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[#]: subject: "Print a Halloween greeting with ASCII art on Linux"
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[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/21/10/ascii-linux-halloween"
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[#]: author: "Jim Hall https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall"
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[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
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[#]: translator: "wxy"
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[#]: reviewer: " "
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[#]: publisher: " "
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[#]: url: " "
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Print a Halloween greeting with ASCII art on Linux
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======
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Generate colorful ASCII art from a C program using either Linux or
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FreeDOS.
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![Happy Halloween ASCII art on FreeDOS][1]
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Full-color ASCII art used to be quite popular on DOS, which could leverage the extended ASCII character set and its collection of drawing elements. You can add a little visual interest to your next FreeDOS program by adding ASCII art as a cool “welcome” screen or as a colorful “exit” screen with more information about the program.
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But this style of ASCII art isn’t limited just to FreeDOS applications. You can use the same method in a Linux terminal-mode program. While Linux uses [ncurses][2] to control the screen instead of DOS’s [conio][3], the related concepts apply well to Linux programs. This article looks at how to generate colorful ASCII art from a C program.
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### An ASCII art file
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You can use a variety of tools to draw your ASCII art. For this example, I used an old DOS application called TheDraw, but you can find modern open source ASCII art programs on Linux, such as [Moebius][4] (Apache license) or [PabloDraw][5] (MIT license). It doesn’t matter what tool you use as long as you know what the saved data looks like.
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Here’s part of a sample ASCII art file, saved as C source code. Note that the code snippet defines a few values: `IMAGEDATA_WIDTH` and `IMAGEDATA_DEPTH` define the number of columns and rows on the screen. In this case, it’s an 80x25 ASCII art “image.” `IMAGEDATA_LENGTH` defines the number of entries in the `IMAGEDATA` array. Each character in the ASCII art screen can be represented by two bytes of data: The character to display and a color attribute containing both the foreground and background colors for the character. For an 80x25 screen, where each character is paired with an attribute, the array contains 4000 entries (that’s 80 * 25 * 2 = 4000).
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```
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#define IMAGEDATA_WIDTH 80
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#define IMAGEDATA_DEPTH 25
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#define IMAGEDATA_LENGTH 4000
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unsigned char IMAGEDATA [] = {
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'.', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08,
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' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, '.', 0x0F, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08,
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' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, '.', 0x0F,
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' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08,
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' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08,
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```
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and so on for the rest of the array.
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To display this ASCII art to the screen, you need to write a small program to read the array and print each character with the right colors.
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### Setting a color attribute
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The color attribute in this ASCII art file defines both the background and foreground color in a single byte, represented by hexadecimal values like `0x08` or `0x6E`. Hexadecimal turns out to be a compact way to express a color “pair” like this.
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Character mode systems like ncurses on Linux or conio on DOS [can display only sixteen colors][6]. That’s sixteen possible text colors and eight background colors. Counting sixteen values (from 0 to 15) in binary requires only four bits:
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* `1111` is 16 in binary
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And conveniently, hexadecimal can represent 0 to 15 with a single character: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F. So the value `F` in hexadecimal is the number 15, or `1111` in binary.
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With color pairs, you can encode both the background and foreground colors in a single byte of eight bits. That’s four bits for the text color (0 to 15 or 0 to F in hexadecimal) and three bits for the background color (0 to 7 or 0 to E in hexadecimal). The leftover bit in the byte is not used here, so we can ignore it.
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To convert the color pair or attribute into color values that your program can use, you’ll need to [use a bit mask][7] to specify only the bits used for the text color or background color. Using the OpenWatcom C Compiler on FreeDOS, you can write this function to set the colors appropriately from the color attribute:
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```
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void
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textattr(int newattr)
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{
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_settextcolor(newattr & 15); /* 0000xxxx */
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_setbkcolor((newattr >> 4) & 7); /* 0xxx0000 */
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}
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```
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The `_settextcolor` function sets just the text color, and the `_setbkcolor` function sets the background color. Both are defined in `graph.h`. Note that because the color attribute included both the background color and the foreground color in a single byte value, the `textattr` function uses `&` (binary AND) to set a bit mask that isolates only the last four bits in the attribute. That’s where the color pair stores the values 0 to 15 for the foreground color.
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To get the background color, the function first performs a bit shift to “push” the bits to the right. This puts the “upper” bits into the “lower” bit range, so any bits like `0xxx0000` become `00000xxx` instead. We can use another bit mask with 7 (binary `0111`) to pick out the background color value.
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### Displaying ASCII art
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The `IMAGEDATA` array contains the entire ASCII art screen and the color values for each character. To display the ASCII art to the screen, your program needs to scan the array, set the color attribute, then show the screen one character at a time.
