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魅族 Pro 5 Ubuntu 版即将发布
========================================================
**Canonical 和魅族刚刚透露魅族 Pro 5 Ubuntu 版将在 2016 世界移动大会召开期间开始预售**
自从上次听到魅族的消息到现在已经很久了,但是看起来 Canonical 和这个中国的硬件厂商之间的合作关系仍然存在。从表面来看,之前魅族的 MX4 Ubuntu 版只是进行了小范围的发布,所以只有很少的设备卖出去了。
我们仅仅希望魅族 Pro 5 Ubuntu 版可以提高供货量,尤其是因为它是魅族的一款相当新且还提供支持的手机。
最新的魅族 Pro 5 是第 5 个支持 Ubuntu Touch 的官方设备2016 年我们可能会看到更多的手机甚至是平板都会预装这个操作系统。
## 魅族 Pro 5 Ubuntu 版将会非常震撼
Canonical 宣称 Pro 5 是目前已发布了的 Ubuntu 智能手机中最强大的一个,他们说的是对的,但还有一点没有被提及,即如果不考虑平板,它也是最大的 Ubuntu Touch 设备。魅族 Pro 5 采用了一颗 Exynos 7420 8 核处理器和 5.7 英寸分辨率为 1920x1080 的 AMOLED 屏,配备第三代康宁大猩猩玻璃以及 LPDDR4 内存技术。
很多人也许会问这个新手机的系统是否可以和桌面版系统一样,现在看起来真是如此。
该公司解释说“Canonical 一直致力于通过向各种个人设备提供一个统一的自适应平台来重塑个人计算的视觉表现。因此尽管魅族 Pro 5 缺少 MHL 输出,但它运行的是最新的代码,这些代码与新近发布的平板和其它设备一样,可提供一种接近传统桌面的体验。”
魅族 Pro 5 最初于 2015 年 9 月发布,拥有一个 2100 万像素的后置摄像头,可以拍摄 30fps 的 2160p 视频。同时它还带有一个指纹传感器和支持快速充电的 3050 mAh 的锂电池。
目前这款手机只在中国和欧洲有售,预定将从 2016 年 2 月 22 日至 25 日的世界移动大会期间开始。
![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/fitted/620x/meizu-pro-5-ubuntu-edition-announced-and-it-s-a-beast-photos-500526-11.jpg)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/meizu-pro-5-ubuntu-edition-announced-and-it-s-a-beast-photos-500526.shtml
作者:[Silviu Stahie][a]
译者:[osk874](https://github.com/osk874)
校对:[Yuking](https://github.com/Yuking-net)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie

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2016如何选择 Linux 发行版
================================
![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/66866/distro-opensuse.JPG)
[不管是在企业级应用还是在消费者领域](http://www.cio.com/article/3017983/linux/2015s-most-exciting-linux-devices.html)2015 对于 Linux 来说都是极其重要的一年。作为一个从 2005 年就开始使用 Linux 的老用户,我有幸见证了 Linux 过去这 10 年里的重大发展,[并且,我相信它在 2016 年里会更加令人激动](http://www.cio.com/article/3017177/linux/11-predictions-for-linux-in-2016.html)。在这篇文章里,我会挑选几个将在 2016 年里大放光彩的最佳发行版给大家介绍一下。
## 强势归来的发行版openSUSE
SUSE 是 openSUSE 发行版背后的公司,同时也是起步最早的 Linux 公司;[它在 Linus Torvalds 发布 Linux 的第二年就成立了](http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/866964-exclusive-interview-with-suse-president-nils-brauckmann)。该公司的成立实际上早于现在的 Linux 公司之王 —— Red Hat。同时 SUSE 也是 [openSUSE](https://www.opensuse.org/) 社区发行版的发起者和赞助商。
2015 年openSUSE 的开发团队决定向 SUSE Linux 企业版 (SLE) 靠拢,以便让用户可以获得企业服务器特性的发行版——类似于 CentOS 和 Ubuntu 那样。因此openSUSE 变成了 [openSUSE Leap](https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:Leap),一个直接基于 SLE SP1 的发行版。
两个发行版共用相同的基础代码,相互受益 —— SUSE 会选用 openSUSE 中好的代码反之亦然。如此openSUSE 也放弃了原本常规的发布周期,新版本与 SLE 同步发行。这意味着每个版本将会有更长的生命周期。
这样做的结果是openSUSE 就成了一个非常重要的发行版,因为潜在的 SLE 用户现在可以使用 openSUSE Leap 了。不过这还不是全部openSUSE 同样也有发行版 [Tumbleweed](http://www.cio.com/article/3008856/open-source-tools/is-opensuse-tumbleweed-good-enough-for-a-seasoned-arch-user.html) —— 一个纯净的滚动式版本。所以,用户们可以选择使用很稳定的 openSUSE Leap 或者经常更新的 openSUSE Tumbleweed。
在我的记忆中,还没有其他的发行版做了这样一个令人印象深刻的强势归来。
## 最高可定制性的发行版Arch Linux
Arch Linux 是目前最好的滚动式更新的发行版。好吧,我可能有些偏见,因为我是一名 Arch Linux 用户 ( LCTT 译注:译者也是 Arch Linux 用户,它的定制性真的很好)。然而,我认为它好的真正原因是 Arch 在很多其他领域也都表现的非常优越,并且这才是我为什么用它作为主系统的原因。
- 对于那些想要学习 Linux 方方面面的用户来说,[Arch Linux](https://www.archlinux.org/) 无疑是一个绝佳的选择。因为你需要手动安装所有自己需要的东西,这样你会慢慢学到 Linux 系统的所有细节。
- Arch 是一个可高度定制发行版。任何桌面环境 (DE) 都没有了 “Arch” 的原味。你能够得到的只是一个基础系统,然后你可以在上边构建你所想要的发行版。无论好坏,也不像 openSUSE 或者 Ubuntu 那样Arch 没有额外的补丁或者集成环境。你得到的基本就是上游开发者所创建的原始软件。
- Arch Linux 同时也是最好的滚动式更新的发行版之一。它需要经常保持着更新。用户所运行的基本上是最新的软件,当然,也可以通过非稳定仓库运行预发行版的软件。
- Arch 闻名于拥有为数众多的优秀文档。Arch Wiki 是我用以了解所有 Linux 相关事情的完整资源。
- Arch 中,我最喜欢的是,它提供了“任何”其他发行版中可用的的包和软件,同时还要感谢 AUR (Arch User RepositoryArch 用户仓库)。
## 最美观的发行版elementary OS
不同的发行版会有不同的关注点——多数情况下表现为技术的不同。在大多数的 Linux 发行版中,外观和用户感觉并非他们优先考虑的事情 —— 这通常是桌面环境需要考虑的事情。
[elementary OS](https://elementary.io/) 正在尝试改变这一事实。在这个发行版中,设计是占据重要位置,并且原因明显——这个发行版是由那些以在 Linux 世界创建漂亮图标而闻名的设计人员所开发的。
elementary OS 相当注重整体外观和用户感觉。开发者创建了他们自己的组件,包括桌面环境。此外,他们只会选择那些符合设计规范的应用来加入到软件仓库。你可以发现 elementary OS 有很浓重的 Mac OS X 气息。
## 最好的新晋发行版Solus
![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/66866/distro-solus.JPG)
[Solus](https://solus-project.com/) 最近获得非常大的关注程度。它是一个看起来中规中矩、从零开始构建的操作系统,它并非 Debian 或者 Ubuntu 的衍生版本。它使用的 Budgie 桌面环境同样是从零开始构建的,但它的目标是兼容 Gnome。Solus 和 Google 的 Chrome OS 一样——一切从简。
我个人没怎么玩过 Solus但它看起来很有前途。Solus 实际上并不是一个 “新” 系统。它曾以不同的形式和名称存在了很长时间,但直到 2015 年整个项目才以现在这个新名称重归大众视野。
## 最好的云操作系统Chrome OS
[Chrome OS](https://www.chromium.org/chromium-os) 可能不会成为你的典型 Linux 发行版,毕竟它是基于浏览器的操作系统,主要用以在线使用。但由于它基于 Linux ,任何人都可以获取其源码进行编译,它同样是一个吸引人的系统。我每天都使用 Chrome OS它是一个优秀、不用自己维护并且总是保持最新状态的系统每个人都可以单纯地用它来进行 web 相关的用途。Chrome OS 和 Android 对于推动 Linux 在 PC 市场和移动市场的占有率有着不可或缺的功劳。
## 最好的笔记本计算机操作系统Ubuntu MATE
大多数的笔记本计算机都没有高端的硬件,假如你运行了一个很耗费资源的桌面环境,那么你可能没有足够的系统资源或电量来维持你的使用 —— 因为基本上被操作系统自身消耗了。于是我找到了 [Ubuntu MATE](http://www.cio.com/article/2848475/ubuntu-mate-enterprise-customers.html) 这个优秀的系统。它是轻量级的环境,但提供了能让你拥有不错体验的所有软件。也幸好它的轻量级设计,大部分的系统资源都留来给你的软件使用,让你依旧可以完成一些繁重的任务。我认为它对于低端硬件来说是最好的发行版。
## 为老旧硬件支持而生的发行版Lubuntu
假如你身边拥有一些过时的笔记本或 PC给它安装 [Lubuntu](http://lubuntu.net/) 来获得重生吧。Lubuntu 使用的是 LXDE 桌面环境,但该项目与 Razor Qt 合并之后,变成了 LXQt。尽管最新的版本 15.04 依旧使用 LXDE但之后的版本将会使用 LXQt。Lubuntu 对于老旧硬件来说是最合适不过的系统了。
## 为物联网 (IoT) 而生的发行版Snappy Ubuntu Core
![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/66866/distro-ubuntu-studio.JPG)
Snappy Ubuntu Core 是为物联网 (IoT) 及此类设备而生的 Linux 操作系统。该系统拥有巨大潜力,它可以将我们身边绝大多数的东西 —— 如路由器、咖啡机和无人机等——变成智能设备。让它更有趣的是,软件管理更新的方式以及为增加安全而提供的容器化支持。
## 为桌面系统而生的发行版Linux Mint Cinnamon
[Linux Mint Cinnamon](http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/838569-review-linux-mint-172-release/) 对于台式机和一些有强大硬件的笔记本来说是最好的操作系统。我一般把它叫做 Linux 世界里的 Mac OS X。老实说由于 Cinnamon 的不稳定,我在很长一段时间内并不是 Linux Mint 的忠实粉丝。但是在开发者使用Ubuntu LTS (Long Term Support长期支持)作为基础版本之后,该发行版就变得难以想象的稳定。因为开发者不必花费精力来跟上 Ubuntu 的开发进度,他们现在可以将所有精力放到提升 Cinnamon 上。
## 为游戏而生的发行版Steam OS
对于桌面版 Linux 来说,玩游戏同样是短板。很多用户为了能够玩游戏,安装了 Linux 和 Windows 双系统。而 Valve 则尝试改变这个局面。Valve 是一个游戏发行商它提供一个可以在不同平台上运行游戏的客户端。并且Valve 也同样创建了它自己的开源操作系统——[Steam OS](http://store.steampowered.com/steamos/)——为了创建一个基于 Linux 的游戏平台。截至 2015 年底,它的合作伙伴开始把搭载了 Steam OS 的机器推向市场。
## 为隐私而生的发行版Tails
在充斥着大量监控和营销者的跟踪 (对目标内容进行的匿名跟踪通常是可接受的)的岁月,隐私保护就变成了一个重要问题。如果你想脱离政府或者市场机构的监控和跟踪,那么你需要一款始终考虑到隐私问题的操作系统。
在出于保护隐私的考虑上,没有任何一款系统可以超越 [Tails](https://tails.boum.org/)。它是一款基于 Debian 的发行版并且在设计之初就考虑了隐私和匿名的支持。Tails 非常优秀而且据报道说NSA 认为这是对他们的监控的主要威胁之一。
## 为多媒体制作而生的发行版Ubuntu Studio
基于 Linux 的操作系统有一个明显的弱点,那就是对多媒体制作的支持并不友好。所有专业级应用基本只能运行在 Windows 或者 Mac OS X 上。Linux 系统从来都不缺乏像样的音频/视频制作软件,但这样还是远远不够的。应该要有一款轻量级的桌面环境,使得那些宝贵的系统资源——如 CPU 和 RAM——尽量少占用以便用于多媒体制作。目前[Ubuntu Studio](https://ubuntustudio.org/tour/) 对多媒体制作的支持最好。它使用了 Xfce 桌面环境,并且有各种各样的音频、视频以及图像编辑应用。
## 最好的企业发行版SLE/RHEL
企业级用户并不会通过浏览像这样的文章来了解他们的服务器该运行什么发行版。他们通常非常明确地知道该到哪里获取信息:即 [Red Hat Enterprise Linux](https://www.redhat.com/en/technologies/linux-platforms/enterprise-linux) 或 [SUSE Linux Enterprise](https://www.suse.com/)。这两个名字已经成了企业服务器的代名词了。同时,这些公司也都通过创新来推动将一切都容器化和变成软件定义的。
## 最好的服务器操作系统Debian/CentOS
假如你在考虑自己运行一台服务器,但有不希望支付 RHEL 或者 SLE 授权的费用,那么 [Debian](https://www.debian.org/) 或者 [CentOS](https://www.centos.org/) 将是你最好的选择。这两个发行版是社区主导的服务器操作系统,具有不可动摇的地位。并且它们有着长期支持,你不必担忧需要经常去升级系统。
## 最好的移动操作系统Plasma Mobile
尽管,基于 Linux 的 Android 系统称雄于移动操作系统市场,但是大多数的开源社区——也包括我在内——也仍然强烈希望能有一个发行版可以为移动设备提供传统 Linux 的桌面应用。同时这样的一个发行版由开源社区来维护会比由商业公司来维护好的多只有这样用户才能成为这个发行版的关注点而不是由公司的商业目标来决定这个发行版的发展趋势。KDE 的 [Plasma Mobile](https://community.kde.org/Plasma/Mobile) 刚好实现了我们的愿望。
这个基于 Kubuntu 的发行版始于 2015 年。因为 KDE 社区以坚守标准和为公众开发应用而闻名,我非常期待 Plasma Mobile 能够一直坚持下去。
## 为 ARM 设备而生的发行版Arch Linux ARM
随着 Android 系统的成功,我们的生活也围绕者越来越多的 ARM 设备——从树莓派 (Raspberry Pi) 到 Chromebook 以及 Nvidia Shield。为 Intel/AMD 架构的 CPU 而编写的传统发行版并不能够在这些 ARM 架构的设备上运行。而一些为 ARM 而编写的发行版却仅仅只能在特定的硬件上运行,比如只能运行在树莓派 (Raspberry Pi) 上的 Raspbian 系统。这就是为什么 [Arch Linux ARM](http://archlinuxarm.org/) (ALARM) 让人眼前一亮的原因。它是一个基于 Arch Linux 的纯粹由社区主导的发行版,可以在树梅派 (Raspberry Pi)、Chromebook、Android 设备以及 Nvidia Shield 等设备上运行。同时,更好的是,也由于 AUR你可以安装很多在其他发行版可能无法获取的软件。
## 结论
在我写完本文的时候,连我自己都震惊了。能够在 Linux 的世界里为大家写点东西真的是很令人激动。不必去管 Linux 统治桌面电脑的时代是否会到来,我们都要一样享受自己使用 Linux 的每一刻快乐时光。
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via: http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/878620-the-best-linux-distros-of-2016
作者:[Swapnil Bhartiya][a]
译者:[GHLandy](https://github.com/GHLandy)
校对:[mudongliang](https://github.com/mudongliang)[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/61003

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Linux Mint 18 将拥有自己的应用集
=============================================
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Linux-Mint-apps.jpg)
对于发行版开发者来说,创建和发布一系列专为他们发行版设计的应用是再平常不过的事情。一个最典型的例子就是 [elementary OS](https://elementary.io/) 。而在经过九年的努力后Linux Mint 终于孤注一掷做了相同的事情。
[Linux Mint](http://www.linuxmint.com/) 是现今最著名的 Linux 发行版之一。其基于 Ubuntu 和 DebianLinux Mint 努力去创建一个现代的、优雅的、舒适的操作系统不但强大而且易用。LCTT 译注Linux Mint 基于 Ubuntu而 Linux Mint Debian Edition 基于 Debian。Linux Mint 背后的团队同时也积极参与 [MATE](http://itsfoss.com/install-mate-desktop-ubuntu-14-04/) 和 [Cinnamon](http://itsfoss.com/install-cinnamon-ubuntu-14-04/) 桌面环境开发。
## 前有 X 战警X-men后有 X 应用X-Apps
周四, Linux Mint 项目领导者 Clement Lefebvre [宣布](http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2985) X-Apps 的创建。X-Apps 被设计为不依赖特定桌面环境以便开发者可以直接更新它们而不必针对每一种桌面环境做调整。Lefebvre 声明这些 X-Apps 将会被作为 Cinnamon、MATE 和 Xfce 桌面环境的默认应用。
