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20130923-1 选题
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JUST IN: BlackBerry confirms 4,500 jobs cut, slashes device portfolio
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> Summary: No, Planetary Resource isn't kidding. It’s working on using Linux, open-source software, and commercial off-the-shelf hardware to build the first robotic asteroid miners.
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When I was a kid in the 60s, books such as Miss Pickerell on the Moon, On the Trail of the Space Pirates, and Robert A. Heinlein's The Rolling Stones had me dreaming of flying rockets to asteroids with my trusty Geiger counter and pick-axe in hand. It was science fiction then. [Planetary Resources][1] is on its way to making it science-fact within the next few years.
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*By 2014, Planetary Resources first Linux-powered asteroid prospecting robots will be in orbit. (Credit: Planetary Resources)*
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At a [LinuxCon][2] session in New Orleans, Planetary Resources' Marc Allen, a Senior Embedded Systems Engineer, and Ray Ramadorai, Principal Avionics Engineer, explained that the company is dead serious about making asteroid mining real. The company’s principals include [X-Prize Foundation][3] founder Peter Diamandis; former NASA Flight Director Chris Lewicki; [Virgin Galactic's][4] Sir Richard Branson, and Google's Eric Schmidt and Larry Page. The staff includes numerous folks from NASA and JPL. In short, the company has real expertise and financial backing. The group is also using crowdsourcing both for resources and to drum up support for its plans.
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At the same time, Planetary Resources wants to mine asteroids on the cheap. So according to Allen, the company plans to use commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware to make low cost, highly reliable spacecraft. Once these spacecraft become commodities, they can rapidly be modified to keep pace with modern technology. In addition, the failure of any one spacecraft will not be catastrophic. Ramadorai explained, "This approach is crucial to commercial space exploration and development, and is a key part of the Planetary Resources strategy."
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A COTS spaceship's computer is also much cheaper. Today, a standard space probe uses a 133Mz PowerPC RAD750 with 128MBS of RAM, and 256K of EEPROM memory. At a cost of $20,000, this radiation- hardened computer is "insanely expensive." Allen believes that "We can use something like an 1.6GHz Intel Atom Z530processor at 1/200th [of] the cost."
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Linux and open-source software fits in because it saves the company the costs of reinventing the wheel in many basic system functions and is much cheaper than traditional spacecraft software. "Traditional missions cost millions," said Allen. They're very risk conservative. They use VxWorks or other commercial RTOS (real-time operating systems) to create a unique operating system for each space vehicle."
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With Linux, however, Planetary Resource can build a common spaceship operating system more cheaply and much more easily. Almost all software used in the current generation of spacecraft is custom made and manually coded. That's expensive.
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In addition, the company considers virtualization is very important for their spacecraft, since decoupling the software and hardware virtualization will make security and fault isolation much easier.
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Planetary Resources won't be using Linux only in space. "Linux can be everywhere in our stack, said Allen. "There will be a single board computer running Linux on the spacecraft and on the ground station, a single board virtual machine clone." This will better enable engineers to troubleshoot problems harmlessly on the ground rather than address them dangerously in space.
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## Hubble snaps amazing Comet ISON speeding toward Earth encounter (Gallery) ##
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In addition, Planetary Resources will use Linux and other open-source programs, such as [Git][5] and [Jenkins][6] to manage its software projects. The company will also be using [Monte-Carlo simulations][7] on open-source-based cloud using [QEMU][8] to work out the best, and most affordable, asteroids to mine.
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Affordable in this case means how easy they'll be to intercept. According to the pair from Planetary Resources, we’re currently aware of at almost 600,000 asteroids today, and there may be as many as 1.5-million of them.
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Most of these, of course, are in the [asteroid belt][9] between Mars and Jupiter. But, there are over 20,000 near-Earth asteroids that are larger than 100-meters in diameter. Of these, 17 percent, 3,400 are energetically closer than the moon. It's these relatively close asteroids that Planetary Resources will be "prospecting."
