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20130918-1 选题
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A Visual History Of The Last 20 Years Of Open Source Code
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==========
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Many people forget that Emacs Lisp was once one of the most used open source programming languages.
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----------
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The rise in popularity of modern connected computing can be traced to the late 1980s and early 1990s. The personal computer and later the World Wide Web combined to create an unprecedented explosion in the availability of information and the ability to immediately connect to our fellow humans.
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Image of Open Cola, an open source soft drink, courtesy Wikipedia Commons
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To the layman, it may seem like magic. But to the people who actually built these systems, using programming languages to manipulate how computers, servers, the Web and other services function just as they were meant to.
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Most of these programming languages are open, meaning that anybody can use them and add to their functionality. But just as computing has significantly evolved in the last 20 years, so too have the programming languages that developers use to make those computers work. Nothing is static, everything is always evolving.
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For instance, did you know that one of the most popular open source programming languages in 1993 was Emacs Lisp? For those of you that have never heard of an Emacs, it is a text editor very popular created by free-software guru Richard Stallman that is used among the Linux developer crowd. Because of its extensibility, a lot of programmers use it to create code, because there aren't a lot of full-fledged integrated developer environments (IDEs) for Linux and what few there are tend to be eschewed. Emacs Lisp is a derivative of the older Lisp programming language.
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The C programming language was the most popular open source code in 1993 with 51% of total commits in the first quarter that year. Make, a [utility that automatically builds executable programs and libraries from source code][1] for Unix developers, was used by 6% of developers in 1993.
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In the first quarter of 2013, Java was the most used open source code with 12%. C++ registered 11% while HTML had 10%.
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All of these open source programming languages would have influence on what was to come. C has influenced the evolution of languages like C++, Python, Javascript and Perl. Java helped form the foundations for C# while Python has influenced Ruby.
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The evolution will continue. In 1993 there were nearly 40 open source programming languages. In 2013 there are almost 100 and new ideas are being created every day.
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Check out the infographic from mobile cloud services company [Kinvey][2] charting the last 20 years of open source code. Data for the infographic was pooled from [Ohloh.net][3] and [Black Duck Software][4].
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[Kinvey notes][5]:
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> We were able to visualize the percentage of total commits in a given quarter for the top 16 programming languages from 1993 until today. We hope you’ll find this image—a provocative pattern of dips and spikes—to be as interesting as we do. It truly shows how dynamic the world of programming is. We’ve also included a few graphs on other interesting data points: total number of languages by year, average lines of code per commit, and tracking which languages influenced the development of others.
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via: http://readwrite.com/2013/09/17/a-visual-history-of-the-last-20-years-of-open-source-code
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本文由 [LCTT][] 原创翻译，[Linux中国][] 荣誉推出
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译者：[译者ID][] 校对：[校对者ID][]
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[LCTT]:https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject
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[Linux中国]:http://linux.cn/portal.php
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[译者ID]:http://linux.cn/space/译者ID
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[校对者ID]:http://linux.cn/space/校对者ID
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[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_(software)
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[2]:http://www.kinvey.com/
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[3]:http://www.ohloh.net/
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[4]:http://www.blackducksoftware.com/
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[5]:http://www.kinvey.com/blog/3242/a-brief-history-of-open-source-code-infographic
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37
sources/HP to Stock Ubuntu Laptops in 1,500 China Stores.md
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sources/HP to Stock Ubuntu Laptops in 1,500 China Stores.md
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HP to Stock Ubuntu Laptops in 1,500 China Stores
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==========
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HP are the latest hardware vendor to increase the number of their China stores selling Ubuntu laptops.
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The PC manufacturer began stocking two new Ubuntu laptops in over 1,500 of its Chinese stores as of September 16th.
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The news comes nearly 2 weeks after [Dell also expanded the number of its retail outlets carrying Ubuntu devices][1].
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Consumers unfamiliar with Ubuntu will be given ’information packs and marketing materials to help with their purchase,’ say Canonical of the deal, adding that ‘over 4,000 in-store sales staff have also been trained to use and demo Ubuntu to help explain the benefits,”
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Two laptops will be carried in HP stores:
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- HP Pavilion G14
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- HP Pavilion G15
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Both are relatively similar in specifications, offering Intel i3 to i5 processors, 2GB of RAM and between 500GB to 1TB of HDD storage.
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The laptops, which went on sale September 16th, start at ¥3,799 (CHY)
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It seems hardware companies are betting big on Ubuntu in China despite [industry experts expecting a sharper drop in PC sales in China than other markets][2].