## Linux 是否需要更多的应用?
据 Lefebvre 所述X-Apps 的创建是因 GNOME 3.18 发布所需。对于 GNOME 3.18 的发布,他这样说:
> “GTK 本身和一些 GNOME 应用都在 GNOME SHELL 上集成地很好而且看起来风格很一致。坏消息就是它们在任何别的地方看起来很不相称。使事情变得更糟的是Ubuntu 的旗舰产品 Unity 重度依赖 GTK、GNOME 应用及 GNOME 环境本身,所以我们这里不能在上游的 3.18 版本中处理而这一系列的补丁会带来它们自己的问题举一个例子Ubuntu 在应用中重新引入菜单条和标题栏,但是不重写它们的头部栏..所以你有时会看到它们三者一起出现)。”
在过去Linux Mint 团队通过“应用降级(例如 Linux Mint 17 使用 gedit 2.30),给 GNOME 打补丁以及使用替代品(大部分在 MATE 和 Xfce”来处理这个问题。
Lefebvre 也说为 Cinnamon 和 MATE 构建特定应用没有意义。这就是为什么他们选择开发那些通用的,可以完美地适应运行在 CinnamonMATE 和 Xfce以及其他可能的桌面环境的应用。
他进一步补充道:
>“X-Apps 将会是一个通用的,使用传统的接口 GTK3 应用的集合。它能被用作 CinnamonMATE 和 Xfce 默认的桌面组件。在 Mint 18 中“X apps” 将允许我们去维护一个本地风格及更高层面的集成。因为它们将会被用于替代看起来很不一致的 GNOME 桌面应用。长期来讲X-App 项目将会允许我们去开发新的功能和改进应用本身(这是一些我们无法通过打补丁,临时分支或者特定桌面的分支做到的事情,比如说 MATE 桌面应用,因为它代价太高)。”
## 将会有什么类型的应用?
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/xedit.png)
Lefebvre 只透露其中一个即将来临的 X-Apps一个名为 xedit 的文本编辑器。下面是这个软件提供的一些特性:
- 基于 Pluma很容易学会使用
- 使用 GTK3
- 不依赖 GNOME 或 MATE
## 何时呢?
X-Apps 将会和 [Linux Mint 18](http://itsfoss.com/linux-mint-18-codenamed-sarah/) 一同到来。而 Linux Mint 18 将会在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 发布之后数月后发布。[Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 计划于四月发布。](http://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-1604-release-schedule/)
## 总结
就我而言无论何时当我听见某人发布一个新发行版特定的应用我都会局促不安。Linux 世界本身已经难以想象的碎片化了。我们真的需要花费时间和精力去创建更多的重复的项目吗?但不要误解我,我喜欢桌面无关软件的想法。它将修复大量的一个桌面一个应用样子的问题。
使我发愁的问题是“它们是否会成功”。正如我之前所说Linux Mint 团队成员也在两种桌面环境工作。目前增加了应用开发就让这些混在一起了。我自己没有写过一个软件(除了 Hello World但是我知道当你尝试且使一个项目复杂化就会发生不好的事情。许多项目已经变成了不断膨胀的恶龙。我希望这样的事不要发生在这里。
你有不同的想法吗?在下方评论以便让我知道。
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Bossie Awards 2015: The best open source networking and security software
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InfoWorld's top picks of the year among open source tools for building, operating, and securing networks

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Review EXT4 vs. Btrfs vs. XFS
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An Introduction to SELinux
===============================
![](https://www.linux.com/images/stories/66866/jack2-selinux_a.png)
>Figure 1: The getenforce command reporting SELinux is set to Enforcing.
Way back in kernel 2.6, a new security system was introduced to provide a mechanism for supporting access control security policies. This system was [Security Enhanced Linux (SELinux)][1] and was introduced by the [National Security Administration (NSA)][2] to incorporate a strong Mandatory Access Control architecture into the subsystems of the Linux kernel.
If youve spent your entire Linux career either disabling or ignoring SELinux, this article is dedicated to you — an introduction to the system that lives “under the hood” of your Linux desktop or server to limit privilege or even eliminate the possibility of damage should programs or daemons become compromised.
Before I begin, you should know that SELinux is primarily a tool for Red Hat Linux and its derivatives. The likes of Ubuntu and SUSE (and their derivatives) make use of AppArmor. SELinux and AppArmor are significantly different. You can install SELinux on SUSE, openSUSE, Ubuntu, etc., but its an incredibly challenging task unless youre very well versed in Linux.
With that said, let me introduce you to SELinux.
### DAC vs. MAC
The old-guard standard form of access control on Linux was Discretionary Access Control (DAC). With this form, an application or daemon runs under either User ID (UID) or Set owner User ID (SUID) and holds object permissions (for files, sockets, and other processes) of that user. This made it easier for malicious code to be run with a permission set that would grant it access to crucial subsystems.
Mandatory Access Control (MAC), on the other hand, enforces the separation of information based on both confidentiality and integrity to enable the confinement of damage. The confinement unit operates independently of the traditional Linux security mechanisms and has no concept of a superuser.
### How SELinux Works
Consider these pieces of the SELinux puzzle:
- Subjects
- Objects
- Policy
- Mode
When a subject (such as an application) attempts to access an object (such as a file), the SELinux Security Server (inside the kernel) runs a check against the Policy Database. Depending on the current mode, if the SELinux Security Server grants permission, the subject is given access to the object. If the SELinux Security Server denies permission, a denied message is logged in /var/log/messages.
Sounds relatively simple, right? Theres actually more to it than that, but for the sake of introduction, those are the important steps.
### The Modes
SELinux has three modes (which can be set by the user). These modes will dictate how SELinux acts upon subject request. The modes are:
- Enforcing — SELinux policy is enforced and subjects will be denied or granted access to objects based on the SELinux policy rules
- Permissive — SELinux policy is not enforced and does not deny access, although denials are logged
- Disabled — SELinux is completely disabled
Out of the box, most systems have SELinux set to Enforcing. How do you know what mode your system is currently running? You can use a simple command to report the mode; that command is getenforce. This command is incredibly simple to use (as it has the singular purpose of reporting the SELinux mode). To use this tool, open up a terminal window and issue the command getenforce. The report will come back with either, Enforcing, Permissive, or Disabled (see Figure 1 above).
Setting the SELinux mode is actually quite simple — depending upon the mode you want to set. Understand this: It is never recommended to set SELinux to Disable. Why? When you do this, you open up the possibility that files on your disk will be mislabeled and require a re-label to fix. It is also not possible to change the mode of a system when it has been booted in Disabled mode. Your best modes are either Enabled or Permissive.
You can change the SELinux mode from the command line or in the /etc/selinux/config file. To set the mod via command line, you use the setenforce tool. To set the mode to Enforcing, do the following:
1. Open up a terminal window
2. Issue the command su and then enter your administrator password
3. Issue the command setenforce 1
4. Issue the command getenforce to ensure the mode has been set (Figure 2)
![](https://www.linux.com/images/stories/66866/jack-selinux_b.png)
>Figure 2: Setting the SELinux mode to Enforcing.
To set the mode to Permissive, do this:
1. Open up a terminal window
2. Issue the command su and then enter your administrator password
3. Issue the command setenforce 0
4. Issue the command getenforce to ensure the mode has been set (Figure 3)
![](https://www.linux.com/images/stories/66866/jack-selinux_c.png)
>Figure 3: Setting the SELinux mode to Permissive.
NOTE: Setting the mode via command line overrides the setting in the SELinux config file.
If youd prefer to set the mode in the SELinux command file, open up that particular file in your favorite text editor and look for the line:
>SELINUX=permissive
You can change the mode to suit your preference and then save the file.
There is also a third method of changing the SELinux mode (via the bootloader), but I dont recommend it for a beginning user.
### Policy Type
There are two types of SELinux policies:
- Targeted — only targeted network daemons (dhcpd, httpd, named, nscd, ntpd, portmap, snmpd, squid, and syslogd) are protected
- Strict — full SELinux protection for all daemons
You can change the policy type within the /etc/selinux/config file. Open the file in your favorite text editor and look for the line:
>SELINUXTYPE=targeted
Change the option in that line to either targeted or strict to match your needs.
### Checking the Full SELinux Status
There is a handy SELinux tool you might want to know about that will display a detailed status report of your SELinux-enabled system. The command is run from a terminal window like this:
>sestatus -v
You should see output similar to that shown in Figure 4.
![](https://www.linux.com/images/stories/66866/jack-selinux_d.png)
>Figure 4: The output of the sestatus -v command.
### Just Scratching the Surface
As you might expect, I have only scratched the surface of SELinux. It is quite a complex system and will require diving much deeper to obtain a solid understanding of how it works for you and how you can make it better work for your desktops and servers. I still have yet to cover troubleshooting and creating custom SELinux policies.
SELinux is a powerful tool that any Linux administrator should know. Now that youve been introduced, I highly recommend you return to Linux.com (when more tutorials on the subject are posted) or take a look at the [NSA SELinux documentation][3] for very in-depth tutorials.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.linux.com/learn/docs/ldp/883671-an-introduction-to-selinux
作者:[Jack Wallen][a]
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[1]: http://selinuxproject.org/page/Main_Page
[2]: https://www.nsa.gov/research/selinux/
[3]: https://www.nsa.gov/research/selinux/docs.shtml

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Best Linux Desktop Environments for 2016
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Getting to Know Linux File Permissions
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How to Set Nginx as Reverse Proxy on Centos7 CPanel
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ST Releases Free Linux IDE for 32-Bit MCUs
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The Best Linux Distros of 2016
================================
![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/66866/distro-opensuse.JPG)
2015 was a very important year for Linux, [both in the enterprise as well as in the consumer space](http://www.cio.com/article/3017983/linux/2015s-most-exciting-linux-devices.html). As a Linux user since 2005, I can see that the operating system has come a long way in the past 10 years. [And, 2016 is going to be even more exciting](http://www.cio.com/article/3017177/linux/11-predictions-for-linux-in-2016.html). In this article, I have picked some of the best distros that will shine in 2016.
## Best Comeback Distro: openSUSE
SUSE, the company behind openSUSE, is the oldest Linux company; [it was formed just a year after Linus Torvalds announced Linux](http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/866964-exclusive-interview-with-suse-president-nils-brauckmann). The company actually predates Linux king Red Hat. SUSE is also the sponsor of the community-based distro [openSUSE](https://www.opensuse.org/).
In 2015, openSUSE teams decided to come closer to SUSE Linux Enterprise (SLE) so that users could have a distribution that shares its DNA with the enterprise server -- similar to CentOS and Ubuntu. Thus, openSUSE became [openSUSE Leap](https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:Leap), a distribution thats directly based on SLE SP (service pack) 1.
The two distros will share the code base to benefit each other -- SUSE will take whats good in openSUSE and vice versa. With this move, openSUSE is also ditching the regular release cycle, and a new version will be released in sync with SLE. That means each version will have a much longer life cycle.
As a result of this move, openSUSE has become a very important distribution because potential SLE users can now use openSUSE Leap. Thats not all, however; openSUSE also announced the release of [Tumbleweed](http://www.cio.com/article/3008856/open-source-tools/is-opensuse-tumbleweed-good-enough-for-a-seasoned-arch-user.html), a pure rolling-release version. So, now, users can use either the super-stable openSUSE Leap or the always up-to-date openSUSE Tumbleweed.
No other distro has made such an impressive comeback in my memory.
Most Customizable Distro: Arch Linux
Arch Linux is the best rolling-release distribution out there. Period. Ok, I could be biased because I am an Arch Linux user. However, the reason behind my claim is that Arch excels in many other areas, too, and thats why I use it as my main operating system.
[Arch Linux](https://www.archlinux.org/) is a great distro for those who want to learn everything about Linux. Because you have to install everything manually, you learn all the bits and pieces of a Linux-based operating system.
- Arch is the most customizable distribution. There is no “Arch” flavor of any DE. All you get is a foundation and you can build whatever distro want, on top of it. For good or for worse, unlike openSUSE or Ubuntu there is no extra patching or integration. You get what upstream developers created. Period.
- Arch Linux is also one of the best rolling releases. Its always updated. Users always run the latest packages, and they can also run pre-released software through unstable repositories.
- Arch is also known for having excellent documentation. Arch Wiki is my to-go resource for everything Linux related.
- What I like the most about Arch is that is offers almost every package and software thats available for “any” Linux distribution, thanks to the Arch User Repository, aka AUR.
## Best-Looking Distro: elementary OS
Different Linux distributions have different focus areas -- in most cases, these are technical differences. In many Linux distributions. the look and feel is an afterthought -- a side project at the mercy of the specific desktop environment.
[elementary OS](https://elementary.io/) is trying to change all that. Here, design is at the forefront, and the reason is quite obvious. The distro is being developed by designers who have made their name in the Linux world by creating beautiful icons.
elementary OS is quite strict about the holistic look and feel. The developers have created their own components, including the desktop environment. Additionally, they choose only those applications that fit into the design paradigm. One can find heavy influence of Mac OS X on elementary OS.
## Best Newcomer: Solus
![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/66866/distro-solus.JPG)
[Solus](https://solus-project.com/) operating system has garnered quite a lot of attention lately. Its a decent-looking operating system that has been created from scratch. Its not a derivative of Debian or Ubuntu. It comes with the Budgie desktop environment, which was built from scratch but aims to integrate with Gnome. Solus has the same minimalistic approach as Googles Chrome OS.
I have not played with Solus much, but it does look promising. Solus is actually not a “new” OS. It has been around for a while in different forms and names. But the entire project was revived back in 2015 under this new name.
## Best Cloud OS: Chrome OS
[Chrome OS](https://www.chromium.org/chromium-os) may not be your typical Linux-based distribution because its a browser-based operating system for online activities. However, because its based on Linux and its source code is available for anyone to compile, its an attractive OS. I use Chrome OS on a daily basis. Its an excellent, maintenance-free, always updated OS for anyone using a computer purely for web-related activities. Chrome OS, along with Android, deserves all the credit for making Linux popular in the PC and mobile space.
## Best Laptop OS: Ubuntu MATE
Most laptops dont have very high-end hardware, and if you are running a really resource-intensive desktop environment then you wont have much system resources or battery life at your disposal -- they will be used by the OS itself. Thats where I found [Ubuntu MATE](http://www.cio.com/article/2848475/ubuntu-mate-enterprise-customers.html) to be an excellent operating system. Its lightweight, yet has all the bells and whistles needed for a pleasant experience. Thanks to its lightweight design, the majority of system resources are free for applications so you can still do some heavy work on it. I also found it to be a great distro on really low-end systems.
## Best Distro for Old Hardware: Lubuntu
If you have an old laptop or PC sitting around, breathe new life into it with [Lubuntu](http://lubuntu.net/). Lubuntu uses LXDE, but the project has merged with Razor Qt to create LXQt. Although the latest release 15.04 is still using LXDE, the future versions will be using LXQt. Lubuntu is a decent operating system for old hardware.
## Best Distro for IoT: Snappy Ubuntu Core
![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/66866/distro-ubuntu-studio.JPG)
Snappy Ubuntu Core is the best Linux-based operating system out there for Internet of Things (IoT) and other such devices. The operating system holds great potential to turn almost everything around us into smart devices -- such as routers, coffeemakers, drones, etc. What makes it even more interesting is the way the software manages updates and offers containerization for added security.
