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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (XLCYun)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11725-1.html)
[#]: subject: (DevOps for introverted people)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/devops-introverted-people)
[#]: author: (Matthew Broberg https://opensource.com/users/mbbroberg/users/don-watkins/users/shawnhcorey/users/mbbroberg/users/marcobravo)
[#]: author: (Matthew Broberg https://opensource.com/users/mbbroberg)
内向者的 DevOps
======
我们邀请 Opensource.com 的 DevOps 团队,希望他们能够谈一谈作为 DevOps 内向者的休验,同时给 DevOps 外向者一些建议。下面是他们的回答。
![问答][1]
> 我们邀请 Opensource.com 的 DevOps 团队,希望他们能够谈一谈作为 DevOps 内向者的休验,同时给 DevOps 外向者一些建议。下面是他们的回答。
我们请求我们的 [DevOps 团队][2] 谈一谈他们作为一个内向者的体验,并给外向者们一些建议。但是在我们开始了解他们的回答之前,让我们先来定义一下这些词汇。
![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201912/29/103642jmzt6t6mggjjx5yt.jpg)
我们邀请我们的 [DevOps 团队][2] 谈一谈他们作为一个内向者的体验,并给外向者们一些建议。但是在我们开始了解他们的回答之前,让我们先来定义一下这些词汇。
### “内向者”是什么意思?
@ -25,27 +26,27 @@
### DevOps 技术主管可以通过哪些方式来让内向者感觉他们是团队的一部分并且愿意分享他们的想法?
“每个人都会不大一样,所以观察敏锐就很重要了。从 GitLab 过来的一个人告诉我,他们的哲学就是如果他们没有提供任何意见,那么他们就是被排除在外的。如果有人在一个会议上没有提供任何的意见,那就想办法让他们加入进来。**当我知道一个内向者对我们将要讨论的会议论题感兴趣的时候,我会提前请他写一些书面文本。有非常多的会议其实是可以避免的,只要通过把讨论放到 Slack 或者 GitLab 上就行了,内向者会更愿意参与进来**。在站立会议中,每个人都会交代最新的进展,在这个环境下,内向者表现得很好。有时候我们在其实会议上会重复做一些事情,仅仅是为了保证每个人都有时间发言。我同时也会鼓励内向者在工作小组或者社区小组面前发言,以此来锻炼他们的这些技能。—— 丹·巴克
“每个人都会不大一样,所以观察敏锐就很重要了。从 GitLab 过来的一个人告诉我,他们的哲学就是如果他们没有提供任何意见,那么他们就是被排除在外的。如果有人在一个会议上没有提供任何的意见,那就想办法让他们加入进来。**当我知道一个内向者对我们将要讨论的会议论题感兴趣的时候,我会提前请他写一些书面文本。有非常多的会议其实是可以避免的,只要通过把讨论放到 Slack 或者 GitLab 上就行了,内向者会更愿意参与进来**。在站立会议中,每个人都会交代最新的进展,在这个环境下,内向者表现得很好。有时候我们在其实会议上会重复做一些事情,仅仅是为了保证每个人都有时间发言。我同时也会鼓励内向者在工作小组或者社区小组面前发言,以此来锻炼他们的这些技能。—— 丹·巴克
“**我觉得别人对我做的最好的事情,就是他们保证了当重大问题来临的时候,我拥有必要的技能去回答它**。彼时,我作为一名非常年轻的入伍空军的一员,我需要给我们部队的高级领导做状态简报的汇报。我必须在任何时候都有一些可用的数据点,以及在实现我们确立的目标的过程中,产生延误以及偏差的背后的原因。那样的经历推动着我从一个“幕后人员”逐渐变得更加愿意和别人分享自己的观点和想法。
“**我觉得别人对我做的最好的事情,就是他们保证了当重大问题来临的时候,我拥有必要的技能去回答它**。彼时,我作为一名非常年轻的入伍空军的一员,我需要给我们部队的高级领导做状态简报的汇报。我必须在任何时候都有一些可用的数据点,以及在实现我们确立的目标的过程中,产生延误以及偏差的背后的原因。那样的经历推动着我从一个‘幕后人员’逐渐变得更加愿意和别人分享自己的观点和想法。”—— 克里斯·肖特
“**通过文化去领导。为你的同僚一起设计和尝试仪式。**你可以为给你的小组或团队设计一个小的每周仪式,甚至给你的部门或组织设计一个年度的大仪式。它的意义在于去尝试一些事物,并观察你在其中的领导角色。去找到你们文化当中的代沟以及对立。回顾团队的信仰和行为。你能从哪里观察到对立?你们的文化中缺失了什么?从一个小陈述开始‘我从 X 和 Y 之间看到了对立’,或者‘我的团队缺少了 Z。接着将代沟与对立转换为问题写下三个我们如何能……(How might we's, HMWs)’。”——凯瑟琳·路易斯
“**通过文化去领导。为你的同僚一起设计和尝试仪式。**你可以为给你的小组或团队设计一个小的每周仪式,甚至给你的部门或组织设计一个年度的大仪式。它的意义在于去尝试一些事物,并观察你在其中的领导角色。去找到你们文化当中的代沟以及对立。回顾团队的信仰和行为。你能从哪里观察到对立?你们的文化中缺失了什么?从一个小陈述开始‘我从 X 和 Y 之间看到了对立’,或者‘我的团队缺少了 Z。接着将代沟与对立转换为问题写下三个我们如何能……(How might we's, HMWs)’。”—— 凯瑟琳·路易斯
“内向者不是一个不同的群体,他们要么是在分享他们的想法之前想得太多或等得太久的一些人,要么就是一些根本不知道发生了什么的人。我就是第一种,我想太多了,有时候还担心我的意见会被其他人嘲笑,或者没有什么意思,或者想偏了。形成那样的思维方式很难,但它同时也在吞噬着我学习更好事物的机会。有一次,我们团队在讨论一个实现问题。我当时的老大一次又一次地问我,为什么我没有作为团队中更具经验的人参与进来,然后我就(集齐了全宇宙的力量之后)开口说我想说的大家都已经说过了。他说,有时候我可以重复说一次,事情纷繁,如果你能够重复一遍你的想法,即使它已经被讨论过了,也会大有裨益。好吧,虽然它不是一种特别信服的方式,但是我知道了至少有人想听听我怎么说,它给了我一点信心。
“现在,我所使用的让团队中的人发言的方法是**我经常向内向的人求助,即使我知道解决方法,并且在团队会议和讨论中感谢他们来建立他们的自信心,通过给他们时间让他们一点一点的从他们寡言的本性中走出来,从而跟团队分享很多的知识**。他们在外面的世界中可能仍然会有一点点孤立,但是在团队里面,有些会成为我们可以信赖的人。——阿布希什克·塔姆拉卡尔
“现在,我所使用的让团队中的人发言的方法是**我经常向内向的人求助,即使我知道解决方法,并且在团队会议和讨论中感谢他们来建立他们的自信心,通过给他们时间让他们一点一点的从他们寡言的本性中走出来,从而跟团队分享很多的知识**。他们在外面的世界中可能仍然会有一点点孤立,但是在团队里面,有些会成为我们可以信赖的人。—— 阿布希什克·塔姆拉卡尔
“我给参加会议的内向者的建议是,找一个同样要参加会议的朋友或者同事,这样到时你就会有人可以跟你一起舒服地交谈,在会议开始之前,提前跟其他的与会者(朋友,行业联系人,前同事等等)约着见个面或者吃顿饭,**要注意你的疲劳程度,并且照顾好自己**:如果你需要重新恢复能量,就跳过那些社交或者夜晚的活动,在事后回顾中记录一下自己的感受。”——伊丽莎白·约瑟夫
“我给参加会议的内向者的建议是,找一个同样要参加会议的朋友或者同事,这样到时你就会有人可以跟你一起舒服地交谈,在会议开始之前,提前跟其他的与会者(朋友、行业联系人、前同事等等)约着见个面或者吃顿饭,**要注意你的疲劳程度,并且照顾好自己**:如果你需要重新恢复能量,就跳过那些社交或者夜晚的活动,在事后回顾中记录一下自己的感受。”—— 伊丽莎白·约瑟夫
