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[#]: subject: (4 open source tools for running a Linux server)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/linux-server)
[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth)
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
4 open source tools for running a Linux server
======
With Linux, you can turn any device into a server to share data, media
files, and other resources.
![A rack of servers, blue background][1]
In 2021, there are more reasons why people love Linux than ever before. In this series, I'll share 21 different reasons to use Linux. Here are four open source tools for turning any device into a Linux server. 
Sometimes I detect a certain mystique around the idea of a server. Many people, should they have an image in their mind at all, think servers must be big, heavy, rack-mounted machines, carefully maintained by an overly deliberate sysadmin and a group of magical tinker gnomes. Other people envision servers as vaporous clouds that somehow power the internet.
While this reverence is good for IT job security, the reality is that nobody in open source computing believes that servers are or should be the exclusive domain of specialists. File and resource sharing are integral to open source, and open source makes it easier than ever, as these four open source server projects show.
### Samba
The [Samba project][2] is a Windows interoperability suite of programs for Linux and Unix. Although it's mostly low-level code that many users never knowingly interact with, its importance can't be understated. Historically, it was the biggest and most important target back when Microsoft was fighting to eliminate Linux and open source. Times have changed, and Microsoft has met with the Samba team to offer support (for now, at least), and through it all, the project has continued to ensure that Linux and Windows computers can easily co-exist on the same network. In other words, Samba makes it easy to share files over your local network, regardless of what platforms are used.
In the [KDE Plasma][3] desktop, you can right-click on any directory you own and select **Properties**. In the **Properties** dialogue box, click the **Share** tab, and enable **Share with Samba (Microsoft Windows)**.
![Samba][4]
(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5])
Just like that, you've opened a directory for read-only access for users on your local network. That means that when you're home, anyone in your house on the same WiFi network can access that folder, or if you're at work, anyone on your workplace network can access that folder. Of course, to access it, other users need to know where to find it. The path to a computer can be expressed as either an [IP address][6] or, depending on your network configuration, a hostname.
### Snapdrop
If navigating a network through IP addresses and hostnames is confusing, or if you don't like the idea of opening a folder for sharing and forgetting that it's open for perusal, then you might prefer [Snapdrop][7]. This is an open source project that you can run yourself or use the demonstration instance on the internet to connect computers through WebRTC. WebRTC enables peer-to-peer connections through a web browser, meaning that two users on the same network can find each other by navigating to Snapdrop and then communicate with each other directly, without going through an external server.
![Snapdrop][8]
(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5])
Once two or more clients have contacted a Snapdrop service, users can trade files and chat messages back and forth, right over the local network. The transfer is fast, and your data stays local.
### VLC
Streaming services are more common than ever, but I have unconventional tastes in music and movies, so the typical services rarely seem to have what I'm looking for. Fortunately, it's easy to beam my own content around my house from my computer with my big media drive connected to it. For instance, when I want to watch a movie on a screen other than my computer monitor, I can stream the movie file on my network and play it through any app that can receive HTTP, whether that app is on my TV, game console, or mobile.
[VLC][9] makes it easy to set up a stream. In fact, it's an option in the **Media** menu, or you can press **Ctrl**+**S** on your keyboard. Add a file or group of files to your streaming queue, and then click the **Stream** button.
![VLC][10]
(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5])
VLC steps you through a configuration wizard to help you decide what protocol to use when streaming your data. I tend to use HTTP because it's generally available on any device. Once VLC starts playing the file, navigate to the IP address or hostname of the computer playing the file at the port you assigned to the stream (it's 8080 by default when using HTTP), then sit back and enjoy.
### PulseAudio
One of my favorite modern Linux features is [PulseAudio][11]. Pulse has enabled staggering flexibility for audio on Linux, including auto-discoverable local network streaming. The advantage of this feature for me is that I can play podcasts and tech conference videos on my workstation in my office and take that audio with me by streaming it over my mobile. I have perfect audio whether I wander into the kitchen, the lounge, or to the farthest border of my backyard. This ability existed long before PulseAudio, but Pulse makes it as easy as a button click.