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via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/09/hp-china-ubuntu-retail-stores-expansion
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本文由 [LCTT][] 原创翻译，[Linux中国][] 荣誉推出
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译者：[译者ID][] 校对：[校对者ID][]
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[LCTT]:https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject
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[Linux中国]:http://linux.cn/portal.php
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[译者ID]:http://linux.cn/space/译者ID
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[校对者ID]:http://linux.cn/space/校对者ID
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[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/09/dell-to-increase-number-of-stores-selling-ubuntu-loaded-laptops
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[2]:http://www.cnbc.com/id/100998887
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Ledger – A Powerful Command Line Accounting Tool For Double-Entry Accounting
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==========
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Whether you are a computer geek or a normal user, keeping account of expenses is always essential. While there are many popular GUI based accounting tools available for Linux (For example – [GNUCash][1]), working on a command line accounting tool is hard to imagine for most of the users. In this article, we will discuss a powerful command line accounting tool – **Ledger**.
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**Ledger – Double-Entry Accounting Tool**
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Ledger is a powerful command line tool for double-entry accounting. For those who are new to the term “Double-Entry”, it means that for every transaction there has to be a source. In a layman’s terms, this means, for every credit made into an account, there has to be a debit from an account. So, ledger keeps track of the movement of money and helps you understand your expenses.
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Ledger does not have a database of its own, it relies on an expense sheet (a simple text file) maintained by the user. Though there is a particular format of the expense sheet that ledger understands.
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For example, here is a sample expense sheet that I prepared :
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A couple of points worth noting :
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- All the lines under a category (For example – Shopping, Leisure or EMI) are tab indented
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- Similarly, all the expense figures (including $) are also tab indented
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- Being Double-Entry accounting tool, it is important to specify both credit and debit. Ledger will give error otherwise.
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**A brief Tutorial**
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Once the expense sheet is ready, here is how you can check the overall expenses :
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So you can see that through **-f option**, you can specify your expense sheet name and **balance** is a ledger command that processes total payment records which are displayed categorically. Also, the debit payments are shown in RED while expenditure is shown in WHITE.
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As discussed earlier, ledger requires user to enter correct debit-credit details. Here is an example of error when incorrect debit-credit relationship was mentioned in the expense sheet :
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I just changed the shopping expense for shoes from $50 to $60 but did not change the payment figure. As you can see that ledger displayed error “**Transaction does not balance**“.
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Apart from balance, you can use **register** command to display all the entries corresponding to a report-query.
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For example :
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So, you can see that in the example above - **register** command was used with report-query shopping and all the transaction related to this category were displayed in output.
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This was just a tip of an iceberg, ledger provides many other options (including report generation) that are worth trying. Visit the [man page][2] for more.
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**Pros**
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- A powerful and feature rich accounting tool
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- Easy to use
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- Coloured output.
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**Cons**
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- Expense file needs to be maintained separately
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- Has a bit of learning curve
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**Download/Install**
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Here are some of the important links related to ledger command line tool :
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- [Home Page][3]
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- [Download][4]
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- [Documentation][5]
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- [A detailed review on LWN][6]
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via: http://mylinuxbook.com/ledger-command-line-accounting-tool-2/
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本文由 [LCTT][] 原创翻译，[Linux中国][] 荣誉推出
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译者：[译者ID][] 校对：[校对者ID][]
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[LCTT]:https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject
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[Linux中国]:http://linux.cn/portal.php
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[译者ID]:http://linux.cn/space/译者ID
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[校对者ID]:http://linux.cn/space/校对者ID
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[1]:http://www.gnucash.org/
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[2]:http://www.ledger-cli.org/3.0/doc/ledger.1.html
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[3]:http://www.ledger-cli.org/
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[4]:http://www.ledger-cli.org/download.html
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[5]:http://www.ledger-cli.org/2.6/ledger.pdf
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[6]:http://lwn.net/Articles/501681/
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Multimedia Production Studio ArtistX 1.5 Distro Is Based on Ubuntu 13.04
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==========
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**ArtistX 1.5, an Ubuntu-based distribution that aims to enable artists and creators from a number of fields to work via a live and free environment, has just been released.**
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The developers have spent almost ten years refining this Linux distribution and the new and improved 1.5 version is now available.
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ArtistX 1.5 distribution is based on Ubuntu 13.04 (Raring Ringtail) and it turns a simple computer into a full multimedia production studio.