### 和一个内向者倾向的同事一起工作时,有什么提高生产效率的小建议?
“在保证质量时,生产效率会越来越具备挑战性。在大多数时候,工作中的一个小憩或者轻松随意的交谈,可能正是我们的创造性活动中需要的一个火花。再说一次,我发现当你的团队中有内向者时, Slack 和 Github 会是一个非常有用的用于交换想法以及和其他人互动的媒介。**我同时也发现,结对编程对于大部分的内向者也非常有用,虽然一对一的交流对于他们来说,并不像交税那么频繁,但是生产质量和效率的提升却是重大的**。但是,当一个内向者在独自工作的时间,团队中的所有人都不应该去打断他们。最好是发个邮件,或者使用没有那么强的侵入性的媒介。——丹·巴克
“在保证质量时,生产效率会越来越具备挑战性。在大多数时候,工作中的一个小憩或者轻松随意的交谈,可能正是我们的创造性活动中需要的一个火花。再说一次,我发现当你的团队中有内向者时, Slack 和 Github 会是一个非常有用的用于交换想法以及和其他人互动的媒介。**我同时也发现,结对编程对于大部分的内向者也非常有用,虽然一对一的交流对于他们来说,并不像交税那么频繁,但是生产质量和效率的提升却是重大的**。但是,当一个内向者在独自工作的时间,团队中的所有人都不应该去打断他们。最好是发个邮件,或者使用没有那么强的侵入性的媒介。—— 丹·巴克
“给他们趁手的工具,让他们工作并归档他们的工作。**让他们能够在他们的工作上做到最好**。要足够经常地去检查一下,保证他们没有走偏路,但是要记住,相比外向者而言,这样做是更大的一种让人分心的困扰。
“给他们趁手的工具,让他们工作并归档他们的工作。**让他们能够在他们的工作上做到最好**。要足够经常地去检查一下,保证他们没有走偏路,但是要记住,相比外向者而言,这样做是更大的一种让人分心的困扰。”—— 克里斯·肖特
“**当我低着头的时候,不要打断我。真的,别打断我**当我沉浸在某件事物中时,这样做会造成我至少需要花费两个小时,才能让我的大脑重新回到之前的状态。感觉很痛苦。真的。你可以发个邮件让我去有白板的地方。然后从客户的角度而不是你的角度——通过画图的方式——分享下有什么问题。要知道,可能同时会有十几个客户问题缠绕在我的脑海中,如果你的问题听起来就是“这样子做会让我在我的领导面前显得很好”的那一类问题,那么相比我脑袋中已经有的真正的客户问题而言,它不会得到更多的关注的。画个图,给我点时间思考。当我准备分享我的看法的时候,保证有多支马克笔可以使用。准备好接受你对问题的假设有可能完全是错误的。”——凯瑟琳·路易斯
“**当我低着头的时候,不要打断我。真的,别打断我**当我沉浸在某件事物中时,这样做会造成我至少需要花费两个小时,才能让我的大脑重新回到之前的状态。感觉很痛苦。真的。你可以发个邮件让我去有白板的地方。然后从客户的角度而不是你的角度——通过画图的方式——分享下有什么问题。要知道,可能同时会有十几个客户问题缠绕在我的脑海中,如果你的问题听起来就是‘这样子做会让我在我的领导面前显得很好’的那一类问题,那么相比我脑袋中已经有的真正的客户问题而言,它不会得到更多的关注的。画个图,给我点时间思考。当我准备分享我的看法的时候,保证有多支马克笔可以使用。准备好接受你对问题的假设有可能完全是错误的。”—— 凯瑟琳·路易斯
“感谢和鼓励就是解决的方法,感谢可能不是一份工作评估,但是感谢能让人舒服地感受到自己并不仅仅是一个活着的独立实体,**因而每个人都能够感觉到自己是被倾听的,而不是被嘲笑或者低估的**。”——阿布希什克·塔姆拉卡尔
“感谢和鼓励就是解决的方法,感谢可能不是一份工作评估,但是感谢能让人舒服地感受到自己并不仅仅是一个活着的独立实体,**因而每个人都能够感觉到自己是被倾听的,而不是被嘲笑或者低估的**。”—— 阿布希什克·塔姆拉卡尔
### 结语
@ -53,16 +54,16 @@
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
转载自: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/devops-introverted-people
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/devops-introverted-people
作者:[Matthew Broberg][a]
选题:[lujun9972][b]
译者:[XLCYun](https://github.com/XLCYun)
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mbbroberg/users/don-watkins/users/shawnhcorey/users/mbbroberg/users/marcobravo
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mbbroberg
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/osdc_QandAorange_520x292_0311LL.png?itok=qa3hHSou (Q and A letters)
[2]: https://opensource.com/devops-team

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (robsean)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11726-1.html)
[#]: subject: (How to Update Grub on Ubuntu and Other Linux Distributions)
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/update-grub/)
[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
如何在 Ubuntu 和其它 Linux 发行版上更新 Grub
如何在 Ubuntu 和其它 Linux 发行版上更新 grub
======
在这篇文章中,你将学习在 Ubuntu 或任何其它 Linux 发行版上更新 grub 。你也将学习一个或两个关于如何更新这个 grub 过程的工作的事情。
![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201912/29/110155d51bhogs5ezp5p71.png)
在这篇文章中,你将学习在 Ubuntu 或任何其它 Linux 发行版上更新 grub 。你也将学习一个或两个关于更新这个 grub 过程如何工作的事情。
### 如何更新 grub
Ubuntu 和很多其它的 Linux 发行版提供一个易使用的称为 update-grub 命令行实用程序。
Ubuntu 和很多其它的 Linux 发行版提供一个易使用的称为 `update-grub` 命令行实用程序。
为更新 grub ,你所要的全部工作就是使用 sudo 在终端中运行这个命令。
为更新 grub ,你所要的全部工作就是使用 `sudo` 在终端中运行这个命令。
```
sudo update-grub
@ -41,17 +43,17 @@ Adding boot menu entry for EFI firmware configuration
done
```
你可能看到一个类似的称为 update-grub2 的命令。不需要在 update-grub 和 update-grub2 之间感到害怕或不知所措。这两个命令执行相同的动作。
你可能看到一个类似的称为 `update-grub2` 的命令。不需要在 `update-grub``update-grub2` 之间感到害怕或不知所措。这两个命令执行相同的动作。
大约在10年前当 grub2 刚刚被引进时update-grub2 命令也被引进。现在update-grub2 只是一个链接到 update-grub 的符号,它们都更新 grub2 配置(因为 grub2 是默认的)
大约在 10 年前,当 grub2 刚刚被引进时,`update-grub2` 命令也被引进。现在,`update-grub2` 只是一个链接到 `update-grub` 的符号,它们都更新 grub2 配置(因为 grub2 是默认的)
#### 不能找到 update-grub 命令?这里是在这种情况下该做什么
它可能是,你的 Linux 发行版可能没有可用的 update-grub 命令。
它可能是,你的 Linux 发行版可能没有可用的 `update-grub` 命令。
在这种情况下你该做什么?你如何在这样一个 Linux 发行版上更新 grub
在这里不需要惊慌。update-grub 命令只是一个存根,用于运行 grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg 来生成 grub2 配置文件。
在这里不需要惊慌。`update-grub` 命令只是一个入口,用于运行 `grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg` 来生成 grub2 配置文件。
这意味着你可以在任意 Linux 发行版上使用下面的命令更新 grub
@ -59,15 +61,15 @@ done
sudo grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
```
当然,记住 update-grub 命令比上面的命令容易很多,这是为什么它在一开始被创建的原因。
当然,记住 `update-grub` 命令比上面的命令容易很多,这是为什么它在一开始被创建的原因。
### update-grub 是如何工作的?
当你安装一个 Linux 发行版时,它(通常)要求你安装 [grub 启动引导程序][1]。
当你安装一个 Linux 发行版时,它(通常)要求你安装 [grub 启动引导程序][1]。
grub 的一部分安装在 MBR/ESP 分区上。grub 的剩余部分保留在 Linux 发行版的 /boo/grub 目录中。
grub 的一部分安装在 MBR/ESP 分区上。grub 的剩余部分保留在 Linux 发行版的 `/boot/grub` 目录中。
依据它的 [man 页面][2]update-grub 通过查找 /boot 目录来工作。所有以 [vmlinuz-][3] 开头的文件将被作为内核来对待,并且它们将得到一个 grub 菜单项。它也将为与所找到内核版本相同的 [ramdisk][4] 镜像添加 initrd 行。
依据它的 [man 页面][2]`update-grub` 通过查找 `/boot` 目录来工作。所有以 [vmlinuz-][3] 开头的文件将被作为内核来对待,并且它们将得到一个 grub 菜单项。它也将为与所找到内核版本相同的 [ramdisk][4] 镜像添加 initrd 行。
它也使用 [os-prober][5] 为其它操作系统查找所有磁盘分区。如果找到其它操作系统,它添加它们到 grub 菜单。
@ -75,15 +77,15 @@ grub 的一部分安装在 MBR/ESP 分区上。grub 的剩余部分保留在 Lin
### 为什么你需要更新 grub
当你需要更新 grub 时,可能有很多方案
在有很多场景下你需要更新 grub
假设你更改 grub 配置文件 (/etc/default/grub) 为 [更改默认启动顺序][7] 或减少默认启动时间。除非你更新 grub ,否则你的更改将不会生效。
假设你修改 grub 配置文件(`/etc/default/grub`)以 [更改默认启动顺序][7] 或减少默认启动时间。除非你更新 grub ,否则你的修改将不会生效。
另一种情况是,你在同一个电脑系统上安装多个 Linux 发行。
另一种情况是,你在同一个电脑系统上安装多个 Linux 发行
例如,在我的 Intel NUC 上,我有两个磁盘。第一个磁盘有 Ubuntu 19.10 ,并且我在其上面安装了 Ubuntu 18.04 。第二个操作系统 (Ubuntu 18.04) 也安装其自己的 grub ,现在 grub 启动屏幕由 Ubuntu 18.04 grub 控制。
例如,在我的 Intel NUC 上,我有两个磁盘。第一个磁盘有 Ubuntu 19.10 ,并且我在其上面安装了 Ubuntu 18.04 。第二个操作系统Ubuntu 18.04)安装了其自己的 grub ,现在 grub 启动屏幕由 Ubuntu 18.04 grub 控制。
在第二个磁盘上,我安装了 MX Linux ,但是这次我没有安装 grub 。我希望现有的 grub (由 Ubuntu 18.04 控制) 来处理所有的操作系统项目。
在第二个磁盘上,我安装了 MX Linux ,但是这次我没有安装 grub。我希望现有的 grub由 Ubuntu 18.04 控制)来处理所有的操作系统项目。
现在,在这种情况中,在 Ubuntu 18.04 上的 grub 需要更新,以便它能够看到 [MX Linux][8] 。
@ -91,13 +93,13 @@ grub 的一部分安装在 MBR/ESP 分区上。grub 的剩余部分保留在 Lin
如上图所示,当我更新 grub 时,它在 18.04 上找到很多安装的 Linux 内核, 以及在不同的分区上 Ubntu 19.10 和 MX Linux 。
如果你想 MX Linux 控制 grub ,我可以使用 [grub-install][10] 命令来在 MX Linux 上安装 grub然后在 MX Linux 上的 grub 将开始控制 grub 启动屏幕。你已经明白这点,对吧?