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The company will do this with its ARKYD series of robot spaceships. The first of the [ARKYD 100 Series][10], should be in orbit in 2014. These are microwave-oven-sized commercial space telescopes that will look for asteroids that may be likely sources of water or valuable minerals.
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Promising asteroids will be followed by ARKYD 200 Series fly-by missions for a closer look. Then, once the most valuable asteroids have been spotted, the 300 ARKYD series will land—dock, actually—and get to work mining the asteroid.
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Why is Planetary Resources doing this? For the money.
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A 140-meter long asteroid, like 2011 AG5, which will approach Earth in 2040, could contain more platinum than all the platinum mined on Earth to date. The price for platinum, by the by, is currently about $1,427 per ounce.
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It’s possible, then, that a single asteroid could be worth tens of billions of dollars. So if you could mine it for even a a billion or two, you'd still have enough to buy your own private island.
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In addition, Planetary Resources is mining for water, to be used to fuel both other near-Earth orbit and deep space robot asteroid mining spaceships.
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Sound interesting? Allen concluded by saying that "[We're looking for a few good asteroid miners.][11]" In particular, the company is looking for software and electrical engineers. If you love space and open-source software, this may be the job for you.
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via: http://www.zdnet.com/penguins-in-space-asteroid-mining-and-linux-7000020989/
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本文由 [LCTT][] 原创翻译，[Linux中国][] 荣誉推出
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译者：[译者ID][] 校对：[校对者ID][]
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[LCTT]:https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject
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[Linux中国]:http://linux.cn/portal.php
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[译者ID]:http://linux.cn/space/译者ID
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[校对者ID]:http://linux.cn/space/校对者ID
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[1]:http://www.planetaryresources.com/
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[2]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/linuxcon-north-america
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[3]:http://www.xprize.org/
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[4]:http://www.virgingalactic.com/
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[5]:http://git-scm.com/
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[6]:http://jenkins-ci.org/
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[7]:http://www.palisade.com/risk/monte_carlo_simulation.asp
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[8]:http://wiki.qemu.org/Main_Page
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[9]:http://www.space.com/16105-asteroid-belt.html
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[10]:http://www.planetaryresources.com/products/
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[11]:http://www.planetaryresources.com/careers/
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42
sources/Lightweight Markup Languages.md
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Lightweight Markup Languages
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================================================================================
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A lightweight markup language is a modern system for annotating a document in a way that is syntactically distinguishable from the text, and designed with a simple readable syntax. In fact, the syntax is so basic that anyone can quickly learn to use these markup languages. The key advantage of this type of language is that it is designed to be easy to enter the annotated text in a text editor, and at the same time easy to follow the document source.
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This type of language has plain text formats, with very simple special characters or strings that mark up section headers, lists, tables, link syntax, font faces and so on.
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There are a number of uses for lightweight markup languages. We live in a world where there is a constant stream of emails, memos, articles, reports, and tweets. Many people write, rearrange and reuse text. Lightweight markup languages are helpful in this regard, saving lots of time over hand-crafted HTML tags, speeding up any writing-related process. They also are particularly strong where the reader wants to read the document source as well as the output. Moreover, they are frequently used in web-based publishing, including wikis and weblogs.
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By using these open source tools, individuals can produce high quality annotated text within a few minutes, and at no cost at all. The code is portable, and can be output to documents in a wide array of formats.
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Now, let's explore the 7 lightweight markup languages at hand. For each title we have compiled its own portal page, a full description with an in-depth analysis of its features, together with links to relevant resources and reviews.
