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20170325-4 选题
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OpenGL & Go Tutorial Part 2: Drawing the Game Board
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============================================================
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_[Part 1: Hello, OpenGL][6]_ | _[Part 2: Drawing the Game Board][7]_ | _[Part 3: Implementing the Game][8]_
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_The full source code of the tutorial is available on [GitHub][9]._
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Welcome back to the _OpenGL & Go Tutorial!_ If you haven’t gone through [Part 1][15] you’ll definitely want to take a step back and check it out.
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At this point you should be the proud creator of a magnificent white triangle, but we’re not in the business of using triangles as our game unit so it’s time to turn the triangle into a square, and then we’ll make an entire grid of them.
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Let’s get started!
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### Make a Square out of Triangles
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Before we can make a square, let’s turn our triangle into a right-angle. Open up **main.go** and change the **triangle** definition to look like so:
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```
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triangle = []float32{
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-0.5, 0.5, 0,
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-0.5, -0.5, 0,
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0.5, -0.5, 0,
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}
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```
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What we’ve done is move the X-coordinate of the top vertex to the left (**-0.5**), giving us a triangle like so:
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Easy enough, right? Now let’s make a square out of two of these. Let’s rename **triangle** to **square** and add a second, inverted right-angle triangle to the slice:
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```
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square = []float32{
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-0.5, 0.5, 0,
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-0.5, -0.5, 0,
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0.5, -0.5, 0,
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-0.5, 0.5, 0,
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0.5, 0.5, 0,
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0.5, -0.5, 0,
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}
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```
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Note: You’ll also need to rename the two references to **triangle** to be **square**, namely in **main** and **draw**.
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Here we’ve doubled the number of points by adding a second set of three vertices to be our upper top-right triangle to complete the square. Run it for glory:
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Great, now we have the ability to draw a square! OpenGL isn’t so tough after all, is it?
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### Draw a Grid of Squares covering the Window
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Now that we can draw one square, how about 100 of them? Let’s create a **cell** struct to represent each unit of our grid so that we can be flexible in the number of squares we draw:
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```
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type cell struct {
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drawable uint32
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x int
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y int
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}
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```
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The **cell** contains a **drawable** which is a square **Vertex Array Object** just like the one we created above, and an X and Y coordinate to dictate where on the grid this cell resides.
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We’re also going to want two more constants that define the size and shape of our grid:
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```
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const (
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...
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rows = 10
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columns = 10
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)
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```
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Now let’s add a function to create the grid:
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```
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func makeCells() [][]*cell {
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cells := make([][]*cell, rows, rows)
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for x := 0; x < rows; x++ {
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for y := 0; y < columns; y++ {
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c := newCell(x, y)
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cells[x] = append(cells[x], c)
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}
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}
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return cells
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}
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```
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Here we create a multi-dimensional slice to represent our game’s board, and populate each element of the matrix with a **cell** using a new function called **newCell** which we’ll write in just a moment.
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Before moving on, let’s take a moment to visualize what **makeCells** is creating. We’re creating a slice that is equal in length to the number of rows on the grid, and each of these slices contains a slice of cells, equal in length to the number of columns. If we were to define **rows** and **columns** each equal to two, we’d create the following matrix:
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```
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[
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[cell, cell],
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[cell, cell]
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]
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```
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We’re creating a much larger matrix that’s **10x10** cells:
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```
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[
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[cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell],
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[cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell],
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[cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell],
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[cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell],
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[cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell],
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[cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell],
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[cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell],
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[cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell],
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[cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell],
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[cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell]
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]
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```
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Now that the we understand the shape and representation of the matrix we’re creating, let’s have a look at **newCell** which we use to actually populate the matrix:
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```
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func newCell(x, y int) *cell {
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points := make([]float32, len(square), len(square))
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copy(points, square)
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for i := 0; i < len(points); i++ {
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var position float32
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var size float32
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switch i % 3 {
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case 0:
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size = 1.0 / float32(columns)
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position = float32(x) * size
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case 1:
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size = 1.0 / float32(rows)
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position = float32(y) * size
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default:
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continue
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}
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if points[i] < 0 {
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points[i] = (position * 2) - 1
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} else {
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points[i] = ((position + size) * 2) - 1
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}
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}
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return &cell{
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drawable: makeVao(points),
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x: x,
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y: y,
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}
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}
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```
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There’s quite a lot going on in this function so let’s break it down. The first thing we do is create a copy of our **square** definition. This allows us to change its contents to customize the current cell’s position, without impacting any other cells that are also using the **square** slice. Next we iterate over the **points** copy and act based on the current index. We use a modulo operation to determine if we’re at an X (**i % 3 == 0**) or Y (**i % 3 == 1**) coordinate **of the shape** (skipping Z since we’re operating in two dimensions) and determine the size (as a percentage of the entire game board) of the cell accordingly, as well as it’s position based on the X and Y coordinate of the cell **on the game board**.