如果你想 MX Linux 控制 grub ,我可以使用 [grub-install][10] 命令来在 MX Linux 上安装 grub然后在 MX Linux 上的 grub 将开始控制 grub 启动屏幕。你已经明白这点,对吧?
Using a GUI tool like使用一个像 [Grub Customizer][11] 的 GUI 工具是在 grub 中进行更改的一种简单的方法。
使用一个像 [Grub Customizer][11] 的 GUI 工具是在 grub 中进行更改的一种简单的方法。
**最后…**
### 最后…
最初,我打算保持它为一篇短文作为一种快速提示。但是后来我想解释一些与之相关的东西,以便(相对地)新的 Linux 用户能够学到更多,而不仅仅是一个简单命令。
最初,我打算保持它为一篇短文作为一种快速提示。但是后来我想解释一些与之相关的东西,以便(相对)新的 Linux 用户能够学到更多,而不仅仅是一个简单命令。
你喜欢它吗?你有一些问题或建议吗?请随意发表评论。
@ -108,7 +110,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/update-grub/
作者:[Abhishek Prakash][a]
选题:[lujun9972][b]
译者:[robsean](https://github.com/robsean)
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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@ -1,192 +0,0 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (chen-ni)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (How to make an old computer useful again)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/how-make-old-computer-useful-again)
[#]: author: (Howard Fosdick https://opensource.com/users/howtechhttps://opensource.com/users/don-watkinshttps://opensource.com/users/suehlehttps://opensource.com/users/aseem-sharmahttps://opensource.com/users/sethhttps://opensource.com/users/marcobravohttps://opensource.com/users/dragonbitehttps://opensource.com/users/don-watkinshttps://opensource.com/users/jamesfhttps://opensource.com/users/seth)
How to make an old computer useful again
======
Refurbish an old machine with these step-by-step instructions.
![Person typing on a 1980's computer][1]
Have an old computer gathering dust in your basement? Why not put it to use? A backup machine could come in handy if your primary computer fails and you want to be online with a larger screen than your smartphone. Or it could act as a cheap secondary computer shared by the family. You could even make it into a retro gaming box.
You can take any computer up to a dozen years old and—with the right software—perform many of the same tasks you can with new machines. Open source software is the key.
I've refurbished computers for two decades, and in this article, I'll share how I do it. We're talking about dual-core laptops and desktops between five and 12 years old.
### Verify the hardware
Step one is to verify that your hardware all works. Overlooking a problem here could cause you big headaches later.
Dust kills electronics, so open up the box and clean out the dirt. [Compressed air][2] comes in handy. Be careful that you're [grounded][3] whenever you touch the machine. And _don't_ rub anything with a cleaning cloth. Even a static shock so small you won't feel it can destroy circuitry.
Then close the clean computer and verify that all the hardware works. Test:
* Memory
* Disk
* Motherboard
* Peripherals (DVD drive, USB ports, sound, etc.)
Run any diagnostic tests in the computer's boot panels (the [UEFI][4] or [BIOS][5] panels). [This list][6] tells you which program function (PF) key to press to access those panels for your computer.
Free resource kits like [Hirens BootCD][7] or [Ultimate Boot CD][8] enable you to test what your boot panels don't. They contain hundreds of testing programs; all are free, but not all are open source. You don't have to install anything to run these kits because they'll boot from a USB thumb drive or DVD drive.
Be thorough! Run the extended tests for memory and disk—not just the short tests. Let them run overnight. That's the only way to catch transient (sporadic) errors.
If you find problems, my [Quick guide to fixing hardware][9] will help you solve the most common hardware issues.
### Select the software
The key to refurbishing is to install software appropriate for the hardware resources you have. The three essential hardware resources are:
1. Processor (number of cores and speed)
2. Memory
3. Video memory
You can identify your computer's resources in its boot-time UEFI/BIOS panels. Write down your findings so that you don't forget them. Then, look up your processor at [CPU Benchmark][10]. That website gives you background on your CPU plus a CPU Mark that indicates its performance.
Now that you know your hardware's power, you're ready to select software that it can efficiently run. Your software choices are divided into four critical areas:
1. Operating system (OS)
2. Desktop environment (DE)
3. Browser
4. Applications
A good Linux distribution covers all four. Don't be tempted to run an unsupported version of Windows like 8, Vista, or XP just because it's already on the computer! The [risk][11] of malware is too great. You're much better off with a more virus-resistant, up-to-date operating system.
How about Windows 7? [Extended support][12] ends January 14, 2020, meaning you get security fixes only until that date. After that, zilch. Now is the perfect time to migrate off Windows 7.
Linux's big benefit is that it offers [many distros][13] specifically designed for older hardware. Plus, its design decouples [DEs][14] from the OS, so you can mix and match the two. This is important because DEs heavily impact low-end system performance. (With Windows and MacOS, the OS version you run dictates the DE.)
Other Linux advantages: Its thousands of apps are free and open source, so you don't have to worry about activation and licensing. And Linux is portable. You can copy, move, or clone the OS and applications across partitions, disks, devices, or computers. (Windows binds itself to the computer it's installed on via its Registry.)
### What can your refurbished computer do?
We're talking dual-core machines dating from about 2006 to 2013, especially [Intel Core 2][15] CPUs and [AMD Athlon 64 X2][16] family processors. Most have a [CPU Mark][10] of between 1,000 and 4,000. You can often pick up these machines for a song, yet they're still powerful enough to run lightweight Linux software.
One caution: be sure your computer has at least 2GB of memory. Upgrade the RAM if you have to. End users on my refurbished machines typically use between 0.5 and 2GB of RAM (exclusive of data buffering); rarely do they go over 2 gig. So if you can bump memory to 2GB, your system won't be forced to _swap_, or substitute disk for memory. That's critical for good performance.
For example, I removed 1GB RAM from the decade-old rebuild I'm writing this article on, which dropped memory down to 1GB. The machine slowed to a crawl. Web surfing and other tasks became frustrating, even painful. I popped the memory stick back in and, with 2GB RAM, the desktop instantly reverted to its usable self.
With a 2 gig dual-core computer, most people can do whatever they want, so long as they run a lightweight distro and browser. You can web surf, email, edit documents, do spreadsheets, watch YouTube videos, bid on eBay auctions, post on social media, listen to podcasts, view photo collections, manage home finance and personal scheduling, play games, and more.
### Limitations
What can't these older computers do? Their concurrency is less than state-of-the-art machines. So run a fast browser and block ads, because that's what slows down web surfing. If your virtual private network (VPN) can block ads for you and offload that work from your processor, that's ideal. Disable autoplay of videos, Flash, and animation. Surf with a couple of tabs open rather than 20. Install a browser extension so you can toggle JavaScript.
Direct the processors to what you're working on; don't keep a ton of apps open or run lots of stuff in the background. High-end graphics and video editing may be slow. Virtual machine hosting is out.
How about games? The open source software repositories offer literally thousands of games. That's why I listed video memory as one of the three essential hardware resources. If your box doesn't have a video card, it likely has only 32 or 64MB of VRAM. Bump that to 256 or 512MB by adding a video card, and you'll find that processor-intensive games run much better. [Here's how][17] to see how much VRAM your computer has. Be sure to get a card that fits your computer's [video slot][18] (AGP, PCI-Express, or PCI) and has the right [cable connector][19] (VGA, DVI, or HDMI).
#### What about Windows compatibility?
People often ask about Windows compatibility. First, there's a [Linux equivalent][20] for every Windows program.