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- **[Markdown][1]** --Markup language and Text-to-HTML conversion tool
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- **[MultiMarkdown][2]** --Based on Markdown with additional features
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- **[AsciiDoc][3]** --Presentable text document format for writing articles
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- **[Textile][4]** --Billed as a "humane web text generator"
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- **[Texy][5]** --Text-to-XHTML formatter and converter library
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- **[Tome][6]** --Markup Language and Tool Suite for Authors
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- **[reStructuredText][7]** --Markup Syntax and Parser Component of Docutils
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via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20130921022758982/LightweightMarkupLanguages.html
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本文由 [LCTT][] 原创翻译，[Linux中国][] 荣誉推出
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译者：[译者ID][] 校对：[校对者ID][]
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[LCTT]:https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject
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[Linux中国]:http://linux.cn/portal.php
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[译者ID]:http://linux.cn/space/译者ID
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[校对者ID]:http://linux.cn/space/校对者ID
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[1]:http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/
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[2]:http://fletcherpenney.net/multimarkdown/
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[3]:http://www.methods.co.nz/asciidoc/
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[4]:http://textile.sitemonks.com/
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[5]:http://texy.info/en/
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[6]:https://bitbucket.org/bmearns/tome/
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[7]:http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html
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Linux Seeks Help From More (And More Diverse) Coders
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================================================================================
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*Sarah Sharp and Linus Torvalds (second from right) at LinuxCon. Photo: Linux Foundation*
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Linus Torvalds and Intel developer Sarah Sharp met face-to-face on Wednesday, their first public encounter since their [mailing list contretemps][1] over the blunt way Torvalds treats the software coders who work on Linux, the massively popular open source operating system he created and still oversees.
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But there weren’t any fireworks. They didn’t even address the issues Sharp raised this summer.
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Speaking at a Linux user conference, held in New Orleans and [streamed over the web,][2] Sharp sidestepped any controversy, but she did tell her audience that the Linux project needed to find new ways of hanging on to people who contribute to “the kernel,” the software at the heart of the operating system.
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“We bring a lot of new people into the kernel and people do one-off patches,” she said, referring to small software contributions. “But there really needs to be a way for people to get a larger, beefier project within the kernel and to get some one-on-one mentorship.”
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> ‘There really needs to be a way for people to get a larger, beefier project within the kernel and to get some one-on-one mentorship’
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>
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> — Sarah Sharp
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Torvalds conceded that although the kernel process may seem difficult in some respects, it’s still pretty easy to write some code and have it accepted. “People talk about how hard the kernel is, but at the same time, just look at the numbers. It can’t be that hard to get involved.”
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The Linux Foundation says that more than 10,000 developers have contributed to the Linux kernel since 2005. That’s a massive number, but there’s always a need for new blood, and the community is far from diverse. Sharp is one of the few women who work on the project — [she estimates][3] that only 1 to 2 percent of kernel developers are women — and it’s unclear how many ethnic minorities are represented.
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As Sharp indicated back in July, some people may be turned off by the blunt way coders are often treated on the project. And this kind of treatment can be particularly discouraging if you’re someone who doesn’t fit into the white-male culture that has traditionally dominated software development.
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This summer, Sharp took Torvalds to task for his habit of flaming people on the kernel mailing list. “Linus, you’re one of the worst offenders when it comes to verbally abusing people and publicly tearing their emotions apart,” she wrote in a mailing list post.
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But Torvalds says that “professionalism” is the last thing he wants, and that non-corporate nature of Linux helps set it apart. He manages the core component of the most important operating system on the planet from the home-office above his garage, sometimes in his bathrobe.
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He and Sharp will eventually discuss their differences. It’s just that we may not get the chance to hear them. They’re set to discuss things at the closed-door [Linux Kernel Summit][4] in Edinburgh next month.
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And though Linux is mostly written by white men, the community is taking [some baby steps][5] toward changing that. Sharp herself coordinates an internship program to mentor women in participating in open-source projects. (She said that two of her fledgling female hackers were presenting at the conference — and looking for jobs). And for the first time ever, there was a Women in Open Source lunch at LinuxCon.
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About 60 women showed up for that, said Jennifer Cloer a Linux Foundation spokeswoman. “I didn’t expect that many,” she says.