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Let’s leave room at the bottom of the screen for a separate message or prompt to the user. That means instead of displaying all 25 lines of an 80-column ASCII screen, I only want to show the first 24 lines.
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```
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/* print one line less than the 80x25 that's in there:
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80 x 24 x 2 = 3840 */
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for (pos = 0; pos < 3840; pos += 2) {
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...
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}
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```
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Inside the `for` loop, we need to set the colors, then print the character. The OpenWatcom C Compiler provides a function `_outtext` to display text with the current color values. However, this requires passing a string and would be inefficient if we need to process each character one at a time, in case each character on a line requires a different color.
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Instead, OpenWatcom has a similar function called `_outmem` that allows you to indicate how many characters to display. For one character at a time, we can provide a pointer to a character value in the `IMAGEDATA` array and tell `_outtext` to show just one character. That will display the character using the current color attributes, which is what we need.
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```
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for (pos = 0; pos < 3840; pos += 2) {
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ch = &IMAGEDATA[pos]; /* pointer assignment */
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attr = IMAGEDATA[pos + 1];
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textattr(attr);
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_outmem(ch, 1);
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}
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```
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This updated `for` loop sets the character `ch` by assigning a pointer into the `IMAGEDATA` array. Next, the loop sets the text attributes, and then displays the character with `_outmem`.
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### Putting it all together
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With the `textattr` function and the `for` loop to process the array, we can write a full program to display the contents of an ASCII art file. For this example, save the ASCII art as `imgdata.inc` and include it in the source file with an `#include` statement.
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```
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#include <stdio.h>
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#include <conio.h>
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#include <graph.h>
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#include "imgdata.inc"
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void
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textattr(int newattr)
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{
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_settextcolor(newattr & 15); /* 0000xxxx */
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_setbkcolor((newattr >> 4) & 7); /* 0xxx0000 */
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}
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int
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main()
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{
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char *ch;
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int attr;
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int pos;
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if (_setvideomode(_TEXTC80) == 0) {
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fputs("Error setting video mode", stderr);
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return 1;
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}
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/* draw the array */
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_settextposition(1, 1); /* top left */
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/* print one line less than the 80x25 that's in there:
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80 x 24 x 2 = 3840 */
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for (pos = 0; pos < 3840; pos += 2) {
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ch = &IMAGEDATA[pos]; /* pointer assignment */
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attr = IMAGEDATA[pos + 1];
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textattr(attr);
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_outmem(ch, 1);
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}
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/* done */
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_settextposition(25, 1); /* bottom left */
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textattr(0x0f);
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_outtext("Press any key to quit");
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getch();
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textattr(0x00);
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return 0;
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}
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```
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Compile the program using the OpenWatcom C Compiler on FreeDOS, and you’ll get a new program that displays this holiday message:
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![Happy Halloween message in ASCII art][8]
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Happy Halloween (Jim Hall, [CC-BY-SA 4.0][9])
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Happy Halloween, everyone!
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**[Download the INC code file here.][10]
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[Download the C code file here.][11]**
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/21/10/ascii-linux-halloween
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作者：[Jim Hall][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/freedos-halloween-4x3.jpg?itok=6e_42rs9 (Happy Halloween ASCII art on FreeDOS)
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[2]: https://opensource.com/article/21/8/ncurses-linux
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[3]: https://opensource.com/article/21/9/programming-dos-conio
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[4]: https://blocktronics.github.io/moebius/
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[5]: https://github.com/blocktronics/pablodraw