Second, if you really must run a specific Windows program, you can usually do that on Linux using [Wine][21]. Look up your application in the [Wine database][22] to verify it runs under Wine and learn any special install tricks. Then the auxiliary tools [Winetricks][23] or [PlayOnLinux][24] will help you with installation and setup.
Wine's other benefit is that it runs programs from old Windows versions like Vista, XP, ME/98/95, and 3.1. I know a guy who set up a fantastic game box running his old XP games. You can even run thousands of [free DOS programs][25] using [DOSBox.][26] One caution: if Windows programs can run, so can Windows [viruses][27]. You must protect your Wine environment inside Linux just as you would any other Windows environment.
How about compatibility with Microsoft Office? I use LibreOffice and routinely edit and exchange Word and Excel files without problems. You must, however, avoid using obscure or specialized features.
### Which distro?
Assuming Linux is the OS, you need to select a DE, browser, and applications. The easy way to do this is to install a distribution that bundles everything you need.
Remember that you can try out different distros without installing anything by booting from a [live USB][28] thumb drive or DVD. [Here's how to create a bootable Linux][29] from within Linux or Windows.
I rebuild computers for charity, so I can't assume any knowledge on the part of my users. I need a distro with these traits:
* User-friendly
* Lightweight interface
* Bundles lightweight apps
* Big repository
* Solid track record
* Large user community with an active forum
* Stability through long-term support releases (not rolling releases)
* Prioritizes reliability over cutting-edge features
* Configurable by a GUI rather than by text files
Many distros fulfill these criteria. The three I've successfully deployed are [Mint/Xfce][30], [Xubuntu,][31] and [Lubuntu][32]. The first two use the Xfce desktop environment, while the latter runs LXQt. These DEs [use less][33] processor and memory resources than alternatives like GNOME, Unity, KDE, MATE, and Cinnamon.
Xfce and LXQt are very easy to use. My clients have never seen Linux before, yet they have no trouble using these simple, menu-driven interfaces.
It's vital to run the fastest, most efficient browser on older equipment. [Many feel][34] Chromium wins the browser race. I also install Firefox Quantum because people are familiar with it and [its performance][35] rivals [that of Chromium][36]. I toss in Opera because it's speedy and has some unique features, like integrated ad-blocking and a free [virtual private network][37]. Opera is free but not open source.
Whatever browser you use, block ads and trackers! Minimize browser overhead. And don't allow videos or Flash to run without your explicit say-so.
For applications, I rely on the lightweight apps bundled with Mint/Xfce, Xubuntu, and Lubuntu. They address every possible need.
### Go for it
Will you be happy with your rebuild? The computers I've been using lately are both over a decade old. One has an Intel dual-core processor ([eMachines T5274a][38]) while the other features an AMD Athlon 64 x2 processor ([HP dc5750][39]). Both have 2 gig memory. They're as effective for my office workload as my quad-core i5 with 16GB RAM. The only function I miss when using them is the ability to host virtual machines.
We live in an amazing era. You can take a five- to 12-year-old computer and, with a little effort, restore it to practical use. What could be more fun?
Having recently co-authored a book about building things with the Raspberry Pi ( Raspberry Pi Hacks...
I can see the brightness of curiosity in my six year old niece Shuchi's eyes when she explores a...
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/how-make-old-computer-useful-again
作者:[Howard Fosdick][a]
选题:[lujun9972][b]
译者:[译者ID](https://github.com/chen-ni)
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/howtechhttps://opensource.com/users/don-watkinshttps://opensource.com/users/suehlehttps://opensource.com/users/aseem-sharmahttps://opensource.com/users/sethhttps://opensource.com/users/marcobravohttps://opensource.com/users/dragonbitehttps://opensource.com/users/don-watkinshttps://opensource.com/users/jamesfhttps://opensource.com/users/seth
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/1980s-computer-yearbook.png?itok=eGOYEKK- (Person typing on a 1980's computer)
[2]: https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_1?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=compressed+air+for+computers&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Acompressed+air+for+computers
[3]: https://www.wikihow.com/Ground-Yourself-to-Avoid-Destroying-a-Computer-with-Electrostatic-Discharge
[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface
[5]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS
[6]: http://www.disk-image.com/faq-bootmenu.htm
[7]: http://www.hirensbootcd.org/download/
[8]: http://www.ultimatebootcd.com/
[9]: http://www.rexxinfo.org/Quick_Guide/Quick_Guide_To_Fixing_Computer_Hardware
[10]: http://www.cpubenchmark.net/
[11]: https://askleo.com/unsupported-software-really-mean/
[12]: http://home.bt.com/tech-gadgets/computing/windows-7/windows-7-support-end-11364081315419
[13]: https://fossbytes.com/best-lightweight-linux-distros/
[14]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_environment
[15]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core_2
[16]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlon_64_X2
[17]: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-find-linux-vga-video-card-ram/
[18]: https://www.onlinecomputertips.com/support-categories/hardware/493-pci-vs-agp-vs-pci-express-video-cards/
[19]: https://silentpc.com/articles/video-connectors
[20]: http://wiki.linuxquestions.org/wiki/Linux_software_equivalent_to_Windows_software
[21]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_%28software%29
[22]: https://appdb.winehq.org/
[23]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winetricks
[24]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayOnLinux
[25]: https://archive.org/details/softwarelibrary_msdos
[26]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOSBox
[27]: https://wiki.winehq.org/FAQ#Is_Wine_malware-compatible.3F
[28]: https://www.howtogeek.com/howto/linux/create-a-bootable-ubuntu-usb-flash-drive-the-easy-way/
[29]: https://unetbootin.github.io/
[30]: https://linuxmint.com/
[31]: https://xubuntu.org/
[32]: https://lubuntu.me/
[33]: https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/best-lean-linux-desktop-environment-lxde-vs-xfce-vs-mate/
[34]: https://www.zdnet.com/article/chrome-is-the-most-popular-web-browser-of-all/
[35]: https://www.laptopmag.com/articles/firefox-quantum-vs-chrome
[36]: https://www.zdnet.com/article/just-how-fast-is-firefox-quantum/
[37]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network
[38]: https://www.cnet.com/products/emachines-t5274/specs/
[39]: https://community.spiceworks.com/products/7727-hewlett-packard-dc5750-microtower

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (lxbwolf)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Kubernetes namespaces for beginners)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/12/kubernetes-namespaces)
[#]: author: (Jessica Cherry https://opensource.com/users/jrepka)
Kubernetes namespaces for beginners
======
What is a namespace and why do you need it?
![Ship captain sailing the Kubernetes seas][1]
What is in a Kubernetes namespace? As Shakespeare once wrote, which we call a namespace, by any other name, would still be a virtual cluster. By virtual cluster, I mean Kubernetes can offer multiple Kubernetes clusters on a single cluster, much like a virtual machine is an abstraction of its host. According to the [Kubernetes docs][2]:
> Kubernetes supports multiple virtual clusters backed by the same physical cluster. These virtual clusters are called namespaces.
Why do you need to use namespaces? In one word: isolation.
Isolation has many advantages, including that it supports secure and clean environments. If you are the owner of the infrastructure and are supporting developers, isolation is fairly important. The last thing you need is someone who is unfamiliar with how your cluster is built going and changing the system configuration—and possibly disabling everyone's ability to log in.
### The namespaces that start it all
The first three namespaces created in a cluster are always **default**, **kube-system**, and **kube-public**. While you can technically deploy within these namespaces, I recommend leaving these for system configuration and not for your projects. 
* **Default** is for deployments that are not given a namespace, which is a quick way to create a mess that will be hard to clean up if you do too many deployments without the proper information. I leave this alone because it serves that one purpose and has confused me on more than one occasion.
* **Kube-system** is for all things relating to, you guessed it, the Kubernetes system. Any deployments to this namespace are playing a dangerous game and can accidentally cause irreparable damage to the system itself. Yes, I have done it; I do not recommend it.
* **Kube-public** is readable by everyone, but the namespace is reserved for system usage.
### Using namespaces for isolation
I have used namespaces for isolation in a couple of ways. I use them most often to split many users' projects into separate environments. This is useful in preventing cross-project contamination since namespaces provide independent environments. Users can install multiple versions of Jenkins, for example, and their environmental variables won't collide if they are in different namespaces.
This separation also helps with cleanup. If development groups are working on various projects that suddenly become obsolete, you can delete the namespace and remove everything in one swift movement with **kubectl delete ns <$NAMESPACENAME>**. (Please make sure it's the right namespace. I deleted the wrong one in production once, and it's not pretty.)
Be aware that this can cause damage across teams and problems for you if you are the infrastructure owner. For example, if you create a namespace with some special, extra-secure DNS functions and the wrong person deletes it, all of your pods and their running applications will be removed with the namespace. Any use of **delete** should be reviewed by a peer (through [GitOps][3]) before hitting the cluster.
While the official documentation suggests not using multiple namespaces [with 10 or fewer users][2], I still use them in my own cluster for architectural purposes. The cleaner the cluster, the better.