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Oh, and there’s one more thing. Now you can get LinuxCon T-shirts in women’s sizes. They started doing that last year. 1
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*1Correction 17:55 EST 09/19/13: An earlier version of this story incorrectly stated that this was the first year LinuxCon shirts were available in women’s sizes. They were introduced in 2012.*
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via: http://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/09/linuxcon/
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本文由 [LCTT][] 原创翻译，[Linux中国][] 荣誉推出
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译者：[译者ID][] 校对：[校对者ID][]
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[LCTT]:https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject
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[Linux中国]:http://linux.cn/portal.php
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[译者ID]:http://linux.cn/space/译者ID
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[校对者ID]:http://linux.cn/space/校对者ID
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[1]:http://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/07/linus-torvalds-right-to-offend/
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[2]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84Sx0E13gAo&feature=youtu.be
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[3]:http://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/07/sarah_sharp/
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[4]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/linux-kernel-summit
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[5]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/linuxcon-north-america/extend-the-experience/women-attendees
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Valve Revealing First Part of Linux Invasion on Monday
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================================================================================
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On Monday Valve tossed up a teaser site promising new info.
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Just days after Gabe Newell hinted to a possible Steam Box reveal next week, [Valve Software on Friday sent along this link][1] stating that the Steam Universe is expanding in 2014. Placed under the heading is a large-screen HDTV with a portal glaring back like a blue-black eye, and three smaller portals underneath, one of which has a countdown timer (71 hours to go at this writing).
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"Last year, we shipped a software feature called Big Picture, a user-interface tailored for televisions and gamepads," the company teases. "This year we've been working on even more ways to connect the dots for customers who want Steam in the living-room. Soon, we'll be adding you to our design process, so that you can help us shape the future of Steam."
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Valve said in an email that next week, the company will be talking about steps it's taking to make Steam more accessible on televisions and the living room. The first announcement will be on Monday morning, hence the first portal with the countdown timer. That said, bookmark the link and see what the company has in store beginning next week.
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[During LinuxCon in New Orleans earlier this week][2], Gabe Newell said that Linux is the future of PC gaming because there are no closed networks; it's an open-source environment that ultimately will provide a cheaper gaming platform for PC gamers because there's no added OS costs. Updates should also not be an issue with an open environment -- he said it took six months just to get an app update approved by Apple.
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Valve has already proven its Linux dedication by launching a standalone Linux client in February, and added 198 games to its Linux library. However, Newell hinted to the possible Linux-based Steam Box by illustrating how Linux can eliminate the complexities of having hardware with proprietary software in the living room. Gamers want their systems to be simple and not locked to specific hardware sets for many years.
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He said that bringing Steam to Linux "was a signal for our development partners that we really were serious about this Linux thing we were talking about." The company is also contributing to the LLDB debugger project and co-developing an additional debugger. Currently, [Linux gaming accounts for less than one percent of the market][3], including players, player minutes, and revenue. Valve looks to change that.
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"It feels a bit funny coming here and telling you guys that Linux and open source are the future of gaming," Newell said after walking on stage. "Sort of like going to Rome and teaching Catholicism to the Pope, so bear with me."
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Rumors surrounding Steam Box have focused on the user's ability to upgrade the device when needed, which is why everyone was sure that Xi3 Corp's Piston machine was the flagship device. But sources close to the two companies said the relationship fizzled during CES 2013 in January, so now we're left wondering what will actually power Valve's platform. Yet the company has stated several times in the past that Steam Box won't be a specific hardware set, but more like a Steam Box certification for multiple hardware solutions from partners.
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"Next week, we're going to be rolling out more information about how we get [living room unification], and what are the hardware opportunities that we see for bringing Linux into the living room and potentially pointing further down the road to how we can get it even more unified in mobile."
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See you Monday.
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via: http://www.tomshardware.com/news/valve-gabe-newell-steam-box-linux-monday,24342.html
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本文由 [LCTT][] 原创翻译，[Linux中国][] 荣誉推出
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译者：[译者ID][] 校对：[校对者ID][]
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[LCTT]:https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject
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[Linux中国]:http://linux.cn/portal.php
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[译者ID]:http://linux.cn/space/译者ID
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[校对者ID]:http://linux.cn/space/校对者ID
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[1]:http://steampowered.com/livingroom
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[2]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gzn6E2m3otg#t=1369
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[3]:http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2013/09/gabe-newell-linux-is-the-future-of-gaming-new-hardware-coming-soon/
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