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[Translated] 20140930 How to Boot Linux ISO Images Directly From Your Hard Drive.md
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Translating by GOLinux!
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How to Boot Linux ISO Images Directly From Your Hard Drive
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================================================================================
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Linux’s GRUB2 boot loader can boot Linux ISO files directly from your hard drive. Boot Linux live CDs or even install Linux on another hard drive partition without burning it to disc or booting from a USB drive.
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We performed this process on Ubuntu 14.04 — Ubuntu and Ubuntu-based Linux distributions have good support for this. [Other Linux distributions][1] should work similarly.
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### Get a Linux ISO File ###
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This trick requires you have a Linux system installed on your hard drive. Your computer must be using [the GRUB2 boot loader][2], which is a standard boot loader on most Linux systems. Sorry, you can’t boot a Linux ISO file directly from a Windows system using the Windows boot loader.
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Download the ISO files you want to use and store them on your Linux partition. GRUB2 should support most Linux systems. if you want to use them in a live environment without installing them to your hard drive, be sure to download the “[live CD][3]” versions of each Linux ISO. Many Linux-based bootable utility discs should also work.
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### Check the Contents of the ISO File ###
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You may need to look inside the ISO file to determine exactly where specific files are. For example, you can do this by opening the ISO file with the Archive Manager/File Roller graphical application that comes with Ubuntu and other GNOME-based desktop environments. In the Nautilus file manager, right-click the ISO file and select Open with Archive Manager.
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Locate the kernel file and the initrd image. If you’re using a Ubuntu ISO file, you’ll find these files inside the casper folder — the vmlinuz file is the Linux kernel and the initrd file is the initrd image. You’ll need to know their location inside the ISO file later.
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### Determine the Hard Drive Partition’s Path ###
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GRUB uses a different “device name” scheme than Linux does. On a Linux system, /dev/sda0 is the first partition on the first hard disk — **a** means the first hard disk and **0** means its first partition. In GRUB, (hd0,1) is equivalent to /dev/sda0. The **0** means the first hard disk, while the **1** means the first partition on it. In other words, in a GRUB device name, the disk numbers start counting at 0 and the partition num6ers start counting at 1 — yes, it’s unnecessarily confusing. For example, (hd3,6) refers to the sixth partition on the fourth hard disk.
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You can use the **fdisk -l** command to view this information. On Ubuntu, open a Terminal and run the following command:
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sudo fdisk -l
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You’ll see a list of Linux device paths, which you can convert to GRUB device names on your own. For example, below we can see the system partition is /dev/sda1 — so that’s (hd0,1) for GRUB.
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### Create the GRUB2 Boot Entry ###
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The easiest way to add a custom boot entry is to edit the /etc/grub.d/40_custom script. This file is designed for user-added custom boot entries. After editing the file, the contents of your /etc/defaults/grub file and the /etc/grub.d/ scripts will be combined to create a /boot/grub/grub.cfg file — you shouldn’t edit this file by hand. It’s designed to be automatically generated from settings you specify in other files.
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You’ll need to open the /etc/grub.d/40_custom file for editing with root privileges. On Ubuntu, you can do this by opening a Terminal window and running the following command:
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sudo gedit /etc/grub.d/40_custom
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Feel free to open the file in your favorite text editor. For example, you could replace “gedit” with “nano” in the command to open the file in [the Nano text editor][4].
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Unless you’ve added other custom boot entries, you should see a mostly empty file. You’ll need to add one or more ISO-booting sections to the file below the [commented][5] lines.
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Here’s how you can boot an Ubuntu or Ubuntu-based distribution from an ISO file. We tested this with Ubuntu 14.04:
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menuentry “Ubuntu 14.04 ISO” {
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set isofile=”/home/name/Downloads/ubuntu-14.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso”
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loopback loop (hd0,1)$isofile
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linux (loop)/casper/vmlinuz.efi boot=casper iso-scan/filename=${isofile} quiet splash
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initrd (loop)/casper/initrd.lz
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}
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Customize the boot entry to contain your desiredmenu entry name, the correct path to the ISO file on your computer, and the device name of the hard disk and partition containing the ISO file. If the vmlinuz and initrd files have different names or paths, be sure to specify the correct path to those files, too.