### What admins need to know about namespaces
For starters, namespaces cannot be nested in other namespaces. There can be only one namespace with deployments in it. You don't have to use namespaces for versioned projects, but you can always use the labels to separate versioned apps with the same name. Namespaces divide resources between users using resource quotas; for example, _this namespace can only have x_ _number_ _of nodes_. Finally, all namespaces scope down to a unique name for the resource type.
### Namespace commands in action
To try out the following namespace commands, you need to have [Minikube][4], [Helm][5], and the [kubectl][6] command line installed. For information about installing them, see my article [_Security scanning your DevOps pipeline_][7] or each project's homepage. I am using the most recent release of Minikube. The manual installation is fast and has consistently worked correctly the first time.
To get your first set of namespaces:
```
jess@Athena:~$ kubectl get namespace
NAME            STATUS   AGE
default         Active   5m23s
kube-public     Active   5m24s
kube-system     Active   5m24s
```
To create a namespace:
```
jess@Athena:~$ kubectl create namespace athena
namespace/athena created
```
Now developers can deploy to the namespace you created; for example, here's a small and easy Helm chart:
```
jess@Athena:~$ helm install teset-deploy stable/redis --namespace athena
NAME: teset-deploy
LAST DEPLOYED: Sat Nov 23 13:47:43 2019
NAMESPACE: athena
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
TEST SUITE: None
NOTES:
** Please be patient while the chart is being deployed **
Redis can be accessed via port 6379 on the following DNS names from within your cluster:
teset-deploy-redis-master.athena.svc.cluster.local for read/write operations
teset-deploy-redis-slave.athena.svc.cluster.local for read-only operations
```
To get your password:
```
`export REDIS_PASSWORD=$(kubectl get secret --namespace athena teset-deploy-redis -o jsonpath="{.data.redis-password}" | base64 --decode)`
```
To connect to your Redis server:
1. Run a Redis pod that you can use as a client: [code] kubectl run --namespace athena teset-deploy-redis-client --rm --tty -i --restart='Never' \
        --env REDIS_PASSWORD=$REDIS_PASSWORD \
\--image docker.io/bitnami/redis:5.0.7-debian-9-r0 -- bash
```
2. Connect using the Redis CLI: [code] redis-cli -h teset-deploy-redis-master -a $REDIS_PASSWORD
redis-cli -h teset-deploy-redis-slave -a $REDIS_PASSWORD
```
To connect to your database from outside the cluster:
```
kubectl port-forward --namespace athena svc/teset-deploy-redis-master 6379:6379 &
redis-cli -h 127.0.0.1 -p 6379 -a $REDIS_PASSWORD
```
Now that this deployment is out, you have a chart deployed in your namespace named **test-deploy**.
To look at what pods are in your namespace:
```
jess@Athena:~$ kubectl get pods --namespace athena
NAME                            READY   STATUS  RESTARTS   AGE
teset-deploy-redis-master-0   1/1       Running   0             2m38s
teset-deploy-redis-slave-0      1/1     Running   0             2m38s
teset-deploy-redis-slave-1      1/1     Running   0             90s
```
At this point, you have officially isolated your application to a single namespace and created one virtual cluster that talks internally only to itself.
Delete everything with a single command:
```
jess@Athena:~$ kubectl delete namespace athena
namespace "athena" deleted
```
Because this deletes the application's entire internal configuration, the delete may take some time, depending on how large your deployment is.
Double-check that everything has been removed:
```
jess@Athena:~$ kubectl get pods --all-namespaces
NAMESPACE       NAME                            READY   STATUS  RESTARTS   AGE
kube-system   coredns-5644d7b6d9-4vxv6          1/1     Running   0             32m
kube-system   coredns-5644d7b6d9-t5wn7          1/1     Running   0             32m
kube-system   etcd-minikube                     1/1     Running   0             31m
kube-system   kube-addon-manager-minikube       1/1     Running   0             32m
kube-system   kube-apiserver-minikube           1/1     Running   0             31m
kube-system   kube-controller-manager-minikube  1/1     Running   0             31m
kube-system   kube-proxy-5tdmh                  1/1     Running   0             32m
kube-system   kube-scheduler-minikube           1/1     Running   0             31m
kube-system   storage-provisioner               1/1     Running   0             27m
```
This is a list of all the pods and all the known namespaces where they live. As you can see, the application and namespace you previously made are now gone.
### Namespaces in practice
I currently use namespaces for security purposes, including reducing the privileges of users with limitations. You can limit everything—from which roles can access a namespace to their quota levels for cluster resources, like CPUs. For example, I use resource quotas and role-based access control (RBAC) configurations to confirm that a namespace is accessible only by the appropriate service accounts.
On the isolation side of security, I don't want my home Jenkins application to be accessible over a trusted local network as secure images that have public IP addresses (and thus, I have to assume, could be compromised).
Namespaces can also be helpful for budgeting purposes if you have a hard budget on how much you can use in your cloud platform for nodes (or, in my case, how much I can deploy before [segfaulting][8] my home server). Although this is out of scope for this article, and it's complicated, it is worth researching and taking advantage of to prevent overextending your cluster.
### Conclusion
Namespaces are a great way to isolate projects and applications. This is just a quick introduction to the topic, so I encourage you to do more advanced research on namespaces and use them more in your work.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/kubernetes-namespaces
作者:[Jessica Cherry][a]
选题:[lujun9972][b]
译者:[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jrepka
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/ship_captain_devops_kubernetes_steer.png?itok=LAHfIpek (Ship captain sailing the Kubernetes seas)
[2]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/namespaces/
[3]: https://www.weave.works/blog/gitops-operations-by-pull-request
[4]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/tools/install-minikube/
[5]: https://helm.sh/
[6]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/tools/install-kubectl/
[7]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/security-scanning-your-devops-pipeline
[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmentation_fault

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Most-read open source news stories of 2019)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/12/open-source-news)
[#]: author: (Scott Nesbitt https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt)
Most-read open source news stories of 2019
======
Here are some of the big news items from the year and a look at the
future of open source.
![Radio wave.][1]
A great deal happened in the world of open source in 2019. Once upon a time, you would have been hard-pressed to find news about Linux, free software, and open source software outside of a small handful of specialist publications. Today, though, news about open source is everywhere; the online edition of Forbes even has its own [Linux columnist][2].
We regularly round up many of the most interesting and topical news articles in [fortnightly articles][3]. Of those, weve compiled the top 10 most read (by you, our readers) stories we curated during 2019.
### Google's trusted hardware project
Many of us take the security of our software seriously but, at the same time, take the security of our hardware for granted. How do we know if the hardware were using is secure and trusted? To help ensure that it is, Google [announced OpenTitan][4], a secure, open source chip design project. The project builds upon a chip that Google developed called Titan, and the search giant has recruited several hardware manufacturers to join this initiative.
### Database makers embrace open source licenses
Over the last 18 months or so, several open source database firms moved to less open licenses for the software they develop in an attempt to stay competitive in a tough market. Cloudera and YugaByte, however, went in the opposite direction in 2019. Cloudera put the proprietary portions of its products under the umbrella of the [AGPL and Apache 2.0 licenses][5], while YugaByte [announced it was adopting][6] the Apache 2.0 license for its wares.
### GNOME and KDE agree to work together
Its always great when two rivals put aside their differences to work for a greater good; especially when that greater good is the further advancement of the Linux desktop. Thats what happened when the GNOME Foundation and KDE [announced they were going to work together][7]. The goal is to bring the GNOME and KDE communities together "to build an application ecosystem that transcends individual distros and broadens the market for everyone."
### System76 announces Linux laptops with Coreboot firmware
While there are several small companies selling Linux-powered computers, not all components of those computers are open source. Thats especially true for their firmware. Computer maker System76 is trying to change that. The company announced that it will [ship two of its most popular laptops][8] with the lightweight Coreboot open source firmware. According to Forbes Online, by adopting Coreboot (which helps computers start faster) System76 is taking another step in "the companys steady march toward offering open source software and hardware."
### Open source platform spans the globe to help local communities
Open source knows no borders. Proof of that is at the St. Francis Neighborhood Center in West Baltimore, which [adopted the Lutèce platform][9] to help deliver its programs and services. While Lutèce was developed in France and runs services in French cities like Paris, Lyon, and Marseille, the implementation in West Baltimore is the first time the platform has been used outside of its country of origin.
### Australian government uses open source to build notification platform
When Australias Digital Transformation Agency (DTA) need to quickly deploy an email and text message notification system, it turned to software developed by the Government Digital Service in the UK. The result was a platform called Notify. Using existing software enabled the DTA to [get the platform up and running][10] in eight weeks. Notify is now being used by over 100 government departments across the country.
### Dutch city to further embrace open source
Like many cities in Europe, Nijmegen in the eastern part of the Netherlands has long been an advocate of using open source in government. Unfortunately, the citys procurement processes still favored proprietary solutions. Thats starting to change, thanks to a [resolution passed in 2019][11] which requires the city to "deploy both the mandatory and the recommended open standards listed by the Dutch Standardisation Forum." The municipal government hopes that the resolution will spur wider use of open source software to avoid vendor lock-in.
