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What Is bashrc and Why Should You Edit It
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======
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There are a number of hidden files tucked away in your home directory. If you run macOS or a popular Linux distribution, you'll see a file named ".bashrc" up near the top of your hidden files. What is bashrc, and why is editing bashrc useful?
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![finder-find-bashrc][1]
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If you run a Unix-based or Unix-like operating system, you likely have bash installed as your default terminal. While many [different shells][2] exist, bash is both the most common and, likely, the most popular. If you don't know what that means, bash interprets your typed input in the Terminal program and runs commands based on your input. It allows for some degree of customization using scripting, which is where bashrc comes in.
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In order to load your preferences, bash runs the contents of the bashrc file at each launch. This shell script is found in each user's home directory. It's used to save and load your terminal preferences and environmental variables.
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Terminal preferences can contain a number of different things. Most commonly, the bashrc file contains aliases that the user always wants available. Aliases allow the user to refer to commands by shorter or alternative names, and can be a huge time-saver for those that work in a terminal regularly.
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![terminal-edit-bashrc-1][3]
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You can edit bashrc in any terminal text editor. We will use `nano` in the following examples.
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To edit bashrc using `nano`, invoke the following command in Terminal:
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```
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nano ~/.bashrc
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```
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If you've never edited your bashrc file before, you might find that it's empty. That's fine! If not, you can feel free to put your additions on any line.
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Any changes you make to bashrc will be applied next time you launch terminal. If you want to apply them immediately, run the command below:
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```
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source ~/.bashrc
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```
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You can add to bashrc where ever you like, but feel free to use command (proceeded by `#`) to organize your code.
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Edits in bashrc have to follow [bash's scripting format][4]. If you don't know how to script with bash, there are a number of resources you can use online. This guide represents a fairly [comprehensive introduction][5] into the aspects of bashrc that we couldn't mention here.
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**Related** : [How to Run Bash Script as Root During Startup on Linux][6]
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There's a couple of useful tricks you can do to make your terminal experience more efficient and user-friendly.
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### Why should I edit bashrc?
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#### Bash Prompt
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The bash prompt allows you to style up your terminal and have it to show prompts when you run a command. A customized bash prompt can indeed make your work on the terminal more productive and efficient.
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Check out some of the [useful][7] and [interesting][8] bash prompts you can add to your bashrc.
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#### Aliases
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![terminal-edit-bashrc-3][9]
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Aliases can also allow you to access a favored form of a command with a shorthand code. Let's take the command `ls` as an example. By default, `ls` displays the contents of your directory. That's useful, but it's often more useful to know more about the directory, or know the hidden contents of the directory. As such, a common alias is `ll`, which is set to run `ls -lha` or something similar. That will display the most details about files, revealing hidden files and showing file sizes in "human readable" units instead of blocks.
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You'll need to format your aliases like so:
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```
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alias ll = "ls -lha"
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```
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Type the text you want to replace on the left, and the command on the right between quotes. You can use to this to create shorter versions of command, guard against common typos, or force a command to always run with your favored flags. You can also circumvent annoying or easy-to-forget syntax with your own preferred shorthand. Here are some of the [commonly used aliases][10] you can add to your bashrc.
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#### Functions
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![terminal-edit-bashrc-2][11]
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In addition to shorthand command names, you can combine multiple commands into a single operation using bash functions. They can get pretty complicated, but they generally follow this syntax:
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```
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function_name () {
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command_1
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command_2
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}
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```
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The command below combines `mkdir` and `cd`. Typing `md folder_name` creates a directory named "folder_name" in your working directory and navigates into it immediately.
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```
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md () {
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mkdir -p $1
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cd $1
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}
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```
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The `$1` you see in the function represents the first argument, which is the text you type immediately after the function name.
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### Conclusion
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Unlike some terminal customization tricks, messing with bashrc is fairly straight-forward and low risk. If you mess anything up, you can always delete the bashrc file completely and start over again. Try it out now and you will be amazed at your improved productivity.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/what-is-bashrc/
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作者：[Alexander Fox][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/alexfox/
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[1]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2018/01/finder-find-bashrc.png (finder-find-bashrc)
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[2]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/alternative-linux-shells/
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[3]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2018/01/terminal-edit-bashrc-1.png (terminal-edit-bashrc-1)
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[4]:http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Bash-Prog-Intro-HOWTO.html