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(If you have a separate /home/ partition, omit the /home bit, like so: **set isofile=”/name/Downloads/${isoname}”**).
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**Important Note**: Different Linux distributions require different boot entries with different boot options. The GRUB Live ISO Multiboot project offers a variety of [menu entries for different Linux distributions][6]. You should be able to adapt these example menu entries for the ISO file you want to boot. You can also just perform a web search for the name and release number of the Linux distribution you want to boot along with “boot from ISO in GRUB” to find more information.
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If you want to add more ISO boot options, add additional sections to the file.
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Save the file when you’re done. Return to a Terminal window and run the following command:
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sudo update-grub
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The next time you boot your computer, you’ll see the ISO boot entry and you can choose it to boot the ISO file. You may have to hold Shift while booting to see the GRUB menu.
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If you see an error message or a black screen when you attempt to boot the ISO file, you misconfigured the boot entry somehow. Even if you got the ISO file path and device name right, the paths to the vmlinuz and intird files on the ISO file may not be correct or the Linux system you’re booting may require different options.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.howtogeek.com/196933/how-to-boot-linux-iso-images-directly-from-your-hard-drive/
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作者：[Chris Hoffman][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.howtogeek.com/author/chrishoffman/
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[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/191207/10-of-the-most-popular-linux-distributions-compared/
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[2]:http://www.howtogeek.com/196655/how-to-configure-the-grub2-boot-loaders-settings/
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[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/172810/take-a-secure-desktop-everywhere-everything-you-need-to-know-about-linux-live-cds-and-usb-drives/
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[4]:http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/42980/the-beginners-guide-to-nano-the-linux-command-line-text-editor/
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[5]:http://www.howtogeek.com/118389/how-to-comment-out-and-uncomment-lines-in-a-configuration-file/
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[6]:http://git.marmotte.net/git/glim/tree/grub2
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直接从硬盘启动Linux ISO镜像
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================================================================================
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Linux的GRUB2启动加载器可以直接从硬盘启动Linux ISO文件，可以启动Live CD，甚至可以不用烧录到磁盘来安装Linux到另外一个硬盘分区或从USB驱动启动。
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我们在Ubuntu 14.04上实施了该过程——Ubuntu及基于Ubuntu的Linux版本对此支持良好。[其它Linux发行版][1]上的工作原理也类似。
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### 获取Linux ISO文件 ###
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这一密技需要你的硬盘驱动器上安装有Linux系统，你的计算机必须使用[GRUB2启动加载器][2]，这是大多数Linux系统的标准启动加载器。不好意思，你是不能使用Windows启动加载器来直接启动一个Linux ISO文件的。
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下载你想要使用的ISO文件，并放到你的Linux分区中。GRUB2应该支持大多数Linux系统的。如果你想要在live环境中使用它们，而不想将它们安装到硬盘驱动器上，请确认你下载的是各个Linux ISO的“[live CD][3]”版本。很多基于Linux的可启动工具盘也应该可以工作。
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### 检查ISO文件内容 ###
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你可能需要检查ISO文件来明确确定指定的文件在哪里。例如，你可以通过使用Ubuntu及其它基于GNOME的桌面环境中的归档管理器/File Roller文件管理器这些图形化应用程序来打开ISO文件来完成此项工作。在Nautilus文件管理器中，右击ISO文件并选择使用归档管理器打开。
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定位内核文件和initrd映像。如果你正在使用Ubuntu ISO文件，你会在卡斯帕文件夹中找到这些文件——vmlinuz文件时Linux内核，而initrd文件是initrd映像。后面，你需要知道它们在ISO文件中所处的位置。
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### 检查硬盘分区路径 ###