## Best Distro for Desktops: Linux Mint Cinnamon
[Linux Mint Cinnamon](http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/838569-review-linux-mint-172-release/) is the best operating system for desktops and powerful laptops. I will go as far as calling it the Mac OS X of the Linux world. Honestly, I had not been a huge fan of Linux Mint for a long time because of unstable Cinnamon. But, as soon as the developers chose to use LTS as the base, the distro has become incredibly stable. Because the developers dont have to spend much time worrying about keeping up with Ubuntu, they are now investing all of their time in making Cinnamon better.
## Best Distro for Games: Steam OS
Gaming has been a weakness of desktop Linux. Many users dual-boot with Windows just to be able to play games. Valve Software is trying to change that. Valve is a game distributor that offers a client to run games on different platforms. And, Valve has now created their open operating system -- [Steam OS](http://store.steampowered.com/steamos/) -- to create a Linux-based gaming platform. By the end of 2015, partners started shipping Steam machines to the market.
## Best Distro for Privacy: Tails
In this age of mass surveillance and tracking by marketers (anonymous tracking for targeted content is acceptable), privacy has become a major issue. If you are someone who needs to keep the government and marketing agencies out of your business, you need an operating system thats created -- from the ground up -- with privacy in mind.
And, nothing beats [Tails](https://tails.boum.org/) for this purpose. Its a Debian-based distribution that offers privacy and anonymity by design. Tails is so good that, according to reports, the NSA considers it a major threat to their mission.
## Best Distro for Multimedia Production: Ubuntu Studio
Multimedia production is one of the major weaknesses of Linux-based operating systems. All the professional-grade applications are available for either Windows or Mac OS X. There is no dearth of decent audio/video production software for Linux, but a multimedia production system needs more than just decent applications. It should use a lightweight desktop environment so that precious system resources -- such as CPU and RAM -- are used sparingly by the system itself, leaving them for the multimedia applications. And, the best Linux distribution for multimedia production is [Ubuntu Studio](https://ubuntustudio.org/tour/). It uses Xfce and comes with a broad range of audio, video, and image editing applications.
## Best Enterprise Distro: SLE/RHEL
Enterprise customers dont look for articles like these to choose a distribution to run on their servers. They already know where to go: Its either [Red Hat Enterprise Linux](https://www.redhat.com/en/technologies/linux-platforms/enterprise-linux) or [SUSE Linux Enterprise](https://www.suse.com/). These two names have become synonymous with enterprise servers. These companies are also pushing boundaries by innovating in this changing landscape where everything is containerized and becoming software defined.
## Best Server OS: Debian/CentOS
If you are looking at running a server, but you cant afford or dont want to pay a subscription fee for RHEL or SLE, then there is nothing better than [Debian](https://www.debian.org/) or [CentOS](https://www.centos.org/). These distributions are the gold standard when it comes to community-based servers. And, they are supported for a very long time, so you wont have to worry about upgrading your system so often.
## Best Mobile OS: Plasma Mobile
Although the Linux-based distribution Android is ruling the roost, many in the open source community, including me, still desire a distribution that offers traditional Linux desktop apps on mobile devices. At the same time, its better if the distro is run by a community instead of a company so that a user remains in the focus and not the companys financial goals. And thats where KDEs [Plasma Mobile](https://community.kde.org/Plasma/Mobile) brings some hope.
This Kubuntu-based distribution was launched in 2015. Because the KDE community is known for their adherence to standards and developing stuff in public, I am quite excited about the future of Plasma Mobile.
## Best Distro for ARM Devices: Arch Linux ARM
With the success of Android, we are now surrounded by ARM-powered devices -- from Raspberry Pi to Chromebook and Nvidia Shield. The traditional distros written for Intel/AMD processors wont run on these systems. Some distributions are aimed at ARM, but they are mostly for specific hardware only, such as Raspbian for Raspberry Pi. Thats where [Arch Linux ARM](http://archlinuxarm.org/) (ALARM) shines. Its a purely community-based distribution thats based on Arch Linux. You can run it on Raspberry Pi, Chromebooks, Android devices, Nvidia Shield, and what not. What makes this distribution even more interesting is that, thanks to the Arch User Repository (AUR), you can install many applications than you may not get on other distributions.
## Conclusion
I was astonished and amazed when I worked on this story. Its very exciting to see that there is something for everyone in the Linux world. It doesnt matter if the year of the desktop Linux never arrives. We are happy with our Linux moments!
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via: http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/878620-the-best-linux-distros-of-2016
作者:[Swapnil Bhartiya][a]
译者:[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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Tizen 3.0 Joins Growing List of Raspberry Pi 2 Distributions
==============================================================
Last weeks news that Tizen 3.0 has been ported to the Raspberry Pi 2 Model B is the latest example of how the year-old ARMv7 version of the Pi is attracting ports from more powerful Linux distributions, most notably Fedora, Ubuntu MATE, and Snappy. The [Samsung Open Source Groups Tizen for Pi](http://blogs.s-osg.org/bringing-tizen-to-a-raspberry-pi-2-near-you/) project has been underway for several years, achieving several beta releases, and now the effort has shifted to the new Tizen 3.0. Its still in beta, but now you can create builds for the Pi 2 using tools from the [Yocto](https://www.yoctoproject.org/) Project and [OpenEmbedded project](http://www.openembedded.org/wiki/Main_Page).
Tizen 3.0 offers performance and security improvements, multiple-user and 64-bit support, and an Internet of Things (IoT) framework. Samsung, the principal backer of the [Linux Foundation hosted Tizen project](https://www.tizen.org/), is using the Pi port to expand the base of developers using Tizen for IoT projects, according to an [IDG News Service post](http://www.cio.com/article/3031812/samsung-hopes-raspberry-pi-can-spread-tizen-os-adoption.html) that reported on the port.
Last weeks news that Tizen 3.0 has been ported to the Raspberry Pi 2 Model B is the latest example of how the year-old ARMv7 version of the Pi is attracting ports from more powerful Linux distributions, most notably Fedora, Ubuntu MATE, and Snappy. The [Samsung Open Source Groups Tizen for Pi][1] project has been underway for several years, achieving several beta releases, and now the effort has shifted to the new Tizen 3.0. Its still in beta, but now you can create builds for the Pi 2 using tools from the [Yocto][2] Project and [OpenEmbedded project][3].
Although Samsung finally [shipped a Tizen-based](http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/837843-samsung-sells-a-million-tizen-phones-as-mozilla-rethinks-firefox-os) phone in India last summer, and Gear smartwatches continue to use Tizen, the main focus now appears to be on IoT. At CES last month, Samsung [announced](http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/877879-linux-based-drones-upstage-other-mobile-gadgets-at-ces) that all of its Tizen-based, 2016 Smart TVs will be able to act as SmartThings home automation hubs, letting users monitor the household while watching TV.
Tizen 3.0 offers performance and security improvements, multiple-user and 64-bit support, and an Internet of Things (IoT) framework. Samsung, the principal backer of the [Linux Foundation hosted Tizen project][4], is using the Pi port to expand the base of developers using Tizen for IoT projects, according to an [IDG News Service post][5] that reported on the port.
## The Growing List of Pi Distros
Although Samsung finally [shipped a Tizen-based][6] phone in India last summer, and Gear smartwatches continue to use Tizen, the main focus now appears to be on IoT. At CES last month, Samsung [announced][7] that all of its Tizen-based, 2016 Smart TVs will be able to act as SmartThings home automation hubs, letting users monitor the household while watching TV.
[Elinux.org](http://elinux.org/RPi_Distributions) lists some 46 ARMv6-ready distributions that run on all the Raspberry Pi boards. A separate listing notes two ARMv7-only distros that require the ARMv7 Raspberry Pi 2: Ubuntu MATE, which replaces the resource-intensive Unity desktop with the Gnome 2.0 flavored MATE, and Windows 10 IoT Core. The prominent placement of a Microsoft distribution is not as controversial as one might have thought. To many younger Linux developers and casual Pi hackers, Microsoft is just another tech company, not so much the evil empire loathed by old-time Linux hackers.
### The Growing List of Pi Distros
Windows 10 IoT Core isnt the only non-Linux distro running on the Pi. Theres also the Unix-like FreeBSD and NetBSD, as well as the revived RISC OS Pi version of the old Acorn Computers OS. Some of the 48 operating systems on the Elinux.org list are incomplete, out-of-date, or dedicated to limited niches. [DistroWatch](https://distrowatch.com/search.php?category=Raspberry+Pi) offers a more manageable list of 20.
[Elinux.org][8] lists some 46 ARMv6-ready distributions that run on all the Raspberry Pi boards. A separate listing notes two ARMv7-only distros that require the ARMv7 Raspberry Pi 2: Ubuntu MATE, which replaces the resource-intensive Unity desktop with the Gnome 2.0 flavored MATE, and Windows 10 IoT Core. The prominent placement of a Microsoft distribution is not as controversial as one might have thought. To many younger Linux developers and casual Pi hackers, Microsoft is just another tech company, not so much the evil empire loathed by old-time Linux hackers.
The [Raspberry Pi Foundation](https://www.raspberrypi.org/) still prominently posts a download page for its homegrown, Debian-based Raspbian, in both standard and NOOBS packages. This lightweight distro is still the most popular and typically the highest rated Linux build for the Pi. The Scratch-ready distro is especially equally suited for desktop use and embedded hacking with home automation gear, robots, and other IoT gizmos. Raspbian recently [received an update](http://news.softpedia.com/news/raspbian-gets-experimental-opengl-driver-gpu-now-used-for-acceleration-500152.shtml) with an experimental OpenGL driver for doing hardware acceleration on the VideoCore IV GPU used with the Pi 2s Broadcom BCM2836 SoC.
Windows 10 IoT Core isnt the only non-Linux distro running on the Pi. Theres also the Unix-like FreeBSD and NetBSD, as well as the revived RISC OS Pi version of the old Acorn Computers OS. Some of the 48 operating systems on the Elinux.org list are incomplete, out-of-date, or dedicated to limited niches. [DistroWatch][9] offers a more manageable list of 20.
The Pi Foundation also lists several [third-party downloads](https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/). In addition to Windows 10 IoT Core and and Ubuntu MATE, the list includes the lightweight, transactionally focused [Snappy Ubuntu Core](http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/804659-ubuntu-snappy-leads-mobile-linux-migration-to-iot) for the Pi 2. Canonical is aiming Snappy at those who want an app platform and cloud integration in embedded devices like drones and IoT devices. Snappy also came out last week in a version designed for [Intel NUC mini-PCs](https://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/02/10/ubuntu-core-is-available-for-the-intel-nuc/). The Pi Foundation also posts images for RISC OS and the education-focused PINET. There are also two media center distros related to KODI/XBMC: OSMC and OpenElec.
The [Raspberry Pi Foundation][10] still prominently posts a download page for its homegrown, Debian-based Raspbian, in both standard and NOOBS packages. This lightweight distro is still the most popular and typically the highest rated Linux build for the Pi. The Scratch-ready distro is especially equally suited for desktop use and embedded hacking with home automation gear, robots, and other IoT gizmos. Raspbian recently [received an update][11] with an experimental OpenGL driver for doing hardware acceleration on the VideoCore IV GPU used with the Pi 2s Broadcom BCM2836 SoC.
In addition to its list of 48 released distros, Elinux.org lists several “announced” distros including Firefox OS, [openSUSE](https://www.reddit.com/r/openSUSE/comments/3hxrz4/opensuse_on_a_raspberry_pi_2_armv7/), Meego MER & XBMC, Puppy, RPi-Buildroot, and Aros. Missing, however, is Tizen, as well as newly announced ports such as [Manjaro-ARM](http://www.linux-arm.info/index.php/1103-hands-on-more-adventures-with-manjaro-arm-for-the-raspberry-pi-2) and the CentOS 7-based [CentOS AltArch 7](http://www.linux-arm.info/index.php/1054-centos-altarch-7-now-available-for-aarch64-powerpc64-powerpc8-le-and-armhfp) for the Pi 2, Banana Pi, and CubieTruck SBCs.
The Pi Foundation also lists several [third-party downloads][12]. In addition to Windows 10 IoT Core and and Ubuntu MATE, the list includes the lightweight, transactionally focused [Snappy Ubuntu Core][13] for the Pi 2. Canonical is aiming Snappy at those who want an app platform and cloud integration in embedded devices like drones and IoT devices. Snappy also came out last week in a version designed for [Intel NUC mini-PCs][14]. The Pi Foundation also posts images for RISC OS and the education-focused PINET. There are also two media center distros related to KODI/XBMC: OSMC and OpenElec.
## Android Still Pi in the Sky
In addition to its list of 48 released distros, Elinux.org lists several “announced” distros including Firefox OS, [openSUSE][15], Meego MER & XBMC, Puppy, RPi-Buildroot, and Aros. Missing, however, is Tizen, as well as newly announced ports such as [Manjaro-ARM][16] and the CentOS 7-based [CentOS AltArch 7][17] for the Pi 2, Banana Pi, and CubieTruck SBCs.
Elinux.orgs “announced” list also includes Android and a Miracast-like program called Android Transporter. People have been trying to port Android to the Pi for years; yet, even with the more suitable [Pi 2](http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/807087-faster-raspberry-pi-2-says-yes-to-ubuntu-and-windows-but-wheres-android) shipping for a year now, Android is still pretty much a no-show. Android can run on lower-powered SoCs than the Pi 2s quad-core, Cortex-A7, but the limited 1GB of RAM and the lack of GPU acceleration are big challenges. Perhaps Raspbians OpenGL driver could be ported to Android as well, although the Pi Foundation does not seem very interested in Android.
### Android Still Pi in the Sky
There are several Android-for-Pi projects in the works, but without the foundations backing, there is still nothing close to a complete port. Projects include an [AOSP Marshmallow](http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/886126-tizen-30-joins-growing-list-of-raspberry-pi-2-distros#!topic/android-rpi/YW_gGr8wZkk) patch-set from Peter Yoon, as well as a [RaspAnd](https://extonlinux.wordpress.com/2015/04/05/run-android-5-1-lollipop-exton-build-on-your-raspberry-pi-2/) release based on the Ubuntu-based RaspEx, which makes use of the Aptoide package manager to load some Android 5.1 apps on a Pi 2. The [Razdroid project](https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=73&t=19106), which aims to tap into the secrets of Broadcom hardware acceleration, seems to have stalled.
Elinux.orgs “announced” list also includes Android and a Miracast-like program called Android Transporter. People have been trying to port Android to the Pi for years; yet, even with the more suitable [Pi 2][18] shipping for a year now, Android is still pretty much a no-show. Android can run on lower-powered SoCs than the Pi 2s quad-core, Cortex-A7, but the limited 1GB of RAM and the lack of GPU acceleration are big challenges. Perhaps Raspbians OpenGL driver could be ported to Android as well, although the Pi Foundation does not seem very interested in Android.
Most Rasp Pi users, however, appear more interested in [Ubuntu MATE](https://ubuntu-mate.org/raspberry-pi/), which was never optimized for ARMv6, and Fedora. For years, Pi users have run the lightweight spin-down of Fedora called Pidora, but with the Pi 2, they can now try the real thing. The Raspberry Pi Foundation has yet to post Fedora, but the recent [betas of the Pi 2 port](https://chisight.wordpress.com/2015/10/19/fedora-22-or-23-on-raspberry-pi-2/) have received high marks.
There are several Android-for-Pi projects in the works, but without the foundations backing, there is still nothing close to a complete port. Projects include an [AOSP Marshmallow][19] patch-set from Peter Yoon, as well as a [RaspAnd][20] release based on the Ubuntu-based RaspEx, which makes use of the Aptoide package manager to load some Android 5.1 apps on a Pi 2. The [Razdroid project][21], which aims to tap into the secrets of Broadcom hardware acceleration, seems to have stalled.
Other Linux distributions that regularly make Top Pi distro lists include Arch Linux, which unlike most ports from mature Linux distros, works just fine on ARMv6. A recent [TechRadar Top 5 list](http://www.techradar.com/us/news/software/5-of-the-most-popular-raspberry-pi-distros-1292537) includes several more niche distros in addition to Raspbian. These include the OSMC media player environment, RetroPie for playing classic games, OpenMediaVault for turning your Pi into a NAS, and Pi MusicBox, based on the Mopidy music streaming server.