### Acquia buys Mautic
Acquia, the company behind the popular open source content management system Drupal, took a big step in its ambition to create the first "open digital experience platform" by acquiring open source marketing automation firm Mautic. The idea behind the acquisition is to give companies that use Acquias offerings "the freedom they need to own their digital destiny without the constraint of vendor lock-in."
### Mozilla Labs makes a return
A few years ago, Mozilla had seemed to abandoned Mozilla Labs. Labs, you might remember, was the home of various beta features for Firefox that users could test drive. In early 2019, Mozilla [brought Labs back][12] with more experimental goodness. The new edition of Mozilla Labs is aimed at sharing ways to expand the capabilities of Firefox. It also showcases technologies that make it easier for anyone interact with virtual reality and the Internet of Things.
### Making it easier to announce software's end of life
Like many things, older versions of software have a use-by date - a date after which it wont be supported or be compatible with its supporting software or operating systems. That information often gets buried on a projects website. Thats where [endoflife.date][13] comes in. Its a repository of information that "aims to overcome the complexity of end of life (EOL) announcements for software."
### Predictions for 2020
What Linux and open source projects and news do you predict being big stories in 2020? Let us know about them in the comments, or send a story proposal to [open@opensource.com][14].
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/open-source-news
作者:[Scott Nesbitt][a]
选题:[lujun9972][b]
译者:[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/news-radio-wave-lead_520.png?itok=J86HG1Vg (Radio wave.)
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/9/found-linux-video-gaming
[3]: https://opensource.com/tags/news
[4]: https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/05/google-opentitan-secure-chip/
[5]: https://www.cbronline.com/news/cloudera-open-source
[6]: http://www.dbta.com/Editorial/News-Flashes/YugaByte-Becomes-100-percent-Open-Source-Under-Apache-20-License-133083.aspx
[7]: https://www.zdnet.com/article/gnome-and-kde-work-together-on-the-linux-desktop/
[8]: https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonevangelho/2019/10/10/system76-will-begin-shipping-2-linux-laptops-with-coreboot-based-open-source-firmware/#3c5fb7294e64
[9]: https://technical.ly/baltimore/2019/04/19/paris-lutece-open-source-platform-city-services-west-baltimore-community-center-st-francis/
[10]: https://www.zdnet.com/article/open-source-notify-gov-au-delivered-in-eight-weeks-for-a-cost-of-au150k/
[11]: https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/collection/open-source-observatory-osor/news/not-having-choose
[12]: https://betanews.com/2018/12/28/mozilla-labs-is-back/
[13]: https://endoflife.date/
[14]: mailto:open@opensource.com

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (chen-ni)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (How to make an old computer useful again)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/how-make-old-computer-useful-again)
[#]: author: (Howard Fosdick https://opensource.com/users/howtechhttps://opensource.com/users/don-watkinshttps://opensource.com/users/suehlehttps://opensource.com/users/aseem-sharmahttps://opensource.com/users/sethhttps://opensource.com/users/marcobravohttps://opensource.com/users/dragonbitehttps://opensource.com/users/don-watkinshttps://opensource.com/users/jamesfhttps://opensource.com/users/seth)
如何把你的老爷机重新利用起来
======
按照下面各个步骤,让你的老爷机焕然一新
![Person typing on a 1980's computer][1]
你的地下室里有一台用来落灰的旧电脑?为什么不把它利用起来呢?如果你常用的电脑坏了,又想用一个比手机更大的屏幕上网,这时候一台备用电脑可能就派上用场了。或者,它也可以充当一台全家人共用的廉价辅助电脑,甚至还可以改造为一台复古游戏机。
哪怕是一台有十余年历史的老爷机,只要选对了软件,也可以胜任很多新电脑能够完成的任务。其中的关键在于,要使用开源软件。
我进行电脑翻新已经有二十年了。在这篇文章里,我会分享一下电脑翻新的技巧。此处讨论的范围包括双核笔记本,以及机龄在 5 到 12 年之间的台式机。
### 检查硬件
第一步是检查硬件是否运转正常。如果在这个环节忽略了一个问题,后面可能会让你非常头疼。
灰尘是电子器件的天敌,所以第一件事应该是打开机箱,清除灰尘。[压缩空气设备][2]这时候可能会派上用场。请注意,进行任何接触电脑的操作时,都应该确保你是[触地][3]的。此外_避免_ 清洁布与任何物体发生摩擦。即使是一次小到你无法察觉的静电放电,也可能会导致电路损毁。
清洁工作完成之后,关闭机箱,检查是否所有硬件都可以正常工作。需要测试的项目包括:
* 内存
* 硬盘
* 主板
* 外围设备DVD 驱动器、USB 接口、声卡,等等)
首先,将计算机启动面板([UEFI][4] 或者是 [BIOS][5]面板)上的诊断测试依次运行一遍。如果不知道按哪个程序功能按键进入你电脑的启动面板,可以参考 [这份列表][6]。
此外,也可以使用诸如 [Hirens BootCD][7] 和 [Ultimate Boot CD][8] 之类的免费资源工具包,进行启动面板覆盖不到的测试。这些资源工具包涵盖了数百个测试程序,并且都是免费的,尽管不都开源。运行这些工具包无需安装任何软件,因为它们都是从 U 盘或者 DVD 驱动器启动的。
测试一定要彻底!对于内存和硬盘来说,基础测试还不够,应该运行深度测试,哪怕是运行一整夜也无妨。只有这样,才能够查出那些不易发现的瞬时故障。
如果发现了问题,可以参考我的[硬件故障排除快速指南][9],帮你解决最常见的硬件问题。
### 选择软件
电脑翻新的关键在于,根据手头的硬件资源,恰如其分地安装软件。最核心的三种硬件资源分别是:
1. 处理器(核数、速度)
2. 内存
3. 显存
可以在启动时的 UEFI/BIOS 面板上,弄清楚你电脑的硬件资源。记得抄下数据,以免遗忘。接下来,可以在 [CPU Benchmark][10] 网站上查看你的处理器,该网站除了提供 CPU 的背景资料,还提供一个 CPU 的性能分数。
了解了硬件性能之后,就可以选择能够在硬件上高效运行的软件了。软件的选择涉及四个重要的层面:
1. 操作系统OS
2. 桌面环境DE
3. 浏览器
4. 应用
一个优秀的 Linux 发行版可以满足全部四个层面。不要试图使用已经停止维护的 Windows 版本,例如 Windows 8、Vista 或者 XP哪怕已经安装在电脑上了。恶意软件的 [风险][11] 你是承受不起的。明智的做法是,使用一个更抗病毒的最新版本操作系统。
那 Windows 7 呢?[维护宽限期][12] 至 2020 年 1 月 14 日结束,也就是说,在此日期之前你还可以获得安全补丁,之后就想都别想了。现在正是迁出 Windows 7 的绝佳时机。
Linux 的巨大优势在于,有许多专门为过时硬件设计的[发行版][13]。此外,[桌面环境][14]和操作系统在 Linux 的设计中是分开的,你可以自行选择搭配。这一点非常重要,因为桌面环境对低端系统的性能有很大影响。(对于 Windows 和 MacOS 来说,你选择的操作系统版本决定了桌面环境,没得可选。)
Linux 的另一个好处是拥有数以千计免费且开源的应用不需要担心激活或者许可的问题。此外Linux 是可移植的可以在不同的分区、硬盘、设备或计算机之间对操作系统和应用进行复制、移动或克隆。Windows 则不然,使用注册表将系统捆绑在了所安装的计算机上。)