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Next, we modify the points which currently contain a combination of **0.5**, **0** and **-0.5** as we defined them in the **square** slice. If the point is less than zero, we set it equal to the position times 2 (because OpenGL coordinates have a range of 2, between **-1** and **1**), minus 1 to normalize to OpenGL coordinates. If the position is greater than or equal to zero, we do the same thing but add the size we calculated.
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The purpose of this is to set the scale of each cell so that it fills only its percentage of the game board. Since we have 10 rows and 10 columns, each cell will be given 10% of the width and 10% of the height of the game board.
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Finally, after all the points have been scaled and positioned, we create a **cell** with the X and Y coordinate provided, and set the **drawable**field equal to a **Vertex Array Object** created from the **points** slice we just manipulated.
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Alright, now in **main** we can remove our call to **makeVao** and replace it with a call to **makeCells**. We’ll also change **draw** to take the matrix of cells instead of a single **vao**:
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```
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func main() {
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...
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// vao := makeVao(square)
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cells := makeCells()
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for !window.ShouldClose() {
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draw(cells, window, program)
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}
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}
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func draw(cells [][]*cell, window *glfw.Window, program uint32) {
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gl.Clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
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gl.UseProgram(program)
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// TODO
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glfw.PollEvents()
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window.SwapBuffers()
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}
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```
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Now we’ll need each cell to know how to draw itself. Let’s add a **draw** function to the **cell**:
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```
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func (c *cell) draw() {
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gl.BindVertexArray(c.drawable)
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gl.DrawArrays(gl.TRIANGLES, 0, int32(len(square) / 3))
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}
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```
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This should look familiar, its nearly identical to how we were drawing the square **vao** in **draw** previously, the only difference being we **BindVertexArray** using **c.drawable**, which is the cell’s **vao** we created in **newCell**.
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Back in the main **draw** function, we can loop over each cell and have it draw itself:
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```
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func draw(cells [][]*cell, window *glfw.Window, program uint32) {
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gl.Clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
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gl.UseProgram(program)
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for x := range cells {
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for _, c := range cells[x] {
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c.draw()
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}
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}
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glfw.PollEvents()
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window.SwapBuffers()
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}
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```
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As you can see we loop over each of the cells and call its **draw** function. If you run the application you should see the following:
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Is this what you expected? What we’ve done is create a square for each row and column on the grid, and colored it in, effectively filling the entire game board!
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We can see an visualize individual cells by commenting out the for-loop for a moment and doing the following:
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```
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// for x := range cells {
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// for _, c := range cells[x] {
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// c.draw()
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// }
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// }
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cells[2][3].draw()
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```
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This draws only the cell located at coordinate **(X=2, Y=3)**. As you can see, each individual cell takes up a small portion of the game board, and is responsible for drawing its own space. We can also see that our game board has its origin, that is the **(X=0, Y=0)** coordinate, in the bottom-left corner of the window. This is simply a result of the way our **newCell** function calculates the position, and could be made to use the top-right, bottom-right, top-left, center, or any other position as its origin.
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Let’s go ahead and remove the **cells[2][3].draw()** line and uncomment the for-loop, leaving us with the fully drawn grid we had above.
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### Summary
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Alright - we can now use two triangles to draw a square, and we have ourselves a game board! We should be proud, we’ve covered a lot of ground up to this point and to be completely honest, the hardest part is behind us now!
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Next up in [Part 3][16] we’ll implement the core game logic and see some cool simulations!