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[6]: https://opensource.com/article/21/6/freedos-sixteen-colors
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[7]: https://opensource.com/article/21/8/binary-bit-fields-masks
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[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/freedos-halloween-4x3.png
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[9]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
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[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/imgdata.inc_.txt
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[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/hallown.c.txt
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@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
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[#]: subject: "Print a Halloween greeting with ASCII art on Linux"
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[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/21/10/ascii-linux-halloween"
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[#]: author: "Jim Hall https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall"
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[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
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[#]: translator: "wxy"
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[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
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[#]: publisher: " "
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[#]: url: " "
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在 Linux 上用 ASCII 艺术打印万圣节问候语
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======
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> 使用 Linux 或 FreeDOS 从一个 C 程序中生成彩色的 ASCII 艺术。
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![FreeDOS 上的庆祝万圣节 ASCII 艺术][1]
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利用扩展 ASCII 字符集和它的绘画元素集合的全彩 ASCII 艺术在 DOS 上曾经相当流行。你可以在你的下一个 FreeDOS 程序中加入 ASCII 艺术，作为一个很酷的“欢迎”屏幕，或者作为一个提供了更多程序信息的彩色“退出”屏幕，来增加一点视觉上的乐趣。
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但是，这种 ASCII 艺术的风格并不仅仅局限于 FreeDOS 程序。你可以在 Linux 终端模式的程序中使用同样的方法。虽然 Linux 使用 [ncurses][2] 来控制屏幕，而不是 DOS 的 [conio][3]，但相关的概念也适用于 Linux 程序。本文探讨了如何从 C 语言程序中生成彩色 ASCII 艺术。
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### ASCII 艺术文件
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你可以使用各种工具来绘制你的 ASCII 艺术。在这个例子中，我使用了一个叫做 TheDraw 的老式 DOS 应用程序，但是你可以在 Linux 上找到现代的开源 ASCII 艺术程序，比如 [Moebius][4]（Apache 许可证）或者 [PabloDraw][5]（MIT 许可证）。只要你知道保存的数据是什么样子的，你使用什么工具并不重要。
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下面是一个 ASCII 艺术文件样本的一部分，以 C 源代码保存。请注意，这个代码片段定义了几个值。`IMAGEDATA_WIDTH` 和 `IMAGEDATA_DEPTH` 定义了屏幕上的列数和行数。在这里，它是一个 80x25 的 ASCII 艺术“图像”。`IMAGEDATA_LENGTH` 定义了 `IMAGEDATA` 数组中的条目数量。ASCII 艺术画面中的每个字符可以用两个字节的数据表示。要显示的字符和包含该字符的前景和背景颜色的颜色属性。对于一个 80x25 的屏幕，每个字符都与一个属性配对，该数组包含 4000 个条目（即 `80*25*2=4000`）。
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```
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#define IMAGEDATA_WIDTH 80
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#define IMAGEDATA_DEPTH 25
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#define IMAGEDATA_LENGTH 4000
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unsigned char IMAGEDATA [] = {
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'.', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08,
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' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, '.', 0x0F, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08,
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' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, '.', 0x0F,
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' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08,
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' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08, ' ', 0x08,
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```
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数组的其它部分依此类推。
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为了在屏幕上显示这种 ASCII 艺术，你需要写一个小小的程序来读取数组并以正确的颜色打印每个字符。
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### 设置一个颜色属性
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这个 ASCII 艺术文件中的颜色属性在一个字节中定义了背景和前景的颜色，用十六进制的值表示，如 `0x08` 或 `0x6E`。十六进制是适合表达这样的颜色“对”的紧凑方式。
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像 Linux 上的 ncurses 或 DOS 上的 conio 这样的字符模式系统 [只能显示 16 种颜色][6]。这就是十六种可能的文本颜色和八种背景颜色。用二进制计算十六个值（从 0 到 15）只需要四个二进制位。
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> `1111` 是二进制的 15
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而且方便的是，十六进制可以用一个字符表示 0 到 15：`0`、`1`、`2`、`3`、`4`、`5`、`6`、`7`、`8`、`9`、`A`、`B`、`C`、`D`、`E` 和 `F`。所以十六进制的值 `F` 是数字 15，或二进制的 `1111`。
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通过颜色对，你可以用一个八位的字节来编码背景和前景的颜色。这就是文本颜色的四个二进制位（十六进制中的 0 到 15 或 0 到 F）和背景颜色的三个二进制位（十六进制中的 0 到 7 或 0 到 E）。字节中剩余的二进制位在这里没有使用，所以我们可以忽略它。
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为了将颜色对或属性转换成你的程序可以使用的颜色值，你需要 [使用位掩码][7]，只指定用于文字颜色或背景颜色的位。使用 FreeDOS 上的 OpenWatcom C 编译器，你可以编写这个函数，从颜色属性中适当地设置颜色。
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```
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void
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textattr(int newattr)
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{
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_settextcolor(newattr & 15); /* 0000xxxx */
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_setbkcolor((newattr >> 4) & 7); /* 0xxx0000 */
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}
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```
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`_settextcolor` 函数只设置文本颜色，`_setbkcolor` 函数设置背景颜色。两者都定义在 `graph.h` 中。注意，由于颜色属性在一个字节值中包括了背景色和前景色，`textattr` 函数使用 `&`（二进制的“与”运算）来设置一个位掩码，只隔离了属性中的最后四个位。这就是颜色对存储前景颜色的值 0 到 15 的地方。
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为了得到背景色，该函数首先执行了一个位移，将位“推”到右边。这就把“上”位放到了“下”位范围，所以任何像 `0xxx0000` 这样的位都变成了 `00000xxx`。我们可以用另一个的位掩码 7（二进制 `0111`）来挑选出背景颜色值。
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### 显示 ASCII 艺术
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`IMAGEDATA` 数组包含整个 ASCII 艺术屏幕和每个字符的颜色值。为了在屏幕上显示 ASCII 艺术，你的程序需要扫描该数组，设置颜色属性，然后一次在屏幕上显示一个字符。
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让我们在屏幕的底部留出空间，以便向用户提供单独的信息或提示。也就是说，我不想显示一个 80 列 ASCII 屏幕的所有 25 行，而只想显示前 24 行。
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```
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/* print one line less than the 80x25 that's in there:
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80 x 24 x 2 = 3840 */
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for (pos = 0; pos < 3840; pos += 2) {
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...