Some setup is required. First, you must ensure that the PulseAudio preferences (**paprefs**) package is installed so that you can enable network audio in your PulseAudio configuration.
![PulseAudio][12]
(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5])
In **paprefs**, enable network access to your local sound device, probably without authentication (assuming you trust the other people on your local network), and enable your computer as a **Multicast/RTP sender**. I usually just choose to stream any audio playing through my speakers, but you can create a separate audio device in your Pulse output tab so that you can choose exactly what gets streamed. You have three options here:
* Stream whatever is playing on your speakers
* Stream all sound on all outputs
* Stream only audio you direct to the multicast device (on demand)
Once enabled, your sound streams on your network and can be received by other local Linux devices. It's easy and dynamic audio sharing.
### Sharing more than just code
Linux is about sharing. It's famous on servers because it's great at _serving_. Whether it's serving audio streams, video streams, files, or a great user experience, every Linux computer is a great Linux server.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/linux-server
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rack_server_sysadmin_cloud_520.png?itok=fGmwhf8I (A rack of servers, blue background)
[2]: http://samba.org
[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/linux-kde-plasma
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/samba_0.jpg (Samba)
[5]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
[6]: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/how-find-ip-address-linux
[7]: https://github.com/RobinLinus/snapdrop
[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/snapdrop.jpg (Snapdrop)
[9]: https://www.videolan.org/index.html
[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/vlc-stream.jpg (VLC)
[11]: https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/
[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pulse.jpg (PulseAudio)

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[#]: subject: (4 open source tools for running a Linux server)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/linux-server)
[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth)
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
运行 Linux 服务器的 4 个开源工具
======
通过 Linux，你可以将任何设备变成服务器，以共享数据、媒体文件，以及其他资源。
![A rack of servers, blue background][1]
在 2021 年，人们喜欢 Linux 的理由比以往任何时候都多。在这个系列中，我将分享 21 个使用 Linux 的不同理由。这里有四个开源工具，可以将任何设备变成 Linux 服务器。 
有时，我会发现有关服务器概念的某种神秘色彩。许多人，如果他们在脑海中有一个形象的话，他们认为服务器一定是又大又重的机架式机器，由一个谨慎的系统管理员和一群神奇的修理工精心维护。另一些人则把服务器设想成虚无缥缈的云朵，以某种方式为互联网提供动力。
虽然这种敬畏对 IT 工作的安全性是有好处的，但事实上，在开源计算中，没有人认为服务器是或应该是专家的专属领域。文件和资源共享是开源不可或缺的，而开源让它变得比以往任何时候都更容易，正如这四个开源服务器项目所展示的那样。
### Samba
[Samba 项目][2]是 Linux 和 Unix 的 Windows 互操作程序套件。尽管它是大多数用户从未与之交互的底层代码，但它的重要性却不容小觑。从历史上看，早在微软争相消灭 Linux 和开源的时候，它就是最大最重要的目标。时代变了，微软已经与 Samba 团队会面以提供支持（至少目前是这样），在这一切中，该项目继续确保 Linux 和 Windows 计算机可以轻松地在同一网络上共存。换句话说，无论你使用什么平台，Samba 都可以让你可以轻松地在本地网络上共享文件。