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[5]:https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/an-introduction-to-useful-bash-aliases-and-functions
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[6]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/run-bash-script-as-root-during-startup-linux/ (How to Run Bash Script as Root During Startup on Linux)
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[7]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/8-useful-and-interesting-bash-prompts/
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[8]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/more-useful-and-interesting-bash-prompts/
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[9]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2018/01/terminal-edit-bashrc-3.png (terminal-edit-bashrc-3)
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[10]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/install-software-in-various-linux-distros/#aliases
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[11]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2018/01/terminal-edit-bashrc-2.png (terminal-edit-bashrc-2)
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@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
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什么是 bashrc，为什么要编辑 bashrc
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======
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你的 home 目录下藏着很多隐藏文件。如果你在运行 macOS 或者主流的 Linux 发行版的话，你就会看见一个名为“.bashrc”的文件靠近隐藏文件列表的上方。那么什么是 bashrc，编辑 bashrc 又有什么用呢？
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![finder-find-bashrc][1]
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如果你运行一个基于 Unix 或者类 Unix 的操作系统，bash 很有可能是作为默认终端被安装的。虽然存在很多[不同的 shell][2]，bash 却是最常见或许也是最主流的。如果你不明白那意味着什么，bash 能解释你输入进终端程序的东西，并且基于你的输入来运行命令。它在一定程度上支持使用脚本来定制功能，这时候就要用到 bashrc 了。
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为了加载你的配置，bash 在每次启动时都会加载 bashrc 文件的内容。每个用户的 home 目录都能有这个 shell 脚本。它用来存储并加载你的终端配置和环境变量。
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终端配置可以包含很多不同的东西。最常见的，bashrc 文件包含用户想要用的别名。别名允许用户通过更短的名字来指向命令，对于经常在终端下工作的人来说这可是一个省时利器。
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![terminal-edit-bashrc-1][3]
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你可以在任何终端文本编辑器上编辑 bashrc。在接下来的例子中我们将使用 `nano`。
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要使用 `nano` 来编辑 bashrc，在终端中调用以下命令：
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```bash
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nano ~/.bashrc
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```
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如果你之前从没有编辑过 bashrc 的话，你也许会发现它是空的。这没关系！如果不是的话，你可以随意在任一行添加你的配置。
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你对 bashrc 所做的任何修改将在下一次启动终端时生效。如果你想立刻生效的话，运行下面的命令：
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```bash
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source ~/.bashrc
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```
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你可以添加到任何 bashrc 的位置，随意使用命令（通过 `#`）来组织你的代码。
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编辑 bashrc 需要遵循 [bash 脚本格式][4]。如果你不知道如何用 bash 编写脚本的话，有很多在线资料可供查阅。这是一本相当全面的[介绍指南][5]，包含一些我们没能在这里提及的 bashrc 的方面。
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**相关**： [如何在 Linux 启动时以 root 权限运行 bash 脚本][6]
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有一些有用的小技巧能使你的终端体验将更高效，也更用户友好。
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### 为什么我要编辑 bashrc ？
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#### Bash 提示符
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bash 提示符允许你自定义你的终端，并让它在你运行命令时显示提示。自定义的 bash 提示符着实能提高你在终端的工作效率。
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看看这些即[有用][7]又[有趣][8]的 bash 提示符，你可以把它们添加到你的 bashrc 里。
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#### 别名
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![terminal-edit-bashrc-3][9]
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别名也允许你使用简写的代码来执行你想要的某个命令的某种格式。让我们用 `ls` 命令来举个例子吧。`ls` 命令默认显示你目录里的内容。这挺有用的，不过显示目录的更多信息，或者显示目录下的隐藏内容，往往更加有用。因此，有个常见的别名就是 `ll`，用来运行 `ls -lha` 或者其他类似的命令。这样就能显示文件的大部分信息，找出隐藏的文件，并能以“能被人类阅读”的单位显示文件大小，而不是用“块”作为单位。
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你需要按照下面这样的格式书写别名：
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```bash
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alias ll = "ls -lha"
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```
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左边输入你想设置的别名，右边引号里是要执行的命令。你可以用这种方法来创建命令的短版本，防止出现常见的拼写错误，或者让一个命令总是带上你想要的参数来运行。你也可以用你喜欢的缩写来规避讨厌或容易忘记的语法。这是一些[常见的别名的用法][10]，你可以添加到你的 bashrc 里。
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#### 函数
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![terminal-edit-bashrc-2][11]
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除了缩短命令名，你也可以用 bash 函数组合多个命令到一个操作。这些命令可以很复杂，但是它们大多遵循这种语法：
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```bash
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function_name () {
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command_1
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command_2
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}
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```
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下面的命令组合了 `mkdir` 和 `cd` 命令。输入 `md folder_name` 可以在你的工作目录创建一个名为“folder_name”的目录并立刻导航进入。
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```bash
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md () {
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mkdir -p $1
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cd $1
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}
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```
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如你所见，函数中的 `$1` 代表第一个参数，就是你在函数名后紧跟着输入的文本。
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### 总结
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不像某些自定义终端的方法，变动 bashrc 是非常直接且低风险的。即使你一不小心全搞砸了，你也可以随时删掉 bashrc 文件然后重新来一遍。试试看吧，你会惊叹于你提高的生产力的。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/what-is-bashrc/
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作者：[Alexander Fox][a]
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译者：[heart4lor](https://github.com/heart4lor)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/alexfox/
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[1]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2018/01/finder-find-bashrc.png "finder-find-bashrc"
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[2]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/alternative-linux-shells/
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[3]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2018/01/terminal-edit-bashrc-1.png "terminal-edit-bashrc-1"
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[4]:http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Bash-Prog-Intro-HOWTO.html
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[5]:https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/an-introduction-to-useful-bash-aliases-and-functions
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[6]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/run-bash-script-as-root-during-startup-linux/ "How to Run Bash Script as Root During Startup on Linux"
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[7]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/8-useful-and-interesting-bash-prompts/
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[8]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/more-useful-and-interesting-bash-prompts/
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[9]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2018/01/terminal-edit-bashrc-3.png "terminal-edit-bashrc-3"
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[10]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/install-software-in-various-linux-distros/#aliases
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[11]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2018/01/terminal-edit-bashrc-2.png "terminal-edit-bashrc-2"
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