### 翻新后的电脑能够做什么?
这里讨论的是大约在 2006 年到 2013 年之间生产的双核计算机,尤其是装载了 [Intel 酷睿 2][15] CPU 或 [AMD 速龙 64 X2][16] 系列处理器的计算机。它们的 [CPU 分数][10] 大多在 1000 到 4000 分之间。这种电脑卖不了几个钱,但用在运行轻量级 Linux 软件上,性能还是足够的。
有一点需要注意:你的电脑应该至少拥有 2 GB 内存,如果不够就进行升级。就我翻新过的电脑来说,使用者用到的内存(不包括数据缓存)一般在 0.5 到 2 GB 之间,很少超过 2 GB。如果将内存升级到 2GB系统就不至于进行 _swap_,即将硬盘当做内存使用。如果想要获得良好性能,这一点十分关键。
以我自己为例,我用来写作这篇文章的是一台有十年机龄的翻新电脑。取下 1 GB 内存条之后,它只剩下了 1 GB 内存,然后就慢得像一只乌龟。用它浏览网页,或者是做类似的事情,都让人感到灰心,甚至痛苦。一旦把内存条重新装回去,有了 2 GB 内存,它就立马回到了可以使用的状态。
一台 2 GB 的双核计算机可以满足大多数人的需求,只要安装的是轻量级发行版和浏览器。你可以用它浏览网页、发送电子邮件、编辑文档和电子表格、观看 YouTube 视频、参与 eBay 拍卖竞标、在社交网络上发帖、听播客、查看相簿、管理家庭收支和个人日程、玩游戏,等等。
### 翻新电脑的局限
那么这些老爷机又有什么局限呢由于它们的并发比不上最先进的计算机所以应该使用轻量级浏览器同时拦截广告广告正是让网页加载变慢的罪魁祸首。如果可以使用虚拟专用网络VPN拦截广告为处理器免除广告加载的负荷那就再好不过。此外还需要禁用视频自动播放、Flash 以及网页动效;将浏览器上的标签页控制在少数几个,不要同时打开 20 个;以及下载可以开启/禁用 JavaScript 的浏览器扩展。
让处理器专注于你目前正在做的事情吧,不要同时打开一堆应用,也不要在后台运行很多程序。图像编辑和视频编辑的高级工具可能会很慢;至于运行虚拟机,还是别想了吧。
那游戏呢?开源软件仓库提供了数以千计的游戏。这就是我为什么将显存列为三种核心硬件资源之一。如果你的电脑没有显卡,那很可能只有 32 或者 64 MB 的显存。可以增加一张显卡,将显存提升到 256 或者 512 MB这样一来处理器密集型的游戏就会顺畅很多了。如果不确定你的电脑有多少显存可以参考[这里][17]。请注意,需要确保显卡与电脑的[显卡插槽][18]AGP、PCI-Express 或者 PCI相匹配同时使用正确的[连接线][19]VGA、DVI 或者 HDMI
#### 与 Windows 系统的兼容性如何?
许多人关心 Linux 与 Windows 系统的兼容性如何。首先,对于任何一个 Windows 程序,都有一个 [Linux 的替代版本][20]。
退一步说,即使你真的必须要运行某个特定的 Windows 程序,通常也可以借助 [Wine][21] 在 Linux 上运行。可以在 [Wine 数据库][22] 里查找一下你的应用,看看是否可以在 Wine 上运行,顺便学一些特殊安装技巧。[Winetricks][23] 和 [PlayOnLinux][24] 这两个辅助工具可以帮助你进行安装和配置。
Wine 的另一个优势是可以运行 Windows 的老版本,例如 Vista、XP、ME/98/95 和 3.1。我认识一个家伙,搭建了一台特别赞的游戏电脑,然后用来玩 XP 上的老游戏。借助 [DOSBox][26],你甚至还可以运行数以千计的[免费 DOS 程序][25]。但是有一点需要注意,如果 Windows 程序可以运行,那么 Windows [病毒][27]也同样可以。你需要保护 Linux 上的 Wine 环境,正如保护任何其他 Windows 环境一样。
对了,与 Microsoft Office 的兼容性又如何呢?我使用的是 LibreOffice经常编辑并交换 Word 和 Excel 文件,完全没有问题。不过,你应该避免使用隐晦或者过于专业的功能。
### 如何选择发行版?
假设选择了 Linux 作为操作系统,那么你还需要选择桌面环境、浏览器和各种应用。最简单的方法是,安装一个包含了你所需要的一切的发行版。
通过从 [live USB][28] U 盘或者 DVD 启动,你无需安装任何程序,就可以尝试不同的发行版。关于在 Linux 或 Windows 上创建可启动的 Linux 的方法,可以参考 [这里][29]。
我进行电脑翻新的目的是做慈善,所以无法指望电脑使用者具备任何相应知识。我需要的发行版应该具有以下特性:
* 用户友好
* 具有轻量级界面
* 自带各种轻量级应用
* 拥有足够大的软件仓库
* 历史表现良好
* 拥有庞大的用户社区和活跃的论坛
* 通过长期维护版本(而不是滚动发布版本)确保稳定性
* 更重视可靠性,而不是尖端功能
* 可以通过图形化用户界面进行设置,而不是只能通过文本文件进行设置
许多发行版都能够满足上面的要求。我曾经尝试成功的有 [Mint/Xfce][30]、[Xubuntu,][31] 和 [Lubuntu][32]。前两个发行版使用 Xfce 桌面环境,第三个使用 LXQt。相比 GNOME、Unity、KDE、MATE 和 Cinnamon 这些桌面环境,运行上面这两种桌面环境只需要[更少][33]的处理器和内存资源。
Xfce 和 LXQt 用起来非常简单,我的客户们之前从未见过 Linux但是都可以自如使用这些简单的、菜单驱动的用户界面。
对于旧电脑来说,运行最快速、最高效的浏览器是一件非常重要的事情。[很多人觉得][34] Chromium 是最好的浏览器;此外,我还安装了 Firefox Quantum因为大家比较熟悉它并且[它的性能][35]可以和 [Chromium 的性能][36]媲美。我还加上了 Opera因为它速度快而且有一些独特功能比如内置的广告拦截以及免费的 [虚拟专用网络][37]。Opera 是免费的,但并非开源。
无论你使用什么浏览器,一定要拦截广告和追踪器,尽量降低浏览器的负荷。此外,除非得到你的明确批准,否则视频和 Flash 都不应该被允许运行。
至于应用,我使用的是 Mint/Xfce、Xubuntu 和 Lubuntu 自带的轻量级应用。它们足以满足一切需求了。
### 行动起来吧
你是否会对翻新后的电脑感到满意呢?就我来说,我所使用的两台电脑的机龄都已经超过十年了,其中一个装载的是 Intel 双核处理器([eMachines T5274a][38]),另一个装载的是 AMD 速龙 64 x2 处理器([HP dc5750][39]),两台电脑都有 2 GB 内存。它们和我的另一台具备四核 i5 处理器和 16 GB 内存 的电脑一样,完全能够胜任我的办公工作。如果说有什么功能是这两台电脑缺失的,那就是运行虚拟机了。
我们生活在一个非常神奇的年代。只需要付出一点努力,就可以将一台机龄在 5 到 12 年之间的旧电脑,翻新为一台具备实用价值的机器。还有什么比这更有趣吗?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/how-make-old-computer-useful-again
作者:[Howard Fosdick][a]
选题:[lujun9972][b]
译者:[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni)
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/howtechhttps://opensource.com/users/don-watkinshttps://opensource.com/users/suehlehttps://opensource.com/users/aseem-sharmahttps://opensource.com/users/sethhttps://opensource.com/users/marcobravohttps://opensource.com/users/dragonbitehttps://opensource.com/users/don-watkinshttps://opensource.com/users/jamesfhttps://opensource.com/users/seth
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/1980s-computer-yearbook.png?itok=eGOYEKK- (Person typing on a 1980's computer)
[2]: https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_1?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=compressed+air+for+computers&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Acompressed+air+for+computers
[3]: https://www.wikihow.com/Ground-Yourself-to-Avoid-Destroying-a-Computer-with-Electrostatic-Discharge
[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface
[5]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS
[6]: http://www.disk-image.com/faq-bootmenu.htm
[7]: http://www.hirensbootcd.org/download/
[8]: http://www.ultimatebootcd.com/
[9]: http://www.rexxinfo.org/Quick_Guide/Quick_Guide_To_Fixing_Computer_Hardware
[10]: http://www.cpubenchmark.net/
[11]: https://askleo.com/unsupported-software-really-mean/
[12]: http://home.bt.com/tech-gadgets/computing/windows-7/windows-7-support-end-11364081315419
[13]: https://fossbytes.com/best-lightweight-linux-distros/
[14]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_environment
[15]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core_2
[16]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlon_64_X2
[17]: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-find-linux-vga-video-card-ram/
[18]: https://www.onlinecomputertips.com/support-categories/hardware/493-pci-vs-agp-vs-pci-express-video-cards/
[19]: https://silentpc.com/articles/video-connectors
[20]: http://wiki.linuxquestions.org/wiki/Linux_software_equivalent_to_Windows_software
[21]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_%28software%29
[22]: https://appdb.winehq.org/
[23]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winetricks
[24]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayOnLinux
[25]: https://archive.org/details/softwarelibrary_msdos
[26]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOSBox
[27]: https://wiki.winehq.org/FAQ#Is_Wine_malware-compatible.3F
[28]: https://www.howtogeek.com/howto/linux/create-a-bootable-ubuntu-usb-flash-drive-the-easy-way/
[29]: https://unetbootin.github.io/
[30]: https://linuxmint.com/
[31]: https://xubuntu.org/
[32]: https://lubuntu.me/
[33]: https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/best-lean-linux-desktop-environment-lxde-vs-xfce-vs-mate/
[34]: https://www.zdnet.com/article/chrome-is-the-most-popular-web-browser-of-all/
[35]: https://www.laptopmag.com/articles/firefox-quantum-vs-chrome
[36]: https://www.zdnet.com/article/just-how-fast-is-firefox-quantum/
[37]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network
[38]: https://www.cnet.com/products/emachines-t5274/specs/
[39]: https://community.spiceworks.com/products/7727-hewlett-packard-dc5750-microtower

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (lxbwolf)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Kubernetes namespaces for beginners)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/12/kubernetes-namespaces)
[#]: author: (Jessica Cherry https://opensource.com/users/jrepka)
Kubernetes 命名空间入门
======
命名空间是什么?你为什么需要它?