在 [KDE Plasma][3] 桌面上，你可以右键点击自己的任何目录，选择**属性**。在**属性**对话框中，点击**共享**选项卡，并启用**与 Samba 共享 （Microsoft Windows）**。
![Samba][4]
（Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]）
就这样，你已经为本地网络上的用户打开了一个只读访问的目录。也就是说，当你在家的时候，你家同一个 WiFi 网络上的任何人都可以访问该文件夹，如果你在工作，工作场所网络上的任何人都可以访问该文件夹。当然，要访问它，其他用户需要知道在哪里可以找到它。通往计算机的路径可以用 [IP 地址][6]表示，也可以根据你的网络配置，用主机名表示。
### Snapdrop
如果通过 IP 地址和主机名来打开网络是令人困惑的，或者如果你不喜欢打开一个文件夹进行共享而忘记它是开放的，那么你可能更喜欢 [Snapdrop][7]。这是一个开源项目，你可以自己运行，也可以使用互联网上的演示实例通过 WebRTC 连接计算机。WebRTC 可以通过 Web 浏览器实现点对点的连接，也就是说同一网络上的两个用户可以通过 Snapdrop 找到对方，然后直接进行通信，而不需要通过外部服务器。
![Snapdrop][8]
（Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]）
一旦两个或更多的客户端连接了同一个 Snapdrop 服务，用户就可以通过本地网络来回交换文件和聊天信息。传输的速度很快，而且你的数据也保持在本地。
### VLC
流媒体服务比以往任何时候都更常见，但我在音乐和电影方面有非常规的口味，所以典型的服务似乎很少有我想要的东西。幸运的是，通过连接到媒体驱动器，我可以很容易地将自己的内容从我的电脑上传送到我的房子各个角落。例如，当我想在电脑显示器以外的屏幕上观看一部电影时，我可以在我的网络上串流电影文件，并通过任何可以接收 HTTP 的应用来播放它，无论该应用是在我的电视、游戏机还是手机上。
[VLC][9] 可以轻松设置流媒体。事实上，它是**媒体**菜单中的一个选项，或者你可以按下键盘 **Ctrl**+**S**。将一个文件或一组文件添加到你的流媒体队列中，然后点击 **Stream** 按钮。
![VLC][10]
（Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]）
VLC 通过配置向导来帮助你决定流媒体数据时使用什么协议。我倾向于使用 HTTP，因为它通常在任何设备上可用。当 VLC 开始播放文件时， 请进入播放文件计算机的 IP 或主机名以及给它分配的端口 （当使用 HTTP，默认是 8080）, 然后坐下来享受。
### PulseAudio
我最喜欢的现代 Linux 功能之一是 [PulseAudio][11]。Pulse 为 Linux 上的音频实现了惊人的灵活性，包括可自动发现的本地网络流媒体。这个功能对我来说的好处是，我可以在办公室的工作站上播放播客和技术会议视频，并通过手机串流音频。无论我走进厨房、休息室还是后院最远的地方，我都能获得完美的音频。此功能在 PulseAudio 之前很久就存在，但是 Pulse 使它像单击按钮一样容易。
需要进行一些设置。首先，你必须确保安装 PulseAudio preferences（**paprefs**）包，以便在 PulseAudio 配置中启用网络音频。
![PulseAudio][12]
（Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]）
在 **paprefs** 中，启用网络访问你的本地声音设备，可能不需要认证（假设你信任本地网络上的其他人），并启用你的计算机作为 **Multicast/RTP 发送者**。我通常只选择串流通过我的扬声器播放的任何音频，但你可以在 Pulse 输出选项卡中创建一个单独的音频设备，这样你就可以准确地选择串流的内容。你在这里有三个选项：
* 串流任何在扬声器上播放的音频
* 串流所有输出的声音
* 只将音频直接串流到多播设备（按需）。
一旦启用，你的声音就会串流道网络中，并可被其他本地 Linux 设备接收。这是简单和动态的音频共享。
### 分享的不仅仅是代码
Linux 是关于共享的。它在服务器领域很有名，因为它很擅长_服务_。无论是提供音频流、视频流、文件，还是出色的用户体验，每一台 Linux 电脑都是一台出色的 Linux 服务器。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/linux-server
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rack_server_sysadmin_cloud_520.png?itok=fGmwhf8I (A rack of servers, blue background)
[2]: http://samba.org
[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/linux-kde-plasma
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/samba_0.jpg (Samba)
[5]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
[6]: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/how-find-ip-address-linux
[7]: https://github.com/RobinLinus/snapdrop
[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/snapdrop.jpg (Snapdrop)
[9]: https://www.videolan.org/index.html
[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/vlc-stream.jpg (VLC)
[11]: https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/
[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pulse.jpg (PulseAudio)