 版本还没有在页面提供 19.04。但你可以[仍然在 Ubuntu 的发行说明网页上找到 ISO][6]。就个人而言，我使用带 GNOME 桌面的 Ubuntu。你可以选择你喜欢的。
**总结**
你如何看待 Ubuntu 19.04 Disco Dingo？这些新功能是否足够令人兴奋？你试过了吗？请在下面的评论中告诉我们。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-19-04-release/
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-19-04-release-features/
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-18-04-ten-year-support/
[3]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ubuntu-19-04-Disco-Dingo-default-wallpaper.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
[4]: https://github.com/ubuntu-mate/ubuntu-mate.org/blob/master/blog/20190418-ubuntu-mate-disco-final-release.md
[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/ubuntu-19-04-upgrade-available.jpg?ssl=1
[6]: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DiscoDingo/ReleaseNotes
[7]: https://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop
[8]: https://ubuntu-mate.org/download/
[9]: https://kubuntu.org/getkubuntu/
[10]: https://lubuntu.me/cosmic-released/
[11]: https://ubuntubudgie.org/downloads
[12]: https://ubuntustudio.org/2019/04/ubuntu-studio-19-04-released/
[13]: https://xubuntu.org/download/

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Tracking the weather with Python and Prometheus)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/weather-python-prometheus)
[#]: author: (Moshe Zadka https://opensource.com/users/moshez)
使用 Python 和 Prometheus 跟踪天气
======
创建自定义 Prometheus 集成以跟踪最大的云提供者：地球母亲。
![Tree clouds][1]
开源监控系统 [Prometheus][2] 有跟踪多种类型的时间序列数据的集成，但如果不存在你想要的集成，那么很容易构建一个。一个经常使用的例子使用云提供商的自定义集成，它使用提供商的 API 抓取特定的指标。但是，在这个例子中，我们将与最大云提供商集成：地球。
幸运的是，美国政府已经测量了天气并为集成提供了一个简单的 API。获取红帽总部下一个小时的天气预报很简单。
```
import requests
HOURLY_RED_HAT = "<https://api.weather.gov/gridpoints/RAH/73,57/forecast/hourly>"
def get_temperature():
result = requests.get(HOURLY_RED_HAT)
return result.json()["properties"]["periods"][0]["temperature"]
```
现在我们已经完成了与地球的整合，现在是确保 Prometheus 能够理解我们想要内容的时候了。我们可以使用 [Prometheus Python 库][3]中的 _gauge_ 创建一个注册：红帽总部的温度。
```
from prometheus_client import CollectorRegistry, Gauge
def prometheus_temperature(num):
registry = CollectorRegistry()
g = Gauge("red_hat_temp", "Temperature at Red Hat HQ", registry=registry)
g.set(num)
return registry
```
最后，我们需要以某种方式将它连接到 Prometheus。这有点依赖 Prometheus 的网络拓扑：Prometheus 与我们的服务通信更容易，还是反向更容易。
第一种是通常建议的情况，如果可能的话，我们需要构建一个公开注册入口的 Web 服务器，并配置 Prometheus _收刮_（scrape）它。
我们可以使用 [Pyramid][4] 构建一个简单的 Web 服务器。
```
from pyramid.config import Configurator
from pyramid.response import Response
from prometheus_client import generate_latest, CONTENT_TYPE_LATEST
def metrics_web(request):
registry = prometheus_temperature(get_temperature())
return Response(generate_latest(registry),
content_type=CONTENT_TYPE_LATEST)
config = Configurator()
config.add_route('metrics', '/metrics')
config.add_view(metrics_web, route_name='metrics')
app = config.make_wsgi_app()
```
这可以使用任何 Web 网关接口 （WSGI） 服务器运行。例如，假设我们将代码放在 **earth.py** 中，我们可以使用 **python -m twisted web --wsgi earth.app** 来运行它。
或者，如果我们的代码连接到 Prometheus 更容易，我们可以定期将其推送到 Prometheus 的[推送网关][5]。
```
import time
from prometheus_client import push_to_gateway
def push_temperature(url):
while True:
registry = prometheus_temperature(get_temperature())
push_to_gateway(url, "temperature collector", registry)
time.sleep(60*60)
```
URL 是推送网关的 URL。它通常以 **:9091** 结尾。
祝你构建自定义 Prometheus 集成成功，以便跟踪一切！
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/weather-python-prometheus
作者：[Moshe Zadka ][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/moshez
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/life_tree_clouds.png?itok=b_ftihhP (Tree clouds)
[2]: https://prometheus.io/
[3]: https://github.com/prometheus/client_python
[4]: https://trypyramid.com/
[5]: https://github.com/prometheus/pushgateway

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (warmfrog)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Four Methods To Check The Default Gateway Or Router IP Address In Linux?)