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_[Part 1: Hello, OpenGL][10]_ | _[Part 2: Drawing the Game Board][11]_ | _[Part 3: Implementing the Game][12]_
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_The full source code of the tutorial is available on [GitHub][13]._
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### Checkpoint
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Here’s the contents of **main.go** at this point of the tutorial:
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```
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package main
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import (
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"fmt"
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"log"
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"runtime"
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"strings"
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"github.com/go-gl/gl/v4.1-core/gl" // OR: github.com/go-gl/gl/v2.1/gl
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"github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.2/glfw"
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)
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const (
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width = 500
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height = 500
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vertexShaderSource = `
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#version 410
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in vec3 vp;
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void main() {
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gl_Position = vec4(vp, 1.0);
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}
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` + "\x00"
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fragmentShaderSource = `
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#version 410
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out vec4 frag_colour;
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void main() {
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frag_colour = vec4(1, 1, 1, 1.0);
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}
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` + "\x00"
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rows = 10
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columns = 10
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)
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var (
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square = []float32{
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-0.5, 0.5, 0,
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-0.5, -0.5, 0,
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0.5, -0.5, 0,
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-0.5, 0.5, 0,
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0.5, 0.5, 0,
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0.5, -0.5, 0,
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}
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)
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type cell struct {
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drawable uint32
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x int
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y int
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}
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func main() {
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runtime.LockOSThread()
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window := initGlfw()
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defer glfw.Terminate()
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program := initOpenGL()
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cells := makeCells()
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for !window.ShouldClose() {
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draw(cells, window, program)
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}
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}
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func draw(cells [][]*cell, window *glfw.Window, program uint32) {
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gl.Clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
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gl.UseProgram(program)
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for x := range cells {
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for _, c := range cells[x] {
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c.draw()
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}
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}
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glfw.PollEvents()
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window.SwapBuffers()
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}
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func makeCells() [][]*cell {
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cells := make([][]*cell, rows, rows)
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for x := 0; x < rows; x++ {
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for y := 0; y < columns; y++ {
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c := newCell(x, y)
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cells[x] = append(cells[x], c)
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}
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}
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return cells
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}
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func newCell(x, y int) *cell {
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points := make([]float32, len(square), len(square))
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copy(points, square)
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for i := 0; i < len(points); i++ {
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var position float32
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var size float32
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switch i % 3 {
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case 0:
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size = 1.0 / float32(columns)
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position = float32(x) * size
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case 1:
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size = 1.0 / float32(rows)
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position = float32(y) * size
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default:
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continue
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}
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if points[i] < 0 {
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points[i] = (position * 2) - 1
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} else {
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points[i] = ((position + size) * 2) - 1
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}
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}
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return &cell{
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drawable: makeVao(points),
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x: x,
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y: y,
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}
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}
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func (c *cell) draw() {
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gl.BindVertexArray(c.drawable)
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gl.DrawArrays(gl.TRIANGLES, 0, int32(len(square)/3))
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}
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// initGlfw initializes glfw and returns a Window to use.
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func initGlfw() *glfw.Window {
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if err := glfw.Init(); err != nil {
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panic(err)
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}
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glfw.WindowHint(glfw.Resizable, glfw.False)
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glfw.WindowHint(glfw.ContextVersionMajor, 4)
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glfw.WindowHint(glfw.ContextVersionMinor, 1)
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glfw.WindowHint(glfw.OpenGLProfile, glfw.OpenGLCoreProfile)
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glfw.WindowHint(glfw.OpenGLForwardCompatible, glfw.True)
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window, err := glfw.CreateWindow(width, height, "Conway's Game of Life", nil, nil)
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if err != nil {
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panic(err)
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}
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window.MakeContextCurrent()
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return window
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}
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|
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// initOpenGL initializes OpenGL and returns an intiialized program.
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func initOpenGL() uint32 {
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if err := gl.Init(); err != nil {
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panic(err)
|
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}
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version := gl.GoStr(gl.GetString(gl.VERSION))
|
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log.Println("OpenGL version", version)
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|
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vertexShader, err := compileShader(vertexShaderSource, gl.VERTEX_SHADER)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
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panic(err)
|
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}
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|
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fragmentShader, err := compileShader(fragmentShaderSource, gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER)
|
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if err != nil {
|
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panic(err)
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}
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prog := gl.CreateProgram()
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gl.AttachShader(prog, vertexShader)
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gl.AttachShader(prog, fragmentShader)
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gl.LinkProgram(prog)
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return prog
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}
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|
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// makeVao initializes and returns a vertex array from the points provided.