Most Rasp Pi users, however, appear more interested in [Ubuntu MATE][22], which was never optimized for ARMv6, and Fedora. For years, Pi users have run the lightweight spin-down of Fedora called Pidora, but with the Pi 2, they can now try the real thing. The Raspberry Pi Foundation has yet to post Fedora, but the recent [betas of the Pi 2 port][23] have received high marks.
Other Linux distributions that regularly make Top Pi distro lists include Arch Linux, which unlike most ports from mature Linux distros, works just fine on ARMv6. A recent [TechRadar Top 5 list][24] includes several more niche distros in addition to Raspbian. These include the OSMC media player environment, RetroPie for playing classic games, OpenMediaVault for turning your Pi into a NAS, and Pi MusicBox, based on the Mopidy music streaming server.
Beyond Ubuntu, Fedora, and Tizen, other distros, both arcane and general, are heading for the Pi 2, as well. The platform is rapidly expanding the boundaries of, as well as redefining the meaning of, desktop Linux.
@ -40,4 +41,28 @@ via: http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/886126-tizen-30-join
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[a](http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/42808)
[a]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/42808
[1]:http://blogs.s-osg.org/bringing-tizen-to-a-raspberry-pi-2-near-you/
[2]:https://www.yoctoproject.org/
[3]:http://www.openembedded.org/wiki/Main_Page
[4]:https://www.tizen.org/
[5]:http://www.cio.com/article/3031812/samsung-hopes-raspberry-pi-can-spread-tizen-os-adoption.html
[6]:http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/837843-samsung-sells-a-million-tizen-phones-as-mozilla-rethinks-firefox-os
[7]:http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/877879-linux-based-drones-upstage-other-mobile-gadgets-at-ces
[8]:http://elinux.org/RPi_Distributions
[9]:https://distrowatch.com/search.php?category=Raspberry+Pi
[10]:https://www.raspberrypi.org/
[11]:http://news.softpedia.com/news/raspbian-gets-experimental-opengl-driver-gpu-now-used-for-acceleration-500152.shtml
[12]:https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/
[13]:http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/804659-ubuntu-snappy-leads-mobile-linux-migration-to-iot
[14]:https://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/02/10/ubuntu-core-is-available-for-the-intel-nuc/
[15]:https://www.reddit.com/r/openSUSE/comments/3hxrz4/opensuse_on_a_raspberry_pi_2_armv7/
[16]:http://www.linux-arm.info/index.php/1103-hands-on-more-adventures-with-manjaro-arm-for-the-raspberry-pi-2
[17]:http://www.linux-arm.info/index.php/1054-centos-altarch-7-now-available-for-aarch64-powerpc64-powerpc8-le-and-armhfp
[18]:http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/807087-faster-raspberry-pi-2-says-yes-to-ubuntu-and-windows-but-wheres-android
[19]:http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/886126-tizen-30-joins-growing-list-of-raspberry-pi-2-distros#!topic/android-rpi/YW_gGr8wZkk
[20]:https://extonlinux.wordpress.com/2015/04/05/run-android-5-1-lollipop-exton-build-on-your-raspberry-pi-2/
[21]:https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=73&t=19106
[22]:https://ubuntu-mate.org/raspberry-pi/
[23]:https://chisight.wordpress.com/2015/10/19/fedora-22-or-23-on-raspberry-pi-2/
[24]:http://www.techradar.com/us/news/software/5-of-the-most-popular-raspberry-pi-distros-1292537

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Top 4 open source issue tracking tools
========================================
Life is full of bugs.
No matter how carefully planned, no matter how much time went into design, any project is going to have unforseen issues when the rubber hits the road in the implementation stage. And that's okay. Perhaps the best measure of resiliency for any organization is not how well they handle things when everything is functioning as planned, but rather, how they handle the speed bumps when they come along.
A critical tool for any project management workflow, especially in the software development world, is an issue tracker. The basics are simple; allowing bugs to be opened, tracked, and resolved in a collaborative manner, while making it easy to follow the progress. Beyond the basic functionality, there are a lot of options focused on meeting specific needs, features, and use cases, including software development and beyond. You may be familiar with hosted versions of these tools, like [GitHub Issues](https://guides.github.com/features/issues/) or [Launchpad](https://launchpad.net/), some of which are themselves open source.
So let's take a look at four excellent choices for managing bugs and issues, all open source and all easy to download and host yourself. To be clear, there's no way we could possibly list every issue tracking tool here; instead, these are four of our favorites, based on feature richness and the size of the community behind the project. There are others, to be sure, and if you've got a good case for your favorite not listed here, be sure to let us know which is your favorite tool and what makes it stand out to you, in the comments below.
## Redmine
[Redmine](http://www.redmine.org/) is a popular issue tracking tool built on Ruby on Rails and dating back to 2006. Similar in many regards to Trac, another one of our favorites, Redmine is capable of managing multiple projects and integrates with a number of version control systems. In addition to basic issue tracking, Redmine also offers forums, wikis, time tracking tools, and the ability to generate Gantt charts and calendars to track progress.
Redmine is fairly flexible in its setup, supporting numerous database backends and dozens of languages, and is customizable as well, featuring the ability to add custom fields to issues, users, projects and more. It can be further customized with a number of community-created plugins and themes.
An [online demo](http://demo.redmine.org/) is available if youd like to try it out. Redmine is licensed as open source under the [GPL version 2](http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.en.html); the source code can be found in the projects [subversion repository](https://svn.redmine.org/redmine) or mirrored on [GitHub](https://github.com/redmine/redmine).
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/images/business-uploads/issues-redmine.png)
## Bugzilla
[Bugzilla](https://www.bugzilla.org/) is another popular development tool with issue tracking capabilities. As you might have guessed from the name, Bugzilla was originally created by the [Mozilla Foundation](https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/) to track bugs in the development of the then-called Netscape Communicator suite. Ported to Perl from its original Tcl routes for greater accessibility, Bugzilla is one of the older and more widely adopted issue tracking systems, as it is used by a number of well-known open source projects like GNOME, KDE, and the Linux kernel itself.
Sporting a number of advanced tools, from notifications to duplicate bug detection to shared searches, Bugzilla is certainly a more feature-rich option. Bugzilla has an advanced search system along with a comprehensive reporting tool, capable of generating charts and automated scheduled reports. Like Redmine, Bugzilla is extensible and customizable, both in the fields themselves as well as featuring the ability to create custom workflows for bugs. It also works with many database backends, and many different languages are supported out of the box.
Bugzilla is licensed under the [Mozilla Public License](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License), and you can read their [future roadmap](https://www.bugzilla.org/status/roadmap.html) and try out a [demo server](https://landfill.bugzilla.org/) on the official website.
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/images/business-uploads/issues-bugzilla.png)
## Trac
[Trac](http://trac.edgewall.org/browser) describes itself as taking a minimalistic approach to web-based software project management, but dont confusing minimalism with a lack of features.
Written in Python, Trac tightly integrates its bug tracking capabilities with its wiki system and a revision control system of your choosing. It features project management capabilities like generating milestones and roadmaps, a customizable reporting system, timelines, support for multiple repositories, built-in spam filtering, and is available in many common languages. Like the other bug trackers we have looked at, has a number of plugins available for it extending its base feature set even further.
Trac is made available as open source under a modified [BSD license](http://trac.edgewall.org/wiki/TracLicense), though older versions were released under the GPL. You can view Tracs source in a [self-hosted repository](http://trac.edgewall.org/browser) or check out their [roadmap](http://trac.edgewall.org/wiki/TracRoadmap) for future plans.
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/images/business-uploads/issues-trac.png)
## Mantis
[Mantis](https://www.mantisbt.org/) is the final tool well look at in this collection, a PHP-based bug tracker with a sixteen year history. Another bug tracker with support for many different revision control systems and an event-driven notification system, Mantis has a similar feature set to other tools here. While it does not itself contain a wiki, it integrates with many popular wiki platforms and is localized into many languages.
Mantis is licensed as open source under the [GPL version 2](http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.en.html); you can browse its source code on [GitHub](https://github.com/mantisbt/mantisbt) or check out the self-hosted [roadmap](https://www.mantisbt.org/bugs/roadmap_page.php?project=mantisbt&version=1.3.x) for future plans. For a demo, you can check out their own internal [bug tracker](https://www.mantisbt.org/bugs/my_view_page.php).
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/images/business-uploads/issues-mantis.png)
As we notes, these four are not the only options. Looking to explore some others? [Apache Bloodhound](https://issues.apache.org/bloodhound/), [Fossil](http://fossil-scm.org/index.html/doc/trunk/www/index.wiki), [The Bug Genie](http://www.thebuggenie.com/), and many alternatives all have dedicated followings, each with different strengths and weaknesses. In addtion, some of the tools in our [project management](https://opensource.com/business/15/1/top-project-management-tools-2015) roundup have issue tracking capabilities. So, which is your preferred tool for tracking and squashing bugs?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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作者:[Jason Baker][a]
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How to Setup Lighttpd Web server on Ubuntu 15.04 / CentOS 7
=================================================================================
Lighttpd is an open source web server which is secure, fast, compliant, and very flexible and is optimized for high-performance environments. It uses very low memory compared to other web servers , small CPU load and speed optimization making it popular among the server for its efficiency and speed. Its advanced feature-set (FastCGI, CGI, Auth, Output-Compression, URL-Rewriting and many more) makes lighttpd the perfect webserver-software for every server that suffers load problems.
Here are some simple easy setups on how we can setup Lighttpd web server on our machine running Ubuntu 15.04 or CentOS 7 linux distributions.
### Installing Lighttpd
#### Installing using Package Manager
Here, we'll install Lighttpd using package manager as its the easiest method to install it. So, we can simply run the following command under `sudo` mode in a terminal or console to install Lighttpd.
**CentOS 7**
As lighttpd is not available in the official repository of CentOS 7, we'll need to install epel additional repository to our system. To do so, we'll need to run the following `yum` command.
# yum install epel-release
Then, we'll gonna update our system and proceed towards the installation of lighttpd.
# yum update
# yum install lighttpd
![Install Lighttpd Centos](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/install-lighttpd-centos.png)
**Ubuntu 15.04**
Lighttpd is available on the official repository of Ubuntu 15.04 so, we'll simply update our local repository index and then go for the installation of lighttpd using `apt-get` command.
# apt-get update
# apt-get install lighttpd
![Install lighttpd ubuntu](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/install-lighttpd-ubuntu.png)
#### Installing from Source
If we wanna install lighttpd from the latest version of source code ie 1.4.39, we'll need to compile the source code and install it into our system. First of all, we'll need to install the dependencies required to compile it.
# cd /tmp/
# wget http://download.lighttpd.net/lighttpd/releases-1.4.x/lighttpd-1.4.39.tar.gz
After its downloaded, we'll need to extract it the tarball by running the following.
# tar -zxvf lighttpd-1.4.39.tar.gz
Then, we'll compile it by running the following commands.
# cd lighttpd-1.4.39
# ./configure
# make
**Note:** In this tutorial, we are installing lighttpd with its standard configuration. If you wanna configure beyond the standard configuration and want to install more features like support for SSL, `mod_rewrite`, `mod_redirect` then you can configure.
Once, its compiled, we'll install it in our system.
# make install
### Configuring Lighttpd
If we need to configure our lighttpd web server further as our requirements, we can make changes to the default configuration file ie `/etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf` . As wee'll go with the default configuration here in this tutorial, we'll not gonna make changes to it. If we had made any changes and we wanna check for errors in the config file, we'll need to run the following command.
# lighttpd -t -f /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf
#### On CentOS 7
If we are running CentOS 7, we'll need to create a new directory for our webroot defined in our lighttpd's default configuration ie `/src/www/htdocs/` .
# mkdir -p /srv/www/htdocs/
Then, we'll copy the default welcome page from `/var/www/lighttpd/` directory to the above created directory.
# cp -r /var/www/lighttpd/* /srv/www/htdocs/
### Starting and Enabling Services
Now, we'll gonna restart our database server by executing the following `systemctl` command.
# systemctl start lighttpd
Then, we'll enable it to start automatically in every system boot.
# systemctl enable lighttpd
### Allowing Firewall
To allow our webpages or websites running lighttpd web server on the internet or inside the same network, we'll need to allow port 80 from the firewall program. As both CentOS 7 and Ubuntu 15.04 are shipped with systemd as the default init system, we will have firewalld installed as a firewall solution. To allow port 80 or http service, we'll need to run the following commands.
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http
success
# firewall-cmd --reload
success
### Accessing Web Server
As we have allowed port 80 which is the default port of lighttpd, we should be able to access lighttpd's welcome page by default. To do so, we'll need to point our browser to the ip address or domain of our machine running lighttpd according to our configuration. In this tutorial, we'll point our browser to [http://lighttpd.linoxide.com/](http://lighttpd.linoxide.com/) as we have pointed our sub-domain to its ip address. On doing so, we'll see the following welcome page in our browser.
![Lighttpd Welcome Page](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/lighttpd-welcome-page.png)
Further, we can add our website's files to the webroot directory and remove the default lighttpd's index file to make our static website live to the internet.
If we want to run our PHP application in our lighttpd webserver, we'll need to follow the following steps.
### Installing PHP5 Modules
Once our lighttpd is installed successfully, we'll need to install PHP and some PHP modules to run PHP5 scripts in our lighttpd web server.
#### On Ubuntu 15.04
# apt-get install php5 php5-cgi php5-fpm php5-mysql php5-curl php5-gd php5-intl php5-imagick php5-mcrypt php5-memcache php-pear
#### On CentOS 7
# yum install php php-cgi php-fpm php-mysql php-curl php-gd php-intl php-pecl-imagick php-mcrypt php-memcache php-pear lighttpd-fastcgi
### Configuring Lighttpd with PHP
To make PHP work with lighttpd web server, we'll need to follow the following methods respect to the distribution we are running.
#### On CentOS 7
First of all, we'll need to edit our php configuration ie `/etc/php.ini` and uncomment a line **cgi.fix_pathinfo=1** using a text editor.
# nano /etc/php.ini
After its done, we'll need to change the ownership of PHP-FPM process from apache to lighttpd. To do so, we'll need to open the configuration file `/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf` using a text editor.
# nano /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf
Then, we'll append the file with the following configurations.
user = lighttpd
group = lighttpd
Once done, we'll need to save the file and exit the text editor. Then, we'll need to include fastcgi module from `/etc/lighttpd/modules.conf` configuration file.
# nano /etc/lighttpd/modules.conf
Then, we'll need to uncomment the following line by removing `#` from it.
include "conf.d/fastcgi.conf"
At last, we'll need to configure our fastcgi configuration file using our favorite text editor.
# nano /etc/lighttpd/conf.d/fastcgi.conf
Then, we'll need to add the following lines at the end of the file.
fastcgi.server += ( ".php" =>
((
"host" => "127.0.0.1",
"port" => "9000",
"broken-scriptfilename" => "enable"
))
)
After its done, we'll save the file and exit the text editor.
#### On Ubuntu 15.04
To enable fastcgi with lighttpd web server, we'll simply need to execute the following commands.
# lighttpd-enable-mod fastcgi
Enabling fastcgi: ok
Run /etc/init.d/lighttpd force-reload to enable changes
# lighttpd-enable-mod fastcgi-php
Enabling fastcgi-php: ok
Run `/etc/init.d/lighttpd` force-reload to enable changes
Then, we'll reload our lighttpd by running the following command.
# systemctl force-reload lighttpd
### Testing if PHP is working
In order to see if PHP is working as expected or not, we'll need to create a new php file under the webroot of our lighttpd web server. Here, in this tutorial we have `/var/www/html` in Ubuntu and `/srv/www/htdocs` in CentOS as the default webroot so, we'll create a info.php file under it using a text editor.
**On CentOS 7**
# nano /var/www/info.php
**On Ubuntu 15.04**
# nano /srv/www/htdocs/info.php
Then, we'll simply add the following line into the file.
<?php phpinfo(); ?>
Once done, we'll simply save the file and exit from the text editor.