[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/check-find-default-gateway-or-router-ip-address-in-linux/)
[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/)
在 Linux 中检查默认网关或者路由 IP 地址的四个方法？
==============================================
你应该意识到你的默认网关是你的路由器的 IP 地址。
典型地这是在安装过程中由操作系统自动检测的，如果没有，你可能需要改变它。
如果你的系统不能 ping 自身，那么很可能是一个网关问题，你必须修复它。
在网络中，当你有多个网络适配器或路由器时，这种情况可能会发生。
一个网关是一个路由器扮演着一个入口点角色，从一个网络传递网络数据到另一个网络。
下面是一些可能帮助你收集到的与该话题相似的一些信息。
* **[9 Methods To Check Your Public IP Address In Linux Command Line][1]**
* **[How To Enable (UP) And Disable (DOWN) A Network Interface Port (NIC) In Linux?][2]**
这可以通过下面的四个命令完成。
* **`route 命令`** route 命令被用来显示和操作 IP 路由表。
* **`ip 命令：`** IP 命令类似于 ifconfig， 非常熟悉赋值静态 IP 地址，路由 & 默认网关，等等。
* **`netstat 命令`** netstat （“network statistics”）是一个命令行工具来显示网络连接相关的信息（包括入口和出口的）例如路由表，伪装连接，多播成员和很多网络接口。
* **`routel 命令`** routel 命令被用来以好看的输出格式列出路由。
### 1）在 Linux 中如何使用 route 命令检查默认的网关或者路由 IP 地址？
route 命令被用来显示和操作 IP 路由表。
它主要用于通过一个已经配置的接口给特定的主机或者网络设置静态的路由。
当 add 或者 del 选项被使用时，route 修改路由表。没有这些选项，route 显示路由表的当前内容。
```
# route
or
# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
default www.routerlogin 0.0.0.0 UG 600 0 0 wlp8s0
192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 600 0 0 wlp8s0
```
### 2）如何在 Linux 中使用 ip 命令检查默认网关或者路由 IP 地址？
**[IP 命令][3]** 相似于 ifconfig，非常熟悉配置静态 IP 地址，路由 & 默认网关，等等。
ifconfig 命令因为多年没有维持被遗弃了，即使它仍然在大多数 Linux 分发版上可获得。
ifconfig 命令已经被 IP 命令替代了，IP 命令是非常强大的，只要一个命令就能执行几个网络管理任务。
IP 命令工具附带在 iproute2 包中。默认 iproute2 预安装在主要的 Linux 分发版中。
如果没有，你可以在你的终端中在包管理器的帮助下通过输入 iproute2 并安装它。
```
# ip r
or
# ip route
or
# ip route show
default via 192.168.1.1 dev wlp8s0 proto dhcp metric 600
192.168.1.0/24 dev wlp8s0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.6 metric 600
```
### 3）如何在 Linux 中使用 netstat 命令检查默认网关或者路由 IP 地址？
netstat 代表 Network Statistics，是一个命令行工具来显示网络连接相关的信息（包括入口和出口的）例如路由表，伪装连接，多播成员和很多网络接口。
它列出所有的 tcp， udp 套接字连接和 unix 套接字连接。
它在网络中被用来诊断网络问题并判断网络中的交通总量来作为性能测量指标。
```
# netstat -r
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface
default www.routerlogin 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 wlp8s0
192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 wlp8s0
```
### 4）如何在 Linux 中使用 routel 命令检查默认网关或者路由 IP 地址？
它用来以好看的输出格式列出路由信息。这些程序是一系列你可以用来替代 iproute2 的帮助脚本。
routel 脚本以一种被认为更容易解释并且等价于 route 输出列表的格式来输出路由信息。
如果 routef 脚本不加任何参数，将仅仅简单的将路由表清空。小心！这意味着删除所有的路由，让你的网络不再可用。
```
# routel
target gateway source proto scope dev tbl
default 192.168.1.1 dhcp wlp8s0
192.168.1.0/ 24 192.168.1.6 kernel link wlp8s0
127.0.0.0 broadcast 127.0.0.1 kernel link lo local
127.0.0.0/ 8 local 127.0.0.1 kernel host lo local
127.0.0.1 local 127.0.0.1 kernel host lo local
127.255.255.255 broadcast 127.0.0.1 kernel link lo local
192.168.1.0 broadcast 192.168.1.6 kernel link wlp8s0 local
192.168.1.6 local 192.168.1.6 kernel host wlp8s0 local
192.168.1.255 broadcast 192.168.1.6 kernel link wlp8s0 local
::1 kernel lo
fe80::/ 64 kernel wlp8s0
::1 local kernel lo local
fe80::ad00:2f7e:d882:5add local kernel wlp8s0 local
ff00::/ 8 wlp8s0 local
```
如果你只想打印默认的网关那么使用下面的格式。
```
# routel | grep default
default 192.168.1.1 dhcp wlp8s0
```
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.2daygeek.com/check-find-default-gateway-or-router-ip-address-in-linux/
作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[warmfrog](https://github.com/warmfrog)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/check-find-server-public-ip-address-linux/
[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/enable-disable-up-down-nic-network-interface-port-linux-using-ifconfig-ifdown-ifup-ip-nmcli-nmtui/
[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/ip-command-configure-network-interface-usage-linux/