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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (MjSeven)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (Which programming languages should you learn?)
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[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/2/which-programming-languages-should-you-learn)
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[#]: author: (Marty Kalin https://opensource.com/users/mkalindepauledu)
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Which programming languages should you learn?
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======
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Learning a new programming language is a great way to get ahead in your career. But which one?
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If you want to get started or get ahead in your programming career, learning a new language is a smart idea. But the huge number of languages in active use invites the question: Which programming language is the best one to know? To answer that, let's start with a simplifying question: What sort of programming do you want to do?
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If you want to do web programming on the client side, then the specialized languages HTML, CSS, and JavaScript—in one of its seemingly infinite dialects—are de rigueur.
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If you want to do web programming on the server side, the options include all of the familiar general-purpose languages: C++, Golang, Java, C#, Node.js, Perl, Python, Ruby, and so on. As a matter of course, server-side programs interact with datastores, such as relational and other databases, which means query languages such as SQL may come into play.
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If you're writing native apps for mobile devices, knowing the target platform is important. For Apple devices, Swift has supplanted Objective C as the language of choice. For Android devices, Java (with dedicated libraries and toolsets) remains the dominant language. There are special languages such as Xamarin, used with C#, that can generate platform-specific code for Apple, Android, and Windows devices.
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What about general-purpose languages? There are various choices within the usual pigeonholes. Among the dynamic or scripting languages (e.g., Perl, Python, and Ruby), there are newer offerings such as Node.js. Java and C#, which are more alike than their fans like to admit, remain the dominant statically compiled languages targeted at a virtual machine (the JVM and CLR, respectively). Among languages that compile into native executables, C++ is still in the mix, along with later arrivals such as Golang and Rust. General-purpose functional languages abound (e.g., Clojure, Haskell, Erlang, F#, Lisp, and Scala), often with passionately devoted communities. It's worth noting that object-oriented languages such as Java and C# have added functional constructs (in particular, lambdas), and the dynamic languages have had functional constructs from the start.
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Let me end with a pitch for C, which is a small, elegant, and extensible language not to be confused with C++. Modern operating systems are written mostly in C, with the rest in assembly language. The standard libraries on any platform are likewise mostly in C. For example, any program that issues the Hello, world! greeting does so through a call to the C library function named **write**.
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C serves as a portable assembly language, exposing details about the underlying system that other high-level languages deliberately hide. To understand C is thus to gain a better grasp of how programs contend for the shared system resources (processors, memory, and I/O devices) required for execution. C is at once high-level and close-to-the-metal, so unrivaled in performance—except, of course, for assembly language. Finally, C is the lingua franca among programming languages, and almost every general-purpose language supports C calls in one form or another.
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For a modern introduction to C, consider my book [C Programming: Introducing Portable Assembler][1]. No matter how you go about it, learn C and you'll learn a lot more than just another programming language.
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What programming languages do you think are important to know? Do you agree or disagree with these recommendations? Let us know in the comments!
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/which-programming-languages-should-you-learn
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作者：[Marty Kalin][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mkalindepauledu
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://www.amazon.com/dp/1977056954?ref_=pe_870760_150889320
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (MjSeven)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (Which programming languages should you learn?)
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[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/2/which-programming-languages-should-you-learn)
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[#]: author: (Marty Kalin https://opensource.com/users/mkalindepauledu)
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应该学习哪种编程语言？
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======
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学习一门新的编程语言是在你的职业生涯中继续前进的好方法，但是应该学习哪一门呢？
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如果你想要在编程生涯中起步或继续前进，那么学习一门新语言是一个聪明的主意。但是，大量活跃使用的语言引发了一个问题：哪种编程语言是最好学习的？要回答这个问题，让我们从一个简单的问题开始：你想做什么样的程序？
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如果你想在客户端进行网络编程，那么特定语言 HTML、CSS 和 JavaScript（一种看似无穷无尽的方言）是必须要学习的。
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<to 校正：这里是 JavaScript 的形容？>
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如果你想在服务器端进行 Web 编程，那么选项包括常见的通用语言：C++, Golang, Java, C#, Node.js, Perl, Python, Ruby 等等。当然，服务器程序与数据存储（例如关系数据库和其他数据库）打交道，这意味着 SQL 等查询语言可能会发挥作用。
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如果你正在为移动设备编写本地应用程序，那么了解目标平台非常重要。对于 Apple 设备，Swift 已经取代 Objective C 成为首选语言。对于 Android 设备，Java（带有专用库和工具集）仍然是主要语言。有一些特殊语言，如 与 C# 一起使用的 Xamarin，可以为 Apple、Android 和 Windows 设备生成特定于平台的代码。
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那么通用语言呢？通常有各种各样的选择。在*动态*或*脚本*语言（如 Perl、Python 和 Ruby）中，有一些新东西，如 Node.js。java 和 C# 的相似之处比它们的粉丝愿意承认的还要多，仍然是针对虚拟机（分别是 JVM 和 CLR）的主要*静态编译*语言。在编译为*原生可执行文件*的语言中，C++ 仍然处于混合状态，以及后来的 Golang 和 Rust 等。通用*函数*语言比比皆是（如 Clojure、Haskell、Erlang、F#、Lisp 和 Scala），它们通常都有热情投入的社区。值得注意的是，面向对象语言（如 Java 和 C#）已经添加了函数构造（特别是 lambdas），而动态语言从一开始就有函数构造。
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让我以 C 语言结尾，它是一种小巧，优雅，可扩展的语言，不要与 C++ 混淆。现代操作系统主要用 C 语言编写，其余的用汇编语言编写。任何平台上的标准库大多数都是用 C 语言编写的。例如，任何打印 `Hello, world!` 这种问候都是通过调用名为 **write** 的 C 库函数来实现的。
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C 作为一种可移植的汇编语言，公开了其他高级语言有意隐藏的底层系统的详细信息。因此，理解 C 可以更好地掌握程序如何竞争执行所需的共享系统资源（如处理器，内存和 I/O 设备）。C 语言既高级又接近硬件，因此在性能方面无与伦比，当然，汇编语言除外。最后，C 是编程语言中的通用语言，几乎所有通用语言都支持一种或另一种形式的 C 调用。
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有关现代 C 语言的介绍，参考我的书籍 [C Programming: Introducing Portable Assembler][1]。无论你怎么做，学习 C 语言，你会学到比另一种编程语言多得多的东西。
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你认为学习哪些编程语言很重要？你是否同意这些建议？在评论告知我们！
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/which-programming-languages-should-you-learn
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作者：[Marty Kalin][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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<!-- <!-- 译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven) --> -->
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mkalindepauledu
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://www.amazon.com/dp/1977056954?ref_=pe_870760_150889320
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