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func makeVao(points []float32) uint32 {
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var vbo uint32
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gl.GenBuffers(1, &vbo)
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gl.BindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo)
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gl.BufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, 4*len(points), gl.Ptr(points), gl.STATIC_DRAW)
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|
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var vao uint32
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gl.GenVertexArrays(1, &vao)
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gl.BindVertexArray(vao)
|
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gl.EnableVertexAttribArray(0)
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gl.BindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo)
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gl.VertexAttribPointer(0, 3, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, nil)
|
||||
|
||||
return vao
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func compileShader(source string, shaderType uint32) (uint32, error) {
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shader := gl.CreateShader(shaderType)
|
||||
|
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csources, free := gl.Strs(source)
|
||||
gl.ShaderSource(shader, 1, csources, nil)
|
||||
free()
|
||||
gl.CompileShader(shader)
|
||||
|
||||
var status int32
|
||||
gl.GetShaderiv(shader, gl.COMPILE_STATUS, &status)
|
||||
if status == gl.FALSE {
|
||||
var logLength int32
|
||||
gl.GetShaderiv(shader, gl.INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &logLength)
|
||||
|
||||
log := strings.Repeat("\x00", int(logLength+1))
|
||||
gl.GetShaderInfoLog(shader, logLength, nil, gl.Str(log))
|
||||
|
||||
return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to compile %v: %v", source, log)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return shader, nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
Let me know if this post was helpful on Twitter [@kylewbanks][20] or down below, and follow me to keep up with future posts!
|
||||
|
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|
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|
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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|
||||
via: https://kylewbanks.com/blog/tutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-2-drawing-the-game-board
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[kylewbanks ][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://twitter.com/kylewbanks
|
||||
[1]:https://kylewbanks.com/category/golang
|
||||
[2]:https://kylewbanks.com/category/opengl
|
||||
[3]:https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=OpenGL%20%26%20Go%20Tutorial%20Part%202%3A%20Drawing%20the%20Game%20Board%20https%3A%2F%2Fkylewbanks.com%2Fblog%2Ftutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-2-drawing-the-game-board%20by%20%40kylewbanks
|
||||
[4]:mailto:?subject=Check%20Out%20%22OpenGL%20%26%20Go%20Tutorial%20Part%202%3A%20Drawing%20the%20Game%20Board%22&body=https%3A%2F%2Fkylewbanks.com%2Fblog%2Ftutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-2-drawing-the-game-board
|
||||
[5]:https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fkylewbanks.com%2Fblog%2Ftutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-2-drawing-the-game-board
|
||||
[6]:https://kylewbanks.com/blog/tutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-1-hello-opengl
|
||||
[7]:https://kylewbanks.com/blog/tutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-2-drawing-the-game-board
|
||||
[8]:https://kylewbanks.com/blog/tutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-3-implementing-the-game
|
||||
[9]:https://github.com/KyleBanks/conways-gol
|
||||
[10]:https://kylewbanks.com/blog/tutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-1-hello-opengl
|
||||
[11]:https://kylewbanks.com/blog/tutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-2-drawing-the-game-board
|
||||
[12]:https://kylewbanks.com/blog/tutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-3-implementing-the-game
|
||||
[13]:https://github.com/KyleBanks/conways-gol
|
||||
[14]:https://twitter.com/kylewbanks
|
||||
[15]:https://kylewbanks.com/blog/tutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-1-hello-opengl
|
||||
[16]:https://kylewbanks.com/blog/tutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-3-implementing-the-game
|
||||
[17]:https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=OpenGL%20%26%20Go%20Tutorial%20Part%202%3A%20Drawing%20the%20Game%20Board%20https%3A%2F%2Fkylewbanks.com%2Fblog%2Ftutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-2-drawing-the-game-board%20by%20%40kylewbanks
|
||||
[18]:mailto:?subject=Check%20Out%20%22OpenGL%20%26%20Go%20Tutorial%20Part%202%3A%20Drawing%20the%20Game%20Board%22&body=https%3A%2F%2Fkylewbanks.com%2Fblog%2Ftutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-2-drawing-the-game-board
|
||||
[19]:https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fkylewbanks.com%2Fblog%2Ftutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-2-drawing-the-game-board
|
||||
[20]:https://twitter.com/kylewbanks
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user