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Just like the Ubuntu system it's based on, ArtistX uses the Linux kernel 3.8 and GNOME 3.6. It also includes 2.500 free multimedia software packages,
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According to the developers, ArtistX doesn't use Unity, features all the updates from April 2013 until the time of the release, the Ubiquity installer, and much more.
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“A partial list of software included in the DVD is available at the software page, the /usr/bin directory (where software executables are kept on a Linux system) counts more than 5000 binaries. We have now a new Forum and a new Software page with the TOP 100 free software available in ArtistX!” stated the developers in the announcement.
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ArtistX 1.5 includes software for 3D Engine and Development, 3D Modelling and Animation (Art of Illusion, Ayam, Blender, Equinox 3D, K3d, Make Human, Moonlight3D, Sculptris, Wings3D, SweetHome3D, Y.A.P.R.M), Audio DJ Software (Beatport SYN, Freecycle, Freewheling, Mixxx, QSampler, Smasher, Tactile 12000, TerminatorX), and Audio Synth.
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The distribution also comes with other important applications such as CAD software (FreeCAD, LibreCAD), DVD Mastering, Fractals software, Image and Picture Editing, Image and Picture Viewer, Optical Character Recognition, Radio Software, TV and Recording, Video Editing, Video Encoding and Decoding, Video Animation and Cartoon Software, and Video VJ. And this is just naming a few.
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A complete list of new applications and features can be found in the [changelog][1].
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**Download ArtistX 1.5**
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- [ArtistX 1.5 (ISO)][2][iso] [3.70 GB]
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- [MD5][3][md5] [0 KB]
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via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Multimedia-Production-Studio-ArtistX-1-5-Distro-Is-Based-on-Ubuntu-13-04-383564.shtml
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本文由 [LCTT][] 原创翻译，[Linux中国][] 荣誉推出
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译者：[译者ID][] 校对：[校对者ID][]
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[LCTT]:https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject
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[Linux中国]:http://linux.cn/portal.php
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[译者ID]:http://linux.cn/space/译者ID
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[校对者ID]:http://linux.cn/space/校对者ID
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[1]:http://artistx.org/blog/
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[2]:http://bo.mirror.garr.it/mirrors/artistx/artistx_1.5_live_dvd_iso_15_09_2013.iso
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[3]:http://bo.mirror.garr.it/mirrors/artistx/artistx_1.5_live_dvd_iso_15_09_2013.iso.md5
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The Linux Mint Repositories are Closed on September 18
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==========
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**Clement Lefebvre has announced earlier today, September 17, 2013, that the main software repositories for the popular Linux Mint operating system will be closed for maintenance on September 18, 2013.**
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The maintenance process will start at 9 AM London, UK time and it will probably last until the next day, September 19, 2013.
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All Linux Mint users are urged to remain calm during this maintenance. If you use Linux Mint 15 (Olivia) and you want to install or update some packages, go to Menu -> Preferences -> Software Sources, click the "Main (Olivia)" button from the "Mirrors" sub-section of the "Official repositories" section and wait a couple of minutes for the app to find another mirror.
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Click the "Update cache" button when the new mirror has been added, and close the application. You will now be able to install packages on your Linux Mint 15 system. Users of older Linux Mint systems [should follow these instructions][1].
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via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/The-Linux-Mint-Repositories-are-Closed-on-September-18-383857.shtml
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本文由 [LCTT][] 原创翻译，[Linux中国][] 荣誉推出
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译者：[译者ID][] 校对：[校对者ID][]
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[LCTT]:https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject
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[Linux中国]:http://linux.cn/portal.php
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[译者ID]:http://linux.cn/space/译者ID
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[校对者ID]:http://linux.cn/space/校对者ID
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[1]:http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2448
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Ubuntu extends its Windows Azure availability with full Juju support
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==========
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Along with the powerful desktop, Canonical is seriously involved in the cloud, where it is creating innovative technologies populating numerous and diverse cloud structures.
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[Juju][1] is an advanced Ubuntu technology that, paired with Juju charms and user-friendly Juju GUI, allows companies, teams of developers and users to deploy, manage, configure and maintain services in the cloud.
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Canonical has [announced][2] that Juju fully supports now deploying services on [Windows Azure][3], extending the innovative cloud technology to more and more availabilities, therefore, meeting more and more needs spanning rich cloud demands, "today, Canonical, in cooperation with Microsoft, is announcing that Juju fully supports deploying services on Ubuntu into Windows Azure. This means that Ubuntu users can use Juju with its intuitive GUI to design and deploy sophisticated application infrastructure instantly into Windows Azure".