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}
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```
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在 `for` 循环里面，我们需要设置颜色，然后打印字符。OpenWatcom C 编译器提供了一个函数 `_outtext` 来显示带有当前颜色值的文本。然而，这需要传递一个字符串，如果我们需要一个一个地处理每个字符，在一行中的每个字符需要不同颜色的情况下，效率就会很低。
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相反，OpenWatcom 有一个类似的函数，叫做 `_outmem`，允许你指示要显示多少个字符。对于一次一个字符，我们可以在 `IMAGEDATA` 数组中提供一个字符值的指针，并告诉 `_outtext` 只显示一个字符。这将使用当前的颜色属性显示该字符，这就是我们需要的。
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```
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for (pos = 0; pos < 3840; pos += 2) {
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ch = &IMAGEDATA[pos]; /* pointer assignment */
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attr = IMAGEDATA[pos + 1];
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textattr(attr);
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_outmem(ch, 1);
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}
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```
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这个更新的 `for` 循环通过向 `IMAGEDATA` 数组分配一个指针来设置字符 `ch`。接下来, 循环设置文本属性, 然后用 `_outmem` 显示字符.
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### 整合起来
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有了 `textattr` 函数和处理数组的 `for` 循环, 我们可以编写一个完整的程序来显示 ASCII 艺术文件的内容。对于这个例子，将 ASCII 艺术文件保存为 `imgdata.inc`，并用 `#include` 语句将其包含在源文件中。
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||||
```
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#include <stdio.h>
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#include <conio.h>
|
||||
#include <graph.h>
|
||||
|
||||
#include "imgdata.inc"
|
||||
|
||||
void
|
||||
textattr(int newattr)
|
||||
{
|
||||
_settextcolor(newattr & 15); /* 0000xxxx */
|
||||
_setbkcolor((newattr >> 4) & 7); /* 0xxx0000 */
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
int
|
||||
main()
|
||||
{
|
||||
char *ch;
|
||||
int attr;
|
||||
int pos;
|
||||
|
||||
if (_setvideomode(_TEXTC80) == 0) {
|
||||
fputs("Error setting video mode", stderr);
|
||||
return 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* draw the array */
|
||||
|
||||
_settextposition(1, 1); /* top left */
|
||||
|
||||
/* print one line less than the 80x25 that's in there:
|
||||
80 x 24 x 2 = 3840 */
|
||||
|
||||
for (pos = 0; pos < 3840; pos += 2) {
|
||||
ch = &IMAGEDATA[pos]; /* pointer assignment */
|
||||
attr = IMAGEDATA[pos + 1];
|
||||
|
||||
textattr(attr);
|
||||
_outmem(ch, 1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* done */
|
||||
|
||||
_settextposition(25, 1); /* bottom left */
|
||||
|
||||
textattr(0x0f);
|
||||
_outtext("Press any key to quit");
|
||||
|
||||
getch();
|
||||
|
||||
textattr(0x00);
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
在 FreeDOS 上使用 OpenWatcom C 编译器编译该程序，你会得到一个显示这个节日信息的新程序。
|
||||
|
||||
![ASCII艺术中的万圣节信息][8]
|
||||
|
||||
*万圣节快乐（Jim Hall, [CC-BY-SA 4.0][9])*
|
||||
|
||||
万圣节快乐，各位！
|
||||
|
||||
- [在此下载 inc 代码文件][10]
|
||||
- [在此下载 C 代码文件][11]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/21/10/ascii-linux-halloween
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jim Hall][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/freedos-halloween-4x3.jpg?itok=6e_42rs9 (Happy Halloween ASCII art on FreeDOS)
|
||||
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/21/8/ncurses-linux
|
||||
[3]: https://opensource.com/article/21/9/programming-dos-conio
|
||||
[4]: https://blocktronics.github.io/moebius/
|
||||
[5]: https://github.com/blocktronics/pablodraw
|
||||
[6]: https://opensource.com/article/21/6/freedos-sixteen-colors
|
||||
[7]: https://opensource.com/article/21/8/binary-bit-fields-masks
|
||||
[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/freedos-halloween-4x3.png
|
||||
[9]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||||
[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/imgdata.inc_.txt
|
||||
[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/hallown.c.txt
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user