Now, we'll point our web browser to our machine running lighttpd using its ip address or domain name with the info.php file path as [http://lighttpd.linoxide.com/info.php](http://lighttpd.linoxide.com/info.php) If everything was done as described above, we will see our PHP information page as shown below.
![phpinfo lighttpd](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/phpinfo-lighttpd.png)
### Conclusion
Finally we have successfully installed the world's lightweight, fast and secure web server Lighttpd in our machine running CentOS 7 and Ubuntu 15.04 linux distributions. Once its ready, we can upload our website files into our web root, configure virtual host, enable ssl, connect database, run web apps and much more with our lighttpd web server. If you have any questions, suggestions, feedback please write them in the comment box below so that we can improve or update our contents. Thank you ! Enjoy :-)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/setup-lighttpd-web-server-ubuntu-15-04-centos-7/
作者:[Arun Pyasi][a]
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Best Cloud Services For Linux To Replace Copy
===============================================
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Linux-cloud-services.jpg)
Cloud storage service Copy is shutting down and it is time for us Linux users to look for a worthy **cloud storage alternative to Copy for Linux**.
All files will be deleted on May 1st, 2016. If you are a Copy user, you should save your files and move it to other
Copy has been my favorite cloud storage for past couple of years. It gave me plenty of free storage and came with native apps for desktop platforms including Linux and mobile platforms as iOS and Android.
It was a perfect Cloud storage for me where I get plenty of free storage (380 GB) with a seamless experience between desktop and mobile OSes. But this easy free storage, 15GB for signup and 5Gb for each referral, had me thinking that if Copy doesnt get business customers, they will be running out of business soon. Such huge free storage only meant that they were not targeting individual customers like Dropbox do.
My fear came true when I read about the shutting down of Copy.com. In fact, Copy is not alone. Its parent company [Barracuda Networks](https://www.barracuda.com/) is going through a rough patch and has [hired Morgan Stanely to look for suitable buyer](http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-01/barracuda-networks-said-to-work-with-morgan-stanley-to-seek-sale)(s).
Whatever be the reason, all we know is that Copy will soon be history and we need to find similarly **good cloud services for Linux**. I am putting emphasis on Linux because other popular cloud storage services like [Microsofts OneDrive](https://onedrive.live.com/about/en-us/) and [Google Drive](https://www.google.com/drive/) do not provide native Linux client. This is something expected out of Microsoft but [Googles apathy towards Linux](http://itsfoss.com/google-hates-desktop-linux/) is shocking.
## Best Copy alternatives for Linux
Now, what do you want in a cloud storage services as a Linux storage? Let me guess:
- Lots of free storage. After all, individuals cannot pay hefty amounts every month.
- Native Linux client. So that you can synchronize files easily with the server without doing special tweaking or running scripts at regular intervals.
- Desktop clients for other desktop OSes i.e. Windows and OS X. Portability is a necessity and syncing files between devices is such a good relief.
- Mobile apps for Android and iOS. In todays modern world, you need to be connected across all the devices.
I am not counting the self-hosted cloud services like OwnCloud or [Seafile](https://www.seafile.com/en/home/) because they require set-up and run a server. This is not apt for all home users who want a Copy like cloud service.
Lets see what are the services that you could use to replace Copy.com on Linux.
## Mega
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Mega-Linux.jpg)
If you are a regular Its FOSS reader, you might have come across my earlier article about [Mega on Linux](http://itsfoss.com/install-mega-cloud-storage-linux/). This cloud service is an offering by the infamous [Kim Dotcom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Dotcom) of [Megaupload scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaupload). This also makes some users skeptical about it because Kim Dotcom has been a target by US authorities for a long time.
Mega has everything that you would expect in a hassle free cloud service. It provides 50 GB of free storage to individual users. Provide native clients for Linux and other platforms and also has end to end encryption. The native Linux client works fine and the sync across the device is seamless. You can also view and access your files in a web browser.
### Pros:
- 50 GB of free storage
- End to end encryption
- Native clients for Linux and other platforms such as Windows, Mac OS X, Android, iOS
### Cons:
- Shady past of the owner
[Mega](https://mega.nz/)
## Hubic
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/hubic.jpeg)
Hubic is a cloud service from French company [OVH](https://www.ovh.com/fr/). Hubic also offers 25 GB of free cloud storage at sign up. You can further extend it to 50GB (for free users) by referring it to friends.
Hubic has a Linux client which is in beta (for over two years now). Hubic has an official Linux client but it is limited to command line. I did not go on to test the mobile versions.
Hubic boasts of some nice features though. Apart from simple to use interface, file sharing etc, it has a Backup feature where you can archive your important files regularly.
### Pros:
- 25 GB of free storage, extendable up to 50 GB
- Available on multiple platforms
- Backup feature
### Cons:
- Linux client in beta, only available in command line
[Hubic](https://hubic.com/)
## pCloud
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/pCloud-Linux.jpeg)
pCloud is another European offering but this time across the French border, from Switzerland. Focused on encryption and security, pCloud offers 10 GB of free storage for each signup. You can further increase it up to 20 GB by inviting friends, sharing links on social media etc.
It has all the standard features of a cloud service such as file sharing and synchronization, selective syncing etc. pCloud also has native clients across platforms, including Linux of course.
Linux client is easy to use and worked well in my limited testing on Linux Mint 17.3.
### Pros:
- 10 GB of free storage, extendable up to 20 GB
- A good working Linux client with GUI
### Cons:
- Encryption is a premium feature
[pCloud](https://www.pcloud.com/)
## Yandex Disk
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Yandex.jpg)
Russian internet giant Yandex has everything that Google has. A search engine, analytics and webmaster tool, email, web browser and cloud storage service.
Yandex Disk offers 10 GB of free cloud storage on sign up. It has native clients for multiple platforms, including Linux. However, the official Linux client is only command line. You can get [unofficial GUI client for Yandex disk](https://mintguide.org/tools/265-yd-tools-gui-indicator-for-yandexdisk-free-cloud-storage-in-linux-mint.html) though. File sharing via links is available as along with other standard cloud storage feature.
### Pros:
- 10 GB of free storage, extendable up to 20 GB via referrals.
### Cons:
- Only command line client available
[Yandex Disk](https://disk.yandex.com/)
## Honorable and deliberate omissions
I have deliberately skipped [Dropbox](https://www.dropbox.com/), [SpiderOak](https://spideroak.com/) from the list. Dropbox is excellent for Linux but the free storage is limited to 2 GB. Over the past several years, I have managed to increase it to over 21 GB, but thats another story.
SpiderOak also provides only 2 GB of free storage and you cannot access it in a web browser.
OwnCloud needs its own server and set-up and thus it is not everyones cup of tea. And it certainly doesnt fit the criteria of a typical cloud service.
## Verdict
If you ask me what I am going to use in place of Copy, my answer is Mega. It has plenty of free cloud storage and a great Linux desktop client. What is your choice among this list of **best cloud storage services for Linux**? Which one do you prefer?
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Convergence Becomes Real With First Ubuntu Tablet
====================================================
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/front-landscape-1-e1454624669422.jpg)
First Ubuntu tablet has been just announced. Canonical, parent company of Ubuntu, and Spanish hardware manufacturer BQ are all set to unveil the first Ubuntu tablet at Mobile World Congress, later this month.
BQ is also the manufacturer of the [first Ubuntu Phone](http://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-phone-specification-release-date-pricing/). The partnership between Canonical and BQ extends to the tablet as well.
Ubuntu has been running the [#reinvent campaign on social media](https://business.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.656637987810305.1073741827.115098615297581&type=3) and the web ahead of the launch to generate curiosity over the tablet. But does an Ubuntu fan really need a dedicated campaign to know about such things? I think not.
Ahead of this launch, specifications of the Ubuntu tablet and some teasers have been released. No surprises that the main focus has been on [convergence](https://insights.ubuntu.com/2015/10/20/ubuntus-path-to-convergence/).
[Ubuntu Phone has demonstrated convergence](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/02/new-video-shows-off-ubuntu-convergence-demoed-on-tablet-phone) several times in the past. Ubuntu tablet takes it to the next level. Just adding an HDMI cable makes it to a full-fledged desktop. All you need is a keyboard and a mouse.
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/convergence-ubuntu-e1454624459103.jpg)
## BQ Ubuntu tablet specification
BQ will be using its trusted [Aquaris M10](http://www.bq.com/es/aquaris-m10) series to launch an Ubuntu edition. This is a strategy they used earlier with Ubuntu Phone where they launched an Ubuntu edition of their Aquaris e4.5 Android smartphone.
Aquaris M10 boasts of a decent hardware and an enormous 10 inches screen size. A quick list of specification includes:
- 10.1 inch multi-touch screen
- MediaTek Quad Core MT8163A processor up to 1.5GHz
- High capacity Li-Po battery (7280mAh)
- Full HD (1080p) camera for super-sharp video recording
- 2GB RAM and 16GB internal memory
- MicroSD slot for extra storage (up to 64GB)
- 12 megapixel camera with autofocus and dual flash
- Frontal speakers
- Micro HDMI slot
- Dimensions: 246 x 171 x 8.2mm
- Lightweight at only 470g
These proposed specifications have been taken from Ubuntus official website which doesnt match up with the Aquaris M10 specification on BQ website though. Ubuntu website shows a 12 MP camera while BQ website has 8 MP max.
As you can see, first Ubuntu tablet is not really a power horse. In 2016, 2GB of RAM doesnt seem to be sufficient. Moreover, the closed source MediaTek processors are another let down of the first Ubuntu Phone.
However, a supposed price tag of Euro 260 (the Android version costs the same) is a positive factor here and considering its capability to converge into a desktop, 10 inches screen keeps it in the entry level Netbook section.
The 470 g weight is another plus factor.
## First look at Ubuntu tablet
While Ubuntu tablet will be officially unveiled at Mobile World Congress, you can have a glimpse of its looks and functionings in the pictures below:
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/tablet-overview-hero-300x182.png)
## Price, availability and release date
BQ Aquaris M10 Ubuntu edition will go on sale in the second quarter of the year 2016. Guessing from Ubuntu Phone experience, it should be available for Europe and UK first and later in other parts of the world.
The price should be around 260-270 Euro. This too is an estimate based on the price of the Android version.
## Up for the grab?
I was not very convinced at the first Ubuntu Phone. However, I think Ubuntu tablet is a better device than the Ubuntu Phone. With Snappy coming in action, Ubuntu tablet has the potential to become a mobile device cum desktop.
What do you think of it?
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via: http://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-tablet/
作者:[ABHISHEK][a]
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Former Kubuntu Head Unveils New KDE Project
==============================================
The name Jonathan Riddell should ring a bell if you read Linux and [open source news](http://itsfoss.com/category/news/). He was the creator and longtime lead developer of the [Kubuntu](http://www.kubuntu.org/) distribution. He was [forced out of his position by Ubuntu boss Mark Shuttleworth](http://www.cio.com/article/2926838/linux/mark-shuttleworth-ubuntu-community-council-ask-kubuntu-developer-to-step-down-as-leader.html) last year because he dared to ask what happened to the funds Canonical had raised for Kubuntu. (To the best of my knowledge, Canonical never really answered to his questions about finances.)
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/kde-neon-e1454448724263.png)
## KDE neon logo
On Saturday, Riddell [announced](https://dot.kde.org/2016/01/30/fosdem-announcing-kde-neon) a new project: [KDE neon](http://neon.kde.org.uk/). According to Riddells announcement “Neon will provide a way to get the latest KDE software on the day its released.”
After reading both the announcement and looking at the brief site, **it appears that neon is a mainly a “rapidly updated software repository” that allows KDE fans to be on the bleeding edge**. Instead of waiting for months for distro developers to release the updated KDE on their repos, youll be able to get it hot off the presses.
KDE did state in the [noen FAQ](http://neon.kde.org.uk/faq) that this is not a KDE created distro. In fact, they say “KDE believes it is important to work with many distributions, as each brings unique value and expertise for their respective users. This is one project out of hundreds from KDE.”
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/kde-neon-e1454448830870.jpg)
However, the way the site and the announcement refer to the fact that neon runs on Ubuntu 15.10 (until the next LTS version is available) and that there will soon be images makes me wonder. KDE could be saying this to keep Canonical from seeing this project as a competitor to Kubuntu. If they that there is a demand for KDE neon, they could spin it off as a full distro. Both the announcement and site state that this is a KDE Incubator project, so the future could hold anything for this project.
[KDE neon](http://neon.kde.org.uk/)
Does neon sound like it would be useful for you or are you happy with your current distros KDE release rate? Do you think there is room for another KDE distro (if KDE decides to head in that direction)? Let me know in the comment section below.
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via: http://itsfoss.com/kde-neon-unveiled/
作者:[JOHN PAUL][a]
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Manjaro Linux Is Coming To ARM With Manjaro-ARM
===================================================
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/manjaro-arm.jpg)
Recently, the developers of Manjaro have announced the release of an [alpha build for ARM devices](https://manjaro.github.io/Manjaro-ARM-launched/). This is a big step for the Arch-based distro, which up until this point only ran on 32 and 64-bit PCs.
According to the announcement, “[Manjaro Arm](http://manjaro-arm.org/) is a project aimed to bring you the simplicity and customability that is Manjaro to [ARM devices](https://www.arm.com/). These devices are growing in numbers and can be used for any number of applications. Most famous is the Raspberry Pi series and BeagleBoard series.” The alpha build only supports the Raspberry Pi 2, but that will undoubtedly grow with time.
The developers currently include dodgejcr, Torei, Strit, and Ringo32. They are looking for more people to help the project grow and develop. Besides developers, [they are looking for maintainers, moderators and admins, and artists](http://manjaro-arm.org/forums/website/looking-for-contributors/?PHPSESSID=876d5c11400e9c25eb727e9965300a9a).
Manjaro-ARM will be available in four different versions. The Media Edition will allow you to create a media center with very little configuration and will run Kodi. The Server Edition will come with SSH, FTP, and a LAMP server preconfigured so you can use your ARM device as a file or web server. The Base Edition acts as the desktop edition, with an XFCE desktop. If you want to build you own system from scratch, the Minimal Edition is your choice. It will come with no preloaded packages or desktop, only have a root user.
## Final Thoughts
As a fan of Manjaro (I have it installed on 4 computers), Im glad to hear that they are branching out into the ARM world. ARM is being used in more and more devices. According to technology commentator Robert Cringely, [device makers are starting to look at cheap ARM chips over more expensive Intel or AMD chips](http://www.cringely.com/2016/01/21/prediction-8-intel-starts-to-become-irrelevent/). Even Microsoft (please dont strike me down) is thinking of porting some of its software to ARM. As the use of ARM powered devices increase, Manjaro will be ready to give those users a great Linux experience.
What do you think? Do you wish that more Linux distros would create ARM ports? Or do you think that ARM is a passing fad? Tell us below.
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via: http://itsfoss.com/manjaro-linux-arm/
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NXP unveils a tiny 64-bit ARM processor for the Internet of Things
=========================================================================
**TAGS**:[ARM][1], [INTERNET OF THINGS][2], [NXP][3], [NXP SEMICONDUCTORS][4]
![](http://1u88jj3r4db2x4txp44yqfj1.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/nxp-930x556.jpg)
[NXP Semiconductors][5] has unveiled what it calls the worlds smallest and lowest-power 64-bit ARM processor for the Internet of Things (IoT).
The tiny QorIQ LS1012A delivers networking-grade security and performance acceleration to battery-powered, space-constrained applications. This includes powering applications for Internet of Things, or everyday objects that are smart and connected. If IoT is to reach its potential of $1.7 trillion by 2020 (as estimated by market researcher IDC), its going to need processors like the new one from NXP, which was unveiled at the Embedded World 2016 event in Nuremberg, Germany.
The chip has a 64-bit ARMv8 processor with network packet acceleration and built-in security. It fits in a 9.6 mm-square space and draws about 1 watt of power. Potential applications include next-generation IoT gateways, portable entertainment platforms, high-performance portable storage applications, mobile hard disk drives, and mobile storage for cameras, tablets, and other rechargeable devices.