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Its Azure availability permits now the handy deployment of more than **100 Juju charms** (usable services) into Windows Azure's Ubuntu instances.
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As a consequence, there are now available Azure-ready certified [Ubuntu images][4] for all supported Ubuntu releases.
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"Juju support for Windows Azure is a **major milestone**, as it underscores our commitment to delivering ease of use and portability of applications across the most popular cloud providers. Being able to design and deploy services using the same tool and process, irrespective of the deployment target, is invaluable. Being able to take a whole set of applications and reproduce the exact same setup on another cloud within minutes gives cloud users real choice".
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via: http://iloveubuntu.net/ubuntu-extends-its-windows-azure-availability-full-juju-support
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本文由 [LCTT][] 原创翻译，[Linux中国][] 荣誉推出
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译者：[译者ID][] 校对：[校对者ID][]
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[LCTT]:https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject
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[Linux中国]:http://linux.cn/portal.php
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[译者ID]:http://linux.cn/space/译者ID
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[校对者ID]:http://linux.cn/space/校对者ID
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[1]:https://juju.ubuntu.com/
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[2]:http://insights.ubuntu.com/news/press-releases/ubuntu-on-windows-azure-gets-the-juju-magic/
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[3]:http://www.windowsazure.com/
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[4]:http://www.windowsazure.com/en-us/manage/linux/other-resources/endorsed-distributions/
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37
sources/What Should You Expect from GNOME 3.10.md
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sources/What Should You Expect from GNOME 3.10.md
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What Should You Expect from GNOME 3.10
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==========
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**GNOME 3.10 should be released this month, on September 25, and every Linux users who uses it expects the unexpected, so we thought it would be a very good idea to preview some of its upcoming features.**
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First of all, we should mention the new apps. Yes, there are a bunch of new applications that will be introduced with the release of the GNOME 3.10 desktop environment, such as GNOME Maps, GNOME Music, GNOME Photos, GNOME Videos, and GNOME Notes.
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Let's talk a little about each one of them, shall we? GNOME Maps is exactly what you think it is, a maps application, which will allow users to search locations, get directions, pin locations, as well as to find people and businesses.
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On the other hand, GNOME Music is not what you think it is – a replacement for Rhythmbox – because it only provides a simple and elegant way for using Files (Nautilus) to display the contents of the Music directory. Oh, and Rhythmbox is still available (just reached version 3.0), and mature enough to be a good iTunes replacement.
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The GNOME Notes app is similar to any other Memo or Notes application you see in today's smartphone devices, providing a nice and simple way to create, edit and view notes (text and images mostly). Some of you will be disappointed to find out that reminders and checklists functionality will not be part of this app.
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GNOME Photos (thanks Debarshi Ray) will be the default application for viewing and managing your photos, with integration for Flickr and Facebook, and GNOME Videos will be the default app for searching and viewing local or remote video files.
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Second of all, the looks of the GNOME 3 desktop have changed a little, as everyone (probably) expected. The new system status menu, which is [something we've already mentioned in a recent article][1], the focus-caret tracking (finally), a graphical user interface for the color tinting functionality, and app overview pagination, so you can easily navigate through your installed apps.
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Another cool thing that will be part of the upcoming GNOME 3.10 desktop environment is the GNOME Software application, which is very similar to the Ubuntu Software Center app, but only as a preview.
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A preview of the GNOME Software app - Image courtesy of [WolrdofGNOME][2]
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Among other features, we can mention integration with the Zimbra enterprise-class email, calendar and collaboration solution, systemd will be used for the user session, Git integration, Hi-DPI display support, Wacom support, XSettings overrides, overall tweaks, and initial porting to the Wayland display server.
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via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/What-Should-You-Expect-from-GNOME-3-10-383513.shtml
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本文由 [LCTT][] 原创翻译，[Linux中国][] 荣誉推出
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译者：[译者ID][] 校对：[校对者ID][]
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[LCTT]:https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject
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[Linux中国]:http://linux.cn/portal.php
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[译者ID]:http://linux.cn/space/译者ID
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[校对者ID]:http://linux.cn/space/校对者ID
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[1]:http://news.softpedia.com/news/GNOME-3-10-Will-Have-a-Beautiful-and-Handy-System-Menu-380938.shtml
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[2]:http://worldofgnome.org/gnome-upcoming-features/
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