![Ship captain sailing the Kubernetes seas][1]
kubernetes 命名空间是什么Shakespeare 以前写过,我们声称的命名空间,或者任何其他名字,仍是一个虚拟集群。命名空间,意味着 kubernetes 可以在单个集群上提供多个 kubernetes 的集群,类似一个对其主机进行抽象的虚拟机。[kubernetes 文档][2] 中的解释:
> kubernetes 在一个物理集群上提供了多个虚拟集群。这些虚拟集群被称为命名空间。
你为什么需要命名空间?一句话概括:隔离。
隔离有很多优点,如它提供了安全和干净的环境。如果你是基础设施的所属者,并且为开发者提供环境,隔离就相当重要。你最不需要的就是,一个不熟悉你集群是如何搭建的人去修改系统配置 — 这可能导致所有人都无法登录。
### 初始命名空间
 一个集群的三个初始命名空间:**default**、**kube-system** 和 **kube-public**。虽然你可以用这三个命名空间作技术部署,但我还是推荐你把这三个命名空间留作系统配置用,而不是你的项目。
* **Default** 某些部署没有指明命名空间,这样部署可以快速创建一个网格,但如果做了很多错误信息的部署,就很能去清理。我不去修改它,因为它在为某一个目的服务时,会在不止一种情况下误导我。
* **Kube-system** 系统相关的所有对象组成的命名空间。任何此命名空间的部署都可能是危险的操作,可能对系统本身造成不可挽回的破坏。没错,我试过;所以我不推荐。
* **Kube-public** 所有人可读,但是这个命名空间是为系统保留的。
### 用命名空间来实现隔离
我用了多种方式通过命名空间来实现隔离。我经常用命名空间来把多个用户项目分割到不同的环境。这种方式可以有效防止跨项目的污染,因为命名空间提供了独立的环境。例如,使用者可以安装不同版本的 Jenkins如果它们的环境变量是在不同的命名空间就不会冲突。
这种隔离对于清理也很有帮助。如果部署组的多个项目被废弃,你可以用命令 `kubectl delete ns <$NAMESPACENAME>` 一键删除命名空间,清理命名空间内的所有东西。(请确认被删除的是正确的命名空间。我曾经在生产环境删除了错误的命名空间,这很不好。)
如果你是基础设施所有者,请谨慎操作,因为这可能会引发其他团队的的故障或引发其他问题。例如,如果你创建了一个特定的命名空间,里面有 DNS 函数,其他人删除了它,那么命名空间内的所有 pod 和它们运行的应用都会被清空。所有的**删除**操作在真正实施之前都应该由同事(通过 [GitOps][3])评审一下。
虽然官方文档不建议 [10 人以下团队][2] 使用多个命名空间,但出于架构需要,在我自己的集群上还是用了多个命名空间。集群越干净越好。
### 关于命名空间管理员应该知道的
首先,命名空间不能嵌套。部署只能在一个命名空间中进行。对于版本化项目,你不一定要用命名空间,你可以使用标签来区分有相同名字的版本化应用。命名空间使用配额来为不同的用户划分资源;例如,*某个命名空间最多能有 x 个 node*。最后,所有的命名空间对于资源类型只能使用一个独一无二的名字。
### 命名空间命令操作
你需要安装 [Minikube][4]、 [Helm][5] 和 [kubectl][6] 命令行,才能使用下面的命名空间命令。我的文章 [_安全浏览你的 DevOps 流水线_][7] 中有它们的安装教程,你也可以去每个工程的官方主页去找安装教程。我使用的是最新的 Minikube。手动安装很快第一次就能成功运行。
获取你的第一组命名空间:
```
jess@Athena:~$ kubectl get namespace
NAME            STATUS   AGE
default         Active   5m23s
kube-public     Active   5m24s
kube-system     Active   5m24s
```
创建一个命名空间:
```
jess@Athena:~$ kubectl create namespace athena
namespace/athena created
```
现在开发者可以部署到你创建的命名空间;例如,这里是一个简短的 Helm 结构信息:
```
jess@Athena:~$ helm install teset-deploy stable/redis --namespace athena
NAME: teset-deploy
LAST DEPLOYED: Sat Nov 23 13:47:43 2019
NAMESPACE: athena
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
TEST SUITE: None
NOTES:
** Please be patient while the chart is being deployed **
Redis can be accessed via port 6379 on the following DNS names from within your cluster:
teset-deploy-redis-master.athena.svc.cluster.local for read/write operations
teset-deploy-redis-slave.athena.svc.cluster.local for read-only operations
```
获取你的密码:
```
export REDIS_PASSWORD=$(kubectl get secret --namespace athena teset-deploy-redis -o jsonpath="{.data.redis-password}" | base64 --decode)
```
连接你的 redis 服务:
1. 运行一个你可以作为客户端用的 Redis pod
```bash
kubectl run --namespace athena teset-deploy-redis-client --rm --tty -i --restart='Never' \
  --env REDIS_PASSWORD=$REDIS_PASSWORD \
--image docker.io/bitnami/redis:5.0.7-debian-9-r0 -- bash
```
2. 使用 Redis CLI 连接:
```bash
redis-cli -h teset-deploy-redis-master -a $REDIS_PASSWORD
redis-cli -h teset-deploy-redis-slave -a $REDIS_PASSWORD
```
从集群外连接你的数据库:
```bash
kubectl port-forward --namespace athena svc/teset-deploy-redis-master 6379:6379 &
redis-cli -h 127.0.0.1 -p 6379 -a $REDIS_PASSWORD
```
现在这一套部署已经完成了,你有一个在命名空间 **test-deploy** 中部署的图表。
查看你的命名空间中有哪些 pod
```
jess@Athena:~$ kubectl get pods --namespace athena
NAME                            READY   STATUS  RESTARTS   AGE
teset-deploy-redis-master-0   1/1       Running   0             2m38s
teset-deploy-redis-slave-0      1/1     Running   0             2m38s
teset-deploy-redis-slave-1      1/1     Running   0             90s
```
现在,你已经正式把你的应用隔离到了一个命名空间,创建了一个只在内部通信的虚拟集群。
一键删除所有东西:
```bash
jess@Athena:~$ kubectl delete namespace athena
namespace "athena" deleted
```
因为这会删除应用的所有内部配置,所以这个删除操作可能会持续一段时间,持续时间取决于你的部署到底有多大。
再次检查一下所有东西是否被删除了:
```bash
jess@Athena:~$ kubectl get pods --all-namespaces
NAMESPACE       NAME                            READY   STATUS  RESTARTS   AGE
kube-system   coredns-5644d7b6d9-4vxv6          1/1     Running   0             32m
kube-system   coredns-5644d7b6d9-t5wn7          1/1     Running   0             32m
kube-system   etcd-minikube                     1/1     Running   0             31m
kube-system   kube-addon-manager-minikube       1/1     Running   0             32m
kube-system   kube-apiserver-minikube           1/1     Running   0             31m
kube-system   kube-controller-manager-minikube  1/1     Running   0             31m
kube-system   kube-proxy-5tdmh                  1/1     Running   0             32m
kube-system   kube-scheduler-minikube           1/1     Running   0             31m
kube-system   storage-provisioner               1/1     Running   0             27m
```
这是一个所有 pod 及它们存在于的已知命名空间的列表。你可以看到,之前创建的应用和命名空间现在已经不在了。
### 命名空间实践
现在我是为了安全使用命名空间,如限制用户的权限。你可以限制所有的东西 — 从哪些角色可以访问命名空间到命名空间可使用的集群资源CPU 等的配额等级。例如我通过资源配额和基于角色的访问控制role-based access controlRBAC配置来确保只有允许的服务账号可以访问命名空间。
对于隔离方面的安全,我不希望我的私人 Jenkins 应用可以通过一个信任的本地网络被当做有公共 IP 地址的安全镜像来访问(我不得不假定,可能会做出妥协)。
如果你很难提前计算出到底要在你的云平台上部署多少 node就我而言在把我的私人服务器放到 [segfaulting][8] 之前可以部署多少个 node那么命名空间在预算方面也很有用。虽然这超出了本文的讨论范围而且很复杂但值得你去调研和使用来防止你的集群过分扩展。
### 总结
命名空间是一个很好的隔离项目和应用的方法。本文仅是一个关于命名空间的简短介绍,所以我建议你更深入地研究下命名空间,在你的实践中更多地去使用它们。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/kubernetes-namespaces
作者:[Jessica Cherry][a]
选题:[lujun9972][b]
译者:[lxbwolf](https://github.com/lxbwolf)
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jrepka
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/ship_captain_devops_kubernetes_steer.png?itok=LAHfIpek (Ship captain sailing the Kubernetes seas)
[2]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/namespaces/
[3]: https://www.weave.works/blog/gitops-operations-by-pull-request
[4]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/tools/install-minikube/
[5]: https://helm.sh/
[6]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/tools/install-kubectl/
[7]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/security-scanning-your-devops-pipeline
[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmentation_fault