Additionally, the LS1012A is the first processor designed specifically for an emerging new storage solution, dubbed object-based storage. Object-based storage relies on a smart hard disk drive that is directly connected to the data centers Ethernet network. The processor must be small enough to be integrated directly on the circuit board for a hard disk drive.
“The groundbreaking combination of low power, tiny footprint and networking-grade performance of NXPs LS1012 processor is ideal for consumer, networking and Internet of Things applications alike,” said Tareq Bustami, senior vice president and general manager of NXPs Digital Networking division, in a statement. “This unique blend of capabilities unleashes embedded systems designers and developers to imagine and create radically innovative end-products across a broad spectrum of high-growth markets.”
NXP said it is the only 1-watt, 64-bit processor in the market to combine such a comprehensive set of high-speed peripherals in a single chip, thus enabling lower system-level costs. And due to innovative packaging, the processor can be routed on low-cost circuit boards.
NXPs LS1012A will be available in April 2016 and can be ordered now. NXP has more than 45,000 employees in 35 countries.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://venturebeat.com/2016/02/21/nxp-unveils-a-small-and-tiny-64-bit-arm-processor-for-the-internet-of-things/
作者:[DEAN TAKAHASHI][a]
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[a]:http://venturebeat.com/author/dean-takahashi/
[1]:http://venturebeat.com/tag/arm/
[2]:http://venturebeat.com/tag/internet-of-things/
[3]:http://venturebeat.com/tag/nxp/
[4]:http://venturebeat.com/tag/nxp-semiconductors/
[5]:http://www.nxp.com/

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Achieving Enterprise-Ready Container Tools With Werckers Open Source CLI
===========================================
#CoderBOBO translating
For enterprises, containers offer more efficient build environments, cloud-native applications and migration from legacy systems to the cloud. But enterprise adoption of the technology -- Docker specifically -- has been hampered by, among other issues, [a lack of mature developer tools][1].
Amsterdam-based [Wercker][2] is one of many early-stage companies looking to meet the need for better tools with its cloud platform for automating microservices and application development, based on Docker.
The company [announced a $4.5 million Series A][3] funding round this month, which will help it ramp up development on an upcoming on-premise enterprise product. Key to its success, however, will be building a community around its newly [open-sourced CLI][4] tool. Wercker must quickly integrate with myriad other container technologies -- open source Kubernetes and Mesos among them -- to remain competitive in the evolving container space.
“By open sourcing our CLI technology, we hope to get to dev-prod parity faster and turn “build once, ship anywhere” into an automated reality,” said Wercker CEO and founder Micha Hernández van Leuffen.
I reached out to van Leuffen to learn more about the company, its CLI tool, and how its planning to help grow the pool of enterprise customers actually using containers in production. Below is an edited version of the interview.
### Linux.com: Can you briefly tell us about Wercker?
van Leuffen: Wercker is a container-centric platform for automating the development of microservices and applications.
With Werckers Docker-based infrastructure, teams can increase developer velocity with custom automation pipelines using steps that produce containers as artifacts. Once the build passes, users can continue to deploy the steps as specified in the wercker.yml. Continuously repeating these steps allows teams to work in small increments, making it easy to debug and ship faster.
![](https://www.linux.com/images/stories/66866/wercker-cli.png)
### Linux.com: How does it help developers?
van Leuffen: The Wercker CLI helps developers attain greater dev-prod parity. Theyre able to release faster and more often because they are developing, building and testing in an environment very similar to that in production. Weve open sourced the exact same program that we execute in the Wercker cloud platform to run your pipelines.
### Linux.com: Can you point out some of the features and advantages of your tool as compared to competitors?
van Leuffen: Unlike some of our competitors, were not just offering Docker support. With Wercker, the Docker container is the unit of work. All jobs run inside containers, and each build artifact can be a Docker container.
Werckers Docker container pipeline is completely customizable. A pipeline refers to any automated workflow, for instance, a build or deploy pipeline. In those workflows, you want to execute tasks: install dependencies, test your code, push your container, or create a slack notification when something fails, for example. We call these tasks steps, and there is no limit to the types of steps created. In fact, we have a marketplace of steps built by the Wercker community. So if youve built a step that fits my workflow, I can use that in my pipeline.
Our Docker container pipelines adapt to any developer workflow. Users can use any Docker container out there — not just those made by or for Wercker. Whether the container is on Docker Hub or a private registry such as CoreOSs Quay, it works with Wercker.
Our competitors range from the classic CI/CD tools to larger-scale DevOps solutions like CloudBees.
### Linux.com: How does it integrate with other cloud technologies?
van Leuffen: Wercker is vendor-agnostic and can automate development with any cloud platform or service. We work closely with ecosystem partners like Mesosphere, Kubernetes and CoreOS to make integrations as seamless as possible. We also recently partnered with Atlassian to integrate the Wercker platform with Bitbucket. More than 3 million Bitbucket users can install the Wercker Pipeline Viewer and view build status directly from their dashboard.
### Linux.com: Why did you open source the Wercker CLI tool?
van Leuffen: Open sourcing the Wercker CLI will help us stay ahead of the curve and strengthen the developer community. The market landscape is changing fast; developers are expected to release more frequently, using infrastructure of increasing complexity. While Docker has solved a lot of infrastructure problems, developer teams are still looking for the perfect tools to test, build and deploy rapidly.
The Wercker community is already experimenting with these new tools: Kubernetes, Mesosphere, CoreOS. It makes sense to tap that community to create integrations that work with our technology and make that process as frictionless as possible. By open sourcing our CLI technology, we hope to get to dev-prod parity faster and turn “build once, ship anywhere” into an automated reality.
### Linux.com: You recently raised over $4.5 million, so how is this fund being used for product development?
van Leuffen: Were focused on building out our commercial team and bringing an enterprise product to market. Weve had a lot of inbound interest from the enterprise looking for VPC and on-premise solutions. While the enterprise is still largely in the discovery stage, we can see the market shifting toward containers. Enterprise software devs need to release often, just like the small, agile teams with whom they are increasingly competing. We need to prove containers can scale, and that Wercker has the organizational permissions and the automation suite to make that process as efficient as possible.
In addition to continuing to invest in our product, well be focusing our resources on market education and developer evangelism. Developer teams are still looking for the right mix of tools to test, build and deploy rapidly (including Kubernetes, Mesosphere, CoreOS, etc.). As an ecosystem, we need to do more to educate and provide the tutorials and resources to help developers succeed in this changing landscape.
### Linux.com: What products do you offer and who is your target audience?
van Leuffen: We currently offer one service level of our product Wercker; however, were developing an enterprise offering. Current organizations using Wercker range from startups, such as Open Listings, to larger companies and big agencies, like Pivotal Labs.
### Linux.com: What does this recently open-sourced CLI do?
van Leuffen: Using the Wercker Command Line Interface (CLI), developers can spin up Docker containers on their desktop, automate their build and deploy processes and then deploy them to various cloud providers, like AWS, and scheduler and orchestration platforms, such as Mesosphere and Kubernetes.
The Wercker Command Line Interface is available as an open source project on GitHub and runs on both OSX and Linux machines.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.linux.com/news/enterprise/systems-management/887177-achieving-enterprise-ready-container-tools-with-werckers-open-source-cli
作者:[Swapnil Bhartiya][a]
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[1]:http://thenewstack.io/adopting-containers-enterprise/
[2]:http://wercker.com/
[3]:http://venturebeat.com/2016/01/28/wercker-raises-4-5-million-open-sources-its-command-line-tool/
[4]:https://github.com/wercker/wercker

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BeeGFS Parallel File System Goes Open Source
==================================================
![](http://insidehpc.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/beegfs.jpg)
Today ThinkParQ announced that the complete [BeeGFS parallel file system][1] is now available as open source. Developed specifically for performance-critical environments, the BeeGFS parallel file system was developed with a strong focus on easy installation and high flexibility, including converged setups where storage servers are also used for compute jobs. By increasing the number of servers and disks in the system, performance and capacity of the file system can simply be scaled out to the desired level, seamlessly from small clusters up to enterprise-class systems with thousands of nodes.
The first official announcement to make the BeeGFS sources available was made at the International Supercomputing Conference 2013. This was in the context of the European exascale project [DEEP-ER][2], where several new approaches to address extreme I/O requirements are being designed and implemented. For exascale systems, the different software and hardware layers have to work together very efficiently to achieve maximum scalability. Thus, making the sources of BeeGFS available is one logical step to enabling efficient integration of all layers of an exascale stack.
“While some of our users are just happy with the fact that BeeGFS is so easy to install and doesnt require much attention, others really want to understand exactly what is happening under the hood to further optimize the runtime of their applications, improve their monitoring or port it to other platforms like BSD,” said Sven Breuner, CEO of ThinkParQ, the company behind BeeGFS “Also, being able to build BeeGFS for non-x86 architectures like ARM and Power is another important aspect that the community has been waiting for.”
The steady advances in ARM technology indeed make it a more and more interesting technology to look at for future procurements. Thus, the BeeGFS team is also participating in [ExaNeSt][3], a new European exascale project, which is specifically focused on getting the ARM ecosystem ready for performance-critical workloads. “Although BeeGFS can already run out of the box on ARM systems today, this project will give us the opportunity to make sure that we can deliver the maximum performance on this architecture as well.”, adds Bernd Lietzow, BeeGFS head for ExaNeSt.
With a rather compact code base of about 25K lines of C++ code for the distributed metadata service and about 15K lines of C++ code for the distributed storage service, BeeGFS should be relatively easy to understand and extend, not only for senior programmers, but also for University students interested in file system research. On GitHub, there are already a number of projects listed related to BeeGFS, e.g. for browser-based monitoring or Docker integration.
In related news, the [BeeGFS User Meeting][4] will take place May 18-19 in Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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via: http://insidehpc.com/2016/02/beegfs-parallel-file-system-now-open-source/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+InsideHPC+%28insideHPC.com%29
作者:[staff][a]
译者:[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: http://insidehpc.com/author/staff/
[1]: http://www.beegfs.com/
[2]: http://www.deep-project.eu/deep-project/EN/Home/home_node.html
[3]: http://www.exanest.eu/
[4]: http://www.beegfs.com/content/user-meeting-2016/

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Intel shows budget Android phone powering big-screen Linux
==============================================================
![](https://regmedia.co.uk/2016/02/23/intel-bigscreen.jpg?x=648&y=348&crop=1)
**MWC16** Intel is showing what it calls "Big Screen Experience" at Mobile World Congress, an Android smartphone which runs a full Linux desktop when plugged into an external display.
The concept is broadly similar to Microsoft's Continuum for Windows 10 Mobile, but whereas Continuum devices are towards the high end, Intel's project is aimed, it says, at budget smartphones and emerging markets.
On display in Barcelona is a prototype SoFIA (Smart or Feature Phone with Intel Architecture) smartphone with an Atom x3 processor, 2GB RAM and 16GB storage, and modified to support an external display. Attach keyboard, mouse and display, and it becomes desktop Linux, with an option to display the Android screen in a window on the large display.
"Android is based on a Linux kernel, so we're running one kernel, we have an Android stack and a Linux stack, and we're sharing the same context, so the file system is identical. The phone stays fully functional," Intel's Nir Metzer, Path Finding Group Manager, told the Reg.
"I have a multi-window environment. As soon as I plug in I can do spreadsheets, I can drag and drop, play video. Achieving all this on a low-end platform is a challenge," said Metzer.
Currently the display on the device goes blank when the external display is attached, but Metzer said that the next version of the Atom X3 will support dual displays.
The version of Linux used is maintained by Intel. "We need to align between the Linux versions and the Android," said Metzer. "The framework is pre-installed, not an app you can download."
Intel is pitching the idea at phone manufacturers here at Mobile World Congress, but had nothing to report concerning actual customers for its device. "The chip is ready, this is production-ready. This can go into production tomorrow. It is a business decision," said Metzer.®
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/02/23/move_over_continuum_intel_shows_android_smartphone_powering_bigscreen_linux/
作者:[Tim Anderson][a]
译者:[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://www.theregister.co.uk/Author/2878

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New Docker Data Center Admin Suite Should Bring Order to Containerization
===============================================================================
![](https://tctechcrunch2011.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/shutterstock_119411227.jpg?w=738)
[Docker][1] announced a new container control center today its calling the Docker Datacenter (DDC), an integrated administrative console that has been designed to give large and small businesses control over creating, managing and shipping containers.
The DDC is a new tool made up of various commercial pieces including Docker Universal Control Plane (which also happens to be generally available today) and Docker Trusted Registry. It also includes open source pieces such as Docker Engine. The idea is to give companies the ability to manage the entire lifecycle of Dockerized applications from one central administrative interface.
Customers actually were the driving force behind this new tool. While companies liked the agility that Docker containers give them, they also wanted management control over administration, security and governance around the containers they were creating and shipping, Scott Johnston, SVP of product management told TechCrunch.
The company has called this Containers as a Service (CaaS), mostly because when customers came to them asking for this type of administrative control, thats how they described it, Johnston said.
![](https://tctechcrunch2011.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/screen-shot-2016-02-23-at-7-56-54-am.png?w=680&h=401)
>Image courtesy of Docker
Like many open source projects, Docker gained a strong following among developers first, but as it grew in popularity, the companies these developers were working for wanted a straight-forward way to track and manage them.
Thats exactly what DDC is designed to do. It gives developers the agility they need to create containerized applications, while providing operations with the tools they need to bring order to the process.
In practice this means that developers can create a set of containerized components, have them approved for deployment by operations and then have access to a library of fully certified images. This lets developers pull the pieces they need across a range of applications without having to reinvent the wheel every time. That should speed up application development and deployment (and add to the agility that containers should in theory be providing in the first place).
This aspect appealed to Beta customer ADP. The payroll services giant particularly liked having this central repository of images available to developers.
“As part of our initiative to modernize our business-critical applications to microservices, ADP has been investigating solutions that would enable our developers to leverage a central library of IT-vetted and secured core services that they could rapidly iterate on,” said Keith Fulton, Chief Technology Officer at ADP said in a statement.
Docker was launched in 2010 by founder Solomon Hykes as dotCloud. He pivoted the company to Docker in 2013, [selling dotCloud in August][2], 2014 to focus completely on Docker.
The company came out of the gate like gangbusters a couple of years ago raising $180 million ($168 million since becoming Docker) over five rounds, according to CrunchBase. What caught the attention of investors was that Docker offered a way to deliver applications for the modern age called containers, a way of building, managing and shipping distributed applications.
Containerization enables developers to create these distributed applications made up of small discrete pieces that run across multiple servers, as opposed to the large monolithic applications companies used to create running on a single server.
