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sources/tech/20180704 What is the Difference Between the macOS and Linux Kernels.md
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What is the Difference Between the macOS and Linux Kernels
======
macOS 和 Linux 内核有什么区别
======
@ -15,40 +16,61 @@ Some people might think that there are similarities between the macOS and the Li
We will start with the history of the macOS kernel. In 1985, Steve Jobs left Apple due to a falling out with CEO John Sculley and the Apple board of directors. He then founded a new computer company named [NeXT][2]. Jobs wanted to get a new computer (with a new operating system) to market quickly. To save time, the NeXT team used the [Mach kernel][3] from Carnegie Mellon and parts of the BSD code base to created the [NeXTSTEP operating system][4].
我们将从 macOS 内核的历史开始。1985年，由于与首席执行官约翰斯卡利和苹果董事会的不合，史蒂夫乔布斯离开了苹果公司。然后，他成立了一家名为 [NeXT][2] 的新电脑公司。乔布斯希望将一款新计算机（同时带有新操作系统）快速推向市场。为了节省时间，NeXT团队使用了卡耐基梅隆大学的 [Mach 内核][3] 和部分BSD代码库来创建 [NeXTSTEP 操作系统][4]。
我们将从 macOS 内核的历史开始。1985年，由于与首席执行官约翰斯卡利和董事会不和，史蒂夫乔布斯离开了 Apple。然后，他成立了一家名为 [NeXT][2] 的新电脑公司。乔布斯希望将一款新计算机（同时带有新操作系统）快速推向市场。为了节省时间，NeXT 团队使用了卡耐基梅隆大学的 [Mach 内核][3] 和部分 BSD 代码库来创建 [NeXTSTEP 操作系统][4]。
NeXT never became a financial success, due in part to Jobs’ habit of spending money like he was still at Apple. Meanwhile, Apple had tried unsuccessfully on several occasions to update their operating system, even going so far as to partner with IBM. In 1997, Apple purchased NeXT for $429 million. As part of the deal, Steve Jobs returned to Apple and NeXTSTEP became the foundation of macOS and iOS.
NeXT 从来没有取得过财务上的成功，部分归因于乔布斯花钱的习惯，就像他还在苹果公司一样。与此同时，Apple 曾多次试图更新其操作系统，甚至与 IBM 合作。1997年，Apple 以4.29亿美元收购了 NeXT。作为交易的一部分，史蒂夫乔布斯回到了 Apple，NeXTSTEP 成为了 macOS 和 iOS 的基础。
NeXT 从来没有取得过财务上的成功，部分归因于乔布斯花钱的习惯，他就像还在苹果公司一样。与此同时，Apple 曾多次试图更新其操作系统，甚至与 IBM 合作。1997年，Apple 以4.29亿美元收购了 NeXT。作为交易的一部分，史蒂夫乔布斯回到了 Apple，NeXTSTEP 成为了 macOS 和 iOS 的基础。
### History of Linux Kernel
### Linux 内核的历史
Unlike the macOS kernel, Linux was not created as part of a commercial endeavor. Instead, it was [created in 1991 by Finnish computer science student Linus Torvalds][5]. Originally, the kernel was written to the specifications of Linus’ computer because he wanted to take advantage of its new 80386 processor. Linus posted the code for his new kernel to [the Usenet in August of 1991][6]. Soon, he was receiving code and feature suggestions from all over the world. The following year Orest Zborowski ported the X Window System to Linux, giving it the ability to support a graphical user interface.
与macOS内核不同，Linux并非源于一次商业尝试。相反，它是由[芬兰计算机科学专业学生 Linus Torvalds][5] 于1991年创建的。最初，内核是按照 Linus 的计算机的规格编写的，因为他想利用其新的80386处理器（译注：Linus 认为研究80386处理器最好的方法就是为它开发一个新的操作系统，所以有了 Linux）。Linus [于1991年8月在 Usenet 上][6]发布了他的新内核代码。很快，他就收到了来自世界各地的代码和功能建议。次年，Orest Zborowski将X Window系统移植到 Linux，使其能够支持图形用户界面。
Over the last 27 years, Linux has slowly grown and gained features. It’s no longer a student’s small-time project. Now it runs most of the [world’s][7] [computing devices][8] and the [world’s supercomputers][9]. Not too shabby.
在过去的27年中，Linux已经慢慢成长并增加了不少功能。这不再是学生的小型项目。现在它运行在[世界上][7]大多数的[计算设备][8]和[超级计算机][9]上。不是太寒酸。
### Features of the macOS Kernel
### macOS 内核的特性
The macOS kernel is officially known as XNU. The [acronym][10] stands for “XNU is Not Unix.” According to [Apple’s Github page][10], XNU is “a hybrid kernel combining the Mach kernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University with components from FreeBSD and C++ API for writing drivers”. The BSD subsystem part of the code is [“typically implemented as user-space servers in microkernel systems”][11]. The Mach part is responsible for low-level work, such as multitasking, protected memory, virtual memory management, kernel debugging support, and console I/O.
macOS 内核被官方称为 XNU。这个[首字母缩写词][10]代表“XNU 不是 Unix”。根据 [Apple的Github页面][10]，XNU 是“将卡耐基梅隆大学开发的 Mach 内核和 FreeBSD 组件组合而成的混合内核，加上用于编写驱动程序的 C++ API”。代码的 BSD 子系统部分[“在微内核系统中通常实现为用户空间的服务”][11]。Mach 部分负责底层工作，例如多任务、内存保护、虚拟内存管理、内核调试支持和控制台 I/O。
### Features of Linux Kernel
### Linux 内核的特性
While the macOS kernel combines the feature of a microkernel ([Mach][12])) and a monolithic kernel ([BSD][13]), Linux is solely a monolithic kernel. A [monolithic kernel][14] is responsible for managing the CPU, memory, inter-process communication, device drivers, file system, and system server calls.
虽然 macOS 内核结合了微内核（[Mach][12]）和单内核（[BSD][13]）的特性，但 Linux 只是一个单内核。一个[单内核][14]负责管理 CPU、内存、进程间通信、设备驱动程序、文件系统和系统服务器调用。
### Difference between Mac and Linux kernel in one line
### 用一行总结Linux和Mac的区别
The macOS kernel (XNU) has been around longer than Linux and was based on a combination of two even older code bases. On the other hand, Linux is newer, written from scratch, and is used on many more devices.
macOS 内核（XNU）比Linux历史更悠久，并且基于两个甚至更旧代码库的组合。另一方面，Linux 新一些，是从头开始编写的，并且在更多设备上使用。
If you found this article interesting, please take a minute to share it on social media, Hacker News or [Reddit][15].
如果您发现这篇文章很有趣，请花一点时间在社交媒体，黑客新闻或[Reddit][15]上分享。
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