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GRUB使用与Linux不同的“设备命名”结构。在Linux系统中，/dev/sda0是硬盘上的第一个分区——**a**是指第一个硬盘，而**0**是指第一个分区。在GRUB中，与/dev/sda0相对应的是(hd0,1)。**0**指第一个硬盘，而**1**则指它上面的第一个分区。换句话说，在GRUB设备名中，磁盘编号从0开始计数，而分区编号则从1开始计数——是啊，这真是突然令人困惑。例如，(hd3,6)是指第四磁盘上的第六分区。
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你可以使用**fdisk -l**命令来查看该信息。在Ubuntu上，打开终端并运行以下命令：
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sudo fdisk -l
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你将看到一个Linux设备路径列表，你可以自行将它们转成GRUB设备名。例如，在下面的图片中，我们可以看到有个系统分区是/dev/sda1——那么，对于GRUB而言，它就是(hd0,1)。
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### 创建GRUB2启动条目 ###
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添加自定义启动条目的最简单的方式是编辑/etc/grub.d/40_custom脚本，该文件设计用于用户自行添加启动条目。在编辑该文件后，/etc/defaults/grub文件和/etc/grub.d/脚本的内容将合成创建/boot/grub/grub.cfg文件——你不应该手工编辑该文件。它设计用于通过你在其它文件指定的设置自动生成。
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你需要以root特权打开/etc/grub.d/40_custom文件来编辑。在Ubuntu上，你可以通过打开终端窗口，并运行以下命令来完成：
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sudo gedit /etc/grub.d/40_custom
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放轻松点，你可以用你喜爱的文本编辑打开该文件。例如，你可以替换命令中“gedit”为“nano”，在[Nano文本编辑器][4]中打开它。
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除非你已经添加了其它自定义启动条目，否则你应当看到的是一个几乎空的文件。你需要在[注释][5]行下添加一个或多个ISO启动部分。
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这里为你展示了怎样来从ISO文件启动Ubuntu或基于Ubuntu的发行版，我们在Ubuntu 14.04下作了测试：
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menuentry “Ubuntu 14.04 ISO” {
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set isofile=”/home/name/Downloads/ubuntu-14.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso”
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loopback loop (hd0,1)$isofile
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linux (loop)/casper/vmlinuz.efi boot=casper iso-scan/filename=${isofile} quiet splash
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initrd (loop)/casper/initrd.lz
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}
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自定义启动条目以包含你期望的菜单的条目名称，计算机上到ISO文件的正确路径，以及包含ISO文件的硬盘和分区设备名。如果vmlinuz和initrd文件的名称或路径不同，请为这些文件指定正确的路径。
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（如果你有一个独立的/home/分区，忽略/home位，像这样：**set isofile=”/name/Downloads/${isoname}”**)。
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**重要说明**：不同的Linux版本要求带有不同启动选项的不同的启动条目，GRUB Live ISO多启动项目提供了[用于不同Linux发行版的菜单条目][6]的各种不同类型。你应当可以为你想要启动的ISO文件调整这些示例菜单条目。你也可以仅仅从网页搜索你想要启动的Linux发行版的名称和发行编号，并附带关键词“在GRUB中从ISO启动”，以获取更多信息。
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如果你想要添加更多ISO启动选项，请为该文件添加额外章节。
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完成后保存文件，返回终端窗口并运行以下命令：
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sudo update-grub
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再次启动计算机时，你将看到ISO启动条目，你可以选择它来启动ISO文件。在启动时，你可能需要按Shift键来显示GRUB菜单。
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如果在尝试启动ISO文件时你看见错误信息或黑屏，那么你的启动条目配置不管怎么说配置错误了。即使ISO文件路径和设备名是正确的，ISO文件上的vmlinuz和initrd文件的路径可能是不正确的，或者你启动Linux系统可能需要不同的选项。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.howtogeek.com/196933/how-to-boot-linux-iso-images-directly-from-your-hard-drive/
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作者：[Chris Hoffman][a]
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译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.howtogeek.com/author/chrishoffman/
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[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/191207/10-of-the-most-popular-linux-distributions-compared/
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[2]:http://www.howtogeek.com/196655/how-to-configure-the-grub2-boot-loaders-settings/
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[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/172810/take-a-secure-desktop-everywhere-everything-you-need-to-know-about-linux-live-cds-and-usb-drives/
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[4]:http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/42980/the-beginners-guide-to-nano-the-linux-command-line-text-editor/
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[5]:http://www.howtogeek.com/118389/how-to-comment-out-and-uncomment-lines-in-a-configuration-file/
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[6]:http://git.marmotte.net/git/glim/tree/grub2
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