Pricing for Docker Datacenter starts at $150 per node per month.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/calico-virtual-private-networking-docker/
作者:[ Ron Miller][a]
译者:[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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[a]:http://techcrunch.com/author/ron-miller/
[1]: https://www.docker.com/
[2]: http://techcrunch.com/2014/08/04/docker-sells-dotcloud-to-cloudcontrol-to-focus-on-core-container-business/

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魅族 Pro 5 Ubuntu 版即将发布
========================================================
**Canonical 和魅族刚刚透露魅族 Pro 5 Ubuntu 版将在2016 世界移动大会召开期间开始预售**
自从上次听到魅族的消息到现在已经很久了,但是看起来 Canonical 和这个中国的硬件厂商之间的合作关系仍然存在。从表面来看,之前魅族的 MX4 Ubuntu 版只是进行了小范围的发布,所以只有很少的设备卖出去了。
我们仅仅希望 魅族 Pro 5 Ubuntu 版可以提高供货量,特别因为它还是一个魅族仍然提供支持的非常新的手机。
最新的魅族 Pro 5 是第5个支持 Ubuntu Touch 的官方设备而且在2016 年我们将会看到更多的手机以及平板都会预装这个操作系统。
## 魅族 Pro 5 Ubuntu 版将会非常震撼
Canonical 宣称 Pro 5 是目前已发布了的 Ubuntu 智能手机中最强大的, 他们说的是对的, 除了这一点,它还是平板以外最大的设备。 魅族 Pro 5 拥有一颗 Exynos 7420 8核处理器5.7 英寸分辨率为1920x1080 的 AMOLED 屏,覆盖第三代大猩猩屏,以及 LPDDR4 内存技术。
很多人也许会问这个新手机的系统是否可以和桌面版系统一样, 现在看起来用户是运气不错。
公司解释说“Canonical 一直致力于重塑个人计算的视觉表现,希望为所有的的个人设备提供自适应的平台。因此尽管 Pro 5 缺少 MHL 输出,但运行在魅族 Pro 5 上的是最新的代码,同时也是最新发布的支持平板和其它设备的系统,它可以提供一种接近传统桌面的体验。”
魅族 Pro 5 最初实在2015 年9 月发布的。用户同时会拥有一个2100 万像素的后置摄像头可以拍摄2160p 和30 fps 的视频。同时它还带有一个指纹传感器和支持快速充电的3050 mAh 的锂电池。
目前这款手机只在中国和欧洲有售预定将从2016 年世界移动大会期间开始即2 月22 日至25 日。
![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/fitted/620x/meizu-pro-5-ubuntu-edition-announced-and-it-s-a-beast-photos-500526-11.jpg)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/886322-meizu-pro-5-ubuntu-edition-announced-and-its-a-beast
作者:[Silviu Stahie][a]
译者:[译者ID](https://github.com/osk874)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie

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EXT4Btrfs和XFS 文件系统之点评
================================================================================
![](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/1385698302_funny_linux_wallpapers-593x445.jpg)
老实说人们最不曾考虑的问题之一是他们的个人电脑中使用了什么文件系统。Windows 和 Mac OS X 用户更没有理由去考虑,因为对于他们的操作系统,只有一种选择,那就是 NTFS 和 HFS+。相反,对于 Linux 系统而言,有很多种文件系统可以选择,现在默认的是广泛采用的 ext4。然而现在也有改用一种称为 btrfs 文件系统的趋势。那是什么使得 btrfs更优秀其它的文件系统又是什么什么时候我们又能看到 Linux 发行版作出改变呢?
首先让我们对文件系统以及它们真正干什么有个总体的认识,然后我们再对一些有名的文件系统做详细的比较。
### 文件系统是干什么的? ###
如果你不清楚文件系统是干什么的,一句话总结起来也非常简单。文件系统主要用于控制所有程序不再使用数据时如何存储数据、如何访问数据以及有什么其它信息(元数据)和数据本身相关,等等。听起来要编程实现并不是轻而易举的事情,实际上也确实如此。文件系统一直在改进,包括更多的功能、更高效地完成它需要做的事情。总而言之,它是所有计算机的基本需求、但并不像听起来那么简单。
### 为什么要分区? ###
由于每个操作系统都能创建或者删除分区很多人对分区都有模糊的认识。Linux 操作系统在同一块磁盘上即便使用标准安装过程,仍可以使用多个分区,这看起来很奇怪,因此需要一些解释。拥有不同分区的一个主要目的就是为了在灾难发生时能获得更好的数据安全性。
通过将硬盘划分为分区,数据会被分隔以及重组。当事故发生的时候,只有存储在被损坏分区的数据会被破坏,很大可能上其它分区的数据能得以保留。这个原因可以追溯到 Linux 操作系统还没有日志文件系统,任何电力故障都有可能导致灾难发生的时候。
使用分区也考虑到了安全和健壮性原因,因此操作系统部分损坏并不意味着整个计算机就有风险或者会受到破坏。这也是当前采用分区的一个最重要因素。举个例子,用户创建了一些会填满磁盘的脚本、程序或者 web 应用,如果该磁盘只有一个大的分区,如果磁盘满了那么整个系统就不能工作。如果用户把数据保存在不同的分区,那么就只有那个分区会受到影响,而系统分区或者其它数据分区仍能正常运行。
记住拥有一个日志文件系统只能在掉电或者和存储设备意外断开连接时提供数据安全性并不能在文件系统出现坏块或者发生逻辑错误时保护数据。对于这种情况用户可以采用廉价磁盘冗余阵列RAIDRedundant Array of Inexpensive Disks的方案。
### 为什么要改变文件系统? ###
ext4 文件系统由 ext3 文件系统改进而来,而后者又是从 ext2 文件系统改进而来。虽然 ext4 文件系统已经非常稳定,是过去几年中绝大部分发行版的默认选择,但它是基于陈旧的代码开发而来。另外, Linux 操作系统用户也需要很多 ext4 文件系统本身不提供的新功能。虽然通过某些软件能满足这种需求,但性能会受到影响,在文件系统层次做到这些能获得更好的性能。
### Ext4 文件系统 ###
ext4 还有一些明显的限值。最大文件大小是 16tebibytes大概是 17.6 terabytes这比普通用户当前能买到的硬盘还要大的多。使用 ext4 能创建的最大卷/分区是 1 exbibyte大概是 1,152,921.5 terabytes。通过使用多种技巧 ext4 比 ext3 有很大的速度提升。类似一些最先进的文件系统,它是一个日志文件系统,意味着它会对文件在磁盘中的位置以及任何其它对磁盘的更改做记录。纵观它的所有功能,它还不支持透明压缩、重复数据删除或者透明加密。技术上支持了快照,但该功能还处于实验性阶段。
### Btrfs 文件系统 ###
btrfs 有很多不同的发音,例如 Better FS、Butter FS 或者 B-Tree FS。它是一个几乎完全从头开发的文件系统。btrfs 存在的原因是它的开发者期初希望扩展文件系统的功能使得它包括快照、池化、校验以及其它一些功能。虽然和 ext4 无关,它也希望能保留 ext4 中能使消费者和商家受益的功能,并整合额外的能使每个人,尤其是企业受益的功能。对于使用大型软件以及大规模数据库的企业,对于多种不同的硬盘看起来一致的文件系统能使他们受益并且使数据整合变得更加简单。删除重复数据能降低数据实际使用的空间,当需要镜像一个单一和广泛文件系统时使用 btrfs 也能使数据镜像变得简单。
用户当然可以继续选择创建多个分区从而无需镜像任何东西。考虑到这种情况btrfs 能横跨多种硬盘,和 ext4 相比,它能支持 16 倍以上的驱动空间。btrfs 文件系统一个分区最大是 16 exbibytes最大的文件大小也是 16 exbibytes。
### XFS 文件系统 ###
XFS 文件系统是扩展文件系统extent file system的扩展。XFS 是 64 位高性能日志文件系统。对 XFS 的支持大概在 2002 年合并到了 Linux 内核,到了 2009 年,红帽企业版 Linux 5.4 也支持了 XFS 文件系统。对于 64 位文件系统XFS 支持最大文件系统大小为 8 exbibytes。XFS 文件系统有一些缺陷例如它不能压缩删除大量文件时性能低下。目前RHEL 7.0 文件系统默认使用 XFS。
### 总后总结 ###
不幸的是,还不知道 btrfs 什么时候能到来。官方说,下一代文件系统仍然被归类为“不稳定”,但是如果用户下载最新版本的 Ubuntu就可以选择安装到 btrfs 分区上。什么时候 btrfs 会被归类到 “稳定” 仍然是个谜, 直到真的认为它“稳定”之前,用户也不应该期望 Ubuntu 会默认采用 btrfs。有报道说 Fedora 18 会用 btrfs 作为它的默认文件系统,因为到了发布它的时候,应该有了 btrfs 文件系统校验器。由于还没有实现所有的功能,另外和 ext4 相比性能上也比较缓慢btrfs 还有很多的工作要做。
那么,究竟使用哪个更好呢?尽管性能几乎相同,但 ext4 还是赢家。为什么呢?答案在于易用性以及广泛性。对于桌面或者工作站, ext4 仍然是一个很好的文件系统。由于默认提供,用户可以在上面安装操作系统。同时, ext4 支持最大 1 exabytes 的卷和 16 terabytes 的文件,因此考虑到大小,它也还有很大的进步空间。
btrfs 能提供更大的高达 16 exabytes 的卷以及更好的容错,但是,到现在为止,它感觉更像是一个附加文件系统,而没有集成到 Linux 操作系统。比如,尽管 btrfs 支持不同的发行版,使用 btrfs 格式化硬盘之前先要有 btrfs-tools 工具,这意味着安装 Linux 操作系统的时候它并不是一个可选项,即便不同发行版之间会有差异。
尽管传输速率非常重要评价一个文件系统出了文件传输速度之外还有很多因素。btrfs 有很多好用的功能,例如写复制、扩展校验、快照、清洗、自修复数据、冗余删除以及其它保证数据完整性的功能。和 ZFS 相比 btrfs 缺少 RAID-Z 功能,因此对于 btrfs RAID 还处于实验性阶段。对于单纯的数据存储,和 ext4 相比 btrfs 似乎更加优秀,但时间会验证一切。
迄今为止对于桌面系统而言ext4 似乎是一个更好的选择,因为它是默认的文件系统,传输文件时也比 btrfs 更快。btrfs 当然值得尝试、但要在桌面 Linux 上完全取代 ext4 可能还需要一些时间。数据场和大存储池会揭示关于 ext4、XCF 以及 btrfs 不同的故事和差异。
如果你有不同或者其它的观点,在下面的评论框中告诉我们吧。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.unixmen.com/review-ext4-vs-btrfs-vs-xfs/
作者:[M.el Khamlichi][a]
译者:[ictlyh](http://mutouxiaogui.cn/blog/)
校对:[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/pirat9/

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排名前4的开源漏洞追踪工具
========================================
生活充满了漏洞。
无论怎样小心计划,无论花多少时间去设计,在执行阶段当轮胎压在路上,任何工程都会有未知的问题。也无妨。也许对于任何一个组织的最佳弹性衡量不是他们如何一切都按计划运行地处理事情,而是,当出现磕磕碰碰时他们处理速度。
一个任意工程管理流程的关键工具,特别是在软件开发领域,是一个问题追踪系统。基础很简单;允许漏洞在合作的方式被打开,追踪,和解决,同时很容易跟随进展。除了基本功能,还有很多专注于满足特定需求的选择,和使用案例,包括软件开发和更多。你可能熟悉托管版本的这些工具,像 [GitHub Issues](https://guides.github.com/features/issues/)或者[Launchpad](https://launchpad.net/),这些是他们自己开放的资源。
让我们看一看四个管理漏洞和问题的优秀选择,全部开源代码、易于下载和自我托管。要清楚,我们可能没有办法在这里列出每一个问题跟踪工具;然而,这有四个我们偏爱的,基于功能丰富和项目背后的社区项目的规模。还有其他,可以肯定的是,如果你有一个好的理由你喜欢的没有列在这里,一定要让我们知道这是你最喜欢的工具,在下面的评论中使它脱颖而出。
## Redmine
[Redmine](http://www.redmine.org/) 是一个流行的漏洞追踪工具建立在Ruby on Rails和可以追溯到2006年。很多类似于Trac另一方面我们最爱的是Redmine可以管理多个项目然后整合了多种版本控制系统。除了基本问题追踪Redmine也提供论坛wiki时间跟踪工具和生成甘特图和日历的能力来跟踪项目的进展。
Redmine的设置相当灵活支持多种数据库后端和几十种语言还是可定制的可以添加自定义字段到问题用户工程和更多。通过社区创建的插件和主题它可以进一步定制。
如果你想试一试,一个[在线演示](http://demo.redmine.org/)可提供使用。Redmine在开源[GPL版本2](http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.en.html)下许可;开源代码可以在工程的[svn仓库](https://svn.redmine.org/redmine)或在[GitHub](https://github.com/redmine/redmine)镜像上找到。
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/images/business-uploads/issues-redmine.png)
## Bugzilla
[Bugzilla](https://www.bugzilla.org/)是另一个流行的有漏洞追踪功能的开发工具。从名字您可能已经猜到了Bugzilla最初是[Mozilla基金会](https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/)创建用来跟踪当时称为网景通信套件开发漏洞的。为了更好的通过性从原来的Tcl移植到Perl路径Bugzilla是一个比较老的和更广泛采用的问题跟踪系统因为它用在许多著名的开源项目如GNOMEKDELinux内核本身。
拥有一些先进的工具从通知到共享搜索重复的漏洞检测Bugzilla是一个功能更丰富的选项。Bugzilla有高级搜索系统与全面的报表工具生成图表和自动化计划报告的能力。像RedmineBugzilla是可扩展和可定制的两者在字段本身像能创建自定义漏洞工作流一样。它也支持多种后端数据库和自带的多语言支持。
Bugzilla在[Mozilla公共许可证](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License)下许可,你可以读取他们[未来路线图](https://www.bugzilla.org/status/roadmap.html)还有在官网尝试一个[示例服务](https://landfill.bugzilla.org/)
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/images/business-uploads/issues-bugzilla.png)
## Trac
[Trac](http://trac.edgewall.org/browser)自称是使用简单的方法基于web的软件工程管理软件但不要混淆极简主义与缺乏功能。
python编写Trac紧密结合它的漏洞跟踪与它的wiki系统和你选择的版本控制系统。项目管理能力突出如生成的里程碑和路线图一个可定制的报表系统大事记支持多资源库内置的垃圾邮件过滤还可以使用很多一般的语言。如其他漏洞追踪软件我们已经看到有很多插件可进一步扩展其基本特性。
Trac是在改进的[BSD许可](http://trac.edgewall.org/wiki/TracLicense)下获得开放源码许可虽然更老的版本发布在GPL下。你可以在一个[自托管仓库](http://trac.edgewall.org/browser)预览Trac的源码或者查看他们的[路线图](http://trac.edgewall.org/wiki/TracRoadmap)对未来的规划。
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/images/business-uploads/issues-trac.png)
## Mantis
[Mantis](https://www.mantisbt.org/)是这次收集中我们将看的最后一个工具一个基于PHP且有16年历史的漏洞跟踪工具。另外漏洞跟踪支持多种不同的版本控制系统和一个事件驱动的通知系统Mantis有一个与其他工具类似的功能设置。虽然它不本身包含一个wiki它整合很多流行的wiki平台且本地化到多种语言。
Mantis在[GPL版本2](http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.en.html)下获得开源许可证书;你可以在[GitHub](https://github.com/mantisbt/mantisbt)浏览他的源代码或查看自托管[路线图](https://www.mantisbt.org/bugs/roadmap_page.php?project=mantisbt&version=1.3.x)对未来的规划。一个示例,你可以查看他们的内部[漏洞跟踪](https://www.mantisbt.org/bugs/my_view_page.php)。
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/images/business-uploads/issues-mantis.png)
正如我们指出的,这四个不是唯一的选项。想要探索更多?[Apache Bloodhound](https://issues.apache.org/bloodhound/)[Fossil](http://fossil-scm.org/index.html/doc/trunk/www/index.wiki)[The Bug Genie](http://www.thebuggenie.com/),还有很多可替换品都有专注的追随者,每个都有不同的优点和缺点。另外,一些工具在我们[项目管理](https://opensource.com/business/15/1/top-project-management-tools-2015)摘要有问题跟踪功能。所以,哪个是你首选的跟踪和挤压漏洞的工具?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/business/16/2/top-issue-support-and-bug-tracking-tools
作者:[Jason Baker][a]
译者:[wyangsun](https://github.com/wyangsun)
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/jason-baker

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让sudo在用户输错密码时侮辱用户
===========================================================
你在Linux终端中会有很多的乐趣。我今天要讲的不是在[终端中跑火车](http://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-terminal-train/)。
我今天要讲的技巧可以放松你的心情。前面一篇文章中,你学习了[如何在命令行中增加sudo命令的超时](http://itsfoss.com/change-sudo-password-timeout-ubuntu/)。今天的文章中我会向你展示如让sudo在输错密码的时候侮辱你或者其他人
对我讲的感到疑惑这里让我们看下这张gif来了解sudo如何在你输错密码之后侮辱你的。
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/sudo-insults-Linux.gif)
现在,你为什要这么做?毕竟,侮辱不会让你的一天开心,不是么?
对我来说,一点小技巧都是有趣的,并且要比以前的“密码错误”的错误提示更有趣。另外,我可以向我的朋友展示娱乐(这个例子中是通过自由开源软件)。我很肯定你有你自己的里有来使用这个技巧的。
## 在sudo中启用侮辱
你可以在`sudo`配置中增加下面的行来启用侮辱功能:
```
Defaults insults
```
让我们看看该如何做。打开终端并使用下面的命令:
```
sudo visudo
```
这会在[nano](http://www.nano-editor.org/)中打开配置文件。使得我知道传统的visudo应该在vi中打开`/etc/sudoers` 文件但是Ubuntu及基于它的发行版会使用nano打开。由于我们再讨论vi这里有一份[vi速查表](http://itsfoss.com/download-vi-cheat-sheet)可以在你决定使用vi的时候使用。
回到编辑sudeors文件界面你需要找出Defaults所在的行。幸运的是只需要在文件的开头加上“Defaults insults”就像这样
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/sudo-insults-Linux-Mint.png)
如果你正在使用nano使用`Ctrl+X`来退出编辑器。在退出的时候它会询问你是否保存更改。要保存更改按下“Y”。
一旦你保存了sudoers文件之后打开终端并在任何命令中使用sudo。故意输错密码病享受辱骂
sudo可能会讨厌的。看见没他甚至在我再次输错之后威胁我。哈哈
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/sudo-insults-Linux-Mint-1.jpeg)
如果你喜欢这个终端技巧,你也可以查看[其他终端技巧的文章](http://itsfoss.com/category/terminal-tricks/)。如果你有其他有趣的技巧,在评论中分享。
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://itsfoss.com/sudo-insult-linux/
作者:[ABHISHEK][a]
译者:[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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【免费下载】初学者Vi备忘单
================================================
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/VI.jpg)
一直以来我都在给你们分享我使用Linux的经验。今天我想分享我的**Vi备忘单**。这份备忘单节省了我很多时间因为我再也不用使用Google去搜索这些命令了。
## Basic Vi commands
## 基本Vi命令
这并不是一个详尽的教程来教你[Vi编辑器](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi)的每一个方面。事实上这根本就不是一个教程。这仅仅是一些基本Vi命令以及这些命令简单介绍的集合。
命令|解释
:--|:--
:x |保存文件并退出
:q!|退出但不保存文件
i|在光标左侧插入
a|在光标右侧插入
ESC|退出插入模式
arrows|移动光标
/text|搜索字符串text大小写敏感
n|跳到下一个搜索结果
x|删除当前光标处的字符
dd|删除当前光标所在的行
u|撤销上次改变
:0|将光标移动到文件开头
:n|将光标移动到第n行
G|将光标移动到文件结尾
^|将光标移动到该行开头
$|将光标移动到该行结尾
:set list|查看文件中特殊字符
yy|复制光标所在行
5yy|复制从光标所在行开始的5行
p|在光标所在行下面粘贴
你可以通过下面的链接下载PDF格式的Vi备忘录
[下载Vi备忘录](https://drive.google.com/file/d/0By49_3Av9sT1X3dlWkNQa3g2b2c/view?usp=sharing)
你可以把它打印出来放到你的办公桌上,或者把它保存到你的电脑上来使用。
## 我为什么要建立这个Vi备忘录
几年前当我刚刚接触Linux终端时使用命令行编辑器这个主意使我一惊。我之前在我自己的电脑上使用过桌面版本的Linux所以我很乐意使用像Gedit这样的有图形界面的编辑器。但是在工作环境中我不得不使用命令行并且无法使用图形界面版的编辑器。
我就这么被强迫地使用Vi来对远程Linux终端上的文件做一些基本的编辑。从这时候我开始了解并钦佩Vi的强大之处。
因为在那时候我还是一个Vi新手所以我经常对Vi一些操作很困惑。仍然记得第一次使用Vi的时候由于我不知道如何退出Vi所以我都无法关闭某个文件。我也只能通过Google搜索来找到解决办法。我不得不接受这个尴尬的事实。
从那以后我就决定制作一个列表来列出我经常会用到的基本Vi操作。这个列表或者你可能称它为备忘录。在我早期使用Vi的时候它对我非常有用。慢慢地我对Vi更加熟悉我已经可以熟记那些基本编辑命令。到现在我甚至不需要再去查看我的Vi备忘录了。
## 你为什么需要Vi备忘录
我能理解一个刚刚接触Vi的人的感受。你最喜欢的Ctrl+S快捷键不能像在其他编辑器那样方便地保存文件。Ctrl+C和Ctrl+V理应是通用的用来复制和粘贴的快捷键但是在Vi中却不是这样。
很多人都在使用类似的备忘录帮助他们熟悉各种编程语言以及用来进行快速检索的“/”工具。相信我,使用备忘录会给程序员日常工作带来很大便利。
如果你刚刚开始接触Vi或者你经常使用但是总是记不住Vi操作那么这份Vi备忘录对于你来说是非常有用的。你可以把它保存下来留作以后查询使用。
## 你怎么看待这份备忘录?
至今为止,我一直在克制我自己不要过于以来终端。我想知道你是怎么发现这篇文章的?你是否想让我分享更多类似的备忘录出来以供你们下载?我很期待你的意见和建议。
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://itsfoss.com/download-vi-cheat-sheet/
作者:[ABHISHEK][a]
译者:[JonathanKang](https://github.com/JonathanKang)
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/

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# 中文文案排版指北
[![devDependency Status](https://david-dm.org/mzlogin/chinese-copywriting-guidelines/dev-status.svg)](https://david-dm.org/mzlogin/chinese-copywriting-guidelines#info=devDependencies)
统一中文文案、排版的相关用法,降低团队成员之间的沟通成本,增强网站气质。
Other languages:
- [English](https://github.com/mzlogin/chinese-copywriting-guidelines/blob/Simplified/README.en.md)
- [Chinese Traditional](https://github.com/sparanoid/chinese-copywriting-guidelines)
- [Chinese Simplified](README.md)
-----
## 目录
- [空格](#空格)
- [中英文之间需要增加空格](#中英文之间需要增加空格)
- [中文与数字之间需要增加空格](#中文与数字之间需要增加空格)
- [数字与单位之间需要增加空格](#数字与单位之间需要增加空格)
- [全角标点与其他字符之间不加空格](#全角标点与其他字符之间不加空格)
- [`-ms-text-autospace` to the rescue?](#-ms-text-autospace-to-the-rescue)
- [标点符号](#标点符号)
- [不重复使用标点符号](#不重复使用标点符号)
- [全角和半角](#全角和半角)
- [使用全角中文标点](#使用全角中文标点)
- [数字使用半角字符](#数字使用半角字符)
- [遇到完整的英文整句、特殊名词,其內容使用半角标点](#遇到完整的英文整句特殊名词其內容使用半角标点)
- [名词](#名词)
- [专有名词使用正确的大小写](#专有名词使用正确的大小写)
- [不要使用不地道的缩写](#不要使用不地道的缩写)
- [争议](#争议)
- [链接之间增加空格](#链接之间增加空格)
- [简体中文使用直角引号](#简体中文使用直角引号)
- [工具](#工具)
- [谁在这样做?](#谁在这样做)
- [参考文献](#参考文献)
## 空格
「有研究显示,打字的时候不喜欢在中文和英文之间加空格的人,感情路都走得很辛苦,有七成的比例会在 34 岁的时候跟自己不爱的人结婚,而其余三成的人最后只能把遗产留给自己的猫。毕竟爱情跟书写都需要适时地留白。
与大家共勉之。」——[vinta/paranoid-auto-spacing](https://github.com/vinta/pangu.js)
### 中英文之间需要增加空格
正确:
> 在 LeanCloud 上,数据存储是围绕 `AVObject` 进行的。
错误:
> 在LeanCloud上数据存储是围绕`AVObject`进行的。
> 在 LeanCloud上数据存储是围绕`AVObject` 进行的。
完整的正确用法:
> 在 LeanCloud 上,数据存储是围绕 `AVObject` 进行的。每个 `AVObject` 都包含了与 JSON 兼容的 key-value 对应的数据。数据是 schema-free 的,你不需要在每个 `AVObject` 上提前指定存在哪些键,只要直接设定对应的 key-value 即可。
例外「豆瓣FM」等产品名词按照官方所定义的格式书写。
### 中文与数字之间需要增加空格
正确:
> 今天出去买菜花了 5000 元。
错误:
> 今天出去买菜花了 5000元。
> 今天出去买菜花了5000元。
### 数字与单位之间需要增加空格
正确:
> 我家的光纤入户宽带有 10 GbpsSSD 一共有 20 TB。
错误:
> 我家的光纤入户宽带有 10GbpsSSD 一共有 10TB。
例外:度/百分比与数字之间不需要增加空格:
正确:
> 今天是 233° 的高温。
> 新 MacBook Pro 有 15% 的 CPU 性能提升。
错误:
> 今天是 233 ° 的高温。
> 新 MacBook Pro 有 15 % 的 CPU 性能提升。
### 全角标点与其他字符之间不加空格
正确:
> 刚刚买了一部 iPhone好开心
错误:
> 刚刚买了一部 iPhone ,好开心!
### `-ms-text-autospace` to the rescue?
Microsoft 有个 [`-ms-text-autospace`](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/ms531164(v=vs.85).aspx) 的 CSS 属性可以实现自动为中英文之间增加空白。不过目前并未普及,另外在其他应用场景,例如 OS X、iOS 的用户界面目前并不存在这个特性,所以请继续保持随手加空格的习惯。
## 标点符号
### 不重复使用标点符号
正确:
> 德国队竟然战胜了巴西队!
> 她竟然对你说「喵」?!
错误:
> 德国队竟然战胜了巴西队!!
> 德国队竟然战胜了巴西队!!!!!!!!
> 她竟然对你说「喵」??!!
> 她竟然对你说「喵」?!?!??!!
## 全角和半角
不明白什么是全角(全形)与半角(半形)符号?请查看维基百科词条『[全角和半角](http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%BD%A2%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%8A%E5%BD%A2)』。
### 使用全角中文标点
正确:
> 嗨!你知道嘛?今天前台的小妹跟我说「喵」了哎!
> 核磁共振成像NMRI是什么原理都不知道JFGI
错误:
> 嗨! 你知道嘛? 今天前台的小妹跟我说 "喵" 了哎!
> 嗨!你知道嘛?今天前台的小妹跟我说"喵"了哎!
> 核磁共振成像 (NMRI) 是什么原理都不知道? JFGI!
> 核磁共振成像(NMRI)是什么原理都不知道?JFGI!
### 数字使用半角字符
正确:
> 这件蛋糕只卖 1000 元。
错误:
> 这件蛋糕只卖 元。
例外:在设计稿、宣传海报中如出现极少量数字的情形时,为方便文字对齐,是可以使用全角数字的。
### 遇到完整的英文整句、特殊名词,其內容使用半角标点
正确:
> 乔布斯那句话是怎么说的「Stay hungry, stay foolish.」
> 推荐你阅读《Hackers & Painters: Big Ideas from the Computer Age》非常的有趣。
错误:
> 乔布斯那句话是怎么说的「Stay hungrystay foolish。」
> 推荐你阅读《HackersPaintersBig Ideas from the Computer Age》非常的有趣。
## 名词
### 专有名词使用正确的大小写
大小写相关用法原属于英文书写范畴,不属于本 wiki 讨论內容,在这里只对部分易错用法进行简述。
正确:
> 使用 GitHub 登录
> 我们的客户有 GitHub、Foursquare、Microsoft Corporation、Google、Facebook, Inc.。
错误:
> 使用 github 登录
> 使用 GITHUB 登录
> 使用 Github 登录
> 使用 gitHub 登录
> 使用 gイんĤЦ8 登录
> 我们的客户有 github、foursquare、microsoft corporation、google、facebook, inc.。
> 我们的客户有 GITHUB、FOURSQUARE、MICROSOFT CORPORATION、GOOGLE、FACEBOOK, INC.。
> 我们的客户有 Github、FourSquare、MicroSoft Corporation、Google、FaceBook, Inc.。
> 我们的客户有 gitHub、fourSquare、microSoft Corporation、google、faceBook, Inc.。
> 我们的客户有 gイんĤЦ8、キouЯƧquムгє、๓เςг๏ร๏Ŧt ς๏гק๏гคtเ๏ภn、900913、ƒ4ᄃëв๏๏к, IПᄃ.。
注意当网页中需要配合整体视觉风格而出现全部大写小写的情形HTML 中请使用标准的大小写规范进行书写;并通过 `text-transform: uppercase;``text-transform: lowercase;` 对表现形式进行定义。
### 不要使用不地道的缩写
正确:
> 我们需要一位熟悉 JavaScript、HTML5至少理解一种框架如 Backbone.js、AngularJS、React 等)的前端开发者。
错误:
> 我们需要一位熟悉 Js、h5至少理解一种框架如 backbone、angular、RJS 等)的 FED。
## 争议
以下用法略带有个人色彩,既:无论是否遵循下述规则,从语法的角度来讲都是**正确**的。
### 链接之间增加空格
用法:
> 请 [提交一个 issue](#) 并分配给相关同事。
> 访问我们网站的最新动态,请 [点击这里](#) 进行订阅!
对比用法:
> 请[提交一个 issue](#) 并分配给相关同事。
> 访问我们网站的最新动态,请[点击这里](#)进行订阅!
### 简体中文使用直角引号
用法:
> 「老师,『有条不紊』的『紊』是什么意思?」
对比用法:
> “老师,‘有条不紊’的‘紊’是什么意思?”
## 工具
仓库 | 语言
--- | ---
[vinta/paranoid-auto-spacing](https://github.com/vinta/paranoid-auto-spacing) | JavaScript
[huei90/pangu.node](https://github.com/huei90/pangu.node) | Node.js
[huacnlee/auto-correct](https://github.com/huacnlee/auto-correct) | Ruby
[sparanoid/space-lover](https://github.com/sparanoid/space-lover) | PHP (WordPress)
[nauxliu/auto-correct](https://github.com/NauxLiu/auto-correct) | PHP
[hotoo/pangu.vim](https://github.com/hotoo/pangu.vim) | Vim
[sparanoid/grunt-auto-spacing](https://github.com/sparanoid/grunt-auto-spacing) | Node.js (Grunt)
[hjiang/scripts/add-space-between-latin-and-cjk](https://github.com/hjiang/scripts/blob/master/add-space-between-latin-and-cjk) | Python
## 谁在这样做?
网站 | 文案 | UGC
--- | --- | ---
[Apple 中国](http://www.apple.com/cn/) | Yes | N/A
[Apple 香港](http://www.apple.com/hk/) | Yes | N/A
[Apple 台湾](http://www.apple.com/tw/) | Yes | N/A
[Microsoft 中国](http://www.microsoft.com/zh-cn/) | Yes | N/A
[Microsoft 香港](http://www.microsoft.com/zh-hk/) | Yes | N/A
[Microsoft 台湾](http://www.microsoft.com/zh-tw/) | Yes | N/A
[LeanCloud](https://leancloud.cn/) | Yes | N/A
[知乎](https://www.zhihu.com/) | Yes | 部分用户达成
[V2EX](https://www.v2ex.com/) | Yes | Yes
[SegmentFault](https://segmentfault.com/) | Yes | 部分用户达成
[Apple4us](http://apple4us.com/) | Yes | N/A
[豌豆荚](https://www.wandoujia.com/) | Yes | N/A
[Ruby China](https://ruby-china.org/) | Yes | 标题达成
[PHPHub](https://phphub.org/) | Yes | 标题达成
## 参考文献
- [Guidelines for Using Capital Letters](http://grammar.about.com/od/punctuationandmechanics/a/Guidelines-For-Using-Capital-Letters.htm)
- [Letter case - Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_case)
- [Punctuation - Oxford Dictionaries](http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/words/punctuation)
- [Punctuation - The Purdue OWL](https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/1/6/)
- [How to Use English Punctuation Corrently - wikiHow](http://www.wikihow.com/Use-English-Punctuation-Correctly)
- [格式 - openSUSE](https://zh.opensuse.org/index.php?title=Help:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F)
- [全角和半角 - 维基百科](http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%BD%A2%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%8A%E5%BD%A2)
- [引号 - 维基百科](http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E8%99%9F)
- [疑问惊叹号 - 维基百科](http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%96%91%E5%95%8F%E9%A9%9A%E5%98%86%E8%99%9F)
## CopyRight
[中文文案排版指北](https://github.com/sparanoid/chinese-copywriting-guidelines)